Article(id=1322917010878890445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322916945741348911, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.420, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764604800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793337594003, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793337594003, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793337594003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793337594003, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322916945741348911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='1039', pageEnd='1170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793337578473, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793337578473, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1095, endPage=1106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322917011050856910, articleId=1322917010878890445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Ground Deformation Monitoring and Driving Mechanism Analysis in Baotou Based on SBAS-InSAR, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on 228 Sentinel-1 images acquired from January 2018 to August 2022, we use the small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR) technique to derive surface deformation time series in Baotou. Multi-source datasets, including precipitation records, optical imagery, and mineral resource distribution data, were integrated to analyze deformation characteristics and their driving factors in different functional zones. The results indicate that the study area is generally stable, with approximately 98.85% of permanent scatterers (PS) exhibiting annual average deformation rates between -10 and 10 mm/a, while significant local variations are observed. In local built-up areas of the urban plain, evident subsidence occurs due to building loads and ash compaction, with a maximum rate of -73 mm/a. Open-pit mining activities in Donghe district induce pronounced deformation, with a maximum subsidence rate of -77 mm/a, and a stage-wise adjustment of deformation is observed after mining cessation. Time-series analysis results show that deformation in urban built-up areas exhibits weak sensitivity to precipitation, whereas deformation in mining areas presents a lagged response to precipitation at the monthly scale. Comparison with GNSS observations indicate that there is a good consistency between InSAR and the measured deformation trends. The results suggest that mining activities and urban construction are the primary controlling factors of regional surface deformation, while natural conditions play a modulating role in deformation evolution across different functional zones. The study highlights the application potential of SBAS-InSAR for surface deformation monitoring in resource-based cities.

, authors=Yanliu DING1, Xixi LIU1, Jing TIAN1, Shiyong YAN2, Lixin LIN3, *, authorsList=Yanliu DING, Xixi LIU, Jing TIAN, Shiyong YAN, Lixin LIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lixin LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322917015303881191, articleId=1322917010878890445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于SBAS-InSAR的包头市地表形变监测与驱动机制分析, columnId=1322566785874908034, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=特色栏目: 地震大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于2018-01—2022-08共228景的Sentinel-1数据,采用SBAS-InSAR技术获取包头市地表时序形变,并结合降水、光学影像及矿产分布等多源数据,分析不同功能区形变特征及其驱动因素。结果表明,研究区整体较为稳定,约98.85%的永久散射点(PS)年均形变速率在-10~10 mm/a之间,但局部区域差异显著。平原城市区局部建成区受建筑荷载及废灰压密影响,出现明显沉降,最大沉降速率达-73 mm/a;东河区露天采矿引发显著形变,最大沉降速率达-77 mm/a,停采后呈现阶段性调整。时序分析结果显示,城市建成区对降水响应不明显,而矿区形变对降水表现出月尺度滞后响应特征。GNSS对比结果表明,InSAR与实测形变趋势一致性较好。研究结果表明,采矿与城市建设是区域形变的主要控制因素,自然条件在不同功能区对形变演化起调制作用,SBAS-InSAR技术在资源型城市地表形变监测中具有良好的应用潜力。

, authors=丁岩流1, 刘茜茜1, 田静1, 闫世勇2, 林丽新3, *, authorsList=丁岩流, 刘茜茜, 田静, 闫世勇, 林丽新, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=林丽新, authorNote=

丁岩流,硕士生,主要从事遥感技术与应用研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
林丽新,博士,讲师,主要从事高光谱遥感研究,E-mail:
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Sentinel-1A SLC data parameters

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参数 数值
轨道号 11
光束模式 IW
入射角 39.51°
方位角 346.42°
极化模式 VV
轨道方向 升轨
影像数量 228
开始时间 2018-01-06
结束时间 2022-08-01
), ArticleFig(id=1322917021628891693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322917010878890445, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Sentinel-1A SLC数据参数

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参数 数值
轨道号 11
光束模式 IW
入射角 39.51°
方位角 346.42°
极化模式 VV
轨道方向 升轨
影像数量 228
开始时间 2018-01-06
结束时间 2022-08-01
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Statistics of deformation points

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序号 PS点形变速率/mm·a-1 PS点个数 占比/%
1 -77~-70 7 4.69×10-3
2 -70~-60 11 7.36×10-3
3 -60~-50 17 1.14×10-2
4 -50~-40 41 2.74×10-2
5 -40~-30 140 9.37×10-2
6 -30~-20 242 0.16
7 -20~-10 1 165 0.78
8 -10~0 70 820 47.40
9 0~10 76 869 51.45
10 10~20 86 5.76×10-2
11 20~30 9 6.02×10-3
12 30~40 2 1.34×10-3
13 40~50 1 6.69×10-4
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形变点统计

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序号 PS点形变速率/mm·a-1 PS点个数 占比/%
1 -77~-70 7 4.69×10-3
2 -70~-60 11 7.36×10-3
3 -60~-50 17 1.14×10-2
4 -50~-40 41 2.74×10-2
5 -40~-30 140 9.37×10-2
6 -30~-20 242 0.16
7 -20~-10 1 165 0.78
8 -10~0 70 820 47.40
9 0~10 76 869 51.45
10 10~20 86 5.76×10-2
11 20~30 9 6.02×10-3
12 30~40 2 1.34×10-3
13 40~50 1 6.69×10-4
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基于SBAS-InSAR的包头市地表形变监测与驱动机制分析
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丁岩流 1 , 刘茜茜 1 , 田静 1 , 闫世勇 2 , 林丽新 3, *
大地测量与地球动力学 | 特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026,46(9): 1095-1106
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大地测量与地球动力学 |特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026 , 46 (9) : 1095 -1106
基于SBAS-InSAR的包头市地表形变监测与驱动机制分析
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丁岩流1 , 刘茜茜1, 田静1, 闫世勇2, 林丽新3, *
作者信息
  • 1 河南工业大学信息科学与工程学院, 郑州, 450001
  • 2 中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院, 徐州, 221116
  • 3 南京信息工程大学遥感与测绘工程学院, 南京, 210044
通讯作者:
林丽新,博士,讲师,主要从事高光谱遥感研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

丁岩流,硕士生,主要从事遥感技术与应用研究,E-mail:

Ground Deformation Monitoring and Driving Mechanism Analysis in Baotou Based on SBAS-InSAR
Yanliu DING1 , Xixi LIU1, Jing TIAN1, Shiyong YAN2, Lixin LIN3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2 School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • 3 School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.420
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基于2018-01—2022-08共228景的Sentinel-1数据,采用SBAS-InSAR技术获取包头市地表时序形变,并结合降水、光学影像及矿产分布等多源数据,分析不同功能区形变特征及其驱动因素。结果表明,研究区整体较为稳定,约98.85%的永久散射点(PS)年均形变速率在-10~10 mm/a之间,但局部区域差异显著。平原城市区局部建成区受建筑荷载及废灰压密影响,出现明显沉降,最大沉降速率达-73 mm/a;东河区露天采矿引发显著形变,最大沉降速率达-77 mm/a,停采后呈现阶段性调整。时序分析结果显示,城市建成区对降水响应不明显,而矿区形变对降水表现出月尺度滞后响应特征。GNSS对比结果表明,InSAR与实测形变趋势一致性较好。研究结果表明,采矿与城市建设是区域形变的主要控制因素,自然条件在不同功能区对形变演化起调制作用,SBAS-InSAR技术在资源型城市地表形变监测中具有良好的应用潜力。

SBAS-InSAR  /  地表形变  /  驱动机制  /  采矿活动  /  包头市

Based on 228 Sentinel-1 images acquired from January 2018 to August 2022, we use the small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR) technique to derive surface deformation time series in Baotou. Multi-source datasets, including precipitation records, optical imagery, and mineral resource distribution data, were integrated to analyze deformation characteristics and their driving factors in different functional zones. The results indicate that the study area is generally stable, with approximately 98.85% of permanent scatterers (PS) exhibiting annual average deformation rates between -10 and 10 mm/a, while significant local variations are observed. In local built-up areas of the urban plain, evident subsidence occurs due to building loads and ash compaction, with a maximum rate of -73 mm/a. Open-pit mining activities in Donghe district induce pronounced deformation, with a maximum subsidence rate of -77 mm/a, and a stage-wise adjustment of deformation is observed after mining cessation. Time-series analysis results show that deformation in urban built-up areas exhibits weak sensitivity to precipitation, whereas deformation in mining areas presents a lagged response to precipitation at the monthly scale. Comparison with GNSS observations indicate that there is a good consistency between InSAR and the measured deformation trends. The results suggest that mining activities and urban construction are the primary controlling factors of regional surface deformation, while natural conditions play a modulating role in deformation evolution across different functional zones. The study highlights the application potential of SBAS-InSAR for surface deformation monitoring in resource-based cities.

SBAS-InSAR  /  ground deformation  /  driving mechanism  /  mining activities  /  Baotou
丁岩流, 刘茜茜, 田静, 闫世勇, 林丽新. 基于SBAS-InSAR的包头市地表形变监测与驱动机制分析. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (9) : 1095 -1106 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.420
Yanliu DING, Xixi LIU, Jing TIAN, Shiyong YAN, Lixin LIN. Ground Deformation Monitoring and Driving Mechanism Analysis in Baotou Based on SBAS-InSAR[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (9) : 1095 -1106 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.420
地表形变是自然因素与人类活动共同作用下产生的缓慢形变过程,严重时可引发地裂缝、地面沉降等地质灾害,对城市基础设施安全和生态环境稳定造成不利影响[1]。随着城市化与工业化进程的推进,人类活动强度持续增加,地表形变问题在我国多个地区日益突出,已成为制约区域可持续发展的重要环境与工程问题。包头市作为典型资源型工业城市,矿产开发历史悠久,城市建设活动频繁,并叠加地下水开采等影响,部分地区已出现不同程度的地表形变,对城市发展与地质环境稳定构成潜在风险[2-3]。因此,系统获取地表形变的时空分布特征并分析其驱动因素,对于城市规划与地质灾害防治具有重要意义。
传统地表形变监测方法如水准测量和GNSS虽具有较高精度,但受限于点位稀疏、覆盖范围有限及成本较高,难以满足大范围、长期监测的需求[4]。合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术凭借大范围覆盖、高时空分辨率和全天候观测的优势,已成为区域形变监测的重要手段。为克服差分InSAR在时空去相干和大气延迟等方面的不足,部分学者提出永久散射体InSAR (PS-InSAR)和小基线集InSAR (SBAS-InSAR)等时序InSAR技术[5-6],并广泛应用于城市沉降与基础设施形变监测中[7-8]。
现有研究多集中于地形平缓、地表覆盖类型单一的区域,如华北平原、长三角及松嫩平原等[9-11]。相比之下,在地貌复杂且人类活动强烈的城市区域,雷达相干性受植被变化、工程扰动及地表条件差异影响,导致形变提取与结果解译的不确定性增加[12-13]。因此,有必要在典型资源型城市背景下,对时序InSAR技术的适用性及形变驱动机制开展针对性分析。包头市位于阴山山前与黄河冲积平原交界区,区内涵盖城市平原、山地丘陵及矿区等多类型区域。不同区域在地质条件、地表覆盖类型及人类活动方式等方面差异显著[14],为开展InSAR的适用性分析提供了良好条件。
基于此,本文以包头市区及土默特右旗为研究区,利用2018—2022年Sentinel-1升轨数据,采用SBAS-InSAR技术获取地表时序形变,并结合降水、光学影像、地质灾害隐患点及矿产分布等多源数据,对不同功能区和典型区域的形变特征与驱动机制进行综合分析,旨在为资源型城市地表形变监测及相关灾害防治工作提供参考。
包头市位于内蒙古自治区中西部,北依阴山山脉,南临黄河,总面积约2.8万km2,地势自北向南逐渐降低。
包头市区域地貌以山地和平原为主,北部为阴山山地,中南部为黄河冲积平原,不同地貌单元交错分布。区域地质受阴山构造演化与沉积作用共同影响,为地表形变的空间差异提供了基础。研究区概况如图 1所示。
包头是我国重要的工业基地和矿产资源集中区,以稀土和煤炭资源开发为主。长期采矿及工业活动虽然推动了城市发展,但也改变了地表环境,局部区域甚至存在沉降风险。典型矿区包括大青山露天矿和水泉露天矿等,其持续开采造成岩层扰动与地下水位波动,加剧了形变的复杂性。
研究区属于半干旱温带大陆性气候,年均降水量200~400 mm,集中于夏季。研究区以黄河为主要水源,其对地下水的补给具有决定性作用[15]。20世纪60年代以来,大规模开采地下水导致水位下降并诱发沉降[16]。为缓解超采问题,包头市自2010年起实施水资源调控措施,大幅减轻了地下水超采压力。
本文使用美国阿拉斯加卫星设施(ASF)平台获取的Sentinel-1A卫星干涉宽幅模式Level-1单视复数(single look complex, SLC)影像,时间范围为2018-01—2022-08,覆盖包头市区及土默特右旗。数据包括2组同轨影像(轨道号11,帧号126和131),空间覆盖完整且成像条件一致,有利于提升时序分析的稳定性。具体的SLC影像参数见表 1。影像拼接在ISCE2处理中自动完成,并在StaMPS反演中通过相干性与时间连续性约束保证形变连续性。影像处理采用30 m分辨率的SRTM DEM进行地形相位校正,并引入欧洲空间局(ESA)提供的精密轨道数据(共114轨次),以提高配准与相位计算精度。在山区区域,DEM受阴影、叠掩及分辨率限制可能引入误差,并可能以地形相位残差的形式影响结果[17]。鉴于本文关注区域尺度形变特征,未对其进行定量评估,但在结果解释中保持谨慎。
为分析形变驱动机制,引入多源地学与环境数据:中国1∶250万地质图,用于分析岩性与断裂构造影响;Landsat-8 OLI影像,用于计算归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI),评估植被覆盖对InSAR相干性的影响,并辅助识别地表扰动;包头市2018—2022年逐月降水数据,该数据来源于包头统计年鉴,用于与时序形变进行趋势对比,未参与空间建模或像元级计算;矿产分布数据,用于识别采矿活动区域,并与形变叠加分析;地质灾害隐患点数据,用于辅助识别潜在风险区。形变结果精度验证基于中国地震局第一监测中心提供的GNSS站点数据,并转换至InSAR视线(LOS)向进行对比分析。
SBAS-InSAR通过约束时空基线并结合时间序列分析,有效抑制去相干和大气延迟的影响,在中长期形变监测中具有较高稳定性[6]。尤其是在地形起伏较大、散射条件复杂的地区,SBAS-InSAR能够提高形变提取的可靠性。本文使用228景升轨Sentinel-1影像,以2020-02-01影像为主影像。采用30 m分辨率的DEM数据进行地形相位校正,并结合精密轨道数据提高配准精度。在时间基线≤120 d、垂直基线≤500 m约束下,筛选得到395对干涉对(图 2)。该阈值综合参考了Sentinel-1 C波段在城市、裸地及中等植被覆盖区的相干性经验及地形影响,是一种兼顾干涉对数量与相干质量的选择[18]。
首先对干涉图进行Goldstein滤波以抑制相位噪声,再采用SNAPHU统计网络流方法进行相位解缠[19]。基于振幅离差法(阈值0.5)提取PS点,共获取149 410个点。该阈值参考了不同地表覆盖条件下的经验推荐值,并结合研究区兼具城市与山地特征的实际情况,综合考虑后取值0.5[20]。然后采用奇异值分解(SVD)进行时序反演,提取LOS向地表形变信息,并计算年形变速率与累积形变量,同时利用时序冗余与时空滤波削弱大气延迟影响,提高反演结果精度。处理流程如图 3所示。
研究区年平均形变速率如图 4(a)所示。基于395对干涉对共获得149 410个PS点,其统计情况如表 2和图 5所示。整体来看,98.85%的PS点形变速率处于-10~10 mm/a之间,区域总体稳定。沉降速率小于-10 mm/a的PS点占1.09%,抬升速率大于10 mm/a的PS点仅占0.007%。研究区最大形变速率达-77 mm/a,出现在东河区小海留素沟附近的露天矿区;最大抬升速率为40 mm/a,位于昆都仑区新光五村的建筑工地,均与局部人类活动有关。
研究区形变速率标准差如图 4(b)所示,范围为0.06~2.4 mm/a,平均值为1.04 mm/a,变异系数为38.5%,反映出不同区域间监测精度存在明显差异。结合PS点密度与NDVI结果(图 6)可知,标准差较大的区域多对应PS点稀疏区,主要受植被覆盖和地形起伏影响:植被季节性变化导致散射体不稳定、相干性降低;山区地形起伏易产生阴影与叠掩,从而增加形变结果的不确定性[12]。相比之下,城市区建筑物散射稳定,PS点密度高,监测精度更高。
根据标准差沿虚线LL′和MM′将研究区划分为西部郊区平原、中部城区及东部山地丘陵区3个子区。可以看出,中部城区PS点密度最高(51个/km2),标准差较低(0.06~0.75 mm/a),InSAR监测结果可靠性较高。西部郊区平原以耕地为主,受季节变化影响,PS点密度最低(27个/km2),标准差约2 mm/a,对微小形变识别能力有限。东部山地丘陵区PS点密度中等(38个/km2),但标准差最高(可达2.4 mm/a),反映出地形几何畸变与采动扰动的叠加影响[21]。
在数量层面,不同分区PS点密度与形变速率标准差呈现明显对应关系:中部城区PS点密度约为西部郊区平原的1.9倍,其标准差上限仅为后者的1/3左右,表明高PS点密度条件下InSAR形变监测不确定性显著降低。相比之下,东部山地丘陵区虽具有中等PS点密度,但标准差仍达2.4 mm/a,明显高于中部城区,表明在地形起伏显著的条件下,地形几何畸变和相干性下降会削弱PS点密度对监测精度的改善作用。总体来看,PS点密度与形变监测不确定性在区域尺度上呈现出较为一致的对应关系:城区密度高、标准差低,而郊区及山区则相反。但其影响仍受地表散射条件、植被覆盖及地形几何畸变的共同制约。综上,研究区形变监测精度呈现由城区-郊区-山区逐渐降低的空间格局,这一差异不仅受表层散射条件与植被覆盖的影响,更与地形几何畸变效应和采动引起的地层破坏密切相关。其中,西部农田区因PS点稀疏和相干性较低,对形变的识别能力相对有限,其形变特征仍有待结合更高分辨率或多源观测数据进一步验证。
基于形变速率分布并结合矿产与光学影像,识别出3处典型形变区(图 4(a)):青山区度假村及周边地区(A)、东河区采矿区(B)和石拐区采矿区(C)。其中,区域A最大形变速率为-73 mm/a,累积形变量为-322.86 mm,区域平均形变速率约为-20 mm/a。区域B最大形变速率为-77 mm/a,累积形变量为-329.55 mm,区域平均形变速率约为-21 mm/a。区域C最大形变速率为-38 mm/a,累积形变量为-177.23 mm,区域平均形变速率约为-5 mm/a。
区域A光学影像如图 7所示,形变速率范围为-73~-6 mm/a。该区域地表覆盖复杂,包括高层住宅、体育中心、度假村及绿地等。度假村形变最为突出,平均形变速率约为-55 mm/a。PS点主要分布于建筑物等稳定散射体,植被区提取较少,表明地表覆盖对检测结果影响显著。经查阅资料可知,区域A原为包头市第二发电厂排灰池,废灰堆积厚度超过20 m,地基疏松,地面变形潜势大[22]。
区域A地层为全新统冲湖积沉积物,以砂和软泥为主,结构松散,易受地下水波动和外部荷载变化影响。随着城市化进程加快, 大规模建设扰动地基结构,诱发了显著形变。高层住宅小区(图 7(b)编号1、2、3)形变速率范围为-56~-17 mm/a,建筑多建于2010—2017年,虽地基较深,受废灰影响较小,但建筑密度高,地面荷载显著增加,进而诱发形变。进一步来看,编号2区域多为26~34层高层住宅,而编号3区域以6~11层中高层住宅为主。若按单层层高3 m、单位荷载12 kN/m2估算,高层住宅区单位面积荷载约为中层住宅的2~3倍,在废灰堆积物这一低压缩模量地基上易形成更显著的压密效应,这与废灰地基长期沉降特征一致[23]。南部与东部为以绿地为主的公园区域(图 7(b)编号4),形变速率为-63~-3 mm/a,平均为-23 mm/a。点位分布零散,反映植被与建筑结构共同影响形变表现。东侧市体育中心(图 7(b)编号10)建设时间为2010—2017年,PS点形变速率为-21~-6 mm/a,平均为-13 mm/a。形变整体较低,可能因其采用大跨度轻型结构,单位荷载较小,压密效应有限[24]。北部为厂房区,形变速率范围为-38~-14 mm/a,平均为-26 mm/a,形变程度介于住宅与绿地之间,可能受厂区荷载及地基扰动影响。
此外,区域内还存在多个PS点数量较少甚至几乎无PS点的新建住宅区,主要为研究期内由裸地转变为建筑用地区域,如图 7(b)编号2(虚线区域)、5、7、8、9等,仅编号7和11处提取到少量PS点。这些建筑多建于2017—2022年,如编号2区域自2017-09开建,2020-06竣工;编号5区域于2018-09开建,2020-10竣工;编号8、9区域均于2020年施工,2022年竣工。施工期间地表频繁扰动,建筑尚未形成稳定雷达散射面,导致相干性降低、PS点难以提取。
综上,区域A的PS点空间分布与地表覆盖类型、建设时间及地基扰动程度密切相关。建筑密集区、高层屋顶等结构完整区更易提取稳定PS点,而植被覆盖区、施工中或刚完工区域因地表变化剧烈、雷达回波不稳定,提取能力较弱。本区形变受地基条件、建筑荷载及地表覆盖共同控制。
东河区采矿区光学影像如图 8所示。该区为位于东河区山沟内的露天煤矿——海柳树大场新露天煤矿,自2007年投产,设计产能为4.5×105 t/a,2019-09停采前持续生产。
矿区采用露天剥离开采,采坑范围逐年扩大,开采深度不断增加。InSAR监测结果表明,该区形变速率为-77~1 mm/a,平均形变速率为-21 mm/a,形变范围约为1.83 km2,共提取出119个PS点,点密度约65个/km2,标准差为0.84~1.96 mm/a,整体稳定性较高,能较好地反映真实形变。光学影像对比显示,2017年已存在明显剥离痕迹与裸露区域,至2019年采坑进一步扩大,裸岩暴露面积增加,工业设施仍清晰可辨,未见大规模拆除。尽管该矿于2019年退出,但影像信息表明此前仍存在活跃采掘作业。形变速率分布结果表明,高形变点(>-20 mm/a)集中分布在采矿作业区中部及南部,与采坑和剥离区域一致。图中黄线圈区域形变速率普遍较高,局部甚至超过-70 mm/a,反映出显著形变特征。图 8(b)中形变中心多位于采坑边缘与排土场周边,推测与采动扰动及堆载效应密切相关。为进一步分析矿区在停采前后地表形变的时间演化特征,对东河区矿区范围内PS点的年均形变速率进行统计。结果表明,2018年和2019年矿区平均沉降速率分别为-8.05 mm/a和-9.44 mm/a;在2019年停采之后,2020年和2021年矿区年均沉降速率分别减小至-4.25 mm/a和-0.12 mm/a,呈现明显减缓趋势,反映采动扰动减弱及地层结构逐步调整的过程。值得注意的是,2022年部分区域年均沉降速率再次增大(-17.94 mm/a),表明停采后形变仍可能受排土场堆载调整、工程扰动或极端降水等因素的阶段性影响。总体来看,研究期内该区域形变主要受持续采矿活动控制,矿坑扩张过程与InSAR结果高度一致,表明采动活动对形变起主导作用。停采后形变呈现减缓与波动特征,说明地表形变并非在采动停止后立即消失,而是经历了一个逐步调整的过程。从形变机理上看,露天开采导致采坑边坡岩体结构松散,诱发裂隙发育与应力重分布,易在采坑边缘形成集中形变带;同时,排土场堆载作用叠加于松散覆盖层,引起压密沉降和次生滑移,进一步放大了形变幅度[25]。需要指出的是,本文主要基于时序形变特征进行分析,未对地层应力恢复过程开展定量力学分析,相关机制仍有待进一步探讨。
石拐区采矿区形变速率结果显示(图 9(a)),PS点集中于矿坑边缘及陡坡,形变范围为-38~5 mm/a,平均值为-5 mm/a,存在滑坡等地质灾害风险。该区属山地丘陵地貌,采矿与复杂地形叠加导致地表不稳定性增强。
杨圪塄煤矿(图 9(a))为该区主要矿区之一,设计生产能力6×105 t/a,采矿强度大。该矿区2016年停采,2017年完成验收,人员设备撤离,但2018年矿坑仍未回填。通过分析2017-06与2024-07的光学影像(图 9(b)和9(c)),可观察到矿山停采后的显著变化。2017年光学影像仍显示采坑、排土场等扰动痕迹,生态修复尚未全面展开;而2024年该区已被规律分布的植被覆盖,表明生态治理逐步推进。该区域经历了“开采-停采-生态治理”全过程,NDVI由0.233提升至0.278,表明生态修复下地表植被逐步恢复。此外,白狐沟煤矿(图 9(a))已于早年闭坑,根据2010年地质灾害隐患点数据,矿区内存在2个滑坡隐患点。
InSAR监测结果表明,该区仍存在显著形变,且与早期隐患点空间重合,说明在复杂地形条件下,采矿活动对地质稳定性具有长期影响,使既有隐患持续活跃。这一发现提示应加强对地质灾害隐患点的持续监测与评估工作,后续研究中应持续关注此类区域的地质动态变化。进一步分析表明,石拐区形变机理主要受3个方面因素的控制:其一,矿坑边缘陡坡在长期采掘扰动下失稳,局部形成滑坡或蠕滑带[26];其二,大规模排土场叠加荷载使松散堆积体在重力作用下逐渐压密,引起持续沉降[27];其三,生态修复过程中的回填、整坡与植被生长改变了地表覆盖与水土条件,进一步增强了地表形变的空间差异性[28]。整体来看,采矿活动在复杂地形条件下对地表稳定性具有持续影响。
选取度假村区域P1点、东河区采矿区P2点以及石拐区采矿区P3点(图 4(a)),结合降水数据进行时序分析(图 10)。结果显示,P2和P3点对降水响应较为明显,形变变化常滞后于降水峰值,通常在每年6—8月汛期过后(灰色标记区间)出现减缓,呈现出较为稳定的季节性重复特征。P2点位于采矿活动频繁区,采空区及其周边地层结构复杂,研究期内累积形变量达330 mm。P3点虽已闭坑,但历史采空区依然存在,累积形变量为177 mm。两点均处于露天矿排土场或其邻近区域,堆积体结构相对松散、孔隙发育,受外界水分条件变化影响较为敏感。降水入渗会改变堆积体的含水率与颗粒接触状态,引发压实、颗粒重排与应力重分布,进而导致形变速率在降水期及其后阶段出现波动或阶段性调整[29-30]。与典型冲积平原地区以稳定含水层为主的水文响应机制不同,矿区排土场区域并不存在完整连续的浅层松散含水层结构,其降水响应更可能体现为松散堆积体水力条件变化所引起的结构调整效应,而非单纯由地下水位升高或孔隙水压力增加所导致的有效应力变化。因此,P2与P3点在汛期后的形变速率变化,更可理解为采动扰动背景下堆积体结构对降水入渗的阶段性响应。相比之下,P1点受降水影响较弱。该点位于城市建成区,地表硬化且排水系统完善,降水难以下渗,形变过程较为平稳,降水对其形变趋势影响较弱。P1点累积形变量为323 mm,虽与P2点相近,但变化过程相对稳定。总体来看,矿区排土场区域(P2、P3点)在降水作用下更易产生阶段性响应;而城市建成区(P1点)形变主要受人类活动控制。需要指出的是,本文基于逐月降水数据与代表性PS点开展分析,所得滞后特征主要反映月尺度上的响应规律,尚难刻画短期水文-形变耦合过程,相关机制仍需结合更高时间分辨率的降水数据与现场水文地质资料进行进一步研究。综上,城市建成区的形变主要受人类活动控制,而矿区排土场区域则体现出采动扰动与降水入渗共同作用下的阶段性响应特征,反映出不同功能区形变机制的差异性。
采用GNSS站点数据对InSAR结果进行验证。该站点位于黄河冲积平原,地质条件为全新统冲积湖积层,主要由砂和软泥组成,站点坐标为110.02°E、40.60°N。GNSS观测时段为2018-01-01—2022-08-01,共1 674 d,有效观测时间为1 591 d,数据覆盖率约95%,连续性良好。将GNSS原始数据的东西、南北及垂直位移分量统一投影至雷达LOS方向。需要指出的是,GNSS三分量向LOS方向的投影过程不可避免地会引入坐标转换误差与观测几何误差,其主要来源包括GNSS垂向分量精度相对较低以及雷达入射角不确定性等因素。考虑到研究区地表形变以垂向分量为主,且GNSS日解精度为毫米级[31],上述误差对长期形变趋势的影响相对有限。对比区域的雷达入射角为41.590 1°,方位角为346.424 1°,略高于整景平均值(表 1),能更准确地反映GNSS站点的局部观测几何。对比GNSS LOS向形变量与InSAR时间序列可知(图 11),两者趋势一致,均表现为持续形变。InSAR短期波动较大,主要受相干性及大气影响;GNSS结果更平稳。受限于GNSS点数量,本文主要验证形变趋势一致性,而非绝对形变量的精确校正。类似方法在相关研究中也有应用,如Armaş等[32]使用少数GNSS点对InSAR结果进行验证;Yalvac[33]采用有限数量的GNSS数据验证SBAS产品。这些研究表明,即便数据点少,但高质量的数据及良好覆盖仍能在研究区尺度上对InSAR形变趋势的可信性进行有效评估。多站点联合验证及三维形变反演将作为后续研究的重要方向。定量分析表明,初始线性拟合R2为0.67,RMSE为78.40 mm。剔除因相干性差等干扰造成的4个异常点后,样本数为105,R2提升至0.77,RMSE降至49.67 mm(图 12)。RMSE偏大主要与两者时间分辨率差异及残余误差有关,反映短期波动差异而非长期趋势不一致。
本研究基于228景Sentinel-1数据,采用SBAS-InSAR方法获取2018—2022年包头市及土默特右旗地表形变信息,并结合光学影像、降水数据及GNSS观测结果,对典型区域形变特征及其驱动因素进行分析,主要结论如下:
1) 研究区整体较为稳定,约98.85%的PS点年均形变速率在-10~10 mm/a之间,但空间差异显著。平原城市建成区受建筑荷载与废灰压密影响出现明显沉降,最大速率为-73 mm/a;东河区露天采矿区形变最强烈,最大速率为-77 mm/a;石拐区采矿区形变相对较弱,最大形变速率为-38 mm/a,但局部区域仍存在不稳定现象。
2) 不同功能区对降水的响应存在差异。城市建成区因地表硬化与排水系统完善,降水作用较弱;矿区排土场因堆积体结构松散且受采动扰动影响,对降水敏感,形变通常在降水集中期后约1~2个月内出现阶段性调整,体现出降水与采动共同作用的时序响应特征。
3) GNSS与InSAR结果总体一致,线性拟合R2为0.67,剔除离群值后提升至0.77,RMSE则由78.40 mm降至49.67 mm。尽管受观测条件差异影响,RMSE相对较大,但两者在长期趋势上具有较好的一致性,表明SBAS-InSAR能够有效反映区域尺度形变演化特征。受限于GNSS站点数量,计算结果的验证主要侧重于趋势一致性,多站点联合验证与三维形变反演将作为后续研究的重要方向。
综上,包头市地表形变在不同地貌单元与人类活动作用下表现出显著的空间差异,采矿活动与城市建设是局地形变的主控因素。SBAS-InSAR在资源型城市形变监测中具有良好的适用性。受单轨道数据及GNSS站点数量限制,本文对三维形变场及机理分析较为定性,未来可结合多轨道InSAR、地下水监测及数值模拟等手段开展进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42107491)
  • 河南工业大学粮食信息处理中心科研平台开放课题(KFJJ2022008)
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2026年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.420
  • 接收时间:2025-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-02
基金
国家自然科学基金(42107491)
河南工业大学粮食信息处理中心科研平台开放课题(KFJJ2022008)
作者信息
    1 河南工业大学信息科学与工程学院, 郑州, 450001
    2 中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院, 徐州, 221116
    3 南京信息工程大学遥感与测绘工程学院, 南京, 210044

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林丽新,博士,讲师,主要从事高光谱遥感研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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