Article(id=1322916922693660798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322916858604696290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.10.352, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1760889600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793337572977, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793337572977, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793337572977, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793337572977, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322916858604696290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='8', pageStart='913', pageEnd='1038', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793337557698, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793337557698, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=996, endPage=1006, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322916923004039295, articleId=1322916922693660798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Data Self-Assisted Iterative Three-Dimensional Phase Unwrapping Algorithm for PSDS-InSAR, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The large phase gradient disrupts the assumption of phase continuity, often leading to an underestimation of deformation, which has become one of the key challenges constraining the accurate phase unwrapping of PSDS-InSAR technology. Although phase unwrapping methods assisted by deep learning and external prior information can alleviate this issue to some extent, their performance is often limited by factors such as insufficient model generalization capability and difficulties in obtaining external information. To address the problem of large-gradient phase unwrapping in PSDS-InSAR, we propose a data self-assisted iterative three-dimensional phase unwrapping algorithm that does not require external information based on the stepwise three-dimensional unwrapping algorithm. This algorithm uses the preliminarily estimated deformation phase model as prior information, and iteratively estimates and separates the trend phase to gradually reduce the phase gradient, thereby achieving robust phase unwrapping relying on the inherent information of the dataset. Experimental results using real data demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can accurately recover large-gradient phase information, achieving deformation monitoring with high spatial coverage, high accuracy, and high robustness.

, authors=Wenjing MA1, 2, Aizhi GUO1, 2, *, Hao XU1, 2, 3, Chengfeng ZHANG1, 2, Ziyi XU1, 2, Shuhang WANG1, 2, authorsList=Wenjing MA, Aizhi GUO, Hao XU, Chengfeng ZHANG, Ziyi XU, Shuhang WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Aizhi GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322916927361921170, articleId=1322916922693660798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=数据自辅助的PSDS-InSAR迭代三维相位解缠算法, columnId=1281909276545356011, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大相位梯度打破了相位连续性假设,常导致形变量估算结果偏低,已成为制约PSDS-InSAR技术实现精准相位解缠的挑战之一。借助深度学习和外部先验信息辅助的相位解缠算法虽能在一定程度上缓解该问题,但易受模型泛化能力不足和外部信息获取困难等因素限制。针对PSDS-InSAR大梯度相位解缠问题,在逐步三维解缠算法的基础上,提出一种无需外部信息的数据自辅助迭代三维解缠算法。该算法将自身估计的初步形变相位模型作为先验信息,通过迭代估计与分离趋势相位来逐步降低相位梯度,依靠数据集自身信息辅助实现稳健的相位解缠。真实数据测试结果表明,该算法可精准恢复大梯度相位信息,实现高空间覆盖度、高精度与高稳健性的形变监测。

, authors=马文静1, 2, 郭爱智1, 2, *, 徐昊1, 2, 3, 张成枫1, 2, 徐紫伊1, 2, 王舒杭1, 2, authorsList=马文静, 郭爱智, 徐昊, 张成枫, 徐紫伊, 王舒杭, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭爱智, authorNote=

马文静,硕士生,主要研究方向为InSAR形变监测,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
郭爱智,副研究员,主要研究方向为地球物理观测技术和空间大地测量技术及其在导航和地学中的应用,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=W8gK0uBhtkyCFPSXOKRhrA==, magXml=rfGsQzjlBFMMyLIf/VIALw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=kcMSaXlXlSaPvDDY98BnIQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=o/lGt3c3OgDzHbsnjp9Neg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322916929769451677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916922693660798, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=mawenjing@apm.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322916929865920672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916922693660798, authorId=1322916929769451677, language=EN, stringName=Wenjing MA, firstName=Wenjing, middleName=null, lastName=MA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China
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马文静,硕士生,主要研究方向为InSAR形变监测,E-mail:

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Research and Application of Efficient Processing Algorithm for Compressed PSDS-InSAR(ComSAR)[D]. 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数据自辅助的PSDS-InSAR迭代三维相位解缠算法
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马文静 1, 2 , 郭爱智 1, 2, * , 徐昊 1, 2, 3 , 张成枫 1, 2 , 徐紫伊 1, 2 , 王舒杭 1, 2
大地测量与地球动力学 | 大地测量学 2026,46(8): 996-1006
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大地测量与地球动力学 |大地测量学 2026 , 46 (8) : 996 -1006
数据自辅助的PSDS-InSAR迭代三维相位解缠算法
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马文静1, 2 , 郭爱智1, 2, * , 徐昊1, 2, 3, 张成枫1, 2, 徐紫伊1, 2, 王舒杭1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院,武汉,430077
  • 2 中国科学院大学地球与行星科学学院,北京,100049
  • 3 中国华水水电开发有限公司,成都,610094
通讯作者:
郭爱智,副研究员,主要研究方向为地球物理观测技术和空间大地测量技术及其在导航和地学中的应用,E-mail:
作者简介:

马文静,硕士生,主要研究方向为InSAR形变监测,E-mail:

Data Self-Assisted Iterative Three-Dimensional Phase Unwrapping Algorithm for PSDS-InSAR
Wenjing MA1, 2 , Aizhi GUO1, 2, * , Hao XU1, 2, 3, Chengfeng ZHANG1, 2, Ziyi XU1, 2, Shuhang WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China
  • 2 College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3 China Water Hydropower Development Co Ltd, Chengdu 610094, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.10.352
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大相位梯度打破了相位连续性假设,常导致形变量估算结果偏低,已成为制约PSDS-InSAR技术实现精准相位解缠的挑战之一。借助深度学习和外部先验信息辅助的相位解缠算法虽能在一定程度上缓解该问题,但易受模型泛化能力不足和外部信息获取困难等因素限制。针对PSDS-InSAR大梯度相位解缠问题,在逐步三维解缠算法的基础上,提出一种无需外部信息的数据自辅助迭代三维解缠算法。该算法将自身估计的初步形变相位模型作为先验信息,通过迭代估计与分离趋势相位来逐步降低相位梯度,依靠数据集自身信息辅助实现稳健的相位解缠。真实数据测试结果表明,该算法可精准恢复大梯度相位信息,实现高空间覆盖度、高精度与高稳健性的形变监测。

PSDS-InSAR  /  大相位梯度  /  逐步三维相位解缠  /  迭代三维相位解缠  /  数据自辅助

The large phase gradient disrupts the assumption of phase continuity, often leading to an underestimation of deformation, which has become one of the key challenges constraining the accurate phase unwrapping of PSDS-InSAR technology. Although phase unwrapping methods assisted by deep learning and external prior information can alleviate this issue to some extent, their performance is often limited by factors such as insufficient model generalization capability and difficulties in obtaining external information. To address the problem of large-gradient phase unwrapping in PSDS-InSAR, we propose a data self-assisted iterative three-dimensional phase unwrapping algorithm that does not require external information based on the stepwise three-dimensional unwrapping algorithm. This algorithm uses the preliminarily estimated deformation phase model as prior information, and iteratively estimates and separates the trend phase to gradually reduce the phase gradient, thereby achieving robust phase unwrapping relying on the inherent information of the dataset. Experimental results using real data demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can accurately recover large-gradient phase information, achieving deformation monitoring with high spatial coverage, high accuracy, and high robustness.

PSDS-InSAR  /  large phase gradient  /  stepwise 3D phase unwrapping  /  iterative 3D phase unwrapping  /  data self-assisted
马文静, 郭爱智, 徐昊, 张成枫, 徐紫伊, 王舒杭. 数据自辅助的PSDS-InSAR迭代三维相位解缠算法. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (8) : 996 -1006 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.10.352
Wenjing MA, Aizhi GUO, Hao XU, Chengfeng ZHANG, Ziyi XU, Shuhang WANG. Data Self-Assisted Iterative Three-Dimensional Phase Unwrapping Algorithm for PSDS-InSAR[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (8) : 996 -1006 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.10.352
InSAR凭借全天时、全天候、高精度、连续面状监测等优势,已成为对地形变监测的重要技术之一[1]。为克服D-InSAR易受时空失相关、大气延迟和轨道误差等影响的问题,时序InSAR在D-InSAR的基础上应运而生,形成多种解决方案,有效提升了对复杂地表环境的长期形变监测能力。其中,具有代表性的时序InSAR解决方案有:Stacking技术[2]、SBAS技术[3]、PS-InSAR技术[4]、DS-InSAR技术[5]。PSDS-InSAR技术通过联合城市区域相对密集的PS点和自然地表广泛存在的DS点,显著提升了监测点密度,可提供覆盖度更高、细节更丰富的高精度形变信息;同时,由单一主影像干涉生成的PSDS-InSAR干涉图序列中存在较长的时间基线,使其保留了长周期信号,可避免时间基线较短或数据多视处理引起的信号衰落现象[6]。凭借这些优势,PSDS-InSAR成为时序InSAR的研究热点之一。在PSDS-InSAR数据处理中,除同质样本点选取与DS相位优化等关键步骤外,相位解缠是从干涉缠绕相位获取连续地表形变信号的必要步骤与关键环节,其可靠性与稳定性是实现高精度形变监测的重要前提和保障[7]。虽然DS点在相位解缠前会通过相位优化来提高信噪比,但优化后的DS相位的可靠性与完整性往往难以保证[8],因此PSDS-InSAR技术对相位解缠的稳定性提出了更高的要求。
相位解缠的关键在于准确恢复干涉相位的2π整周数。在经典解缠算法中,准确解缠的前提是相位连续性假设[9],即相邻像素真实相位梯度的绝对值小于π。目前基于相位连续性假设的二、三维相位解缠方法已取得一系列成果,且得到广泛应用。然而,受物理环境变化、卫星系统成像参数与数据处理等因素的影响,干涉图常存在不满足相位连续性假设的大相位梯度区域。在解缠过程中,相位梯度易被低估[10],这会降低相位解缠的可靠性和稳定性,限制PSDS-InSAR的监测精度。针对上述问题,近年来学者们提出多种改进策略来提高大相位梯度的解缠精度和可靠性,其大致可归纳为3类:1)基于深度学习;2)基于外部测量信息辅助;3)基于理论模型辅助。
基于深度学习的相位解缠方法利用训练数据集对搭建的神经网络进行训练,学习并构建缠绕相位与解缠相位之间的映射关系,实现相位解缠。此类方法不再依赖于相位连续性假设,为InSAR大相位梯度解缠问题提供了新的解决策略。虽然此类方法能较好地解决高噪声、大梯度区域的解缠问题,但其性能在很大程度上依赖于训练数据集的质量、规模与多样性[11],模型的泛化能力受限于网络结构设计、训练数据与实际应用场景之间分布的一致性[12]。
基于外部测量信息辅助的相位解缠方法通过外部测量信息或其他处理技术获取先验形变信息,以降低相位梯度,稀疏干涉条纹,辅助相位解缠过程。其中,外部测量信息源包括全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)[13]、三维激光扫描[14]等,其他处理技术包括像素偏移追踪(pixel offset tracking, POT)[15-16]与SBAS[8]等。尽管该类方法在相位解缠中具有显著的辅助效果,但在实际应用中仍受外部辅助信息获取能力、效率和成本的限制。具体而言,在大范围区域内,GNSS、三维激光扫描等外部观测手段存在数据获取难度大、观测成本高、工作效率较低等问题[17];POT技术虽能有效避免失相干的影响,但其测量精度高度依赖影像的空间分辨率[18];SBAS等时序InSAR技术,处理链条长,计算与存储负担大,处理效率有待提升[19]。该类解缠方法常受限于先验信息获取的难度、成本、可靠性、计算效率等。
基于理论模型辅助的相位解缠方法与基于外部测量信息辅助的方法相似,但先验信息来源于数学或地球物理等理论模型,如随机介质模型[20]、Mogi模型[21]、Okada模型[21]、概率积分法(probability integral method, PIM)[22]以及二维椭圆高斯模型[23]等。虽然该类方法不依赖外部数据或数据处理技术,但其适用性受限于模型的物理假设与场景特性。如随机介质模型多适用于地下开挖形成空区引发的周边介质(岩层、土体)变形预测[20];Mogi、Okada模型多适用于火山膨胀、收缩活动与地震断层滑动的位移描述[21];PIM适用于预测矿区地表位移,需设置精确的地下开采参数(如长度、宽度、埋深、位置等)[24];二维高斯模型虽具有良好的拟合能力,但难以描述空间形状复杂或不遵循高斯分布的地面位移。该类解缠方法多应用于矿区,在城市沉降、滑坡等其他形变类型场景的适用性与精度有待进一步研究和验证。
综上可知,现有相位解缠方法在一定程度上受限于神经网络性能对训练数据的依赖,或受限于先验信息获取的难度,或受限于理论形变模型的适用性,在依赖外部信息的同时,时序算法本身信息的可用性并未得到充分挖掘。为此,本文提出一种数据自辅助的PSDS-InSAR迭代三维相位解缠算法,通过挖掘自身数据中的形变信息,显著提升大梯度区域相位解缠的可靠性。本文深入阐述迭代三维相位解缠算法的思想、实现过程及迭代终止准则,并通过Sentinel-1数据实例,验证该算法的可靠性与稳健性。
在许多实际场景中,若忽略小振幅的周期信号和波动,地表形变在时间维常表现出一定的趋势性,可通过一次线性或二次、三次函数等形式近似描述。基于此,本文算法首先将该趋势视为一种概略的先验信息,并从时序相位中提取该趋势项,以降低相位梯度并获得干涉条纹相对稀疏的残余相位;然后,迭代处理残余相位,不断从中提取趋势相位,持续降低相位梯度,提升残余相位解缠的可靠性,从而逐步恢复大相位梯度信息,提高相位解缠的可靠性和稳定性。
在借助外部DEM去除地形相位的情况下,监测目标点的干涉相位φ可表示为:
$\varphi=\operatorname{wrap}\left(\varphi_{\mathrm{def}}+\varphi_{\mathrm{atm}}+\varphi_{\mathrm{orb}}+\varphi_{\mathrm{top}-\mathrm{res}}+\varphi_{\mathrm{noi}}\right)$
式中,φatm为大气延迟效应引起的误差相位;φorb为基线误差引起的相位;φtop-res为DEM残差引起的相位;φnoi为热噪声等引起的误差相位;φdef为地表位移引起的干涉相位,在时间维呈现明显形变趋势的情况下,可分解为趋势项相位φtrend和非趋势项相位φdetrend,即:
$\varphi_{\mathrm{def}}=\varphi_{\mathrm{trend}}+\varphi_{\mathrm{detrend}}$
为从PSDS-InSAR时序数据集中预估出形变相位,将趋势部分视为先验形变信息,非趋势部分视为残余相位,利用先验信息降低干涉图原有的相位梯度,以提升后续残余相位解缠的可靠性。在实际形变场景中,城市沉降、油气田开采等引起的地表形变,在时间维多呈现线性主导变化趋势。因此,此处暂以线性趋势作为先验模型。在非线性形变主导场景中,先验模型可灵活调整,根据实际情况设置为高阶多项式或周期函数等先验模式。
依据线性形变趋势的先验假定,各个监测点的线性趋势相位估算过程如下:
首先,利用逐步三维解缠算法[25]对干涉相位φ进行解缠,得到初始时序解缠相位Φ(0),即完成初始整周数的解算。
然后,依次对各个监测点的时序相位Φ1(0)、Φ2(0)、⋯、Φn(0)(n为时序长度)与相应的时间t1、t2、⋯、tn进行线性回归处理,采用最小二乘法估计出拟合直线的斜率(线性形变速率)v(0)与截距(初始时刻的相位值)b(0),即:
$\begin{gathered}v^{(0)}=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(t_i-\bar{t}\right) \times\left(\varPhi_i^{(0)}-\overline{\varPhi^{(0)}}\right)}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(t_i-\bar{t}\right)^2} \\b^{(0)}=\overline{\varPhi^{(0)}}-v^{(0)} \times \bar{t}\end{gathered}$
式中,i为SAR影像的时间索引号;ti为相应SAR影像的成像日期;Φi(0)为相应的初始解缠相位;n为时序长度;${\bar t}$为时间均值;$\overline{\varPhi^{(0)}} $为初始时序解缠相位的均值。
随后,构建出初始的线性相位Φlinear(0):
$\varPhi_{\text {linear }}^{(0)}=v^{(0)} \times t+b^{(0)}$
线性相位估计精度依赖于形变速率v(0)解算的可靠性,为增强空间约束、提升线性相位估计的稳定性,在形变速率估算后采用空间维中值滤波对形变速率图进行平滑处理。考虑到同一滤波窗口内可能存在形变趋势相反的区域(如活动断裂带、矿区采空边界区等),进一步在中值滤波的基础上结合同质点筛选策略,选取与中心像素特征相近的像素簇作为同质点参与中心像素的滤波处理。其中,同质点选取采用Otsu方法,该方法基于最大类间方差原则,通过自动搜寻最佳阈值,实现点集的高效分类。
在同质点中值滤波后,依据式(4)实现对形变速率线性趋势相位的估计。线性趋势相位可分解为非整周部分φlinear(0)与整周部分2klinear(0)π,即:
$\begin{aligned}\varphi_{\text {linear }}^{(0)} & =\operatorname{wrap}\left(\varPhi_{\text {linear }}^{(0)}\right) \\2 k_{\text {linear }}^{(0)} \mathtt{π} & =\varPhi_{\text {linear }}^{(0)}-\varphi_{\text {linear }}^{(0)}\end{aligned}$
式中,φlinear(0)可视为新的重构干涉图,其是后续消减相位梯度计算的输入之一。
在估计出干涉图的趋势相位后,从原始干涉相位中减去趋势相位,便可以得到相位梯度削弱的相位。由于其为干涉相位与趋势相位之差,因此称为残余相位。其中,每个监测点对应的残余相位φres可表示为:
$\varphi_{\mathrm{res}}=\mathrm{wrap}\left(\varphi-\varphi_{\mathrm{linear}}^{(0)}\right)$
为进一步恢复残余相位中残留的形变信息,对其再次进行三维解缠,即:
$\varPhi_{\mathrm{res}}=\varphi_{\mathrm{res}}+2 \mathtt{π} \times k_{\mathrm{res}}$
式中,kres为从残余相位中解算出的相位整周数。
此时,由于解缠的残余相位是否能够充分恢复残留的形变相位仍存在不确定性。为保证线性趋势能够被充分提取,也就是为进一步利用线性趋势逼近真实相位,将残余相位φres作为新的输入,再次进行与初始解缠具有相同策略的迭代处理(式(3)~(7))。即本文算法通过形变趋势估计与提取、残余相位分离与解缠的迭代处理,逐步提取形变相位中的线性分量,降低相位梯度,提升相位解缠的稳定性和可靠性。当残余相位中不再含有显著的线性趋势成分时,迭代终止。此时,通过叠加已提取的线性分量与终次的解缠残余相位,即可实现大梯度形变相位的精准恢复。
综上,解缠相位Φ由3个部分组成:初始解缠后的估计线性形变相位,该部分占据形变相位的主导地位;通过多次迭代从残余相位中提取的线性形变相位,该部分可有效恢复因大相位梯度、逐步三维解缠算法的解缠参数设置不合理而被低估的形变相位;终次迭代(第n次迭代)的解缠残余相位,该部分可能含有未被提取出的非线性趋势信息。
$\varPhi=\varPhi_{\text {linear }}^{(0)}+\sum\limits_{k=1}^{n-1} \varPhi_{\text {linear }}^{(k)}+\varPhi_{\text {res }}^{(n)}$
合理设定迭代终止条件是平衡解缠可靠性与解算效率的关键,即判断在特定趋势假定下干涉相位的整周数是否被有效恢复,残余相位中的趋势形变信息是否被充分提取。理想状态下,当线性形变信息提取充分时,从残余相位估算出的速率修正值应接近0 mm/a(或rad/a)。然而,在真实情况下,因先验模型、轨道、DEM残余等误差以及噪声扰动等因素,估算的形变速率多为非零值,但随着迭代进行会趋于稳定并接近零值。为量化评估迭代状态,引入速率修正值的平均绝对偏差(mean absolute deviation, MAD)来表征估计结果相对于理想状态的偏离程度,其计算公式如下:
$|\bar{v}|=\frac{1}{N} \sum\limits_{i=1}^N\left|v_i\right|$
式中,vi为监测点i的速率修正值;N为监测点个数。此外,由于速率修正值在空间维中可能存在离群点,为进一步提升利用上述2项指标判断结果的可靠性,在全部点集参与统计计算的基础上,采用基于标准分数(Z-score)的点集筛选方法,剔除相对偏离过大的点。
为保证解缠结果的稳健性并实现迭代终止判断,在每次迭代中分别计算全体点集与特定点集(本文取3σ点集)的速率修正值的MAD及两者差值。通过分析上述3个统计量的波动情况,判断解缠是否达到稳定状态。具体而言,全体点集与特定点集的MAD波动程度,分别用其当前迭代值与首次迭代值的比值表示,用于刻画当前解缠结果相较于初始解缠的变化程度;两者差值的波动程度,则用其当前迭代差值与首次迭代差值的比值表示,用以反映迭代过程中不同点集MAD一致性的变化情况,表达式如式(10)所示。当迭代过程中3项指标同时低于预设阈值(如0.3)时,判定解缠过程已趋于稳定,进而终止迭代,并将该次迭代结果作为最终解缠结果输出。
$\begin{gathered}R_{a, i}=\frac{\left|\bar{v}_{a, i}\right|}{\left|\bar{v}_{a, 1}\right|}, R_{s, i}=\frac{\left|\bar{v}_{s, i}\right|}{\left|\bar{v}_{s, 1}\right|}, \\R_i=\frac{\left|\bar{v}_{a, i}\right|-\left|\bar{v}_{s, i}\right|}{\left|\bar{v}_{a, 1}\right|-\left|\bar{v}_{s, 1}\right|}\end{gathered}$
式中,Ra, i和Rs, i分别为全体点集与特定点集的速率修正值MAD的波动程度;|${\bar v}$a, i|和|${\bar v}$s, i|分别为全体点集与特定点集的速率修正值的MAD;i为迭代次数;RDi为两者差值的波动程度。
在逐步三维解缠算法的基础上,本文实现了PSDS-InSAR迭代三维解缠算法,其核心流程见图 1。图 1左图为改进后的PSDS-InSAR数据处理框架,右图为迭代三维相位解缠算法的处理流程。其中,改进后的PSDS-InSAR数据处理流程由以下4个环节组成:首先,基于单一主影像原则,对多景SAR影像进行配准、差分干涉及地形相位去除等预处理,生成时序干涉图集。其次,利用同质样本点筛选与相位优化算法,实现对DS点干涉相位的质量提升。同时结合相位稳定性分析,筛选出PS、DS点集。然后,利用本文提出的迭代三维解缠算法对PS、DS点集的干涉相位进行解缠处理。最后,在完成DEM残差、轨道等误差改正后,构建并求解形变模型,从而获取视线向形变时间序列与形变速率。
迭代三维解缠算法的关键步骤如下。
1) 初始的逐步三维算法解缠:利用逐步三维解缠算法对干涉图序列进行相位解缠,获取各监测点的初始时序解缠相位。为便于统一标识,时序解缠相位标识为Φ(k),其中k为迭代次数。此处为初始解缠,k取0,记为Φ(0);当进入残余相位迭代阶段时,k=1, 2, ⋯, N,记为Φres(k)。
2) 形变速率计算及其空间平滑:对当前解缠的时序相位进行最小二乘拟合,依据式(3)求解得到当前的形变速率v(k)。随后采用同质点中值滤波对v(k)进行空间平滑处理,以增强形变速率估计的空间一致性。
3) 线性模型相位估计:利用平滑后的v(k)估计出各个监测点的线性模型相位Φlinear(k), 计算过程参照式(4)。
4) 残余相位分离与解缠:从当前相位Φ(k)中去除估算的线性相位Φlinear(k),依据式(5)和(6)分离出残余相位φres(k+1)。随后,再次利用逐步三维解缠算法进行解缠,得到解缠后的残余相位Φres(k+1)。
5) 迭代终止判断:通过评估残余相位中是否存在可提取的有效线性信号来决定是否继续迭代, 若存在,则将已更新的解缠残余相位Φres(k+1)视为输入,重复步骤2)~4),进入下一轮迭代;若不存在,则停止迭代。
6) 结果叠加:将初始估计的线性相位Φlinear(0)、残余相位迭代过程中提取出的线性相位Φlinear(k)(k=1,2,3,⋯,n),以及终次残余相位Φres(n)进行叠加求和,得到解缠相位Φ。
为验证本文算法在实际数据处理中的适用性与有效性,选取菲律宾马里劳地区作为研究区进行测试。该区因长期地下水超采引发显著地表沉降,2015—2022年年均沉降速率较大,可达70 mm/a[26]。同时,非城市区域植被茂密、地形复杂,存在大范围的大相位梯度、高噪声特征区域。测试采用2015-01-23—2022-10-13共227景Sentinel-1A降轨SAR影像,研究区范围见图 2。由图 2(b)可知,研究区包含城市与非城市植被覆盖区域,其中植被区域主要分布在研究区的西南角和西北角。
PSDS-InSAR数据处理主要由3个部分组成:首先,采用ISCE软件完成SAR影像配准、差分干涉图生成及平地与地形相位去除, 其中,选取影像序列中第114景SAR影像作为单一主影像进行干涉,利用SRTMGL1 DEM模拟并去除地形相位;然后,使用TomoSAR软件基于BWS算法选取同质样本点,并通过“压缩”技术的相位优化方法提高DS点相位质量;最后,利用StaMPS软件实现基于振幅离差指数、空间相位稳定性及相位时间序列残差等指标的PS、DS点筛选,采用本文提出的迭代三维解缠方法获取解缠相位,并结合GACOS模型进行大气改正,完成轨道、DEM残差等误差改正,实现形变时间序列与速率的解算。
经迭代三维解缠算法处理后,逐次提取出的形变速率见图 3。初始解缠时,将空间采样参数和时间滤波参数设置为默认值(200 m与730 d),进行逐步三维解缠获取初始的解缠相位,解算出的形变速率见图 3(a)。研究区呈现近似漏斗状沉降特征,中心最大沉降速率达36.98 mm/a。随着残余相位第1次迭代处理的进行,从中提取出的速率修正值见图 3(b)。从图中可以看出,残余相位的第1次迭代识别出了初始解缠未探测出的、位于研究区西北角的沉降区域,该区最大形变速率达19.45 mm/a, 同时探测出了中心沉降区最大可达12.38 mm/a的未被识别的形变速率信息。由第2次迭代解算出的速率修正图(图 3(c)) 可知,中心与西北角沉降区仍存在最大速率约5.22 mm/a与6.37 mm/a的形变信息,在空间分布范围和数值上亦再进一步缩小。此外,由图 3(b) 和3(c)可知,本文方法在提升中心大形变梯度区域解缠精度的同时,还成功探测到西北角区域初始三维解缠未被识别出的形变信息,有效恢复了因梯度过大被低估的相位信息。第3~5次迭代后得到的速率修正值整体趋近于0,且不再呈现大面积连续分布。
为判定迭代终止,图 4为不同迭代次数下迭代终止指标的变化。结果表明,在第1~3次迭代过程中,3个判定迭代终止的统计量均呈显著下降趋势,且这3个统计量的变化比值Ra, i、Rs, i、RDi已降至0.3左右。该变化情况与图 3(b)~(c)中所示的速率修正区域范围和数值快速减小相对应。自第3次迭代起,Ra, i、Rs, i、RDi已趋于稳定,间接表明残余相位中已难以进一步提取趋势形变信息。该结论亦与图 3(d)~(f)所呈现的结果一致,即速率修正值已不再呈现大范围连续分布,残余相位中的线性分量已被有效提取出。3个统计量的变化比值Ra, i、Rs, i、RDi在第3次及后续迭代中变化微小。因此,将第3次迭代所得解缠相位作为最终解算结果。
为展示空间维与时间维数据在迭代过程中的变化,图 5为干涉图迭代解缠的各相位分量提取结果。在空间维上,以时间基线最长(2015-01-23—2019-02-19,时间间隔1 488 d)、条纹最为密集的干涉图(图 5(a))为例,图 5(a)~(d)分别为原始干涉图、算法估算的线性分量重缠绕相位、分离线性相位后的解缠残余相位、最终恢复的完整解缠相位。由图 5(a)可见,干涉相位在形变剧烈区域表现出高条纹密度,并伴有噪声干扰,这种大相位梯度特征极易导致逐步三维解缠算法产生相位偏差。随着迭代的进行,算法通过初始解缠与3次迭代可提取出线性分量,该分量的再缠绕相位见图 5(b)。该线性分量重构的干涉条纹不仅还原了主要的形变特征,还显著抑制了噪声干扰。在剥离该线性相位后,残余相位的梯度得到大幅降低,使得解缠算法能更稳健地解缠并恢复出局部的非线性形变信息,其解缠结果见图 5(c)。迭代完成后,将提取出的线性相位与解缠的残余相位叠加,得到的解缠相位(图 5(d))还原出了复杂的地表形变特征,验证了算法在大梯度形变场景中的适用性与可靠性。
在时间维上,图 6与图 7分别为中心沉降区点A与西北角沉降区点B的时序相位在迭代过程中的变化,A、B空间分布见图 5(a)。由图 6(a)与图 7(a)可知,受大相位梯度的影响,初始解缠的时序曲线存在显著的相位跳变与不连续现象。这表明在快速形变场景下,传统的逐步三维解缠方法难以有效恢复大梯度相位信息。由图 6(a)~(d)和图 7(a)~(d)的相位变化可知,随着迭代的进行,残余相位中的线性趋势被逐步识别并提取。在第3次迭代时,残余相位中基本不再含有显著的线性趋势。图 6(e)与图 7(e)为特征点A、B初始阶段与第1~3次迭代的解缠相位,可以看出, 初始解缠相位中的偏差在迭代中逐步得到修正,被低估的整周偏差(点A与点B分别为5周和6周)逐渐得以恢复,第3次迭代后的结果已表现出良好的连续性与稳定性。
由于缺乏外部实测数据,本文通过对不同时序InSAR方案的解算结果进行对比来验证所提算法的可靠性,结果见图 8。InSAR方案解算结果包括:本文提出的迭代算法解缠的PSDS-InSAR结果、默认解缠参数下逐步三维算法解缠的PSDS-InSAR结果、优选解缠参数下逐步三维算法解缠的PSDS-InSAR结果(50 d、170 m)及StaMPS-SBAS结果。在该案例中,时间和空间参数的优选过程需多次迭代,计算成本高。相比之下,本文提出的迭代三维解缠算法仅需4次解缠即可收敛,且计算结果与参数优选方案的结果高度一致,在保证精度的前提下显著提升了计算效率。
由不同方案解算的形变速率结果(图 8)可知,采用默认解缠参数的逐步三维解缠算法的结果在研究区中心与西北存在大范围形变速率被显著低估的区域,最大偏差分别达21.41 mm/a和22.24 mm/a(图 8(e));使用优选参数的逐步三维解缠算法的结果,无论是分布范围还是差异量级,均显著减小,中心区域最大偏差减小至3.01 mm/a,西北区域最大偏差减小至2.93 mm/a(图 8(f));本文方法与SBAS方法的监测结果在形变范围和量级上都具有高度的一致性(图 8(g))。
为了对解算结果进行更加详细和直观的分析,提取中心沉降区的P-P′与M-M′两条剖线在迭代过程中的累积形变结果,并与其他解算方案进行比较,结果见图 9。其中, 图 9(a)、9(b)分别为本文迭代方法解算出的P-P′、M-M′剖线的累积形变量,图 9(c)、9(d)分别为不同解算方案解算出的P-P′、M-M′剖线的累积形变量。从图 9(a)迭代过程中发现,经过第1次迭代,P-P′剖线的沉降量低估问题得到显著改善,不仅识别和恢复出中间区域高达138.9 mm(约5个周期相位)的低估值,也恢复出其右侧约26.5 mm(约1个周期相位)的低估值。同时,从图 9(b)迭代过程中发现,经第1次迭代后,M-M′剖线初始的逐步三维解缠结果存在最大达135.6 mm(约5个周期相位)的低估值。2条剖线被低估的形变量在第1次迭代后得到有效恢复,且随后迭代的进行结果已趋于稳定。图 9(c)、9(d)为不同方案解算的累积形变量,通过对比默认参数下的PSDS-InSAR解算结果与其他3种方案结果可知,2条剖线的中心沉降区有近140 mm(约5个周期相位)的形变未被探测出,P-P′剖线的中心右侧区域存在近1个周期相位的低估形变量。本文方法、参数优选的PSDS-InSAR与SBAS虽在局部的选点与形变变化细节上略有差异,但整体形变趋势与量级保持高度一致。
由上述分析可知,本文提出的算法可显著提升PSDS-InSAR相位解缠的可靠性,通过对残余相位进行迭代处理,逐渐恢复出因梯度过大、解缠参数设置不合理而未被解算出的相位。同时,该算法可克服逐步三维解缠算法解缠性能对时空解缠优选参数的依赖,从而有效避免参数优选过程带来的沉重计算负担和人为主观性设置引起的不确定性。此外,本文算法的解算结果与参数优选PSDS-InSAR解算结果、SBAS解算结果高度吻合,综合印证了大相位梯度下迭代三维解缠算法的有效性和可靠性。
本文提出一种无需外部数据或其他数据处理技术的数据自辅助迭代三维解缠方法。由于现实场景中形变多以长周期趋势变化为主,该算法将线性趋势相位视为先验信息,通过迭代不断分离和提取趋势相位来降低相位梯度,最终实现PSDS-InSAR时序相位的精准稳健解缠。该方法全流程无需外部数据、物理模型或额外处理技术辅助,不仅可摆脱逐步三维解缠算法对关键解缠参数设置的依赖,减轻解缠参数优选造成的沉重计算负担,而且可以提升解缠稳定性。实测InSAR数据结果表明,本文迭代三维解缠算法可精准恢复大相位梯度形变,避免因解缠参数设置不当导致的形变被低估问题,显著提升大相位梯度下的解缠可靠性与有效性。
需要指出的是,该算法在先验模型的选择上具有高度的灵活性,不仅可使用先验线性模型,还可以根据实际监测场景设置高阶多项式或周期先验模型,以适应快速沉陷等非线性主导的大相位梯度形变监测需求。未来将进一步优化算法,将其发展成为与StaMPS软件包兼容的独立模块并开源共享。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFF1700201)
  • 中国工程院院地合作项目(HB2024B16)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.10.352
  • 接收时间:2025-10-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-20
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国家重点研发计划(2024YFF1700201)
中国工程院院地合作项目(HB2024B16)
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    1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院,武汉,430077
    2 中国科学院大学地球与行星科学学院,北京,100049
    3 中国华水水电开发有限公司,成都,610094

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郭爱智,副研究员,主要研究方向为地球物理观测技术和空间大地测量技术及其在导航和地学中的应用,E-mail:
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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