Article(id=1322916962065592723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322916945741348911, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2026.02.043, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1770566400000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793337582364, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793337582364, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793337582364, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793337582364, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322916945741348911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='1039', pageEnd='1170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793337578473, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793337578473, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1039, endPage=1045, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322916962250142100, articleId=1322916962065592723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Least Squares Method for Polynomial Function Model of Meridian Arc Length, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the limitations of the algebraic expansion of the meridian arc length, this study is based on the principles of equivalent transformation and order-increment invariance. Using the first eccentricity or the third flattening, this study reconstructs polynomial function models for the meridian arc length and the meridian radius of curvature, respectively. Additionally, a constrained least squares method is derived for the direct estimation of the model constant coefficients. The results indicate that, regardless of whether the first eccentricity or the third flattening is used, the polynomial function models facilitate the high-order expansion and correctness verification of the algebraic expansion of the meridian arc length. Furthermore, their estimation accuracy can meet the requirements of practical applications such as high-precision geodesy and map projection.

, authors=Zhiping LIU1, Luzheng MIAO1, Qianle ZHUANG2, Ruihong SHEN1, authorsList=Zhiping LIU, Luzheng MIAO, Qianle ZHUANG, Ruihong SHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322916962673766805, articleId=1322916962065592723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=子午线弧长多项式函数模型的最小二乘估计, columnId=1281909276545356011, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对子午线弧长代数展开式存在的不足,以等量变换与模型阶数拓展时的阶次递增不变性为基本原则,采用第一偏心率或第三扁率分别重构子午线弧长与子午圈曲率半径的多项式函数模型。同时,推导模型常数系数直接估计的附有限制条件的最小二乘方法。计算结果表明,无论采用第一偏心率还是第三扁率参数,多项式函数模型均有利于子午线弧长代数展开式的高阶扩展和正确性检验,而且其估计精度均可满足高精度大地测量与地图投影等实际应用需求。

, authors=刘志平1, 苗路政1, 庄乾乐2, 沈瑞虹1, authorsList=刘志平, 苗路政, 庄乾乐, 沈瑞虹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

刘志平,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为最优估计理论与机器学习、卫星大地测量与导航定位,E-mail:

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刘志平,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为最优估计理论与机器学习、卫星大地测量与导航定位,E-mail:

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刘志平,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为最优估计理论与机器学习、卫星大地测量与导航定位,E-mail:

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Constant coefficients of the polynomial model from scheme 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多项式 参数 子午线 t检验 曲率半径 t检验 代数展开式[20]
e2 α0, 1 -0.250 000 00 539 357 564 -0.250 000 00 1 605 759 982 -0.250 000 00
e2 α1, 1 -0.375 000 01 684 342 560 -0.375 000 01 3 407 847 687 -0.375 000 00
e4 α0, 2 -0.046 873 49 341 162 -0.046 873 52 1 016 363 -0.046 875 00
e4 α1, 2 -0.093 746 48 577 265 -0.093 746 45 2 875 970 -0.093 750 00
e4 α2, 2 0.058 593 75 1 054 746 0.058 593 76 7 145 852 0.058 593 75
e6 α0, 3 -0.019 750 05 1 945 -0.019 749 97 5 798 -0.019 531 25
e6 α1, 3 -0.044 467 49 3 705 -0.044 469 79 18 471 -0.043 945 31
e6 α2, 3 0.043 943 98 2 677 0.043 941 99 18 140 0.043 945 31
e6 α3, 3 -0.011 392 64 28 731 -0.011 392 57 269 727 -0.011 393 23
e8 α2, 4 0.032 358 92 27 0.032 535 16 182 1.241 760 25
e8 α3, 4 -0.014 423 42 250 -0.014 434 12 2 347 -0.014 241 54
e8 α4, 4 0.002 431 70 784 0.002 432 53 9 424 0.002 403 26
n β0, 1 -1.000 000 00 160 580 661 -0.999 999 99 735 775 842 -1.000 000 00
n β1, 1 -1.499 999 99 187 689 101 -1.499 999 99 1 561 509 878 -1.500 000 00
n2 β0, 2 1.249 992 81 169 820 1.249 989 25 778 850 1.250 000 00
n2 β1, 2 1.499 984 86 158 849 1.499 988 83 1 322 340 1.500 000 00
n2 β2, 2 0.937 497 98 4 437 429 0.937 497 98 63 338 076 0.937 500 00
n3 β0, 3 -1.244 722 56 573 -1.243 593 53 2 632 -1.250 000 00
n3 β1, 3 -1.304 591 66 469 -1.305 867 81 3 910 -1.312 500 00
n3 β2, 3 -0.935 114 27 7 573 -0.935 112 35 108 164 -0.937 500 00
n3 β3, 3 -0.729 166 57 6 730 -0.729 165 21 124 010 -0.729 166 67
n4 β3, 4 0.728 527 22 12 0.727 454 86 213 0.729 166 67
n4 β4, 4 0.613 958 44 181 0.614 170 76 4 275 0.615 234 38
), ArticleFig(id=1322916970441617856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916962065592723, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

方案1所得多项式模型常系数估值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多项式 参数 子午线 t检验 曲率半径 t检验 代数展开式[20]
e2 α0, 1 -0.250 000 00 539 357 564 -0.250 000 00 1 605 759 982 -0.250 000 00
e2 α1, 1 -0.375 000 01 684 342 560 -0.375 000 01 3 407 847 687 -0.375 000 00
e4 α0, 2 -0.046 873 49 341 162 -0.046 873 52 1 016 363 -0.046 875 00
e4 α1, 2 -0.093 746 48 577 265 -0.093 746 45 2 875 970 -0.093 750 00
e4 α2, 2 0.058 593 75 1 054 746 0.058 593 76 7 145 852 0.058 593 75
e6 α0, 3 -0.019 750 05 1 945 -0.019 749 97 5 798 -0.019 531 25
e6 α1, 3 -0.044 467 49 3 705 -0.044 469 79 18 471 -0.043 945 31
e6 α2, 3 0.043 943 98 2 677 0.043 941 99 18 140 0.043 945 31
e6 α3, 3 -0.011 392 64 28 731 -0.011 392 57 269 727 -0.011 393 23
e8 α2, 4 0.032 358 92 27 0.032 535 16 182 1.241 760 25
e8 α3, 4 -0.014 423 42 250 -0.014 434 12 2 347 -0.014 241 54
e8 α4, 4 0.002 431 70 784 0.002 432 53 9 424 0.002 403 26
n β0, 1 -1.000 000 00 160 580 661 -0.999 999 99 735 775 842 -1.000 000 00
n β1, 1 -1.499 999 99 187 689 101 -1.499 999 99 1 561 509 878 -1.500 000 00
n2 β0, 2 1.249 992 81 169 820 1.249 989 25 778 850 1.250 000 00
n2 β1, 2 1.499 984 86 158 849 1.499 988 83 1 322 340 1.500 000 00
n2 β2, 2 0.937 497 98 4 437 429 0.937 497 98 63 338 076 0.937 500 00
n3 β0, 3 -1.244 722 56 573 -1.243 593 53 2 632 -1.250 000 00
n3 β1, 3 -1.304 591 66 469 -1.305 867 81 3 910 -1.312 500 00
n3 β2, 3 -0.935 114 27 7 573 -0.935 112 35 108 164 -0.937 500 00
n3 β3, 3 -0.729 166 57 6 730 -0.729 165 21 124 010 -0.729 166 67
n4 β3, 4 0.728 527 22 12 0.727 454 86 213 0.729 166 67
n4 β4, 4 0.613 958 44 181 0.614 170 76 4 275 0.615 234 38
), ArticleFig(id=1322916970525503937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916962065592723, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Constant coefficients of the polynomial model from scheme 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多项式 参数 子午线 t检验 曲率半径 t检验 代数展开式[20]
e4 α0, 2 -0.046 875 01 15 740 813 -0.046 875 00 3 334 824 -0.046 875 00
e4 α1, 2 -0.093 750 00 26 631 510 -0.093 750 01 9 436 505 -0.093 750 00
e4 α2, 2 0.058 593 76 24 453 935 0.058 593 76 11 795 623 0.058 593 75
e6 α0, 3 -0.019 528 79 22 195 -0.019 530 36 4 703 -0.019 531 25
e6 α1, 3 -0.043 944 52 42 251 -0.043 942 96 14 972 -0.043 945 31
e6 α2, 3 0.043 942 74 62 074 0.043 941 96 29 943 0.043 945 31
e6 α3, 3 -0.011 392 64 666 642 -0.011 392 57 445 238 -0.011 393 23
e8 α0, 4 -0.010 948 01 169 -0.010 815 82 35 -0.010 681 15
e8 α1, 4 -0.025 848 86 337 -0.025 980 96 120 -0.025 634 76
e8 α2, 4 0.032 471 93 623 0.032 537 54 301 1.241 760 25
e8 α3, 4 -0.014 423 77 5 796 -0.014 434 12 3 875 -0.014 241 54
e8 α4, 4 0.002 431 70 18 190 0.002 432 53 15 556 0.002 403 26
n2 β0, 2 1.249 999 99 27 436 364 1.250 000 00 5 961 267 1.250 000 00
n2 β1, 2 1.499 999 99 27 851 364 1.499 999 99 10 121 109 1.500 000 00
n2 β2, 2 0.937 500 00 25 574 044 0.937 500 00 12 651 377 0.937 500 00
n3 β0, 3 -1.249 990 24 23 294 -1.249 990 52 5 062 -1.250 000 00
n3 β1, 3 -1.312 487 61 20 691 -1.312 487 23 7 520 -1.312 500 00
n3 β2, 3 -0.937 493 84 21 715 -0.937 494 09 10 743 -0.937 500 00
n3 β3, 3 -0.729 165 07 697 183 -0.729 165 21 477 546 -0.729 166 67
n4 β0, 4 1.258 669 71 80 1.259 607 84 17 1.265 625 00
n4 β1, 4 1.306 290 35 70 1.305 466 91 25 1.312 500 00
n4 β2, 4 0.699 185 67 55 0.699 598 62 27 310.390 625 00
n4 β3, 4 0.727 654 39 1 199 0.727 455 16 821 0.729 166 67
n4 β4, 4 0.613 961 07 18 768 0.614 170 75 16 461 0.615 234 38
), ArticleFig(id=1322916970621972930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916962065592723, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

方案2所得多项式模型常系数估值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多项式 参数 子午线 t检验 曲率半径 t检验 代数展开式[20]
e4 α0, 2 -0.046 875 01 15 740 813 -0.046 875 00 3 334 824 -0.046 875 00
e4 α1, 2 -0.093 750 00 26 631 510 -0.093 750 01 9 436 505 -0.093 750 00
e4 α2, 2 0.058 593 76 24 453 935 0.058 593 76 11 795 623 0.058 593 75
e6 α0, 3 -0.019 528 79 22 195 -0.019 530 36 4 703 -0.019 531 25
e6 α1, 3 -0.043 944 52 42 251 -0.043 942 96 14 972 -0.043 945 31
e6 α2, 3 0.043 942 74 62 074 0.043 941 96 29 943 0.043 945 31
e6 α3, 3 -0.011 392 64 666 642 -0.011 392 57 445 238 -0.011 393 23
e8 α0, 4 -0.010 948 01 169 -0.010 815 82 35 -0.010 681 15
e8 α1, 4 -0.025 848 86 337 -0.025 980 96 120 -0.025 634 76
e8 α2, 4 0.032 471 93 623 0.032 537 54 301 1.241 760 25
e8 α3, 4 -0.014 423 77 5 796 -0.014 434 12 3 875 -0.014 241 54
e8 α4, 4 0.002 431 70 18 190 0.002 432 53 15 556 0.002 403 26
n2 β0, 2 1.249 999 99 27 436 364 1.250 000 00 5 961 267 1.250 000 00
n2 β1, 2 1.499 999 99 27 851 364 1.499 999 99 10 121 109 1.500 000 00
n2 β2, 2 0.937 500 00 25 574 044 0.937 500 00 12 651 377 0.937 500 00
n3 β0, 3 -1.249 990 24 23 294 -1.249 990 52 5 062 -1.250 000 00
n3 β1, 3 -1.312 487 61 20 691 -1.312 487 23 7 520 -1.312 500 00
n3 β2, 3 -0.937 493 84 21 715 -0.937 494 09 10 743 -0.937 500 00
n3 β3, 3 -0.729 165 07 697 183 -0.729 165 21 477 546 -0.729 166 67
n4 β0, 4 1.258 669 71 80 1.259 607 84 17 1.265 625 00
n4 β1, 4 1.306 290 35 70 1.305 466 91 25 1.312 500 00
n4 β2, 4 0.699 185 67 55 0.699 598 62 27 310.390 625 00
n4 β3, 4 0.727 654 39 1 199 0.727 455 16 821 0.729 166 67
n4 β4, 4 0.613 961 07 18 768 0.614 170 75 16 461 0.615 234 38
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子午线弧长多项式函数模型的最小二乘估计
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刘志平 1 , 苗路政 1 , 庄乾乐 2 , 沈瑞虹 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 大地测量学 2026,46(9): 1039-1045
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大地测量与地球动力学 |大地测量学 2026 , 46 (9) : 1039 -1045
子午线弧长多项式函数模型的最小二乘估计
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刘志平,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为最优估计理论与机器学习、卫星大地测量与导航定位,E-mail:

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刘志平1 , 苗路政1, 庄乾乐2, 沈瑞虹1
作者信息
  • 1 中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院, 徐州, 221116
  • 2 青海省自然资源综合调查监测院, 西宁, 810000
作者简介:

刘志平,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为最优估计理论与机器学习、卫星大地测量与导航定位,E-mail:

Least Squares Method for Polynomial Function Model of Meridian Arc Length
Zhiping LIU1 , Luzheng MIAO1, Qianle ZHUANG2, Ruihong SHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • 2 Qinghai Provincial Natural Resources Survey and Monitoring Institute, Xining 810000, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2026.02.043
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针对子午线弧长代数展开式存在的不足,以等量变换与模型阶数拓展时的阶次递增不变性为基本原则,采用第一偏心率或第三扁率分别重构子午线弧长与子午圈曲率半径的多项式函数模型。同时,推导模型常数系数直接估计的附有限制条件的最小二乘方法。计算结果表明,无论采用第一偏心率还是第三扁率参数,多项式函数模型均有利于子午线弧长代数展开式的高阶扩展和正确性检验,而且其估计精度均可满足高精度大地测量与地图投影等实际应用需求。

子午线弧长  /  代数展开式  /  阶次递增不变性  /  多项式函数模型  /  最小二乘

To address the limitations of the algebraic expansion of the meridian arc length, this study is based on the principles of equivalent transformation and order-increment invariance. Using the first eccentricity or the third flattening, this study reconstructs polynomial function models for the meridian arc length and the meridian radius of curvature, respectively. Additionally, a constrained least squares method is derived for the direct estimation of the model constant coefficients. The results indicate that, regardless of whether the first eccentricity or the third flattening is used, the polynomial function models facilitate the high-order expansion and correctness verification of the algebraic expansion of the meridian arc length. Furthermore, their estimation accuracy can meet the requirements of practical applications such as high-precision geodesy and map projection.

meridian arc length  /  algebraic expansion  /  order-increment invariance  /  polynomial function model  /  least squares
刘志平, 苗路政, 庄乾乐, 沈瑞虹. 子午线弧长多项式函数模型的最小二乘估计. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (9) : 1039 -1045 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2026.02.043
Zhiping LIU, Luzheng MIAO, Qianle ZHUANG, Ruihong SHEN. Least Squares Method for Polynomial Function Model of Meridian Arc Length[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (9) : 1039 -1045 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2026.02.043
子午线弧长的精确计算最终可归结为椭圆积分的数学问题[1-3]。该类积分通常无初等解析表达式,因而有效推动了二项式展开、级数逼近等代数方法的发展[4-6],也直接促进了大地测量学与地图投影理论的体系化, 并奠定了现代测绘学的数学基础[7-8]。当前,以子午线弧长为代表的椭圆积分问题仍是开放性研究课题,学者们借助Mathematica等计算机代数分析软件推导出了多种子午线弧长代数展开式[9-11]。该类展开式以正弦函数模型最具代表性[12-14],其模型系数为第一偏心率或第三扁率表征的高阶多项式函数[15-17]。由于第一偏心率与第三扁率均为微小量,系数通常衰减较快,因而仅需展开至前几项就可达到较高的精度[18-19]。然而,该类以正弦函数模型为表征的代数展开式存在一定的不足:当代数展开式从低阶逐阶拓展到更高阶时,其包含的所有低阶展开式系数(即第一偏心率或第三扁率的高阶多项式函数)均需要重新表达,这对展开式逼近精度分析和计算应用都带来了不便和额外工作。换言之,当正弦函数模型代数展开式需要增加一阶时,无法通过简单增加一项更高频正弦项及其对应系数来实现,高阶扩展时无法满足阶次递增不变性要求。此外,由于正弦函数模型系数涉及众多常数,在实际应用中容易发生某些常数输入错误,且难以被及时发现。
鉴于此,本文主要工作如下:一是详细分析现有以正弦函数模型为代表的代数展开式的特点与不足,基于等量变换原则与阶次递增不变性要求,将其重构为子午线弧长及子午圈曲率半径的多项式函数模型;二是根据所重构的多项式函数模型,采用附有限制条件的参数平差方法,对常数系数进行直接估计。通过与现有文献所给代数展开式的正弦函数模型参数进行比较分析,验证了多项式函数模型及其最小二乘估计的简便性与实用性。
当大地纬度已知时,以第一偏心率表示从赤道至该纬度的子午线弧长,计算式为[2]:
$\begin{equation*}X(B, e)=\int_{0}^{B} \frac{a\left(1-e^{2}\right)}{\left(1-e^{2} \sin ^{2} B\right)^{3 / 2}} \mathrm{~d} B \end{equation*}$
式中,a为参考椭球长半轴;e为参考椭球的第一偏心率;B为计算点处大地纬度;X为由赤道起算的子午线弧长。
若采用第三扁率n[20],其与第一偏心率的关系式和子午线弧长分别为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}n=\frac{a-b}{a+b}=\frac{1-\sqrt{1-e^{2}}}{1+\sqrt{1-e^{2}}} \\e^{2}=\frac{a^{2}-b^{2}}{a^{2}}=1-\frac{(1-n)^{2}}{(1+n)^{2}}\end{array}\right.$
$\begin{equation*}X(B, n)=\int_{0}^{B} \frac{a(1-n)^{2}(1+n)}{\left((1+n)^{2}-4 n \sin ^{2} B\right)^{3 / 2}} \mathrm{~d} B \end{equation*}$
式中,b为参考椭球短半轴。
现有文献利用计算机代数系统软件构建了多种子午线弧长代数展开式,其中应用最广泛的是以正弦函数为表征的倍角代数展开式[20]:
$\begin{gather*}X(B)=a\left[a_{0} B+\sum\limits_{k=1}^{5} a_{2 \times k} \sin (2 k B)\right]= \\a\left(a_{0} B+a_{2} \sin 2 B+a_{4} \sin 4 B+a_{6} \sin 6 B+\right. \\\left.a_{8} \sin 8 B+a_{10} \sin 10 B\right) \end{gather*}$
式中,各正弦项系数a0, …, a10均可表示为第一偏心率e或第三扁率n的形式,一般采用高阶多项式形式(截至5阶)表达为[20]:
$\begin{gathered}a_0=\alpha_{0,0}+\alpha_{0,1} e^2+\alpha_{0,2} e^4+\alpha_{0,3} e^6+\alpha_{0,4} e^8+ \\\alpha_{0,5} e^{10}=\beta_{0,0}+\beta_{0,1} n+\beta_{0,2} n^2+\beta_{0,3} n^3+\beta_{0,4} n^4+ \\\beta_{0,5} n^5\end{gathered}$
$\begin{align*}a_{2}= & \alpha_{1,1} e^{2}+\alpha_{1,2} e^{4}+\alpha_{1,3} e^{6}+\alpha_{1,4} e^{8}+\alpha_{1,5} e^{1} \\& \beta_{1,1} n+\beta_{1,2} n^{2}+\beta_{1,3} n^{3}+\beta_{1,4} n^{4}+\beta_{1,5} n^{5}\end{align*}$
$\begin{gather*}a_{4}=\alpha_{2,2} e^{4}+\alpha_{2,3} e^{6}+\alpha_{2,4} e^{8}+\alpha_{2,5} e^{10}= \\\beta_{2,2} n^{2}+\beta_{2,3} n^{3}+\beta_{2,4} n^{4}+\beta_{2,5} n^{5} \end{gather*}$
$\begin{gathered}a_6=\alpha_{3,3} e^6+\alpha_{3,4} e^8+\alpha_{3,5} e^{10}= \\\beta_{3,3} n^3+\beta_{3,4} n^4+\beta_{3,5} n^5\end{gathered}$
$\begin{equation*}a_{8}=\alpha_{4,4} e^{8}+\alpha_{4,5} e^{10}=\beta_{4,4} n^{4}+\beta_{4,5} n^{5} \end{equation*}$
$\begin{equation*}a_{10}=\alpha_{5,5} e^{10}=\beta_{5,5} n^{5} \end{equation*}$
为了表述简便,将式(5)~(10)统一归纳并推广至K阶,则有:
$\begin{equation*}a_{2 \times k}=\sum\limits_{q=k}^{K} \alpha_{k, q} e^{2 q}=\sum\limits_{q=k}^{K} \beta_{k, q} n^{q} \end{equation*}$
式中,αk, q和βk, q均为常数系数,一般采用分数形式表示。
从式(4)可以看出,子午线弧长代数展开式是关于大地纬度的正弦函数模型。该模型的显著特点是:当阶数由k增加到k+1时,不但要增加高频正弦项sin(2kB+2B),而且所有正弦项系数均因增加高阶项而需重新计算。换言之,增加阶数时,模型系数不具有阶次递增不变性。然而,结合式(11)分析可知,子午线弧长代数展开式本质上能够重构为第一偏心率或者第三扁率的多项式函数模型。为探究该模型能否弥补正弦函数模型表达式的不足,下文将探讨该模型的表达式及特点。
根据上节分析,本节将子午线弧长正弦函数模型重构为第一偏心率的多项式函数模型。将式(4)等量地重构为第一偏心率偶数次幂的多项式形式X(B, e):
$\begin{gather*}X(B, e)=a \sum\limits_{k=0}^{K}\left[e^{2 k} \cdot \alpha_{k}(B)\right]= \\a\left[e^{0} \alpha_{0}(B)+e^{2} \alpha_{1}(B)+e^{4} \alpha_{2}(B)+\right. \\\left.e^{6} \alpha_{3}(B)+e^{8} \alpha_{4}(B)+e^{10} \alpha_{5}(B)+\cdots\right] \end{gather*}$
$\begin{gather*}\alpha_{k}(B)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\alpha_{0, k} B, k=0 \\\alpha_{0, k} B+\sum\limits_{p=1}^{k} \alpha_{p, k} \sin (2 p B), k>0\end{array}\right. \end{gather*}$
式中,k=0, 1, 2, …, K。
进一步地,对式(12)求偏导数可以构造子午圈曲率半径的多项式模型M(B, e):
$\begin{equation*}M(B, e)=\frac{\partial X(B, e)}{\partial B}=a \sum\limits_{k=0}^{K}\left[e^{2 k} \cdot \alpha_{k}^{\prime}(B)\right] \end{equation*}$
$\alpha_{k}^{\prime}(B)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\alpha_{0, k}, k=0 \\\alpha_{0, k}+\sum\limits_{p=1}^{k} 2 p \alpha_{p, k} \cos (2 p B), k>0\end{array}\right.$
式中,α′k(B) =∂αk(B)/∂B .
比较式(4)正弦函数模型与式(12)多项式函数模型可知,模型系数由(αk, q, βk, q)重构为(αp, k, βp, k),当两者截断至5阶时完全一致,且扩展至更高阶时,等量关系依然成立。进一步分析式(12)可知,子午线弧长(子午圈曲率半径)多项式函数模型不同于现有的正弦函数模型,其高阶扩展仅需增加高阶项,而低阶项及系数保持不变。这种阶次递增不变性为模型高阶扩展计算提供了最大便利性。上述模型重构的数学本质是等量变换,即将第一偏心率的正弦项系数转化为由正弦函数表征的多项式系数,正是这一转变使得阶次递增不变性成为可能。此外,具有该特性的多项式模型不仅直观体现了带拉格朗日余项的泰勒级数展开特点,也为展开式的收敛性分析、常数系数的直接估计提供了可能。
同理,采用与§2.1相似的步骤,本节建立以第三扁率表示的子午线弧长多项式函数模型。将式(4)等量地重构为第三扁率连续次幂的多项式形式X(B, n):
$\begin{gathered}X(B, n)=a \sum\limits_{k=0}^K\left[n^k \cdot \beta_k(B)\right]= \\a\left[n^0 \beta_0(B)+n \beta_1(B)+n^2 \beta_2(B)+n^3 \beta_3(B)+\right. \\\left.n^4 \beta_4(B)+n^5 \beta_5(B)+\cdots\right]\end{gathered}$
$\beta_{k}(B)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\beta_{0, k} B, k=0 \\\beta_{0, k} B+\sum\limits_{p=1}^{k} \beta_{p, k} \sin (2 p B), k>0\end{array}\right.$
进一步地, 对式(16)求偏导数可构造子午圈曲率半径的多项式模型 M(B, n):
$M(B, n)=\frac{\partial X(B, n)}{\partial B}=a \sum\limits_{k=0}^K\left[n^k \cdot \beta_k^{\prime}(B)\right]$
$\beta_k^{\prime}(B)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\beta_{0, k}, k=0 \\\beta_{0, k}+\sum\limits_{p=1}^k 2 p \beta_{p, k} \cos (2 p B), k>0\end{array}\right.$
式中,β′k(B)=∂βk(B)/∂B。
与第一偏心率表示的子午线弧长(子午圈曲率半径)多项式函数模型相同,第三扁率表征的子午线弧长(子午圈曲率半径)多项式函数模型同样具有阶次递增不变性。当该多项式模型扩展至更高阶时,只需要简单地增加一项高阶项及其对应的系数,且低阶项及其系数保持不变。上述模型重构的数学本质是等量变换,具体表现为将第三扁率的正弦项系数转变为正弦函数表征的多项式系数,正是这一转变使得阶次递增不变性成为可能。因此,本文所重构的子午线弧长(子午圈曲率半径)多项式模型在形式上具有普遍适用性,为展开式高阶扩展、收敛性分析和计算应用提供了最大便利性,同时也为常数系数的直接估计提供了可能。
根据上节分析,本节采用式(1)或式(3)的Runge-Kutta数值积分结果作为子午线弧长的真值,也即代数展开式模型的虚拟“观测值”。当采用多项式函数模型式(12)建立观测模型时,可将常数系数(αp, k)设为待估参数。由于常数系数较多,为叙述方便,给出K=1时第一偏心率多项式模型的设计矩阵A(e)、参数向量x和虚拟“观测值”向量L(e):
$\boldsymbol{A}(e)=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}B_1 & e^2 B_1 & e^2 \sin 2 B_1 \\B_2 & e^2 B_2 & e^2 \sin 2 B_2 \\\vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\B_N & e^2 B_N & e^2 \sin 2 B_N\end{array}\right]$
$\boldsymbol{x}=\left[\begin{array}{lll}\alpha_{0,1} & \alpha_{0,1} & \alpha_{0,1}\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$
$\boldsymbol{L}(e)=\left[\begin{array}{lll}\int_0^{B_1} M(B, e) \mathrm{d} B & \cdots & \int_0^{B_N} M(B, e) \mathrm{d} B\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$
式中,N为纬度区间[0, 90°]的均匀采样个数,本文建议取N=1 000。
为解算上述多项式模型系数(倍角代数展开式常数系数),设置J个不同的第一偏心率参数(e1~eJ),构建对应第一偏心率参数的设计矩阵和观测向量A(ej)和L(ej),此时利用最小二乘估计原理可获得多项式模型系数的估计公式:
$\begin{equation*}\hat{\boldsymbol{x}}=\left(\overline{\boldsymbol{A}}^{\mathrm{T}} \overline{\boldsymbol{A}}\right)^{-1} \overline{\boldsymbol{A}}^{\mathrm{T}} \overline{\boldsymbol{L}} \end{equation*}$
式中,
当采用高阶多项式建模时,由式(20)可知, 设计矩阵的病态性急剧放大。因此,为了减少上述模型设计矩阵的病态条件的影响,可以充分利用限制条件α0, 0=1(C=[1, 0, 0],Z=[1],当有更多限制条件时,Z为列向量),进而采用附有限制条件的参数平差方法,其限制条件方程和模型参数的广义最小二乘估计公式分别为:
${\boldsymbol{C}} \hat{\boldsymbol{x}}=Z$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\hat{\boldsymbol{x}}=\boldsymbol{Q}_\hat{x}\left(\overline{\boldsymbol{A}}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P} \overline{\boldsymbol{L}}+\boldsymbol{C}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P}_z \boldsymbol{Z}\right) \\\boldsymbol{Q}_\hat{x}=\left(\overline{\boldsymbol{A}}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P} \overline{\boldsymbol{A}}^{\mathrm{T}}+\boldsymbol{C}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P}_z \boldsymbol{C}\right)^{-1}\end{array}\right.$
式中,P为观测值的权矩阵;Pz为无穷大权;$\boldsymbol{Q}_{\hat{x}} $为模型参数的协因数阵。
为了验证上述方法计算的常数系数估计值αp, k和βp, k能够通过显著性检验,采用t检验方法进行参数显著性检验,计算公式为:
$t_i=\frac{\left|\hat{x}_i\right|}{\hat{\sigma}_0 \sqrt{Q_{\hat{x}_i}}}$
式中,$\hat{\sigma}_\sigma $为单位权中误差。
基于§2重构的子午线弧长(子午圈曲率半径)的第一偏心率或第三扁率多项式函数模型,本节采用附有限制条件的参数平差方法对子午线弧长多项式模型系数(倍角代数展开式常数系数)进行直接估计。设置扁率参数个数J=15,根据ej2=fj(2-fj)计算对应的15个第一偏心率参数,取值为: 1/fj=270、274、278、…、318、322、326。设计2种方案进行比较。
1) 方案1。多项式模型阶数K=4,利用§2.3附有限制条件的参数平差方法,直接估计子午线弧长及子午圈曲率半径多项式模型的各项常数系数,并利用t检验判断估计结果的显著性。其中,固定0阶常数系数,令α0, 0=1, β0, 0=1。
2) 方案2。在方案1的基础上,进一步固定1阶常数系数。即同时固定0阶、1阶常数系数,令α0, 0=1, β0, 0=1, α0, 1=-0.25, α1, 1=-0.375, β0, 1=-1, β1, 1=-1.5。
将上述2种方案分别计算得到的常数系数结果与文献[20]所给倍角代数展开式常数系数(分数换算为小数,保留8位小数)进行对比,详细结果分别见表 1与表 2。
表 1为方案1所得子午线弧长(子午圈曲率半径)多项式模型常系数估值与文献[20]代数展开式对应常数系数的比较。分析表 1可知,子午线弧长与子午圈曲率半径多项式模型中,各常数系数的直接估计值差异可忽略不计,且参数显著性检验值均远大于3。需要说明的是,第一偏心率多项式模型常数系数(α0, 4, α1, 4)、第三扁率多项式模型(β0, 4, β1, 4, β2, 4)未通过t检验。换言之,K=4阶第一偏心率多项式模型得到了12个有效常系数和2个零系数(α0, 4=0, α1, 4=0),K=4阶第三扁率多项式模型得到了11个有效常系数和3个零系数(β0, 4=0, β1, 4=0, β2, 4=0)。进一步与文献[20]所给代数展开式对应的常系数比较可知,方案1所得α2, 4为0.032 358 92、0.032 535 16,文献[20]错误结果为20 345/16 384=1.241 760 25。实际上,结合文献[2]与文献[13]可得α2, 4的正确常系数为525/16 384=0.032 043 46。由此可得,方案1估计结果α2, 4与正确分数形式结果差值约3×10-4,结合常系数α2, 4的第一偏心率多项式e8,总体误差水平约为1×10-13 m,完全满足高精度大地测量与地图投影计算的要求。此外,方案1中β2, 4=0,文献[20]错误结果为19 865/64= 310.390 625 00。实际上,结合文献[2]与文献[13]可得β2, 4的正确常系数为45/64=0.703 125 00。由此可得,方案1估计结果β2, 4与正确分数形式结果差值约7×10-1,结合该常系数的第三扁率多项式n4,总体误差水平约为1×10-13 m,因此该项在10-13 m量级上的影响可忽略不计。
表 2为方案2所得子午线弧长(子午圈曲率半径)多项式模型常系数估值与文献[20]代数展开式对应常数系数的比较。与方案1类似,2个多项式模型常数系数的直接估计值差异也可以忽略不计,并且参数显著性检验也均满足要求。进一步地,方案2在固定0阶的基础上进一步固定1阶常数系数,在K=4阶时所有常数系数均可以通过显著性检验。换言之,K=4阶第一偏心率与第三扁率多项式模型均得到了12个有效常系数(不含先验约束的2个常系数),表明在先验约束下模型的常系数解释能力得到拓展。方案2所得α2, 4和β2, 4分别为0.032 471 93和0.699 185 67,与文献[2]和文献[13]结果差值分别为4×10-4、4× 10-3,表明方案2精度得到了一定提升,也进一步更正了文献[20]所给代数展开式相应常系数的错误。
本文分析了以正弦函数为代表的子午线弧长倍角代数展开式的不足,基于等量变换和模型阶次递增不变性要求对代数展开式进行了模型重构,从而提出了以第一偏心率和第三扁率表征的多项式函数模型,并推导了多项式函数模型常系数直接估计的附有限制条件的最小二乘方法。在此基础上,设计了0阶常系数、0/1阶常系数2种先验已知情况下的计算方案。本文方案与已有文献结果的比较表明,第一偏心率和第三扁率表征的子午线弧长(子午圈曲率半径)的多项式函数模型均有利于高阶扩展和收敛性分析,所提方法满足高精度大地测量、地图投影等实际应用需求。此外,研究指出了参考文献中存在的错误系数α2, 4和β2, 4,并将其纠正为525/16 384和45/64,表明该方法也为检验代数展开式常数系数的正确性提供了一种新思路。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42404016)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42271460)
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2026年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2026.02.043
  • 接收时间:2026-02-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-09
基金
国家自然科学基金(42404016)
国家自然科学基金(42271460)
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    1 中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院, 徐州, 221116
    2 青海省自然资源综合调查监测院, 西宁, 810000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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