Article(id=1322916882554167539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322916858604696290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.368, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762099200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793337563408, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793337563408, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793337563408, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793337563408, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322916858604696290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='8', pageStart='913', pageEnd='1038', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793337557698, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793337557698, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=979, endPage=995, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322916882768077044, articleId=1322916882554167539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=A Review of Polar Motion Measurement Techniques: From Traditional Methods to Modern Innovations, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polar motion (PM) is not only a critical parameter linking the terrestrial reference system (TRS) and the celestial reference system (CRS), but also an important physical basis for exploring processes such as material movement and angular momentum exchange in the Earth system. As a core parameter describing the Earth rotation movement, the precise PM determination is essential for aerospace activities, and also provides an important theoretical basis for understanding the complex dynamical processes of the Earth system, predicting climate change, and monitoring seismic activity. We review traditional optical measurements, space geodesy, and the emerging inertial measurement technology based on large ring laser gyroscope (RLG), evaluate their principles and progress, and discuss the advantages of multi-technique fusion measurement to provide a comprehensive reference for research and application in PM measurement. Among them, the RLG has emerged as a prominent technology due to their characteristics of direct, independent, and real-time measurement of rotation signals, enabling high-precision measurement of Earth rotation signals such as polar motion.

, authors=Yifan CHEN1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Kui LIU1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *, Zhu LI1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Su ZHAN1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Cancan XU6, Min ZHONG6, Liangcheng TU1, 2, 3, 4, 5, authorsList=Yifan CHEN, Kui LIU, Zhu LI, Su ZHAN, Cancan XU, Min ZHONG, Liangcheng TU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kui LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322916886429704453, articleId=1322916882554167539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=极移测量技术综述:从传统方法到现代创新, columnId=1281909276545356011, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

极移不仅是连接地固参考系与天球参考系的关键参数,还是探究地球系统物质运动及角动量交换等过程的重要物理依据。作为描述地球自转运动的核心参数,极移的精确测定对航天航空活动至关重要,也为理解地球系统的复杂动力学过程、气候变化预测与地震活动监测提供了重要的理论基础。本文重点介绍传统光学测量、空间大地测量以及基于大型激光陀螺仪的新兴惯性测量技术,阐述其测量原理与研究进展,并探讨多技术联合测量的优势,旨在为极移测量领域的研究与应用提供参考依据。其中大型激光陀螺仪以其直接、独立、实时测量转动信号的特点崭露头角,已经可以实现极移等地球自转信号的高精度测量。

, authors=陈一凡1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 柳奎1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *, 李祝1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 詹苏1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 胥灿灿6, 钟敏6, 涂良成1, 2, 3, 4, 5, authorsList=陈一凡, 柳奎, 李祝, 詹苏, 胥灿灿, 钟敏, 涂良成, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=柳奎, authorNote=

陈一凡,硕士生,主要从事大型激光陀螺仪实验研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
柳奎, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事大型激光陀螺仪、地球自转精密测量及其应用研究, E-mail:
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陈一凡,硕士生,主要从事大型激光陀螺仪实验研究,E-mail:

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陈一凡,硕士生,主要从事大型激光陀螺仪实验研究,E-mail:

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Physical signals contained in the polar motion series

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现象/机制 顺/逆行运动 周期/方向 振幅
长期趋势:冰川均衡调整 无 ~79°W ~3.5 mas/a
年代际变化:地核-地幔相互作用 ± ~20~30 a ~30 mas
钱德勒摆动 + ~433 d ~44~280 mas
周年摆动 ± ~365 d ~65~145 mas
季节性摆动:大气-海洋-水文 ±
±
~182 d
~120 d
>3 mas
>3 mas
潮汐效应:大气-海洋-固体地球 ±
+
+
长周期
~1 d
~0.5 d
~0.080 mas
~0.526 mas
< 0.152 mas
), ArticleFig(id=1322916894914781548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916882554167539, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

极移序列中包含的物理信号[1, 10-11]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
现象/机制 顺/逆行运动 周期/方向 振幅
长期趋势:冰川均衡调整 无 ~79°W ~3.5 mas/a
年代际变化:地核-地幔相互作用 ± ~20~30 a ~30 mas
钱德勒摆动 + ~433 d ~44~280 mas
周年摆动 ± ~365 d ~65~145 mas
季节性摆动:大气-海洋-水文 ±
±
~182 d
~120 d
>3 mas
>3 mas
潮汐效应:大气-海洋-固体地球 ±
+
+
长周期
~1 d
~0.5 d
~0.080 mas
~0.526 mas
< 0.152 mas
), ArticleFig(id=1322916894994473325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916882554167539, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Multi-technique combined measurement results

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技术 测量成果
VLBI+SLR 发现了1 cm的参考框架尺度差异[125-126];显著改善了板块运动参数的估计精度和可靠性[131]。
VLBI+GNSS 建立板块运动模型,提高了模型的精确性和可靠性[132];可以解决VLBI数据密度低/GPS解算不稳定的问题[124];GNSS结合IVS的密集观测序列,使得极移RMS降低至0.04 mas[133]。
GNSS+SLR 与单独的Galileo解相比,地心坐标三分量的形式误差降低30%左右;极移二分量的形式误差降低至7.1/7.4 μas,降低4%左右;轨道精度提升10%以上, 钟差稳定性提升25.6%[128]。
VLBI+RLG y方向极移测量误差与单VLBI相比改善16%,弥补了VLBI高频数据缺失的问题[123]。
), ArticleFig(id=1322916895061582190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916882554167539, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多技术联合测量成果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术 测量成果
VLBI+SLR 发现了1 cm的参考框架尺度差异[125-126];显著改善了板块运动参数的估计精度和可靠性[131]。
VLBI+GNSS 建立板块运动模型,提高了模型的精确性和可靠性[132];可以解决VLBI数据密度低/GPS解算不稳定的问题[124];GNSS结合IVS的密集观测序列,使得极移RMS降低至0.04 mas[133]。
GNSS+SLR 与单独的Galileo解相比,地心坐标三分量的形式误差降低30%左右;极移二分量的形式误差降低至7.1/7.4 μas,降低4%左右;轨道精度提升10%以上, 钟差稳定性提升25.6%[128]。
VLBI+RLG y方向极移测量误差与单VLBI相比改善16%,弥补了VLBI高频数据缺失的问题[123]。
), ArticleFig(id=1322916895124496751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916882554167539, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Basic parameters and major error sources of measurement techniques

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测量技术 精度 采样率/更新时间/延迟时间 主要误差来源
DZT 60~100 mas — 硬件综合误差、CCD成像误差、星表及算法鲁棒性误差[20, 41]
IVS ~0.05 mas 采样率: 1 d
更新频率: 每周3次
延迟: 10 d左右
对流层延迟、射电源结构效应、时钟稳定性[49]
ILRS ~0.35 mas[134] 采样率: 1 d
更新频率: 每天
延迟: 2 d
测站潮汐误差、卫星偏心误差、激光大气延迟误差
IGS ~0.05 mas (超快)
~0.04 mas (快速)
~0.03 mas (最终)
采样率: 6 h
更新频率: 每天4次
延迟: 3~9 h(超快)
每日观测的地面框架与国际参考框架对齐时产生的偏差、潮汐模型误差[135]
IDS 0.5~1 mas[93] 采样率:缺失
更新频率: 每周二
延迟: 11~17 d
对流层延迟、电离层延迟、卫星相位中心偏差
RLG 0.4 mas[114] 采样: 实时
更新频率: 实时
无延迟
环形腔的结构稳定性、倾斜影响、温压变化[136-137]
), ArticleFig(id=1322916895191605616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916882554167539, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

多种测量技术的基本参数和主要误差来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测量技术 精度 采样率/更新时间/延迟时间 主要误差来源
DZT 60~100 mas — 硬件综合误差、CCD成像误差、星表及算法鲁棒性误差[20, 41]
IVS ~0.05 mas 采样率: 1 d
更新频率: 每周3次
延迟: 10 d左右
对流层延迟、射电源结构效应、时钟稳定性[49]
ILRS ~0.35 mas[134] 采样率: 1 d
更新频率: 每天
延迟: 2 d
测站潮汐误差、卫星偏心误差、激光大气延迟误差
IGS ~0.05 mas (超快)
~0.04 mas (快速)
~0.03 mas (最终)
采样率: 6 h
更新频率: 每天4次
延迟: 3~9 h(超快)
每日观测的地面框架与国际参考框架对齐时产生的偏差、潮汐模型误差[135]
IDS 0.5~1 mas[93] 采样率:缺失
更新频率: 每周二
延迟: 11~17 d
对流层延迟、电离层延迟、卫星相位中心偏差
RLG 0.4 mas[114] 采样: 实时
更新频率: 实时
无延迟
环形腔的结构稳定性、倾斜影响、温压变化[136-137]
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极移测量技术综述:从传统方法到现代创新
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陈一凡 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 柳奎 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, * , 李祝 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 詹苏 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 胥灿灿 6 , 钟敏 6 , 涂良成 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
大地测量与地球动力学 | 大地测量学 2026,46(8): 979-995
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大地测量与地球动力学 |大地测量学 2026 , 46 (8) : 979 -995
极移测量技术综述:从传统方法到现代创新
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陈一凡1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 柳奎1, 2, 3, 4, 5, * , 李祝1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 詹苏1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 胥灿灿6, 钟敏6, 涂良成1, 2, 3, 4, 5
作者信息
  • 1 中山大学天琴中心, 珠海, 519082
  • 2 中山大学物理与天文学院, 珠海, 519082
  • 3 “天琴计划”教育部重点实验室, 珠海, 519082
  • 4 天琴前沿科学中心, 珠海, 519082
  • 5 国家航天局引力波研究中心, 珠海, 519082
  • 6 中山大学遥感科学与技术学院, 珠海, 519082
通讯作者:
柳奎, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事大型激光陀螺仪、地球自转精密测量及其应用研究, E-mail:
作者简介:

陈一凡,硕士生,主要从事大型激光陀螺仪实验研究,E-mail:

A Review of Polar Motion Measurement Techniques: From Traditional Methods to Modern Innovations
Yifan CHEN1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Kui LIU1, 2, 3, 4, 5, * , Zhu LI1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Su ZHAN1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Cancan XU6, Min ZHONG6, Liangcheng TU1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Affiliations
  • 1 TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 2 School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 3 MOE Key Laboratory of TianQin Mission, Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 4 Frontiers Science Center for TianQin, Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 5 Gravitational Wave Research Center of CNSA, Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 6 School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.368
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极移不仅是连接地固参考系与天球参考系的关键参数,还是探究地球系统物质运动及角动量交换等过程的重要物理依据。作为描述地球自转运动的核心参数,极移的精确测定对航天航空活动至关重要,也为理解地球系统的复杂动力学过程、气候变化预测与地震活动监测提供了重要的理论基础。本文重点介绍传统光学测量、空间大地测量以及基于大型激光陀螺仪的新兴惯性测量技术,阐述其测量原理与研究进展,并探讨多技术联合测量的优势,旨在为极移测量领域的研究与应用提供参考依据。其中大型激光陀螺仪以其直接、独立、实时测量转动信号的特点崭露头角,已经可以实现极移等地球自转信号的高精度测量。

极移  /  地球自转参数  /  VLBI  /  GNSS  /  大型激光陀螺仪  /  多技术融合

Polar motion (PM) is not only a critical parameter linking the terrestrial reference system (TRS) and the celestial reference system (CRS), but also an important physical basis for exploring processes such as material movement and angular momentum exchange in the Earth system. As a core parameter describing the Earth rotation movement, the precise PM determination is essential for aerospace activities, and also provides an important theoretical basis for understanding the complex dynamical processes of the Earth system, predicting climate change, and monitoring seismic activity. We review traditional optical measurements, space geodesy, and the emerging inertial measurement technology based on large ring laser gyroscope (RLG), evaluate their principles and progress, and discuss the advantages of multi-technique fusion measurement to provide a comprehensive reference for research and application in PM measurement. Among them, the RLG has emerged as a prominent technology due to their characteristics of direct, independent, and real-time measurement of rotation signals, enabling high-precision measurement of Earth rotation signals such as polar motion.

polar motion  /  Earth rotation parameters  /  VLBI  /  GNSS  /  large ring laser gyroscope  /  multi-technique fusion
陈一凡, 柳奎, 李祝, 詹苏, 胥灿灿, 钟敏, 涂良成. 极移测量技术综述:从传统方法到现代创新. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (8) : 979 -995 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.368
Yifan CHEN, Kui LIU, Zhu LI, Su ZHAN, Cancan XU, Min ZHONG, Liangcheng TU. A Review of Polar Motion Measurement Techniques: From Traditional Methods to Modern Innovations[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (8) : 979 -995 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.368
地球是一个复杂的动态系统,不仅受到太阳、月球等天体的引力作用,还受到地表和地球内部多种过程的激发作用,如大气与海洋环流、全球尺度降水分布以及地壳板块运动等。这些动力学过程导致地球自转运动持续发生变化[1],使得地球自转轴相对于地球本体发生移动,一般用极移(polar motion, PM)精确描述这种地轴运动。从观测方法上看,地球自转轴方向的变化可分为两类:一类是自转轴在惯性空间中的长期进动和周期性章动,这主要由外部天体引力力矩驱动,可通过观测遥远河外射电源(如类星体)或太阳系内天体在惯性参考架中的位置变化来直接探测;另一类是极移,即地球本体相对于地球瞬时自转轴的周期性运动,其不改变自转轴在惯性空间中的指向,表现为测站纬度的变化,这一特征决定了极移的测量需要能够精确监测地表点纬度变化的仪器和技术。极移成分复杂,具有多种时间尺度的信号,包括由地壳回弹和冰川消融等引起的长期趋势[2-3]、周期约为14个月的钱德勒摆动、周年项极移,以及季节性变化、短期波动和高频信号(如周日和半周日极移)[4]。其中,钱德勒摆动和周年项极移是极移中振幅最显著的两个分量,合计振幅约为±0.4 as,对应地表约±12 m的位移。表 1为极移的主要激发机制及其振幅与周期特征。极移不仅受地球系统物质迁移的激发,其变化还可反过来反映全球尺度物质运动的影响。如海洋热膨胀可激发极移的长期变化[5],北大西洋涛动能调制极移激发函数分量年际变化的振幅[6],而海洋潮汐则是周日和半周日极移的主要激发源[7]。此外,地球自转轴的长期运动还会引起全球范围的大规模长期形变[8],同时极移与全球温度变化有着较强关联,被视为全球气候变化的一个重要指标[9]。近100多年来,极移观测精度提高了约3个数量级,借助高精度、高时间分辨率的极移数据反演其激发项,有助于揭示极移变化背后的地球物理机制[4]。因此,精确监测极移对于维持地球参考框架、高精度导航定位以及推动地球动力学研究具有至关重要的意义。本文系统梳理了当前极移测量技术的原理、研究进展、精度与主要误差来源,以期为相关研究提供清晰参考,并助力该方向研究进一步推进。
光学测量发源较早,积累了长期的观测数据,是一种重要的大地测量方式。在空间大地测量技术兴起前,极移的测定主要依赖光学天文仪器,其核心原理是通过观测恒星位置变化推算纬度变化,进而反演出地极的移动。传统光学测量技术曾发挥重要作用,这些技术包括中星仪、经纬仪、等高仪和天顶筒等[12-18]。近年来,数字天顶望远镜(digital zenith telescope, DZT)融合了数字化与自动化技术,凭借其高精度及高时间分辨率特点,取代了受限于精度与操作效率的传统仪器,成为当前地基光学测量天文经纬度与垂线偏差的核心手段。因此,本文主要介绍DZT的测量原理和发展进程。
(1) 技术原理
数字天顶望远镜(DZT)主要由硬件系统、软件系统和外部基础数据、观测室等组成。其中,硬件系统包括电荷耦合器件(charge coupled device, CCD)、电子倾斜仪、转台底座及光学望远镜筒等,用以观测星体目标;外部基础数据包括星表数据、历表等,主要用于建立高精度、稳定的天球参考框架;软件系统主要用来处理观测数据,解算地球自转参数(Earth rotation parameters, ERP)。天顶筒的测量过程较为简单,首先是观测和计算出恒星视位置,然后通过CCD提取出星点质心,最后进行星图识别和对比便可计算测站天文经纬度和垂线偏差。
DZT测量原理如图 1所示,其中XO′Y为天球上关于O′的切平面坐标系,xOy为地固系下天顶筒的CCD像平面坐标系。将数字天顶筒拍摄的星图与星表进行匹配, 得到恒星在瞬时天球参考系下的赤道坐标(α, δ),再利用格林尼治视恒星时(Greenwich apparent sidereal time, GAST)得到恒星在地固系下的瞬时天文经纬度(测站坐标)[19]。
$\lambda=\alpha-\mathrm{GAST} \quad \varphi=\delta$
根据天文大地测量原理,测站i在t观测历元的瞬时天文经纬度与平极下的天文经纬度的关系如下[20]:
$\begin{aligned}& \lambda_{i 0}=\lambda_i(t)-\Delta \lambda_i(t) \\& \varphi_{i 0}=\varphi_i(t)-\Delta \varphi_i(t)\end{aligned}$
其中,
$\begin{aligned}& \Delta \lambda_i(t)=x_p(t) \sin \lambda_0+y_p(t) \cos \lambda_0 \tan \varphi_0 \\& \Delta \varphi_i(t)=x_p(t) \cos \lambda_0-y_p(t) \sin \lambda_0\end{aligned}$
式中,λi0、φi0为测站i在t观测历元的平极下的天文经纬度;λi(t)、φi(t)为瞬时天文经纬度;xp(t)和yp(t)为当前观测历元的极移。
由式(2)和式(3)可知,代入观测得到的测站瞬时天文经纬度λi(t)、φi(t)和平极下的测站经纬度λi0、φi0即可解算出极移。但是单个DZT台站只能提供2个观测方程,无法解算出全部ERP。因此,通过在各地建立多个天顶筒进行联网解算,不仅可以得到完整的ERP,还可以进行交叉验证,提高数据可靠性和解算精度。
(2) 发展历程
在20世纪的地球自转监测领域,传统光学测量技术是极移测量的主要技术之一。Chandler[21-24]通过研究证实了极移的存在,并且发现极移周期可以由约14个月的钱德勒摆动和12个月的周年运动组成,修正了欧拉基于刚体地球模型的预测,促进了国际纬度服务(international latitude service, ILS)的成立。作为首个全球极移协调的极移测量组织,ILS在北纬39°8 ′纬度圈上设立了日本水泽、美国尤凯亚等6个天顶望远镜观测台站[25],积累了1900—1961年的天文观测数据,为现代长期极移序列提供了重要基础。此后,ILS演变为国际极移服务(international polar motion service, IPMS),并在空间大地测量时代最终并入国际地球自转服务(international Earth rotation service, IERS),图 2为不同时期的极移测量结果。在仪器演变方面,最初的照相天顶筒(photographic zenith tube, PZT)通过胶片记录提升了传统目视观测的效率,东京天文台和美国海军天文台基于长期PZT观测资料的统计分析指出,PZT在常规运行条件下能够实现亚角秒级纬度测定能力[26-27],但是存在采样率低、易受天气影响及人工处理误差等问题,其观测效率与自动化水平仍存在提升空间。20世纪90年代之后,随着CCD/CMOS和图像处理等技术的成熟,德国汉诺威大学和瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院先后研制出DZT,实现了从模拟测量到数字测量的转变。其中,TZK2-D观测20~60 min的垂线偏差测量精度为0.05~0.08 as,同时为了检验系统误差的大小,两套系统在同一站点进行长时间比对测量,差异小于0.1 as[28-31]。2011年,中国科学院国家天文台与山东科技大学联合研制出国内首台数字天顶望远镜样机(DZT-1)[32],该样机采用倾角仪和基于FPGA技术的控制系统,单次星图观测精度达到0.2~0.3 as,与TZK2-D测量精度相当[33]。近年来,随着算法优化和倾角补偿等关键技术的突破,数字天顶仪的经纬度定位精度已提升至0.5 as以内(经/纬度:0.306/0.292 as)[34-35]。2021年,中国科学院国家授时中心通过并址观测来避免观测环境差异的影响,使得理想环境条件下DZT单次观测精度在0.2 as以内(经/纬度:0.18/0.16 as)[36]。在应用方面,瑞士CODIAC系统验证了DZT在复杂地形下的大地水准面测量能力,误差小于0.1 as[37-38];我国DZT多站组网仿真及实测结果表明,可以满足UT1-UTC参数±5 ms、极移±0.06 as的测量需求,这为地球动力学研究提供了亚角秒级数据支撑[20, 39-41]。综上所述,DZT已成为我国自主测定极移的有效手段之一。
(3) 观测技术存在的局限性
DZT作为一种地面光学观测技术,具有设备便携、成本低及自动化程度高的优势,结合全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)获取的大地坐标,DZT可直接解算垂线偏差[42]。通过进一步组网观测,具备监测高频极移和日长变化的潜力[41]。然而,DZT的运行受限于天气状况和夜间观测窗口,无法实现全天候连续观测,导致数据序列在时域上存在不连续性。此外,大气折射影响难以精确建模,且解算结果依赖星表精度,易引入系统误差[31, 43]。
随着激光与空间技术的突破,空间大地测量技术通过甚长基线干涉测量(very long baseline interferometry, VLBI)、卫星激光测距(satellite laser ranging, SLR)、全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)、多普勒卫星测轨和无线电定位组合系统(Doppler orbitography and radiopositioning integrated by satellite, DORIS)等方法,实现了对地球自转信号、重力场及板块运动等动态变化的高精度监测。相较于传统光学测量技术,空间大地测量技术突破了传统地面测量的局限性,并且具有全球覆盖、超高精度和动态实时监测等能力,可显著提高大地测量的效率、时空分辨率和可靠性,为现代地球科学研究和应用提供了变革性的技术支撑。
(1) 技术原理
甚长基线干涉测量(VLBI)利用相距遥远的射电望远镜构建长基线,通过观测河外射电源实现角分辨率优于0.01 mas的干涉测量,是进行地球物理测量和天体测量的高效方法[45]。如图 3所示,VLBI基本原理是测量同一射电源信号到达基线两端望远镜的时延,并将两地记录的信号传输至处理中心进行互相关分析,从而精确提取时延和时延率等数据[46]。通过对应的观测方程,利用最小二乘原理或者卡尔曼滤波原理解算误差方程,即可得到ERP。
VLBI通过测量河外射电源信号到达基线两端的时延τ和时延率$ \dot{{\rm{ \mathsf{τ} }}}$来测定地球定向参数(Earth orientation parameters, EOP)。将地固系下的基线矢量经地球参考系转换至天球参考系,可得到时延模型[45, 47]:
$\Delta \tau=-\frac{1}{c} \boldsymbol{P} \boldsymbol{N} \boldsymbol{S} \boldsymbol{W} \Delta \boldsymbol{r} \cdot \boldsymbol{\mu}+\Delta \tau_{\mathrm{atm}}+\Delta \tau_{\mathrm{clk}}$
式中,P、N、S、W分别为岁差、章动、地球自转和极移矩阵;Δr为地固系基线矢量;μ为射电源方向矢量;Δτatm和Δτclk分别为传播介质时延和钟差项。
考虑到地球自转参数(xp, yp, UT1)为小量,对式(4)进行线性化,构建误差方程:
$\boldsymbol{v}=\boldsymbol{A} \boldsymbol{x}-\boldsymbol{l}$
式中,l为观测值与理论值之差;x为待求参数改正数向量;A为偏导系数矩阵,其元素包含待求EOP参数对时延的偏导数。
$\begin{gathered}\frac{\partial \Delta \tau}{\partial\left(x_p, y_p\right)}=-\frac{1}{c} \boldsymbol{P} \boldsymbol{N} \boldsymbol{S} \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{W}}{\partial\left(x_p, y_p\right)} \Delta \boldsymbol{r} \cdot \boldsymbol{\mu} \\\frac{\partial \Delta \tau}{\partial(\mathrm{UT} 1)}=-\frac{1}{c} \boldsymbol{P} \boldsymbol{N} \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{S}}{\partial(\mathrm{UT} 1)} \boldsymbol{W} \Delta \boldsymbol{r} \cdot \boldsymbol{\mu}\end{gathered}$
基于最小二乘准则,利用多条不平行基线的组网观测数据,即可解算极移与UT1参数[48]。
(2) 发展历程
1967年,Gold[50]系统阐述了利用独立高精度时钟与无线电干涉技术测量地球自转的理论框架。同年,加拿大和美国团队率先实现全球首次VLBI观测[51-52]。1969年,美苏开展的跨洲铷钟VLBI实验分辨率达0.4 mas,远超传统干涉仪。1980年之后,随着美国VLBA、欧洲EVN及俄罗斯QUASAR等观测网的相继投用,国际VLBI观测网已逐渐成型。1984年,Carter等[53]基于VLBI数据发现地球自转与厄尔尼诺现象有关,位移精度达米级。李金玲等[54]通过分析1978—1998年VLBI观测资料发现,长期极移速率为2.74 mas/a,方向为83.9°W,表明VLBI早期极移测量精度已达到厘米级(长期极移速率为8.4 cm/a),这相较于传统光学观测已有2个量级的跨越。1999年,国际VLBI服务(international VLBI service, IVS)成立,IVS主要协调全球VLBI资源,提供EOP数据产品以及确定并维护高精度的国际天球参考框架(international celestial reference framework, ICRF)和国际地球参考框架(international terrestrial reference frame, ITRF)等服务[55]。IVS目前提供两种ERP产品,分别是加强观测(EOP-I)和常规观测(EOP-S)。马卓希等[56]统计了IVS不同观测类型(测站数量、测站网分布等)的EOP解算精度,发现解算精度与观测台站的分布密切相关。美国VLBA精度最高,与IVS最为接近,外符合精度为0.2 mas左右;澳大利亚AuScope精度最差;亚太和欧洲网的解算精度接近,为0.25 mas左右。在具体应用中,新一代VLBI设备和数据处理方法显著提升了CE-2任务的数据准确性,使得时延数据残差减少到1~2 ns、噪声水平低于0.3 ns,并且系统偏置问题也得到更好的修正[57]。近年来,随着新一代VLBI全球观测系统(VLBI global observing system, VGOS)的迅速发展,其利用超宽带信号接收能力及快速旋转天线技术大大提高了采样分辨率[58],ERP测量精度得到较大提升[59-61]。
(3) 观测技术存在的局限性
VLBI是目前唯一能够建立ICRF与ITRF直接联系的技术,其核心优势在于能够长期、精确地测定包括极移、世界时在内的全部EOP数据[49],且不依赖于卫星轨道模型,可提供绝对的定向基准[62-64]。然而,VLBI系统的建设与运维成本极高,导致全球台站分布不均。此外,传统的观测模式通常采样率较低,且目前数据相关处理与传输存在显著的时间延迟,难以满足实时应用的需求。
(1) 技术原理
激光测月(Lunar laser ranging, LLR)和卫星激光测距(SLR)的技术原理基本相同,都是利用激光脉冲的时间飞行原理测量地卫之间的距离,主要区别在于月亮和人造卫星的体积与重量以及运行轨道距离等。激光测卫技术主要用于卫星精密定轨和地球物理研究,是现代空间大地测量的重要手段。
SLR测量原理比较简单,如图 4所示,通过在地面站使用望远镜将激光脉冲精准射向卫星(月球或人造卫星),然后利用时间间隔计数器测量激光脉冲的传播时间,经过测站位置、距离偏差、时间偏差等改正可得到测站至卫星的观测距离[65]。
$d_0=\frac{\Delta t}{2} c-\Delta d+\varepsilon$
式中,Δt为时间间隔计数器测得的发射到接收所用的时间;c为光速;Δd为各种修正总和;ε为观测系统误差和随机误差。根据卫星运动理论,可以得到天球参考系下t时刻地面测站到卫星的理论距离dc。利用卫星星历将地心至测站位置矢量 R与卫星空间位置矢量 r相减取模长得到dc:
$d_c=|\boldsymbol{r}-(\boldsymbol{P} \mathbf{N S W}) \cdot \boldsymbol{R}|$
由于 R为地球参考系下的位置矢量,需要通过转换矩阵将其转换到天球参考系,再与 r进行计算。对观测残差进行线性化处理:
$\begin{gathered}d_o-d_c=\sum\limits_{i=1}^6 \frac{\partial d}{\partial x_i} \Delta x_i+\sum\limits_{j=1}^M \frac{\partial d}{\partial p_j} \Delta p_j+ \\\sum\limits_{l=1}^N \sum\limits_{m=1}^3 \frac{\partial d}{\partial X_{l m}} \Delta X_{l m}+\sum\limits_{k=1}^3 \frac{\partial d}{\partial \mathrm{ERP}_k} \Delta \mathrm{ERP}_k+\nu\end{gathered}$
式中,$ \frac{\partial d}{\partial x_i}$为理论距离对卫星的三维坐标和速度的偏导数;$ \frac{\partial d}{\partial p_j}$为力学模型和观测参数的偏导数;$ \frac{\partial d}{\partial X_{l m}}$为测站3个坐标的偏导数;$ \frac{\partial d}{\partial \mathrm{ERP}_k}$为3个地球自转参数的偏导数;ν为残差。基于该线性化模型构建方程,利用最小二乘法即可解算高精度的极移参数[66]。
(2) 发展历程
20世纪60年代,高功率窄脉宽红宝石激光器的问世促使SLR技术得到快速发展[67]。1964年,美国戈达德航天飞行中心(GSFC) 成功追踪到Explorer-22卫星,标志着SLR技术的正式应用[68]。1969年,随着阿波罗11号载人登月并安置后向反射镜Apollo11(简称A11),Lick和McDonald天文台随后捕获到激光回波信号[69-70]。此后,美、苏先后在月面上放置A14、A15和L17、L21以及NGLR-1反射镜(2025年放置),总共6个反射器。其中,可能由于月球尘土覆盖等原因,L17仅在放置初期收到回波信号,后期未成功探测到该反射镜。直到2010年,Apache Point天文台利用探月卫星图像重新计算L17位置后,才又获得回波信号。目前,只有中、法、美3个国家能够探测到月球上所有反射器的回波信号,月球激光测距精度为厘米级[71]。自1976年LAGEOS卫星发射后,SLR技术便开始用于ERP的测定。1981年,随着激光脉冲升级至5 ns并且实现自动跟踪,SLR测距精度提升至分米级,SLR-ERP系列被正式纳入IERS的组合解算[72]。2008年,郭金运等[73]利用LAGEOS-1/2卫星在1993—2006年的SLR观测数据中解算出ERP序列,其中极移在x和y方向的测量精度(RMS)分别为0.18 mas和0.20 mas,移动速率分别为2.25 mas/a和1.67 mas/a,向36.5°E方向运动。国际激光测距服务(ILRS)成立以前,全球约30个SLR测站初步形成测量网,但在南半球覆盖较少[74]。1998年ILRS成立,其主要是组织协调国际卫星的激光测距,以支持全球大地测量项目和卫星任务,目前的SLR台站可以实现毫米级测量精度[72]。相对于SLR来说,月球距离测站较远,因此LLR技术对仪器指向精度、激光能量输出、信号检测系统等要求更高。1986年,金文敬等[66]利用LLR数据得到极移解算精度为0.01 as。2014年,Müller等[75]利用Apollo数据得到极移解算精度为1~10 mas。此外,LLR在改进月球历表、测定地心引力常数、检验广义相对论的强等效原理等方面具有重要作用[76]。
(3) 观测技术存在的局限性
SLR技术利用地面激光对卫星进行观测,对地心运动极其敏感,定义了参考框架的原点与尺度[77]。然而,SLR极易受气象条件限制,导致数据采集周期长、时间覆盖率低且存在明显的季节性缺失[78],在组合解算中的权重通常受限于观测数据量的稀缺。
(1) 技术原理
全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)技术原理也是测量卫星和接收站点之间的距离,不同于激光测卫的是,GNSS技术是卫星不断地向地面发射包含卫星位置、时间等信息的信号,地面站点接收到这些信号后计算出卫星到接收机的距离,图 5为GNSS测量原理示意图。
根据信号处理方式的不同,GNSS测量方法可分为两种,分别为伪距测量和载波相位测量。计算几何距离时需要将测站位置矢量转换到天球参考系下[79]:
$\rho=|\boldsymbol{r}-(\boldsymbol{P} \mathbf{N} \boldsymbol{S} \boldsymbol{W}) \cdot \boldsymbol{R}|$
式中,r为卫星空间位置矢量;R为地心至测站位置矢量。
载波相位测量应用普遍、精度高,是极移解算的通用方法。在解算ERP时,将相位测量观测方程写成以下形式[80-81]:
$L=M\left(t, X_{\mathrm{sp}}, X_T, X_{\mathrm{atm}}, X_N, X_{\mathrm{ERP}}\right)+\varepsilon$
式中,M为观测量与各参数的函数模型;t为时间;Xsp为摄动参数;XT为接收机坐标;Xatm为大气延迟;XN为相位模糊度;XERP为地球自转参数;ε为相位观测噪声。对观测方程进行线性化处理:
$\begin{aligned}L & =M_0+\frac{\partial M}{\partial X_{\mathrm{sp}}} \Delta X_{s p}+\frac{\partial M}{\partial X_T} \Delta X_T+\frac{\partial M}{\partial X_{\mathrm{atm}}} \cdot \\& \Delta X_{\mathrm{atm}}+\frac{\partial M}{\partial X_N} \Delta X_N+\frac{\partial M}{\partial X_{\mathrm{ERP}}} \Delta X_{\mathrm{ERP}}+\varepsilon\end{aligned}$
式中,M0为由近似参数得到的理论值,极移偏导数包含在ERP偏导数当中:
$\begin{aligned}& \frac{\partial M}{\partial X_{\mathrm{ERP}}}=\frac{\partial M}{\partial \rho} \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial \boldsymbol{R}_1} \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{R}_1}{\partial X_{\mathrm{ERP}}} \\& \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{R}_1}{\partial x_p}=\boldsymbol{P} \boldsymbol{N} \boldsymbol{S} \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{W}}{\partial x_p} \boldsymbol{R}_T(t) \\& \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{R}_1}{\partial y_p}=\boldsymbol{P} \boldsymbol{N} \boldsymbol{S} \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{W}}{\partial y_p} \boldsymbol{R}_T(t)\end{aligned}$
式中,ρ为卫星到接收机的距离;R1为接收机在惯性系下的位置矢量;RT为接收机在地固系下的位置矢量。最后联合多星多站台的观测数据,利用最小二乘法即可解算得到极移参数。
(2) 发展历程
1957年,Sputnik-1的发射以及多卫星信号多普勒效应的发现奠定了卫星导航理论基础。1959—1978年间,美国相继发射30多颗子午仪(Transit)导航卫星[82],其轨道预报精度优于10 m,导航定位精度达到20~50 m。该系统虽然只能提供非连续的二维导航定位服务,但证明了卫星导航的可行性,为全球定位系统(GPS)的发展奠定了基础。1978年,美国启动GPS计划,初期的单点定位精度约为30 m,后期通过差分定位和星历优化等技术,精度最终提升至0.1 m[83]。随着美国GPS技术的发展,1993年国际GPS服务成立,主要为大地测量学和地球动力学研究提供服务,并在1999年更名为国际GNSS服务(international GNSS service, IGS),目前除美国GPS之外,还有俄罗斯GLONASS、欧盟Galileo、中国北斗导航卫星系统(BDS),以及印度NavIC等卫星导航系统。随着GPS、GLONASS、Galileo、BDS等卫星导航技术的发展以及卡尔曼滤波技术的应用,极移参数与IERS结果的差异小于0.1 mas[84-85]。同时,IGS发布的极移最终精度在30 μas左右,即亚毫米量级,一周发布一次;快速测量的精度为40 μas左右,一天发布一次;极快速测量的精度为50 μas左右,6 h发布一次[86]。GNSS技术经过40多年发展,其对极移的测量精度从米级提升至亚毫米级,并且凭借高精度、高时效性和可多系统融合的特点已成为地球动力学研究的核心工具。
(3) 观测技术存在的局限性
GNSS凭借其全球分布网络,已成为极移和日长变化高频监测的核心手段。同时,GNSS具备全天候、自动化及低成本的优势,能够提供亚日级甚至更高时间分辨率的连续数据[87]。然而,GNSS无法独立测定UT1,并且卫星轨道周期与地球自转信号之间存在强耦合特性。这种耦合机制叠加非保守力建模误差及多径效应,导致GNSS解算的EOP序列中混入非物理的伪周期信号,制约了其长期稳定性[88]。
(1) 技术原理
多普勒卫星测轨和无线电定位组合系统(DORIS)是基于多普勒频移的卫星定轨与定位系统,由法国国家空间研究中心和地理研究所等机构联合开发。如图 6所示,DORIS测量原理是通过地面信标站发射双频信号,卫星接收器通过测量信号的多普勒频移计算卫星与地面站的相对速度,进而反演卫星轨道和地面站位置。
信标站向卫星发射信号,低轨卫星上的接收机测得的信号频率会出现多普勒频移:
$\Delta f=\frac{f_s}{c}\left(\boldsymbol{v}_{\mathrm{sat}}-\boldsymbol{v}_{\mathrm{sta}}\right) \cdot \boldsymbol{u}=\frac{f_s}{c} \cdot \dot{D}$
式中,$ \dot{D}$为信号源沿接收机的径向速度;c为光速;fs为信标发射频率;νsat为惯性系下的卫星速度矢量;νsta为通过转换矩阵从地球参考系转换到天球参考系的信标站速度矢量;u为卫星指向信标站的单位方向矢量,可表示为:
$\boldsymbol{u}=\frac{\boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{sat}}-\boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{sta}}}{\left|\boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{sat}}-\boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{sta}}\right|}$
在时间间隔t1~t2内对差频信号进行积分,令得到的积分值为N,作为DORIS系统的观测值,可以得到:
$N=\int\limits_{t_1}^{t_2} \frac{f_s}{c} \cdot \dot{D} \mathrm{~d} t=\frac{f_s}{c} \Delta D_{1, 2}$
对距离变化率ΔD进行线性化:
$\Delta D=\Delta D_0+\sum\limits_{i=1}^n \frac{\partial \Delta D}{\partial X_i} \Delta X_i$
式中, 估计参数ΔXi包含极移、轨道初值和光压系数等,通过最小二乘可解算出极移。发射信号时使用双频信号,可以校正电离层延迟,然后通过湿对流层模型(如CNET1)和全球气象数据优化信号路径延迟来提高测量精度[89]。
(2) 发展历程
20世纪80年代末期,厘米级轨道精度成为卫星测高研究海面地形与海洋环流的前提。为此,法国国家空间研究中心和地理研究所等组织开发出一种称为多普勒卫星测轨和无线电定位组合系统[90],设计目标是实现小于10 cm的轨道精度。1990年,SPOT-2卫星上首次搭载DORIS接收器,轨道测定精度达到分米级,验证了DORIS系统能够提供高精度的轨道确定和定位服务[91]。随后,通过改进重力场和非保守力模型,TOPEX/POSEIDON卫星的轨道精度提高到2.5 cm,可满足小于10 cm的精度要求[92]。初期受单星数据(仅有SPOT-2)、模型误差(如对流层和电离层修正未充分优化)以及接收器性能的限制[93],极移精度较低,但是已经初步具备极移测量能力。随着SPOT-3/4/5、Jason-1、Envisat等卫星的部署、第二代双通道接收器的应用以及DIODE实时轨道测定软件的引入,DORIS系统性能显著提升[94],站点位置精度达到1 cm,极移测量精度达到0.5~1 mas[93]。在应用方面,Willis等[95]通过处理所有可获取的DORIS数据,实现了每周台站位置的精确测定,并且利用5颗卫星的数据成功探测到2002年阿拉斯加Denali地震导致的经纬度位移,验证了该系统的动态监测能力。在技术改进方面,Gobinddass等[96]通过优化大气阻力模型,将阻力系数估计频率提高至1~2 h,减小了低轨卫星(SPOT、Envisat)的轨道误差,极移解算精度得到提升。目前,第三代信标的部署[94]和全球55个站点的网络扩展增强了测量数据的可靠性,具有全天候全球覆盖、长期连续性及对垂直运动的同步监测等能力[97]。
(3) 观测技术存在的局限性
DORIS通过在南半球和海洋岛屿地区均匀分布的全球跟踪网络,为ITRF提供了重要的几何与尺度约束[98]。尽管其短期定位精度不及GNSS,但具有长期稳定测量的优势,能够实现毫米每年的地壳速度估计,并有效支撑板块运动与垂向形变研究[99]。然而,受限于卫星数量、多普勒观测几何及卫星动力学模型,其东向分量和高频信号精度仍存在一定不足[100]。
除了几何测量、动力学测量之外,惯性传感测量技术也可以对地球旋转信号进行测量,如大型激光陀螺仪(large ring laser gyroscope, RLG)、光纤陀螺仪等。近年来,RLG作为一种独立于几何技术和空间大地测量技术的ERP测量技术,其以直接与地球固连的特点,对地球自转变化十分灵敏,可以不需要借助外部参考源实时测量地球自转信号。
(1) 技术原理
RLG的核心测量原理是Sagnac效应,如图 7所示,在一个旋转的环形干涉仪内存在两束沿相反方向传播的光,两束光的等效光程由于所在参考框架的转动出现差别,因而产生一个相位差。干涉相位差表达式如下[101]:
$\Delta \varphi=\frac{8 \mathsf{π} A}{c \lambda} \boldsymbol{n} \cdot \boldsymbol{\varOmega}$
式中,Δφ为两束光绕干涉仪一周产生的相位差;A为干涉仪环绕面积;n为单位法向量;Ω为干涉仪所固连参考系相对于惯性空间的角速度;c为光速;λ为注入光波长。
如果构造一个旋转的环形腔,让正反两束光同时发生谐振,则因旋转产生的谐振频率之差就是Sagnac频率。将相位差转化成频率差,得到Sagnac频率表达式:
$\Delta f=\frac{4 A}{\lambda p} \boldsymbol{n} \cdot \boldsymbol{\varOmega}$
式中,Δf为两束光在腔内的谐振频率差;p为环形腔周长。
为了清晰地表述RLG测得的地球角速度分量,需要将地球自转角速度从地固系转换到站心系。图 8为RLG测量原理,以平铺于地面的RLG为例,建立一个以陀螺仪平台为原点、U方向为平台法方向、E和N分别指向正东和正北的站心坐标系,则从地固系转换到站心系的旋转矩阵 Rp可表示为:
$\boldsymbol{R}_p=\boldsymbol{R}_z\left(\frac{\mathsf{π}}{2}\right) \boldsymbol{R}_y(\theta) \boldsymbol{R}_z(\lambda)$
式中,θ为当地台站的余纬;λ为台站经度。
由于地球自转的不均匀性,使用m1、m2、m3表示极移和地球自转速率变化对地球自转角速度的影响[102]:
$\begin{aligned}& m_1=x_p-\frac{\dot{y}_p}{\left|\boldsymbol{\varOmega}_{\text {地 }}\right|} \\& m_2=-y_p-\frac{\dot{x}_p}{\left|\boldsymbol{\varOmega}_{\text {地 }}\right|} \\& m_3=\frac{\left|\Delta \boldsymbol{\varOmega}_{\text {地 }}\right|}{\left|\boldsymbol{\varOmega}_{\text {地 }}\right|}\end{aligned}$
式中,(xp, yp)、$ \left(\dot{x}_p, \dot{y}_p\right)$分别为极移二分量和其对应的一阶导数。因此,地固系下的地球自转角速度可表示为:
$\boldsymbol{\varOmega}_{\text {地 }}=\left({\varOmega}_1, {\varOmega}_2, {\varOmega}_3\right)^{\mathrm{T}}=\left|\boldsymbol{\varOmega}_{\text {地 }}\right|\left(m_1, m_2, 1+m_3\right)^{\mathrm{T}}$
通过旋转矩阵 Rp可将角速度转换到站心系中:
$\boldsymbol{\varOmega}_{\text {站 }}=\boldsymbol{R}_p \times \boldsymbol{\varOmega}_{\text {地 }}=\left(\varOmega_{\mathrm{E}}, \varOmega_{\mathrm{N}}, \varOmega_{\mathrm{U}}\right)^{\mathrm{T}}$
假设RLG是平铺摆放,因此ΩE、ΩN、ΩU分别代表地球自转角速度在站心系的3个投影角速度,在站心系中测得的角速度分量为台站天顶分量ΩU。
以RLG为例,测得的Sagnac频率可表示为:
$\Delta f=K_0(1+\varepsilon) \boldsymbol{n} \cdot\left(\boldsymbol{\varOmega}_{\text {地 }}+\Delta \boldsymbol{\varOmega}_{\text {地 }}\right)+\Delta f_{\text {instr }}$
式中,K0为陀螺仪标定因子;ε为标定偏差;Δfinstr为仪器噪声对Sagnac频率的影响。m1、m2、m3均为待求量,平台的倾斜角度可以通过水平仪测量得到。因此,可以通过3台以上的RLG解算出3个ERP。利用3个不同经纬度的单轴陀螺仪测量的天顶方向数据ΩU1、ΩU2、ΩU3,可以得到极移、世界时与测量得到的地球自转角速度分量之间的关系:
$\left[\begin{array}{c}m_1 \\m_2 \\1+m_3\end{array}\right]=\boldsymbol{A}_{3 \times 3} \cdot\left[\begin{array}{c}\varOmega_{\mathrm{U} 1} \\\varOmega_{\mathrm{U} 2} \\\varOmega_{\mathrm{U} 3}\end{array}\right]$
式中,A为关于3个台站经纬度的系数矩阵。去除定向误差和仪器噪声之后,极移便可通过3台陀螺仪数据解算出来。值得注意的是,此处测量得到的是角速度变化量(直接对应日长变化),解算世界时需要额外进行积分处理。
(2) 发展历程
1963年,Macek等[103]研制出世界上第一台激光陀螺仪。1977年,Ezekiel等[104]提出被动式激光陀螺仪方案,设计目的是消除增益介质存在时引发的闭锁效应和偏置漂移等问题,该陀螺仪的角速度分辨率为4.8×10-5 rad/s,即6.6×10-1ΩE,ΩE为地球自转角速度。1981年,Sanders等[105]对陀螺仪尺寸进行扩展,使得陀螺仪的角速度分辨率提升至2.7×10-8 rad/s。为了提升测量精度,同时将激光陀螺仪应用在地球物理研究和理论验证等方面,陀螺仪发展过程中出现了多种RLG,如C-Ⅰ/Ⅱ、G-ring、UG-1/2/3、ROMY、MIT、Caltech、HUST-1/2等。其中,1989年研制的C-Ⅰ首次实现了地球自转信号解调,验证了RLG测地的可行性[106];G-ring通过使用Zerodur材料以及花岗岩平台和氢钟飞秒光梳技术,在2010年观测到钱德勒摆动和周年摆动[107],是目前世界上精度最高的激光陀螺仪,精度几乎达到散粒噪声极限,最佳分辨率在105 s处达到2×10-13 rad/s[108];ROMY是世界上首个成功实现的大型三维激光陀螺仪,可以全方位测量地震波和地球自转的矢量变化[109-110]。国内大型光学陀螺仪研发已取得突破性进展,华中科技大学与中山大学合作研制的大型被动式激光陀螺仪已由1 m2原理验证迭代至64 m2大型系统,旋转测量分辨率从10-9 rad/s提升至10-11 rad/s,标志着我国大型陀螺仪技术正逐步跻身国际顶尖行列[111-112]。在极移测量方面,G-ring使用倾斜仪数据校正了固体地球潮汐和海洋潮汐的影响,极移探测精度为0.4 mas[113-114],可以探测到周日极移[113]和地球潮汐信号[115]。Schreiber等[116]通过RLG首次成功实现了对地球自转轴岁差与章动现象的精确测量,这为利用基于RLG的惯性传感方法进行EOP的高频、独立测量提供了全新的技术途径。
(3) 观测技术存在的局限性
RLG基于Sagnac效应,能够连续、独立地测量地球自转速率的瞬时变化,并且可应用于地震学研究,提供传统地震仪无法获取的旋转信息。凭借近实时分辨率且无需外部参考源的特点[114, 117],激光陀螺仪逐渐成为空间大地测量、地震学等领域的重要补充技术。但是目前仍受限于零点漂移和对局部地壳几何倾斜的敏感性,必须依赖VLBI进行外部标定校准[118],当前激光陀螺仪的数量也限制着解算精度的进一步提高。尽管如此,其在填补高频EOP观测数据空白方面仍展现出巨大潜力。
尽管现代空间大地测量技术已取得显著进步,但单一技术在实现全频段、高时间分辨率及长期稳定的EOP监测方面仍存在各自的局限性。为了克服这些不足并利用各技术的优势,必须深入理解各观测系统的物理特性、误差源及适用范围。例如VLBI虽然能够高精度地提供全部EOP数据,但其建设运维成本高、采样率低且数据传输存在延迟;激光测距数据采集周期长、时间覆盖率低;GNSS可以提供高时间分辨率数据,但是卫星轨道周期与地球信号存在耦合、易受信号干扰等。因此,通过多技术组合与数据融合来获取更完整、更稳定的地球自转信号,已成为深入探究极移激发机制、全面理解地球自转变化规律的发展趋势。
目前,IERS发布的极移产品(如IERS 14C04) 是基于VLBI、GNSS、SLR及DORIS四种空间大地测量技术的观测结果,通过数学模型进行联合平差和平滑处理后生成,属于解算结果的后处理融合,还未实现观测层面的联合处理。该过程并非简单的数值平均,其中包含时空基准统一、方差分量估计以及滑动窗口加权平差等复杂的处理流程[119]。具体而言,C04的组合策略包含2个核心环节:一是年度更新机制,旨在评估输入序列的网络效应,计算权重并校准长期不确定性,确保与参考框架的一致性;二是每日例行组合,负责高频数据的实时处理与产品发布。
在数据预处理阶段,IERS每年会选择或更新一组来自IVS、IGS、ILRS等服务机构的快速或最终EOP序列。然而,各分析中心的解算策略存在差异,以及在反演算法中,由于忽略了测量间的相关性而导致观测值到最终参数的误差传递过程偏离实际情况[120],单一技术序列提供的形式不确定度通常被显著低估,无法真实反映其精度水平。这种系统性的不一致和不确定度被低估的现象已在多项涉及VLBI的研究中被证实[63, 121]。因此,在组合前必须对各输入序列的标准差进行重定标,使其与序列间的成对差异保持统计一致性。
通过计算输入序列与参考序列差值的离散度,确定重定标因子fi:
$f_i=\frac{\mathrm{STD}_m}{\sigma_i^m}$
式中,STDm为同一技术类别的所有序列与参考序列差值的平均标准差,反映了该技术真实离散水平;σim为第i个输入序列的平均形式误差,对应各分析中心提供的名义精度。修正后的形式误差$ \tilde{\sigma}_i(t)$可表示为:
$\tilde{\sigma}_i(t)=f_i \cdot \sigma_i(t)$
在此基础上,采用滑动窗口加权平均法进行联合解算。为了消除系统差并提高解算稳定性,通常对各序列相对于先验值的残差进行平差。第j个观测残差$ \widetilde{p}_j$的权重wj由修正后的方差倒数确定:
$w_j=\frac{1}{\left(f_j \sigma_j(t)\right)^2}$
将时间窗口内的观测值插值传播至平均历元后,最终的组合解$ \bar{p}$及其后验标准误差$ \bar{\sigma} $可表示为:
$\bar{p}=\frac{\sum\limits_{j=1}^n w_j \widetilde{p}_j}{\sum\limits_{j=1}^n w_j}, \bar{\sigma}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\sum\limits_{j=1}^n w_j}}$
为了剔除数值处理引入的高频噪声并保留真实的地球物理信号,组合序列需采用Vondrak低通滤波器进行平滑处理[122],最终生成高精度、连续的EOP产品。
目前国际上基于解算结果的融合技术已较为成熟,如前述的IERS极移产品。尽管此类综合产品提供了长期的稳定参考,但开展特定技术间的组合研究仍具有不可替代的科学价值。这不仅有助于识别不同观测技术间的物理不一致性与系统偏差,更能清晰地评估RLG等新兴技术在增强极移序列完整性、提升高频分辨率以及验证数据可靠性等方面的边际贡献。通过目前成果可知,联合解算可以显著提升极移监测的精度和时空分辨率。多技术联合测量成果如表 2所示。
在解算结果层面的技术组合研究中,多种技术的优势互补已得到验证。例如VLBI通过联合Wettzell天文台的G-ring陀螺仪,利用其小时级数据弥补了VLBI缺乏高频观测数据的问题,使得y方向极移测量误差改善16%[123]。魏二虎等[124]对VLBI和GPS的解算结果进行加权平均,有效解决了VLBI观测数据密度不够和GPS解算结果不稳定的问题。在参考框架一致性研究方面,通过结合VLBI与SLR数据发现,二者之间存在1.7 ppb的参考框架尺度差异[125-126]。此外,在联合GNSS和SLR解算极移时,解算精度还会随着IGS观测站数量和分布情况发生改变,观测站数量在60个左右时能取得较高精度[127]。在观测层面上的技术联合,目前的研究仍处于探索阶段。其中具有代表性的进展是通过在卫星上搭载角反射镜实现GNSS与SLR的星基共址观测,使得x、y方向极移形式误差分别降低4.1%和3.9%,并在一定程度上减弱了极移差序列中的draconitic周期信号[128]。通过VLBI、SLR、GNSS和DORIS四种技术的融合,未来90 d内得到的低延迟快速极移产品的表现与IERS十分接近,预测前几天的ERP精度比IERS A公报高出近50%[129]。同时,结合大气海洋改进模型与实时数据融合算法,联合测量有望在亚日尺度极移变化监测中取得新突破,为地球动力学研究与高精度导航定位提供更高效精确的数据支撑[130]。
目前,中山大学已在武汉、珠海、广州和深圳等地部署了包括RLG观测网络、13 m口径VLBI接收天线、激光测距台站与GNSS接收机在内的多种观测设施,初步具备多技术协同获取ERP的能力。该综合观测体系有望在未来研究中联合多种技术,获取高精度、高时空分辨率的极移及其他ERP数据。RLG凭借其绝对测量、连续监测和潜在的高精度优势,有望在探究亚日尺度乃至小时级时间尺度上的极移变化特征时起到关键作用。多技术联合测量极移存在不同数据源融合处理的挑战,后续研究需开发更为高效的数据融合算法,充分挖掘各种测量数据中的有效信息,精准提取极移序列。
本文系统概述了多种测量技术(传统光学测量、空间大地测量、惯性传感测量)的极移测量原理与发展历程,并整理了各技术在极移测量方面的精度、产品发布周期及主要误差来源(表 3)。研究表明,数字天顶筒测量极移的精度可达60 mas,其主要误差源为天气等环境因素。在空间大地测量技术中,GNSS在极移测量方面展现出最高的时空分辨率和精度,可实现约6 h更新一次、精度达0.05 mas的监测;其他3种技术(VLBI、SLR、DORIS)的极移测量精度均达到亚毫角秒量级。RLG解算极移的最高精度已达到0.4 mas。值得注意的是,多技术融合与数据综合分析正日益成为研究ERP的一个发展趋势。该策略有助于综合发挥各技术优势,获取更全面、更精确的ERP数据。惯性传感测量技术,特别是RLG,在自主性、实时性、抗干扰性及环境适应性等方面具有显著优势,展现出重要的应用价值和发展潜力,可作为其他测量技术的有力补充,与其他技术联合能够实现优势互补与数据相互验证。
面对未来全天候、实时且高精度的ERP获取需求,单一技术仍存在观测盲区或系统性偏差。针对极移测量技术的发展,本文提出一些建议:
1) 针对VLBI数据延迟与采样率受限的问题,应加快全球观测网络建设与数据实时传输技术研发,优化数据分析中心布局。
2) 针对GNSS坐标时间序列中的伪周期信号,可以加强对近场多径效应和站点环境系统性误差的精细建模与扣除。
3) 建议在多技术组合解算中优化定权策略,避免因观测数据量少而使SLR的高精度约束信息被掩盖。
4) 建议推动GNSS、SLR与VLBI的深度融合,在统一的动力学与参数化框架下协同估计轨道、参考框架与极移等参数,以此充分利用VLBI在世界时与尺度基准方面的绝对约束能力、GNSS的高时间分辨率优势以及SLR在地心与尺度上的约束能力。
5) 对于RLG,未来的核心发展方向应聚焦于提升长期稳定性与测量精度,并结合原子、光纤陀螺仪等形成惯性传感技术的组网观测。
6) 利用惯性技术的高频响应与空间大地测量技术长期稳定的互补特性,有望建立亚日级甚至实时的高精度极移服务体系。
本综述旨在梳理近年来极移测量技术的进展与原理,为相关研究与应用提供参考。随着测量技术的持续进步与优化,ERP在亚日尺度乃至更高频率范围的测量精度有望得到进一步提升。这有助于完善极移激发机制的解释,更深入地探究地球各圈层间的角动量交换与耦合过程,以及为气候变化和地震活动监测等提供关键的科学支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42574061)
  • 国家精密重力测量科学中心开放课题(PGMF-2024-P013)
  • 国家精密重力测量科学中心开放课题(NGL-2025-006)
  • 空间基准全国重点实验室开放基金(SKLSD2025-KF-03)
  • 中山大学高校基本科研业务费
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.368
  • 接收时间:2025-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-03
基金
国家自然科学基金(42574061)
国家精密重力测量科学中心开放课题(PGMF-2024-P013)
国家精密重力测量科学中心开放课题(NGL-2025-006)
空间基准全国重点实验室开放基金(SKLSD2025-KF-03)
中山大学高校基本科研业务费
作者信息
    1 中山大学天琴中心, 珠海, 519082
    2 中山大学物理与天文学院, 珠海, 519082
    3 “天琴计划”教育部重点实验室, 珠海, 519082
    4 天琴前沿科学中心, 珠海, 519082
    5 国家航天局引力波研究中心, 珠海, 519082
    6 中山大学遥感科学与技术学院, 珠海, 519082

通讯作者:

柳奎, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事大型激光陀螺仪、地球自转精密测量及其应用研究, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.368
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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