Article(id=1322916980893819830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322916945741348911, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.438, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765468800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793337586853, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793337586853, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793337586853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793337586853, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322916945741348911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='1039', pageEnd='1170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793337578473, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793337578473, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1054, endPage=1061, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322916981162255287, articleId=1322916980893819830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Performance Assessment for GNSS Broadcast Orbit Spatial Frame, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Currently, there is still a lack of long-term systematic monitoring of broadcast ephemeris orbit frames for multi-GNSS systems. We systematically investigate the long-term performance of the spatial reference frame for broadcast ephemeris orbits of the four GNSS satellite navigation systems (BDS-3, GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo) based on Helmert seven-parameter transformations between broadcast ephemeris and precise orbits, and the derived root sum squares (RSS) comprehensive index, as well as BDS-3/GLONASS analysis results from the data exchanged with the TsNIIMash, Russia, covering the period from August 2020 to December 2024. The results show that Galileo orbit demonstrates the best overall stability in realizing the spatial frame, with a RSS 7-parameter value of approximately 4.7-5.2 cm, following by GPS and BDS-3 (7.7-9.0/7.5-13.8 cm), while GLONASS has an uncertainty of 19.9-23.3 cm. Among the four systems, the Z-component of Helmert translation parameters for GPS, Galileo, and BDS-3 all exhibit significant annual periodic variations, which are likely related to deficiencies in the solar radiation pressure models used during orbit determination. Since the optimization of the Earth orientation parameters (EOP) update strategy in 2023, the BDS-3 system has shown a significant improvement in orbit frame maintenance accuracy, with the fluctuations of rotation parameters RX/RY/RZ components reduced from ±6/±8/±8 mas to ±2/±4/±3 mas, and the overall frame accuracy clearly improved, as RMS of RSS7 decreased from 12.2 cm to 7.5 cm. This finding is consistent with the analysis results from TsNIIMash.

, authors=Tingfeng LIN1, 2, Weijing QU1, 3, *, Fengyu XIA1, Yi JIANG4, Shanshi ZHOU1, 3, authorsList=Tingfeng LIN, Weijing QU, Fengyu XIA, Yi JIANG, Shanshi ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weijing QU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322916988410012619, articleId=1322916980893819830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=GNSS广播星历轨道空间基准性能评估, columnId=1281909276545356011, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对目前仍缺乏对多GNSS系统广播星历轨道框架的长期系统性监测研究,基于2020-08—2024-12 GNSS广播星历轨道与精密轨道的Helmert七参数变换、RSS (root sum square)综合指标时序和与俄罗斯中央机械制造研究院(TsNIIMash)交换的BDS-3/GLONASS相应分析结果,系统揭示BDS-3、GPS、GLONASS及Galileo四大卫星导航系统广播星历轨道空间基准长期性能表现。结果表明,Galileo轨道空间基准实现整体稳定性最佳,其Helmert七参数的RSS (RSS7)为4.7~5.2 cm,其次为GPS/BDS-3 (7.7~9.0/7.5~ 13.8 cm),而GLONASS的离散度较大,为19.9~23.3 cm。在四系统中,GPS、Galileo及BDS-3的Helmert平移参数Z向分量均呈现出显著的年周期性变化特征,这可能与其星历确定时所用太阳辐射压模型存在缺陷有关。BDS-3自2023年地球自转参数(EOP)更新策略优化后,旋转RX/RY/RZ分量误差波动从±6/±8/ ±8 mas降低至±2/±4/±3 mas,轨道空间基准维持精度明显改善,RSS7的RMS从12.2 cm降低至7.5 cm,与TsNIIMash分析结果一致。

, authors=林霆枫1, 2, 曲伟菁1, 3, *, 夏凤雨1, 姜意4, 周善石1, 3, authorsList=林霆枫, 曲伟菁, 夏凤雨, 姜意, 周善石, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曲伟菁, authorNote=

林霆枫,硕士生,主要研究方向为卫星导航空间基准,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
曲伟菁,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为GNSS与SLR数据处理和地球参考框架,E-mail:
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林霆枫,硕士生,主要研究方向为卫星导航空间基准,E-mail:

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林霆枫,硕士生,主要研究方向为卫星导航空间基准,E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916980893819830, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Translation parameters derived from Helmert transformation between broadcast ephemeris and WUM precise ephemeris for four systems from August 1, 2020 to December 31, 2024, figureFileSmall=Svr99KoaTnEIhUo7n4w2MA==, figureFileBig=adZCEn9Aku/YwpI1Tirxew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322916993296376831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916980893819830, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2020-08-01—2024-12-31四系统广播星历与WUM精密星历Helmert变换平移参数, figureFileSmall=Svr99KoaTnEIhUo7n4w2MA==, figureFileBig=adZCEn9Aku/YwpI1Tirxew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322916993631921152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916980893819830, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Spectral analysis of the Z-component translation parameters derived from Helmert transformation between broadcast ephemeris 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figureFileBig=hbQODTKYzVYxMMhna4/trw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322916994235899909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916980893819830, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Scale parameters derived from Helmert transformation between broadcast ephemeris and WUM precise ephemeris for four systems from August 1, 2020 to December 31, 2024, figureFileSmall=ILIlxHkba9IkAyUCZrrVXA==, figureFileBig=8PQm//KH4gDxtWYs3eXNfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322916994332368902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916980893819830, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2020-08-01—2024-12-31四系统广播星历与WUM精密星历Helmert变换尺度参数

虚线为IGS14切换至IGS20的时刻

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虚线为IGS14切换至IGS20的时刻

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Statistics of Helmert transformation parameters based on GNSS broadcast ephemerides (mean values±STD)

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参考框架 年份 ΔX/cm ΔY/cm ΔZ/cm RX/mas RY/mas RZ/mas Scale/ppb RSS7/cm
BDCS2020 0.4±2.0 -0.6±1.6 -2.8±2.6 -0.1±1.1 0.9±1.9 0.2±2.5 0.6±0.6 10.5±4.9
2021 -0.5±1.9 -0.8±1.2 -0.4±3.6 0.3±1.4 -0.6±2.1 0.9±2.3 0.3±0.4 10.7±5.3
2022 0.3±1.4 -1.0±1.1 -0.1±3.2 0.7±1.5 -0.8±2.9 0.7±2.5 0.5±0.4 11.6±7.5
2023 0.6±1.3 -0.5±1.0 -0.1±3.9 0.3±1.5 0.5±2.5 -0.4±2.1 0.7±0.4 10.3±6.6
2024 0.6±1.1 -0.5±0.9 -0.2±3.3 0.3±0.8 0.5±1.3 -0.2±1.3 0.7±0.4 7.0±2.8
PZ-90.112020 -1.2±4.7 1.8±4.6 12.8±8.5 -0.5±0.9 0.5±0.9 0.0±3.1 -2.7±0.9 18.7±6.9
2021 -0.4±5.3 0.2±5.4 10.2±8.9 -0.3±1.0 0.2±1.2 0.8±5.3 -2.6±0.9 21.9±8.0
2022 0.0±5.5 -0.2±5.5 8.6±7.1 -0.2±1.1 0.2±1.3 -0.2±5.7 -3.0±1.0 21.3±8.5
2023 0.6±5.3 -0.4±5.2 8.9±6.6 -0.2±1.0 0.1±1.2 -0.1±5.4 -3.8±0.7 20.6±8.1
2024 -0.4±5.9 0.6±5.4 6.6±7.5 -0.3±1.1 0.5±1.3 -0.5±5.3 -3.8±0.9 20.3±7.1
WGS 842020 -0.4±3.4 0.0±2.8 -1.3±3.6 -0.3±0.7 0.0±0.9 -0.5±1.0 -0.6±0.4 7.5±2.0
2021 -0.5±3.1 -0.2±3.4 0.7±4.7 -0.1±0.6 0.0±1.0 -0.4±1.1 -1.3±0.5 8.1±2.3
2022 -0.9±3.7 -0.2±3.5 0.5±4.1 -0.1±0.7 -0.1±1.1 -0.3±1.0 -0.7±0.4 8.1±2.4
2023 -1.0±4.1 -0.3±3.7 -0.1±4.2 -0.1±0.8 0.1±1.0 -0.4±1.0 -0.7±0.4 8.3±2.6
2024 -1.4±3.7 0.0±3.9 0.0±4.5 -0.3±0.8 0.2±1.1 -0.3±1.1 -0.5±0.4 8.7±2.5
GTRF2020 2.1±1.9 -0.1±1.8 -0.9±2.4 0.1±0.2 0.0±0.3 -0.3±0.3 -2.2±0.4 4.5±1.4
2021 1.9±1.8 -0.3±1.5 -1.2±2.8 0.0±0.2 0.1±0.3 0.0±0.4 -2.2±0.4 4.5±3.7
2022 1.9±1.7 0.5±1.5 -1.2±2.7 0.0±0.2 0.0±0.2 0.2±0.3 -2.2±0.3 4.4±1.6
2023 2.4±1.4 0.9±1.4 -1.3±2.8 0.0±0.2 -0.1±0.2 0.0±0.3 -2.3±0.4 4.7±1.4
2024 2.2±1.5 1.2±1.3 -1.5±3.2 0.0±0.2 -0.1±0.2 -0.1±0.3 -2.3±0.3 5.0±1.6
), ArticleFig(id=1322916997243215890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916980893819830, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于GNSS广播星历的Helmert变换参数统计(均值±标准差)

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参考框架 年份 ΔX/cm ΔY/cm ΔZ/cm RX/mas RY/mas RZ/mas Scale/ppb RSS7/cm
BDCS2020 0.4±2.0 -0.6±1.6 -2.8±2.6 -0.1±1.1 0.9±1.9 0.2±2.5 0.6±0.6 10.5±4.9
2021 -0.5±1.9 -0.8±1.2 -0.4±3.6 0.3±1.4 -0.6±2.1 0.9±2.3 0.3±0.4 10.7±5.3
2022 0.3±1.4 -1.0±1.1 -0.1±3.2 0.7±1.5 -0.8±2.9 0.7±2.5 0.5±0.4 11.6±7.5
2023 0.6±1.3 -0.5±1.0 -0.1±3.9 0.3±1.5 0.5±2.5 -0.4±2.1 0.7±0.4 10.3±6.6
2024 0.6±1.1 -0.5±0.9 -0.2±3.3 0.3±0.8 0.5±1.3 -0.2±1.3 0.7±0.4 7.0±2.8
PZ-90.112020 -1.2±4.7 1.8±4.6 12.8±8.5 -0.5±0.9 0.5±0.9 0.0±3.1 -2.7±0.9 18.7±6.9
2021 -0.4±5.3 0.2±5.4 10.2±8.9 -0.3±1.0 0.2±1.2 0.8±5.3 -2.6±0.9 21.9±8.0
2022 0.0±5.5 -0.2±5.5 8.6±7.1 -0.2±1.1 0.2±1.3 -0.2±5.7 -3.0±1.0 21.3±8.5
2023 0.6±5.3 -0.4±5.2 8.9±6.6 -0.2±1.0 0.1±1.2 -0.1±5.4 -3.8±0.7 20.6±8.1
2024 -0.4±5.9 0.6±5.4 6.6±7.5 -0.3±1.1 0.5±1.3 -0.5±5.3 -3.8±0.9 20.3±7.1
WGS 842020 -0.4±3.4 0.0±2.8 -1.3±3.6 -0.3±0.7 0.0±0.9 -0.5±1.0 -0.6±0.4 7.5±2.0
2021 -0.5±3.1 -0.2±3.4 0.7±4.7 -0.1±0.6 0.0±1.0 -0.4±1.1 -1.3±0.5 8.1±2.3
2022 -0.9±3.7 -0.2±3.5 0.5±4.1 -0.1±0.7 -0.1±1.1 -0.3±1.0 -0.7±0.4 8.1±2.4
2023 -1.0±4.1 -0.3±3.7 -0.1±4.2 -0.1±0.8 0.1±1.0 -0.4±1.0 -0.7±0.4 8.3±2.6
2024 -1.4±3.7 0.0±3.9 0.0±4.5 -0.3±0.8 0.2±1.1 -0.3±1.1 -0.5±0.4 8.7±2.5
GTRF2020 2.1±1.9 -0.1±1.8 -0.9±2.4 0.1±0.2 0.0±0.3 -0.3±0.3 -2.2±0.4 4.5±1.4
2021 1.9±1.8 -0.3±1.5 -1.2±2.8 0.0±0.2 0.1±0.3 0.0±0.4 -2.2±0.4 4.5±3.7
2022 1.9±1.7 0.5±1.5 -1.2±2.7 0.0±0.2 0.0±0.2 0.2±0.3 -2.2±0.3 4.4±1.6
2023 2.4±1.4 0.9±1.4 -1.3±2.8 0.0±0.2 -0.1±0.2 0.0±0.3 -2.3±0.4 4.7±1.4
2024 2.2±1.5 1.2±1.3 -1.5±3.2 0.0±0.2 -0.1±0.2 -0.1±0.3 -2.3±0.3 5.0±1.6
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林霆枫 1, 2 , 曲伟菁 1, 3, * , 夏凤雨 1 , 姜意 4 , 周善石 1, 3
大地测量与地球动力学 | 大地测量学 2026,46(9): 1054-1061
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大地测量与地球动力学 |大地测量学 2026 , 46 (9) : 1054 -1061
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林霆枫1, 2 , 曲伟菁1, 3, * , 夏凤雨1, 姜意4, 周善石1, 3
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院上海天文台, 上海, 200030
  • 2 中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院, 北京, 100049
  • 3 上海市空间导航与定位技术重点实验室, 上海, 200030
  • 4 北京卫星导航中心, 北京, 100094
通讯作者:
曲伟菁,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为GNSS与SLR数据处理和地球参考框架,E-mail:
作者简介:

林霆枫,硕士生,主要研究方向为卫星导航空间基准,E-mail:

Performance Assessment for GNSS Broadcast Orbit Spatial Frame
Tingfeng LIN1, 2 , Weijing QU1, 3, * , Fengyu XIA1, Yi JIANG4, Shanshi ZHOU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Shanghai 200030, China
  • 2 School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning Techniques, Shanghai 200030, China
  • 4 Beijing Satellite Navigation Center, Beijing 100094, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.438
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针对目前仍缺乏对多GNSS系统广播星历轨道框架的长期系统性监测研究,基于2020-08—2024-12 GNSS广播星历轨道与精密轨道的Helmert七参数变换、RSS (root sum square)综合指标时序和与俄罗斯中央机械制造研究院(TsNIIMash)交换的BDS-3/GLONASS相应分析结果,系统揭示BDS-3、GPS、GLONASS及Galileo四大卫星导航系统广播星历轨道空间基准长期性能表现。结果表明,Galileo轨道空间基准实现整体稳定性最佳,其Helmert七参数的RSS (RSS7)为4.7~5.2 cm,其次为GPS/BDS-3 (7.7~9.0/7.5~ 13.8 cm),而GLONASS的离散度较大,为19.9~23.3 cm。在四系统中,GPS、Galileo及BDS-3的Helmert平移参数Z向分量均呈现出显著的年周期性变化特征,这可能与其星历确定时所用太阳辐射压模型存在缺陷有关。BDS-3自2023年地球自转参数(EOP)更新策略优化后,旋转RX/RY/RZ分量误差波动从±6/±8/ ±8 mas降低至±2/±4/±3 mas,轨道空间基准维持精度明显改善,RSS7的RMS从12.2 cm降低至7.5 cm,与TsNIIMash分析结果一致。

导航系统空间基准  /  广播星历  /  北斗卫星导航系统  /  北斗坐标系  /  GNSS

Currently, there is still a lack of long-term systematic monitoring of broadcast ephemeris orbit frames for multi-GNSS systems. We systematically investigate the long-term performance of the spatial reference frame for broadcast ephemeris orbits of the four GNSS satellite navigation systems (BDS-3, GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo) based on Helmert seven-parameter transformations between broadcast ephemeris and precise orbits, and the derived root sum squares (RSS) comprehensive index, as well as BDS-3/GLONASS analysis results from the data exchanged with the TsNIIMash, Russia, covering the period from August 2020 to December 2024. The results show that Galileo orbit demonstrates the best overall stability in realizing the spatial frame, with a RSS 7-parameter value of approximately 4.7-5.2 cm, following by GPS and BDS-3 (7.7-9.0/7.5-13.8 cm), while GLONASS has an uncertainty of 19.9-23.3 cm. Among the four systems, the Z-component of Helmert translation parameters for GPS, Galileo, and BDS-3 all exhibit significant annual periodic variations, which are likely related to deficiencies in the solar radiation pressure models used during orbit determination. Since the optimization of the Earth orientation parameters (EOP) update strategy in 2023, the BDS-3 system has shown a significant improvement in orbit frame maintenance accuracy, with the fluctuations of rotation parameters RX/RY/RZ components reduced from ±6/±8/±8 mas to ±2/±4/±3 mas, and the overall frame accuracy clearly improved, as RMS of RSS7 decreased from 12.2 cm to 7.5 cm. This finding is consistent with the analysis results from TsNIIMash.

navigation system spatial reference  /  broadcast ephemeris  /  Beidou satellite navigation system  /  Beidou coordinate system  /  GNSS
林霆枫, 曲伟菁, 夏凤雨, 姜意, 周善石. GNSS广播星历轨道空间基准性能评估. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (9) : 1054 -1061 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.438
Tingfeng LIN, Weijing QU, Fengyu XIA, Yi JIANG, Shanshi ZHOU. Performance Assessment for GNSS Broadcast Orbit Spatial Frame[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (9) : 1054 -1061 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.438
目前在轨运行的GPS、GLONASS、Galileo和BDS均采用独立的大地测量基准框架,其中GPS采用WGS 84(G2296)[1],GLONASS采用PZ-90.11[2],Galileo坐标系为GTRF25v01[3],BDS从2017-12起采用BDCS[4-6]。四大GNSS地面坐标系统通过卫星大地测量等技术定期向国际地球参考框架(international terrestrial reference frame, ITRF)[7]对齐。
各导航系统地面运控通过紧约束地面坐标基准和采用地面站观测数据生成的广播星历,可以认为是GNSS地面参考框架的轨道实现。不同系统广播星历轨道空间基准维持精度及差异对GNSS兼容性和互操作性至关重要,特别是在高可靠定位、导航和授时(PNT)应用中。广播星历空间基准性能表现主要受2个方面的影响: 一是不同GNSS地面系统间建立与对齐的差异;二是受GNSS地面跟踪站数量分布与定轨模型的影响,特别是轨道非保守力建模精度。如受政治与地理因素影响,BDS难以在全球建立地面监测站,使得二代系统轨道空间基准精度受限。为摆脱该困境,BDS-3应用Ka波段星间链路技术扩展中高地球轨道卫星的可见弧段,相比二代系统轨道质量显著改善[8]。以往研究表明,BDS等广播星历空间基准框架原点分量存在显著的年周期信号,推测与星历生成时光压建模存在缺陷有关[9]。
现有研究表明,各GNSS系统空间基准与ITRF的对齐精度存在差异。Malys等[10]基于8周广播星历数据分析发现,Galileo参考框架与IGS14的一致性水平偏差小于4 cm,GLONASS偏差约13 cm,而BDS-3表现出与GPS相当的6 cm精度,显著优于BDS-2 MEO卫星的48 cm偏差。Chen等[11]研究发现,2020年BDCS框架与ITRF2014的偏差约为10 cm。Gusev等[12]研究2020—2023年GPS、GLONASS、Galileo和BDS广播轨道基准框架与ITRF的兼容性发现,四系统广播轨道框架与ITRF符合水平为:WGS 84为1~3 cm,PZ-90.11为9~15 cm,GTRF为2~5 cm,BDCS为2~4 cm;月平均间隔的符合稳定性为:WGS 84为5 cm,PZ-90.11为10~12 cm,GTRF为4~5 cm,BDCS为7 cm。Jiang等[13]详细分析了GPS和BDS广播星历长期空间信号误差特性变化,结果表明,BDS-3核心星座MEO轨道空间基准的实现显著优于GPS。
尽管国内外学者对导航系统空间基准维持性能进行了大量研究,但这些研究大多集中于单系统或短期数据分析,缺乏对四大系统广播星历轨道框架统一的长期系统性监测研究。本文基于2020-08-01—2024-12-31广播星历数据与精密星历轨道产品,并结合与俄罗斯中央机械制造研究院(TsNIIMash)交换的BDS-3/GLONASS空间基准评估结果,深入分析各系统空间基准实现的长期稳定性和演变特征,为GNSS空间基准实现与维持策略的进一步改善优化提供参考。
本文主要基于广播星历与精密星历轨道产品间的Helmert转换七参数,系统评估GNSS空间基准维持性能与长期演变特征,并进一步基于RSS7与标准差(STD),综合量化分析各GNSS轨道空间框架与ITRF的对齐偏移程度。
Helmert变换[10]是一种基于七参数的坐标相似变换方法,广泛应用于TRF的转换与统一,表达式为:
$\boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{pre}}^{\mathrm{APC}}=(1+m)\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1 & R_{Z} & -R_{Y} \\-R_{Z} & 1 & R_{X} \\R_{Y} & -R_{X} & 1\end{array}\right] \boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{brd}}^{\mathrm{APC}}+\boldsymbol{T}$
式中,T=[TX    TY    TZ]T和R=[RX    RY    RZ]T分别表示平移和旋转的向量;m表示精密星历和广播星历的轨道框架尺度差异,单位ppb;XpreAPC和XbrdAPC分别表示卫星精密轨道与广播轨道的位置向量。
广播星历的参考点为平均天线相位中心(antenna phase centre, APC),而国际GNSS服务(international GNSS service,IGS)精密星历则以卫星质心(centre of mass, CoM)作为参考点。因此,为了将广播星历计算出的轨道参考点从APC转换到CoM,需要进行卫星APC改正。卫星APC改正包括天线相位中心偏差(phase center offset, PCO)和相位中心变化(phase center variation, PCV),PCV对轨道误差影响较小,可忽略不计。卫星天线PCO改正的计算公式为:
$\begin{equation*}\boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{brd}, \mathrm{CoM}}=\boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{brd}, \mathrm{APC}}-\boldsymbol{A}^{\mathrm{s}} \boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{PCO}} \end{equation*}$
式中,Xbrd, CoM和Xbrd, APC分别表示以CoM和APC为参考点的广播星历轨道位置矢量;As表示卫星姿态矩阵;XPCO表示卫星天线PCO矢量。
基于Helmert转换七参数,进一步计算RSS7指标,综合评估各GNSS轨道空间基准框架与ITRF的对齐偏移程度,表达式为:
$\begin{align*}\mathrm{RSS}_{7}= & \left(\Delta X^{2}+\Delta Y^{2}+\Delta Z^{2}+R_{X}^{2}+\right. \\& \left.R_{Y}^{2}+R_{Z}^{2}+\text { Scale }^{2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}} \end{align*}$
式中,ΔX、ΔY、ΔZ分别表示平移参数;RX、RY、RZ分别表示旋转参数;Scale表示尺度参数。为使各项量纲一致,在计算前将旋转与尺度参数的单位转换为厘米。换算中使用的系数如下:地球平均半径取6 371 km,故旋转参数的换算系数为1 mas对应约3.09 cm,尺度参数中1 ppb对应约0.64 cm[10]。
此外,利用RSS7的标准差(STDRSS7)表征转换参数估计的统计不确定性,表达式为:
$\begin{equation*}\mathrm{STD}_{\mathrm{RSS}_{7}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N-1} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}\left(\mathrm{RSS}_{7_{i}}-\mu_{\mathrm{RSS}_{7}}\right)^{2}} \end{equation*}$
式中,μRSS7为RSS7参数年均值;N为年总天数;RSS7i为第i天的RSS7值。RSS7值越小,表明目标参考框架与ITRF之间的契合度越高;而STDRSS7反映的是变换参数在时间序列上的离散程度,较小的标准差意味着解算结果在不同历元间表现出极高的时间稳定性,且受观测噪声及随机误差的影响较小,表明解算结果具有稳定性与可靠性,是评价框架质量的重要指标。
本研究使用的精密星历与广播星历均从武汉大学IGS分析中心下载。精密轨道产品采用武汉大学IGS分析中心生成的WUM最终精密星历,广播星历采用BRDM广播星历,时间范围为2020-08-01—2024-12-31。GPS和Galileo广播轨道分别基于其LNAV和INAV星历。根据GPS官网显示,2021-03-28 NGA使用的PCO模型由卫星制造商模型切换为IGS14模型,2024-01-07切换为IGS20模型。因此,本研究在对应时段采用相应GPS PCO模型将其广播轨道相位中心转换到质心[14]。Galileo的PCO采用Galileo官方发布的PCO模型。BDS-3采用D1/D2导航电文,轨道参考点转换时使用中国卫星导航办公室公布的卫星天线PCO制造商模型。GLONASS采用的导航信息为FDMA,使用的PCO值参考Montenbruck等[15-16]和Steigenberger等[17]的研究结果。
图 1为四大导航系统广播轨道相对于WUM精密轨道的Helmert变换平移参数时序变化。表 1为各系统逐年空间基准相对于精密轨道的七参数转换结果及对应的RSS7指标。
从轨道空间框架平移参数的时序变化和统计结果可知,Galileo的广播轨道框架在地心X和Y分量的稳定性最高,ΔX均值稳定在2 cm左右,ΔY均值稳定在0.5 cm左右,且二者年内STD整体小于1.9 cm。BDS-3 (0.9~2.0 cm)和GPS (2.8~4.1 cm)X、Y分量的年内STD次之,GLON-ASS的离散程度较大,STD达到4.6~5.9 cm。不同于X和Y分量,Galileo、BDS-3和GPS的轨道地心Z分量均呈现出显著的年周期性变化,并且在每年的6月与12月左右达到极值,这一现象在以往研究中也有发现[13, 18]。GLONASS广播轨道框架地心Z分量未发现明显的周期性,但时序存在更大离散性,其年内STD为6.6~8.9 cm,显著高于GPS (3.6~4.7 cm)、BDS-3 (2.6~3.9 cm)与Galileo (2.4~ 3.2 cm)。为进一步分析轨道空间基准框架的框架原点Z分量的周期性变化,绘制轨道框架原点Z分量的频谱分析图(图 2)。可以看出,在1 cpy(365 d)处均存在显著峰值。此外,Galileo高频成分较弱,整体幅值最低,这与图 1中的时序特性一致。这种轨道框架原点Z分量的年周期性变化可能与星历生成时所用的光压模型有关。以往研究表明[19-22],传统的经验性太阳辐射压(如ECOM模型)对GNSS卫星轨道与地学参数解算存在与太阳回归相关的长周期影响,该影响在地心Z向尤为突出。
图 3为四大导航系统广播轨道相对于WUM精密轨道的Helmert变换旋转参数时序变化。从轨道空间框架旋转参数时序和统计结果可知,Galileo轨道空间基准的旋转误差最小,其各年的STD为0.2~0.4 mas,在四系统中持续最优;GPS各年的STD为0.6~1.1 mas;GLONASS为0.9~5.7 mas,其RZ分量离散显著,且在2021—2023年存在显著的年周期性;BDS-3在2020—2023年的年内STD为1.1~2.9 mas。值得注意的是,BDS-3轨道框架在2023-08之前存在显著的旋转误差,而在此之后得到有效抑制,其旋转分量的稳定性已接近GPS。统计结果表明,BDS-3轨道旋转误差的标准差从2023年的1.5~2.5 mas降低至2024年的0.8~1.3 mas,这是因为2023-08之前BDS-3广播星历轨道生成时所用的EOP预报误差较大。
为进一步验证BDS-3轨道空间基准旋转误差特征变化与所用地球自转参数ERP数据误差的内在联系,将2022—2024年RINEX4.00版本的广播星历BDS-3 EOP数据与IERS发布的C04产品进行比较。图 4为2种产品差值时序及对应时段的Helmert旋转参数时序。可以看出,广播ERP与C04的极移参数Xp/Yp差值变化趋势分别与广播轨道RY/RX旋转参数变化趋势呈现出高度一致性,RMS值也相当。从图 4还可以看出,2023-08 BDS-3优化ERP更新策略后,旋转参数离散性得到明显抑制。dXp/dYp和RX/RY时序波动变小,dXp/RY误差波动从±8 mas降至±4 mas以内,dYp/RX误差波动从±6 mas降至±2 mas以内。不同于旋转参数RX和RY,轨道框架误差Z方向旋转分量RZ与dUT1并无显著相关性。但在ERP更新策略发生变化后,RZ量级随着UT1误差降低,其离散度明显下降,误差波动从±8 mas降至±3 mas以内。
图 5为四系统尺度参数的时序变化。整体上,Galileo的尺度长期保持稳定负偏,年均值约为-2.2±0.3 ppb,在IGS框架切换前后未见显著跃变或漂移,但在2023-04之后尺度偏差出现小幅增大;GPS以小幅负偏为主,受益于GPS系统框架以及卫星天线PCO的更新[14],年均值由2021年的-1.3±0.5 ppb逐步向0收敛,至2024年约为-0.5±0.4 ppb,其年内离散度与Galileo相当;BDS-3呈小幅正偏且随时间缓慢上升,年均值由2021—2022年的0.3~0.5 ppb提高至IGS框架切换后2023—2024年的0.7±0.4 ppb;GLONASS的尺度离散度显著高于其他系统,年内STD约为0.9 ppb,在切换IGS框架后,均值由2020—2022年的约-2.7 ppb进一步提高至2023—2024年的约-3.8 ppb。
为了综合评估导航空间基准的维持精度,采用单位归一化后的七参数平方和根(RSS7)作为评价指标。图 6为四系统的RSS7时序,整体来看,Galileo RSS7时序长期稳定,年STD约为1.4~3.7 cm,在四系统中导航空间基准维持精度表现最优;GPS RSS7年STD约为2.0~2.6 cm;GLONASS波动较为显著,年STD达到6.9~8.5 cm;BDS-3在2020—2023年整体离散较大,年STD约为4.9~7.5 cm,但2024年显著改善至2.8 cm,其时序在2023-08之后逐步呈现出收敛的特征。结合前文旋转分量的时序特征可知,BDS-3导航空间基准的维持精度改善应与地面ERP更新策略优化有关。图 7为四系统RSS7年度RMS统计结果,整体来看,Galileo表现最佳,RMS稳定在5 cm左右;GPS次之,保持在10 cm以内; BDS-3在2023年ERP更新策略优化后,其RMS由2023年的12.2 cm显著下降至2024年的7.5 cm,已优于GPS;GLONASS的RMS最大,超过20 cm。该结果与Gusev等[12]的研究结论基本一致。进一步分析参数分量贡献可知,GLONASS的较大偏差主要来源于地心Z分量向平移参数的显著偏移。此外,GLONASS为区域网定轨,地面监测站主要集中于俄罗斯境内,这种区域性分布特征也是制约其空间基准维持精度的重要因素。
本文研究期间与TsNIIMash的定位、导航与授时分析中心(Information and Analysis Center for Positioning, Navigation and Timing, IAC PNT) 交换了BDS-3/GLONASS广播星历空间基准维持性能分析结果,IAC PNT为GLONASS的维持与发展提供科学技术支持。IAC PNT从2020年开始评估全球卫星导航空间基准的维持精度[23-24],独立的俄罗斯TsNIIMash官方评估样本有助于进一步验证本文分析策略和结果的可靠性,特别是对于俄罗斯的GLONASS。图 8和图 9为TsNIIMash提供的BDS-3与GLONASS系统空间基准框架RSS7结果和本文相应的解算时序,图中SHAO表示上海天文台,蓝点为本文计算结果,红点为TsNIIMash提供的分析结果。
从图 8可以看出,BDS-3的RSS7参数变化趋势和量级大致相似;2023-08 BDS广播星历EOP更新策略优化后,BDS-3空间基准维持稳定度得到显著提升。从图 9可以看出,TsNIIMash和本文的GLONASS分析结果整体趋势也基本一致,进一步证实了本文广播轨道空间基准维持性能长期分析结果的可靠性。
本研究基于2020-08—2024-12四大GNSS系统广播星历与精密轨道,采用七参数Helmert变换与RSS7综合量化时间序列分析评估轨道空间基准维持长期表现。结果表明,GPS/Galileo/BDS三系统在轨道框架Z平移分量方向存在显著年周期误差,这可能是由星历生成时光压建模缺陷所致。而GLONASS由于其平移Z分量具有显著离散性,年周期特征并不显著。在旋转分量方面,GPS和Galileo表现出较好的稳定性,而GLONASS空间基准旋转误差呈现出较大的离散度,并在2021—2023年表现出明显的年周期变化。BDS-3早期受星座整体旋转误差影响较大;2023-08地球自转参数更新策略优化后,其旋转误差显著下降,旋转RX/RY/RZ分量误差波动从±6/±8/±8 mas降至±2/±4/±3 mas,空间基准维持精度显著提高。整体上,基于RSS7综合量化指标,Galileo轨道实现框架与ITRF对齐的稳定度最优,EOP策略改善后,BDS-3优于GPS,GLONASS次之。基于本文研究结果,未来GNSS广播星历轨道空间基准性能提升可以进一步聚焦于EOP策略优化及太阳光压摄动模型优化等。
  • 国家自然科学基金(12273096)
  • 国家自然科学基金(12303071)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.438
  • 接收时间:2025-12-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-12
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国家自然科学基金(12273096)
国家自然科学基金(12303071)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院上海天文台, 上海, 200030
    2 中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院, 北京, 100049
    3 上海市空间导航与定位技术重点实验室, 上海, 200030
    4 北京卫星导航中心, 北京, 100094

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曲伟菁,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为GNSS与SLR数据处理和地球参考框架,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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