Article(id=1322933554430215112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322933542426116991, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.094, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709654400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341538292, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341538292, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341538292, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341538292, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322933542426116991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='110', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1736870400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341535431, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793341535431, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=13, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322933554589598665, articleId=1322933554430215112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Monitoring of Yunnan Cheyiping Landslide Activities and Analysis of Influencing Factors Based on Time Series InSAR Technology, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the activity characteristics and patterns of the landslide, this paper uses stacked interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) based on ascending and descending track C-band Sentinel-1A data to obtain the deformation rates of the Cheyuping landslide from January 2020 to December 2021 along the slope direction and in the vertical direction. We obtain the landslide displacement time series evolution results. The results show that the maximum deformation rate of Cheyuping landslide is more than -90 mm/a along the slope direction and more than -40 mm/a in the vertical direction, and the deformation of the landslide is larger at the leading edge and middle part of the landslide, and smaller at the trailing edge, which is characteristic of the slip-type landslide. According to the analysis of rainfall data and time series results, rainfall has a certain influence on the landslide movement, showing seasonal accelerated deformation characteristics. At the same time, the geological and stratigraphic lithology of the landslide area and the change of the water level of the Lancang river also accelerated the landslide activities to a certain extent. This study can provide technical reference for the interpretation of landslide deformation mechanism and disaster monitoring and early warning in the canyon reservoir area.

, authors=Jiayi YANG1, Chengsheng YANG1, *, Yunjie WEI2, Sainan ZHU2, Zufeng LI3, authorsList=Jiayi YANG, Chengsheng YANG, Yunjie WEI, Sainan ZHU, Zufeng LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chengsheng YANG, authorNote=

YANG Jiayi, postgraduate, majors in the application of InSAR technology in geological disasters, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved, without authorization, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322933558268003296, articleId=1322933554430215112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于时间序列InSAR技术的云南车邑坪滑坡活动监测及影响因素分析, columnId=1322506197874356701, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地壳运动, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究滑坡体的活动特征与规律, 基于升降轨C波段Sentinel-1A数据, 采用堆叠合成孔径雷达干涉测量(interferometric synthetic aperture radar, InSAR)技术, 获取车邑坪滑坡2020-01-2021-12沿斜坡向和垂直向的形变速率, 得到滑坡位移时序演化结果。结果表明, 车邑坪滑坡沿斜坡方向的最大形变速率超过-90 mm/a, 垂直方向的最大变形速率超过-40 mm/a。滑坡前缘和中部的变形较大, 后缘较小, 表现出滑移式滑坡的特征。根据降雨数据与时间序列结果分析, 降雨对滑坡运动具有一定的影响, 表现出季节性加速变形特征。同时, 滑坡区域的地质、地层岩性及澜沧江水位变化也在一定程度上加速了滑坡活动。该研究可为峡谷库区滑坡变形机制的解释和灾害监测预警提供技术参考。

, authors=杨佳艺1, 杨成生1, *, 魏云杰2, 朱赛楠2, 李祖锋3, authorsList=杨佳艺, 杨成生, 魏云杰, 朱赛楠, 李祖锋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨成生, authorNote=

杨佳艺, 硕士生, 主要从事InSAR技术在地质灾害方面的应用研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

杨成生, 教授, 主要从事InSAR技术理论、高精度地质灾害调查与监测研究,E-mail:

YANG Chengsheng, professor, majors in InSAR technology theory, high precision geological disaster investigation and monitoring, E-mail:

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Main parameters of SAR data set in the studied area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 轨道方向
升轨 降轨
轨道号 99 33
入射角 33.9° 33.8°
方位角 -10.5° -169.4°
成像模式 IW宽幅模式 IW宽幅模式
极化方式 VV VV
影像数量 58 55
影像时间间隔ΔT 12 d 12 d
影像时间范围 2020-01-09- 2021-12-29 2020-01-09- 2021-12-29
), ArticleFig(id=1322940269619978895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322933554430215112, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区SAR数据集主要参数

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参数 轨道方向
升轨 降轨
轨道号 99 33
入射角 33.9° 33.8°
方位角 -10.5° -169.4°
成像模式 IW宽幅模式 IW宽幅模式
极化方式 VV VV
影像数量 58 55
影像时间间隔ΔT 12 d 12 d
影像时间范围 2020-01-09- 2021-12-29 2020-01-09- 2021-12-29
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基于时间序列InSAR技术的云南车邑坪滑坡活动监测及影响因素分析
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杨佳艺 1 , 杨成生 1, * , 魏云杰 2 , 朱赛楠 2 , 李祖锋 3
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地壳运动 2025,45(1): 13-21
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地壳运动 2025 , 45 (1) : 13 -21
基于时间序列InSAR技术的云南车邑坪滑坡活动监测及影响因素分析
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杨佳艺1 , 杨成生1, * , 魏云杰2, 朱赛楠2, 李祖锋3
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安市雁塔路126 号, 710054
  • 2 中国地质环境监测院, 北京市大慧寺路20号, 100081
  • 3 中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司, 西安市丈八东路18号, 710065
通讯作者:

杨成生, 教授, 主要从事InSAR技术理论、高精度地质灾害调查与监测研究,E-mail:

YANG Chengsheng, professor, majors in InSAR technology theory, high precision geological disaster investigation and monitoring, E-mail:

作者简介:

杨佳艺, 硕士生, 主要从事InSAR技术在地质灾害方面的应用研究, E-mail:

Monitoring of Yunnan Cheyiping Landslide Activities and Analysis of Influencing Factors Based on Time Series InSAR Technology
Jiayi YANG1 , Chengsheng YANG1, * , Yunjie WEI2, Sainan ZHU2, Zufeng LI3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 China Academy of Geological and Environmental Monitoring, 20 Dahuisi Road, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3 Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Power China, 18 East-Zhangba Road, Xi'an 710065, China
  • YANG Jiayi, postgraduate, majors in the application of InSAR technology in geological disasters, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.094
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为研究滑坡体的活动特征与规律, 基于升降轨C波段Sentinel-1A数据, 采用堆叠合成孔径雷达干涉测量(interferometric synthetic aperture radar, InSAR)技术, 获取车邑坪滑坡2020-01-2021-12沿斜坡向和垂直向的形变速率, 得到滑坡位移时序演化结果。结果表明, 车邑坪滑坡沿斜坡方向的最大形变速率超过-90 mm/a, 垂直方向的最大变形速率超过-40 mm/a。滑坡前缘和中部的变形较大, 后缘较小, 表现出滑移式滑坡的特征。根据降雨数据与时间序列结果分析, 降雨对滑坡运动具有一定的影响, 表现出季节性加速变形特征。同时, 滑坡区域的地质、地层岩性及澜沧江水位变化也在一定程度上加速了滑坡活动。该研究可为峡谷库区滑坡变形机制的解释和灾害监测预警提供技术参考。

车邑坪滑坡  /  相位堆叠InSAR技术  /  SBAS-InSAR  /  形变监测  /  二维形变转换

To study the activity characteristics and patterns of the landslide, this paper uses stacked interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) based on ascending and descending track C-band Sentinel-1A data to obtain the deformation rates of the Cheyuping landslide from January 2020 to December 2021 along the slope direction and in the vertical direction. We obtain the landslide displacement time series evolution results. The results show that the maximum deformation rate of Cheyuping landslide is more than -90 mm/a along the slope direction and more than -40 mm/a in the vertical direction, and the deformation of the landslide is larger at the leading edge and middle part of the landslide, and smaller at the trailing edge, which is characteristic of the slip-type landslide. According to the analysis of rainfall data and time series results, rainfall has a certain influence on the landslide movement, showing seasonal accelerated deformation characteristics. At the same time, the geological and stratigraphic lithology of the landslide area and the change of the water level of the Lancang river also accelerated the landslide activities to a certain extent. This study can provide technical reference for the interpretation of landslide deformation mechanism and disaster monitoring and early warning in the canyon reservoir area.

Cheyipying landslide  /  phase stacked InSAR technique  /  SBAS-InSAR  /  deformation monitoring  /  2D deformation transformation
杨佳艺, 杨成生, 魏云杰, 朱赛楠, 李祖锋. 基于时间序列InSAR技术的云南车邑坪滑坡活动监测及影响因素分析. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 13 -21 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.094
Jiayi YANG, Chengsheng YANG, Yunjie WEI, Sainan ZHU, Zufeng LI. Monitoring of Yunnan Cheyiping Landslide Activities and Analysis of Influencing Factors Based on Time Series InSAR Technology[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (1) : 13 -21 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.094
滑坡是最具破坏力的自然灾害之一,可造成严重的人员伤亡和财产损失[1-2]。边坡运动引起的地表变形是反映滑坡稳定性和运动状态的最直接的物理量[3]。人工实地调查、全球定位系统等传统的大地测量方法在滑坡变形测量中具有较高的监测精度,但存在耗时费力、监测人员难以到达现场及监测点稀疏等问题[4]。合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)凭借其数据全天候、全天时、穿透性强等特点,可以实现滑坡灾害隐患的早期探测和微小形变监测,且具有空间覆盖范围大、监测精度高等优点[5]。尤其是以永久散射体合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(PS-InSAR)和短基线合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(SBAS-InSAR)为代表的时序InSAR技术,可以通过提取多时相SAR数据中具有稳定散射特性的相干点开展地表变形分析,削弱长基线引起的去相干和大气效应影响,实现对缓慢滑坡变形的高精度监测[6]。康亚[7]利用ALOS升轨数据对距离金沙江下游乌东德水电站约900 m的金坪子滑坡采用SBAS-InSAR技术进行监测,并将获取的滑坡形变投影到滑坡坡向上,结果表明,该滑坡呈现出从后缘到前缘形变依次增大的特征,与已获取的地面调查资料相符。付波霖等[8]利用2015~2019年12景ALOS-2 PALSAR影像和2018~2019年38景Sentinel-1A影像,采用PS-InSAR和SBAS-InSAR技术提取西藏江达县波罗乡白格滑坡的形变信息,并对处理结果进行交叉验证,结果表明,两种InSAR技术结果变化趋势较为一致,验证了两者在滑坡监测中的可靠性和准确性。熊国华等[9]利用多维短基线子集技术(multidimensional small baseline subset, MSBAS)获取金沙江结合带巴塘段滑坡群的二维形变速率及二维时间序列结果,较好地揭示了滑坡的变形规律。
车邑坪滑坡是发现于20世纪20年代初的一个古滑坡,位于澜沧江左岸。2018-05距离车邑坪滑坡39 km的下游黄登水电站开始蓄水,导致澜沧江上游水位发生变化,势必会对其上游库岸滑坡的稳定性造成影响。研究表明,滑坡的缓慢移动往往会持续几年至几十年,一旦发生快速形变,可在短时间内对基础设施造成破坏[10]。然而,当地对车邑坪滑坡的监测仍以野外地质调查为主。为此,本文利用时序InSAR技术,基于覆盖车邑坪滑坡2021-01-2022-12的Sentinel-1A升降轨数据开展滑坡高精度地表形变特征以及时间序列活动特征研究,并探讨地质地貌条件、季节性降雨和水位波动对滑坡活动的影响,为滑坡灾害预警提供数据支持,也为类似外部环境条件的滑坡灾害防治提供参考。
研究区属于高山峡谷地貌,区内耕地少、高差大、河谷深切,分布有多种地质灾害。车邑坪滑坡位于云南省怒江傈僳族自治州兰坪县(图1(a)),坡体由粘土和砂组成,属慢速滑动的中型滑坡[11]。滑坡中心位于北纬26.79°、东经99.18°,海拔范围为1 796~1 855 m。滑坡面呈现不规则的三角形,东西长约1 500 m,南北宽约800 m。坡面大体上呈现陡-缓-陡折线式凸性坡(图1(b)),后缘上部坡面地形坡度为60°~70°,中部斜坡坡面地形坡度为10°~20°,前缘下部临江斜坡坡面地形坡度为30°~40°。根据现场的调查资料显示,滑坡的面积大约为0.8 km2,滑坡体厚度约为7~35 m(平均约为10 m),滑坡体积约为800万m3。车邑坪村位于滑坡范围内,省级公路从滑坡上穿越而过(图1(b))。2017年雨季过后,山体的前缘、中部、后缘都出现缺口和裂缝,村里的道路和墙壁也陆续出现多条裂缝,意味着滑坡活动性增强。2022年,谷建永[11]在现场调查取样的基础上,探究库水位分级骤降条件下车邑坪滑坡的变形演化机制,表明滑坡在库水位骤降时,滑坡前缘下错滑塌,产生整体滑移,进而后部出现张拉裂缝。2023年,朱军威等[12]利用离心机对滑坡进行离心模型实验,分析其失稳机制,研究表明,库水位下降和降雨都是激发滑坡的主要因素,且滑坡治理相对困难,建议对车邑坪村进行搬迁处理。
研究中使用的SAR数据来自欧空局2014-04-03发射的对地观测卫星Sentinel-1A,数据覆盖区域如图1(a)所示。影像数据时间跨度为2020-01-2021-12,分别来自于Sentinel-1升轨Track99和降轨Track33(表1)。Sentinel-1卫星工作波段为C波段,轨道高度约为700 km,重访周期为12 d,大尺度空间覆盖范围约为250 km。它能以多极化方式对全球陆地和海面进行全天候、全天时的高分辨率监测。因此,Sentinel-1A数据的这些特征满足滑坡监测的要求。
同时,采用由美国航空航天局(NASA)和国防部国家测绘局(NIMA)联合测量获取的空间分辨率为30 m的SRTM DEM数据,作为外部数据来消除地形相位的影响。通过采用精密轨道卫星星历(precise orbit ephemerides, POD)数据(https://slqc.asf.alaska.edu/aux_poeorb/) 来纠正干涉组合中的基线误差,其定位精度优于5 cm[13]。
本研究主要采用相位堆叠InSAR技术(stacking InSAR)获取车邑坪滑坡整体形变速率,该技术对多幅差分相位解缠图进行平均加权,进而获取平均形变速率。其基本假设为:在每一幅干涉图中,地表形变近似看作线性变化,残余的大气误差是随机变化。在相位堆叠之前,以相干性和解缠结果作为标准,挑选差分干涉图中相干性好且解缠结果较好的干涉对[14]。在进行相位堆叠后,叠加的大气相位是以干涉图数量的平方根倍增加。因此大气误差相位的占比较小,从而提高形变结果的信噪比和形变监测的相对精度。
SBAS-InSAR通常是对覆盖研究区的多景SAR数据设置一定的时空基线阈值,组成干涉对,并挑选出相干性好的干涉对进行差分干涉测量处理,形成多个相位解缠数据集;利用奇异值分解法或最小二乘法对相位解缠数据集求解,并估计大气相位和地形误差,进而获取相干点形变时间序列结果。与PS-InSAR技术相比,SBAS-InSAR技术更适用于山区环境,且可以获得较高密度的监测点形变信息[15]。
采用GAMMA软件进行数据处理。在处理过程中,设置时间基线阈值为48 d,空间基线阈值为±150 m,分别对58景升轨Sentinel-1A数据和55景降轨Sentinel-1A数据进行干涉组合,在剔除相干性较差的干涉对后,分别选取140个和130个干涉对用于获取地表形变。采用自适应滤波方法去除干涉图中相位噪声的影响,利用基于Delaunay三角网的最小费用流方法进行相位解缠,通过多项式拟合去除解缠相位中的大气和轨道误差,同时挑选高质量的解缠相位图,计算得到滑坡沿视线向的形变速率和时序形变结果(图2)。
本文利用stacking InSAR分别对升、降轨的哨兵数据进行处理,最终获取车邑坪滑坡视线向形变速率(图3)。结合车邑坪滑坡的光学影像可以发现,滑坡边界清晰,滑坡上发育多处裂缝,两侧存在冲沟,中部有塌滑现象,滑坡的地表多为裸土,植被覆盖区域密度不大,因此干涉图的相位干涉性较高,滑坡体上保留了较高密度的监测点形变信息。
由于升、降轨卫星的飞行姿态不同,导致车邑坪滑坡在升、降轨影像InSAR监测结果中表现出不同的形变特征。从降轨形变速率图(图3(a))可以看出,车邑坪滑坡滑动方向远离卫星,滑坡的前缘和中部形变速率较快,最大形变发生在中部,年平均形变速率可达-80 mm/a以上。从升轨形变速率图(图3(b))可以看出,车邑坪滑坡2 a里的滑动方向朝向卫星,形变主要发生在坡体前缘和中部,最大的年平均形变速率达到70 mm/a以上,其形变区范围明显小于降轨卫星监测的结果。
InSAR监测到的地表形变是地表真实形变量在雷达卫星视线向的投影,其无法准确反映滑坡的真实运动情况[16]。由于大多数滑坡的总体形变是沿斜坡方向向下移动,因此若将雷达视线方向的形变值转换至沿坡向方向和垂直地面沉降方向,则可以更真实地展现滑坡的运动趋势。依据雷达成像与坡向之间的几何关系(图4),假设滑坡沿单位运动矢量u指定的方向运动,采用式(1)~(4)可将视线方向的形变速率转换为坡度方向和垂直方向[16]:
$\boldsymbol{u}=\left[\begin{array}{c}-\sin \alpha \cos \varphi \\-\cos \alpha \cos \varphi \\\sin \varphi\end{array}\right]$
$\begin{aligned}& \cos \beta=(-\sin \alpha \cos \varphi)\left(-\sin \theta \cos \alpha_{\mathrm{s}}\right)+ \\& (-\cos \alpha \cos \varphi)\left(\sin \theta \sin \alpha_{\mathrm{s}}\right)+\sin \varphi \cos \theta\end{aligned}$
$V_{\mathrm{s}}=V_{\mathrm{LOS}} / \cos \beta$
$V_{\mathrm{v}}=\frac{V_{\mathrm{LOS}}+V_{\mathrm{s}} \sin \theta \cos \left(\delta-\left(\alpha_{\mathrm{s}}-\frac{3}{2} \pi\right)\right)}{\cos \theta}$
式中,Vs为沿坡度方向的形变速率;VLOS为沿雷达视线方向的形变速率;Vv为垂直方向的形变速率;αs为方位向和正北方向的夹角;$\alpha_s-\frac{3}{2} \pi$为方位向视线方向;δ为雷达卫星方位角;α为地形坡向;β为视坡夹角;θ为入射角;φ为地形坡度。它们的关系如图4所示。
考虑到降轨InSAR监测结果具有较高的监测点密度,本研究仅对该结果进行转换。图5为转换后得到的车邑坪滑坡沿坡向和垂直方向的形变速率。由图5(a)可见,车邑坪滑坡在沿斜坡方向上整体表现为负值,表明滑坡体沿斜坡方向滑移特征显著,沿斜坡方向最大的位移速率超过-90 mm/a,位于滑坡的中下部。由图5(b)可见,车邑坪滑坡在垂直方向上表现为负值,表明该滑坡体在沿近似坡向向下的主滑方向移动,垂直方向最大形变超-40 mm/a,主要沉降区域位于滑坡体中部、车邑坪村附近。对比图5(a)和图5(b)不难发现,车邑坪滑坡活动是以水平滑移为主导,水平位移与垂直方向下沉量值之比约为2:1。
根据滑坡形变速率分解结果(图5),形变主要发生在滑坡前缘和中部,且中部形变更为明显,后缘变形较小。靠近河面的坡体存在形变,但距离形变最大的中部有一段距离,说明滑坡前缘形变在一定程度上受到澜沧江河水冲刷的作用,但河水冲刷对滑坡的整体形变作用影响并不强烈。推断滑坡中部和靠近前缘的坡体形变是坡体在地形的影响下,受到重力作用而产生的形变,因此初步判断该滑坡属于滑移式滑坡。
为分析滑坡在不同坡度上的地表形变差异,沿图5(a)中AA′提取形变速率剖线,并与地形叠加,结果如图6所示。可以看出,车邑坪滑坡的后缘形变速率较小,滑坡中部形变速率逐渐增大,沿坡向的最高形变速率超90 mm/a。滑坡在海拔1 700~2 000 m之间形变最严重,2 100 m以上基本稳定。
图7展示2020-01-2021-12期间降轨Sentinel-1影像获取的滑坡坡向时间序列形变结果,按照每隔24 d提取一幅形变图。结果显示,车邑坪滑坡的变形是从中前缘开始发生变形,随着时间向滑坡体的中部和后缘位置发展。从形变增速上看,2020-09-17-2020-11-28和2021-05-27-2021-10-30这两个阶段形变比较明显。2 a时间内滑坡坡向最大累积形变量超210 mm。值得注意的是,滑坡位于澜沧江沿岸,其形变由中前缘向中后缘发展,说明澜沧江河水冲刷作用对前缘形变具有一定影响。
降水是诱发滑坡活动的主要因素之一。为分析降水对车邑坪滑坡活动的影响,在滑坡区域升降轨InSAR监测结果中分别选取3个特征点,位置如图3所示。根据坡向与卫星的飞行姿态之间的几何关系,对选取的升降轨特征点按照式(3)将提取的视线向形变时间序列投影至坡向,并叠加区域月降水数据,结果如图8所示(图中曲线出现的断点是由于缺失该时段的数据所致)。区域降雨主要发生在5-10月,在8月达到顶峰,2020-08的最大降雨量达400 mm。从降轨的坡向累积形变量可以看出,P3点的累积形变量最大,可达180 mm左右,P2次之,P1最小。从升轨的坡向累积形变量可以看出,P6点的累积形变量达200 mm左右,P5次之,P4最小。整体来看,3个特征点的形变趋势一致。结合降雨数据分析可以看出,在每个雨季之后滑坡都有轻微的加速变形趋势,表现在图中即为曲线的斜率增大,在两个雨季(2020-05-2020-10、2021-05-2021-10)前后,曲线的斜率增加,滑坡表面变形加速,其余月份曲线平缓。形变曲线斜率通常是在雨季开始后的1~2个月增大,此外雨季降水对滑坡的影响往往持续数月,加速变形分别于2020-12和2021-12结束。从降轨数据可以看出,曲线斜率在2020-09后和2021-09后变大,表明滑坡发生加速位移;升轨数据虽没有降轨数据变化明显,但也能看出在2020-09后和2021-08后变陡,表明滑坡表面变形加速。因此季节性降雨对滑坡活动增强有促进作用,但有时间延迟,这是因为降雨渗入岩体需要一段时间。从升降轨数据的坡向形变时间序列中可以看出,2020-04曲线的斜率都有所增大,这可能是车邑坪滑坡发生过一次加速变形,但并未达到滑坡发生的临界值,加速变形的原因可能是由于上一个雨季对滑坡产生加重效应的滞后表现,这与前人研究一致[17-18]。
车邑坪滑坡位于澜沧江左岸车邑坪村的前缘,属于斜坡地形,整体坡向约为255°,坡长约为1 500 m,地形坡度约为15°~20°,村庄坡面大体上呈现出陡-缓-陡折线式的凸型坡,村庄边坡的高度为1.5~4.7 m,坡向大约为65°~280°。坡面上冲沟发育明显,其中3条切割较深。形态上,车邑坪滑坡是一个中等陡度的长斜坡,根据边坡岩体结构类型的分类,可以被归为松散层岩质斜坡。滑坡体的滑动主要集中在前缘和中部,后端的滑动速率较小,属于滑移式滑坡。由于该区域地形坡度较陡,相对高差较大,导致斜坡上的土壤具有较大的重力势能,从而为斜坡的滑动提供较大的动力[19]。根据该地的区域地质资料,滑坡附近的车邑坪断层在公路西侧约400 m处发育,这可能也是导致地质结构破碎并且改变构造应力场的原因之一,从而增加了滑坡发生的风险。
云南省兰坪县境内主要出露中生界地层,其次是新生界和古生界,以及极其少量的不明变质岩系。中生界地层近乎遍布全区,主要由白垩系、侏罗系、三叠系粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩和石英砂岩组成。古生界地层主要是由泥岩、砂岩和石炭纪生物碎屑凝灰岩、片岩和安山岩组成,新生界为第三系的砾岩、砂岩和钙质粉砂岩,同时还包括第四系的砂质粘土和砂砾石。研究区内的地质情况如图9所示(数据来源:https://geocloud.cgs.gov.cn,2023-10-30获取)。岩体主要由层状和破碎的结构软岩组成,因此其软弱结构影响了工程地质的稳定性。
车邑坪滑坡的表面为棕红色和棕黄色的粘土,夹杂有第四系残积物、坡积物。据以往地质资料显示[11],车邑坪村及附近的岸坡地表第四系覆盖层分布较广,沉积物按成因划分主要分为坡积物、滑坡堆积物、崩积物,物质组成主要是砾粉质粘土、夹碎石和块石,结构呈松散状。因此土壤结构疏松,透水性较强,遇水则会软化崩解,稳定性较差,开挖容易导致崩塌和滑坡。边坡内的岩石为强风化泥岩夹泥质粉砂岩,由于岩土体连通性差,是软弱的结构面,结构面的倾角与自然边坡角相近,因此容易形成滑动面[20],为车邑坪滑坡的发育提供了有利的岩性条件。
水的介入可以弱化土粒之间的吸附键,改变孔隙水的压力,降低土体抗滑力,侵蚀土壤强度。持续降雨和水位的快速变化对滑坡的位移速率有共同影响[21]。随着降雨强度的增加和澜沧江水位的变化,滑坡的稳定性降低,这两种因素的综合作用可能是车邑坪滑坡加速变形的主要原因。此外,该村居民无规划地排放生活用水以及对山坡上两个冲沟的侵蚀也在一定程度上损害了滑坡的稳定性。
根据兰坪县降雨数据,车邑坪滑坡地区2020-2021年季节性降雨如图10(5-10月为雨季)所示,雨季时该地区降雨量总计可达1 000 mm,而其他月份降雨量只有300 mm左右,雨季的降雨量远大于其他月份。持续的降雨增加了滑坡孔隙的压力,降低了土壤的抗剪强度、岩石颗粒之间的结合力以及滑坡内部的摩擦力,从而导致滑坡发生的风险增高[22]。同时,水引起了岩土体颗粒的膨胀和收缩,这可以导致滑坡的孔隙压力发生变化,季节性的降雨会使这种变化频繁发生,而孔隙压力又是导致滑坡发生运动的主要驱动力。因此,季节性降雨导致孔隙压力发生变化,是诱发滑坡活动的重要原因。
车邑坪滑坡前缘紧邻澜沧江,黄登水电站距离车邑坪滑坡39 km,其位置情况如图11(a)所示。通过检查雷达影像的强度图可以确定,车邑坪滑坡附近水库蓄水后澜沧江江面明显加宽,即水位明显上升(图11(b)为图(a)白色虚线框内2018-01蓄水前SAR图像,图11(c)为图(a)白色虚线框内2020-01蓄水后SAR图像)。据文献资料记载,2019年6月上旬,车邑坪滑坡体所在库段受蓄水的影响,岸坡多处出现地面开裂变形,部分居民点房屋出现拉裂变形现象[23]。因此,水位的变化对滑坡的稳定性有重要影响。黄登水电站蓄水引起边坡的岩土强度、地下水位发生变化并产生边坡内外的水压差,而地下水位的变化相较于外部水位存在滞后性,因此滑坡的内外压力差会打乱边坡原有的平衡,导致滑坡活动。
本文利用欧空局Sentinel-1A数据,采用时序InSAR技术对云南兰坪县车邑坪滑坡进行形变监测研究,获取了该滑坡多维度的形变特征。结果表明,2020-01-2021-12期间,车邑坪滑坡前缘和中部形变速率较大,斜坡方向最大的形变速率超-90 mm/a,累积沉降量最大达210 mm。同时,InSAR时间序列监测结果显示,车邑坪滑坡先是从前缘开始发生变形,随时间向滑坡体的中部和后缘发展,具有滑移式滑坡变形的特征。对滑坡活动影响因素的分析表明,季节性降雨和下游黄登水电站蓄水对加速滑坡运动具有促进作用。
本文仅根据InSAR的滑坡形变时间序列监测结果对地貌因素、季节性降雨和澜沧江水位变化与滑坡活动之间的影响关系进行分析,野外调查验证工作不足,尚缺乏准确的水位变化数据。下一步将对InSAR监测结果与水位变化之间的关系、滑坡形变趋势预测等方面开展研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42174032)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC3000404)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(30102262206)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.094
  • 接收时间:2024-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-06
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42174032)
国家自然科学基金(42174032)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC3000404)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFC3000404)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(30102262206)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(30102262206)
作者信息
    1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安市雁塔路126 号, 710054
    2 中国地质环境监测院, 北京市大慧寺路20号, 100081
    3 中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司, 西安市丈八东路18号, 710065

通讯作者:

杨成生, 教授, 主要从事InSAR技术理论、高精度地质灾害调查与监测研究,E-mail:

YANG Chengsheng, professor, majors in InSAR technology theory, high precision geological disaster investigation and monitoring, E-mail:

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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