Article(id=1322916873217638986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322916858604696290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.419, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764604800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793337561181, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793337561181, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793337561181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793337561181, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322916858604696290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='8', pageStart='913', pageEnd='1038', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793337557698, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793337557698, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=931, endPage=941, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322916873653846603, articleId=1322916873217638986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Three-Dimensional Deformation Inversion of the Nuole Landslide by Integrating SPF-InSAR with VMD-Wavelet Analysis and Its Lag Response Mechanism to Rainfall, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Conventional InSAR monitoring can only obtain one-dimensional deformation along the line-of-sight (LOS) direction, making it difficult to directly invert the three-dimensional movement mechanism of landslides. Moreover, the quantitative relationship between deformation time series and triggering factors such as rainfall remains unclear. To address this, we take the Nuole landslide as an example. By introducing the surface parallel flow(SPF) model, which is suitable for landslides whose movement direction is controlled by topography, as a constraint and integrating ascending and descending time-series InSAR observations, we successfully derived a high-precision three-dimensional deformation field. The results reveal that the landslide exhibits composite movement characteristics in the westward, northward, and downward directions, with westward motion being dominant at a maximum deformation rate of -140 mm/a. Furthermore, variational mode decomposition (VMD) was applied to accurately extract periodic signals from the deformation time series, and wavelet analysis was employed to quantify the triggering effect of rainfall on deformation. The study identified a significant common annual oscillation period between deformation and rainfall, with periodic deformation lagging behind rainfall by approximately one-quarter of the period (about 3 months). This lag period reflects the complete physical process of rainfall infiltration, slip-zone softening, and deformation response. The study provides an effective approach for quantitative analysis of the three-dimensional movement mechanism of landslides and rainfall-induced triggering mechanism.

, authors=Qing CHEN1, Sumin LI1, *, Miao GU2, Xianming SHEN3, Wanfu ZHANG1, authorsList=Qing CHEN, Sumin LI, Miao GU, Xianming SHEN, Wanfu ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Sumin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322916878749925984, articleId=1322916873217638986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=融合SPF-InSAR与VMD-小波分析的糯勒滑坡三维形变反演及其对降雨的滞后响应机理研究, columnId=1322566785874908034, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=特色栏目: 地震大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

传统InSAR监测仅能获取雷达视线向(LOS)一维形变,难以直接反演滑坡的三维运动机制,且形变时序与降雨等触发因素的定量关系尚不明确。为此,本文以糯勒滑坡为例,引入适用于滑坡运动方向受地形控制的SPF模型作为约束,联合升降轨时序InSAR观测,反演其高精度三维形变场。结果表明,滑坡呈现西向、北向与垂直向下的复合滑动特征,其中西向运动占主导,最大形变速率达-140 mm/a。采用VMD精准提取形变时序中的周期性信号,并通过小波分析量化降雨对形变的触发效应。研究发现,二者存在显著的1 a主振荡周期,且周期性形变滞后于降雨约1/4周期(约3个月),该滞后期揭示了降雨入渗-滑带软化-形变响应的完整物理过程。本研究可为滑坡三维运动机理与降雨触发机制的量化分析提供有效方法。

, authors=陈青1, 李素敏1, *, 谷苗2, 沈显名3, 张万福1, authorsList=陈青, 李素敏, 谷苗, 沈显名, 张万福, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李素敏, authorNote=

陈青,硕士生,主要研究方向为InSAR地表形变监测,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李素敏, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为InSAR高原山区数据处理及应用, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=hCne3Qj/0JnlbRHsgb6vEg==, magXml=pFLAHJgKK1i2AGKZjicwqg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=UxenW2YUiQ80ZsZF7zkvpw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7sCPLp01I7Om9VPRKJsEOA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322916880821912171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916873217638986, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=3513461624@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322916880909992557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916873217638986, authorId=1322916880821912171, language=EN, stringName=Qing CHEN, firstName=Qing, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322916881010655854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916873217638986, authorId=1322916880821912171, language=CN, stringName=陈青, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 昆明理工大学国土资源工程学院, 昆明, 650093, bio={"content":"

陈青,硕士生,主要研究方向为InSAR地表形变监测,E-mail:

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陈青,硕士生,主要研究方向为InSAR地表形变监测,E-mail:

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Sentinel-1A data parameters

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参数 升轨 降轨
轨道号 26 62
方位角/(°) 347.504 192.531
入射角/(°) 44.173 39.957
影像覆盖时间 2019-01—2024-04 2019-01—2024-04
影像数/景 154 153
), ArticleFig(id=1322916891576107684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916873217638986, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Sentinel-1A数据参数

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参数 升轨 降轨
轨道号 26 62
方位角/(°) 347.504 192.531
入射角/(°) 44.173 39.957
影像覆盖时间 2019-01—2024-04 2019-01—2024-04
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融合SPF-InSAR与VMD-小波分析的糯勒滑坡三维形变反演及其对降雨的滞后响应机理研究
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陈青 1 , 李素敏 1, * , 谷苗 2 , 沈显名 3 , 张万福 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026,46(8): 931-941
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大地测量与地球动力学 |特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026 , 46 (8) : 931 -941
融合SPF-InSAR与VMD-小波分析的糯勒滑坡三维形变反演及其对降雨的滞后响应机理研究
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陈青1 , 李素敏1, * , 谷苗2, 沈显名3, 张万福1
作者信息
  • 1 昆明理工大学国土资源工程学院, 昆明, 650093
  • 2 云南云金地科技有限公司, 昆明, 650032
  • 3 新疆维吾尔自治区地质局喀什地质大队, 喀什, 844000
通讯作者:
李素敏, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为InSAR高原山区数据处理及应用, E-mail:
作者简介:

陈青,硕士生,主要研究方向为InSAR地表形变监测,E-mail:

Three-Dimensional Deformation Inversion of the Nuole Landslide by Integrating SPF-InSAR with VMD-Wavelet Analysis and Its Lag Response Mechanism to Rainfall
Qing CHEN1 , Sumin LI1, * , Miao GU2, Xianming SHEN3, Wanfu ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
  • 2 Yunnan Yunjindi Geo-Information Co Ltd, Kunming 650032, China
  • 3 Kashgar Geological Brigade of Geological Bureau of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Kashgar 844000, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.419
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传统InSAR监测仅能获取雷达视线向(LOS)一维形变,难以直接反演滑坡的三维运动机制,且形变时序与降雨等触发因素的定量关系尚不明确。为此,本文以糯勒滑坡为例,引入适用于滑坡运动方向受地形控制的SPF模型作为约束,联合升降轨时序InSAR观测,反演其高精度三维形变场。结果表明,滑坡呈现西向、北向与垂直向下的复合滑动特征,其中西向运动占主导,最大形变速率达-140 mm/a。采用VMD精准提取形变时序中的周期性信号,并通过小波分析量化降雨对形变的触发效应。研究发现,二者存在显著的1 a主振荡周期,且周期性形变滞后于降雨约1/4周期(约3个月),该滞后期揭示了降雨入渗-滑带软化-形变响应的完整物理过程。本研究可为滑坡三维运动机理与降雨触发机制的量化分析提供有效方法。

大型滑坡  /  时序InSAR  /  SPF三维形变分解  /  变分模态分解(VMD)  /  交叉小波分析

Conventional InSAR monitoring can only obtain one-dimensional deformation along the line-of-sight (LOS) direction, making it difficult to directly invert the three-dimensional movement mechanism of landslides. Moreover, the quantitative relationship between deformation time series and triggering factors such as rainfall remains unclear. To address this, we take the Nuole landslide as an example. By introducing the surface parallel flow(SPF) model, which is suitable for landslides whose movement direction is controlled by topography, as a constraint and integrating ascending and descending time-series InSAR observations, we successfully derived a high-precision three-dimensional deformation field. The results reveal that the landslide exhibits composite movement characteristics in the westward, northward, and downward directions, with westward motion being dominant at a maximum deformation rate of -140 mm/a. Furthermore, variational mode decomposition (VMD) was applied to accurately extract periodic signals from the deformation time series, and wavelet analysis was employed to quantify the triggering effect of rainfall on deformation. The study identified a significant common annual oscillation period between deformation and rainfall, with periodic deformation lagging behind rainfall by approximately one-quarter of the period (about 3 months). This lag period reflects the complete physical process of rainfall infiltration, slip-zone softening, and deformation response. The study provides an effective approach for quantitative analysis of the three-dimensional movement mechanism of landslides and rainfall-induced triggering mechanism.

large-scale landslide  /  time-series InSAR  /  SPF-based 3D deformation decomposition  /  variational mode decomposition(VMD)  /  cross wavelet analysis
陈青, 李素敏, 谷苗, 沈显名, 张万福. 融合SPF-InSAR与VMD-小波分析的糯勒滑坡三维形变反演及其对降雨的滞后响应机理研究. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (8) : 931 -941 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.419
Qing CHEN, Sumin LI, Miao GU, Xianming SHEN, Wanfu ZHANG. Three-Dimensional Deformation Inversion of the Nuole Landslide by Integrating SPF-InSAR with VMD-Wavelet Analysis and Its Lag Response Mechanism to Rainfall[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (8) : 931 -941 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.419
我国西南山区地质条件复杂,地质构造活跃、地形陡峭、降雨丰沛,加之人类工程活动频繁,导致大型滑坡灾害发育强烈[1]。糯勒滑坡作为典型的大型基岩滑坡,规模宏大、结构复杂,对当地居民和基础设施构成严重威胁。因此,开展高精度、多维度滑坡形变监测与致灾机理研究,对地质灾害早期识别与风险防控具有重要意义[2]。
传统监测手段(如GPS、水准和裂缝计等)虽精度较高,但存在布点稀疏、成本高、难以获取空间连续形变场等局限[3]。时序InSAR技术(如SBAS-InSAR、PS-InSAR)以其高精度、广覆盖等优势,在滑坡识别与监测中得到广泛应用[4]。然而,单视角InSAR仅能获取雷达视线向(LOS)一维形变,限制了其在力学机理分析中的深入应用。为此,部分学者提出多种InSAR三维形变解算方法,包括与GNSS融合、联合Offset-Tracking技术以及结合先验模型等手段[5-7]。其中,基于地表平行流(SPF)模型的方法已用于估算岩石冰川三维运动[8],但在大型滑坡三维形变监测中其应用仍相对较少。此外,现有研究主要聚焦于形变场的构建,而对时序形变的驱动因素尚不明确。
滑坡形变是内外动力耦合作用的非线性过程,其形变时间序列通常包含趋势项、周期项与噪声[9],其中周期项是揭示滑坡对外部驱动(如降雨)响应的关键。常用的时序分解方法包括季节趋势分解(STL)、经验模态分解(EMD)与奇异谱分析(SSA)等[10-12],相比之下,变分模态分解(VMD)在抑制模态混叠和噪声鲁棒性方面表现更佳[13],可自适应地将信号分解为若干本征模态函数(IMF),更适用于形变周期与趋势成分的提取。罗亦泳等[14]通过仿真与实测数据验证了VMD在精度与平滑性上优于小波变换与EMD;Liu等[15]进一步证明了VMD在去噪能力、模态分离清晰度和分解稳定性方面优于EMD和EEMD。然而,目前对于VMD所得的IMF分量仍多停留在定性分析层面,缺乏与降雨等外部因子在尺度、时段与滞后性方面的定量对接。
小波变换能同时在时域与频域揭示信号的局部特征,适用于分析多时间尺度下序列间的相关性与滞后关系,在气象、水文及地质等领域应用广泛[16]。连续小波变换(CWT)可解析单信号的时频结构,交叉小波变换(XWT)能识别2个序列的共同频率与相位关系,小波相干(WTC)可量化局部相关的显著性[17]。唐伟等[18]和孔祥如[19]分别基于小波方法揭示了地表沉降与地下水位之间的滞后规律;Yang等[20]则通过小波分析确认降雨是金沙江某滑坡周期性形变的主要因素。
目前,针对大型滑坡的研究多集中于识别与定位,对InSAR三维形变过程的深入解析及外部触发因素的定量辨识仍较欠缺。本文以糯勒滑坡为例,将SPF-InSAR、VMD与小波分析进行系统性集成,构建一个从三维空间形变场反演到时序信号纯化,再到外部驱动机制量化的完整方法论链条。首先,结合时序InSAR LOS向形变与高分辨率DEM,基于SPF模型重建滑坡三维形变场;然后,采用VMD方法分解降轨形变特征点的LOS向时序,提取与降雨相关的周期项信号;最后,结合小波分析,定量研究形变周期项与降雨在多个时间尺度上的相干性与相位关系,揭示降雨影响滑坡形变的周期性规律与滞后效应。
糯勒滑坡位于云南省昆明市寻甸县金源乡(图 1),地处小江活动断裂带核心区域。滑坡体主滑方向约为320°,整体呈3级台阶状[21],纵长约1 050 m,横宽约2 800 m,平均厚度约40~60 m,总体积约1 200万m3,滑体物质结构松散,主要由灰岩块石、角砾及黏土混杂组成。该区域属高山峡谷地貌,地形陡峻,自然坡度多在25°~40°之间,加之年均降水量达1 000 mm且集中于5—10月,使得滑坡体长期处于间歇性蠕变状态。若发生大规模失稳,可能堵塞沟谷形成堰塞湖,对下游居民及基础设施构成严重威胁。
本文收集研究区机载LiDAR点云数据,用于生成1 m分辨率的高精度DEM(图 1(b))。同时,还收集覆盖研究区升降轨Sentinel-1A干涉宽幅模式数据,影像公共覆盖时间段为2019-01—2024-04,选取的SAR数据均为IW模式下的SLC影像,极化方式为VV极化。利用精密轨道数据(POD)去除Sentinel-1A轨道误差,具体参数如表 1所示。
Sentinel-1卫星采用侧视成像机制,其单次观测仅能获取沿雷达视线(LOS)向的一维形变。因此,常规InSAR观测值实质上是地表真实三维形变在LOS方向的投影。如图 2所示,LOS向形变量DLOS可由东西向DE、南北向DN和垂直向DU三个位移分量共同表示,图中α为卫星航向角,φ为卫星入射角。
LOS向形变在三维空间坐标系中与各个方向位移分量的投影关系表达式为[22]:
$D_{\mathrm{LOS}}=-D_{\mathrm{E}} \cos\alpha \sin \varphi+D_{\mathrm{N}} \sin \alpha \sin \varphi+D_{\mathrm{U}} \cos \varphi$
式(1)包含DE、DN、DU三个未知项,却仅有一个观测方程,构成欠定问题[23],理论上求解需至少3个不同几何视角的观测,但此条件在实际中常难以满足。
糯勒滑坡作为基岩滑坡,其形变主要表现为沿潜在滑面的剪切滑移,SPF模型将地表位移方向约束为局部坡向,在物理机制上符合滑坡体的实际运动模式。本文引入SPF假设,联合高精度DEM,将已知的地表斜率作为先验约束。在该假设下,垂直位移分量可由水平位移分量表征。升、降轨LOS向形变与三维形变分量的关系式可简化为[24]:
$\left[\begin{array}{c}D_{\mathrm{LOS}_{\mathrm{A}}} \\D_{\mathrm{LOS}_{\mathrm{D}}} \\0\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{lll}a & b & c\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}D_{\mathrm{E}} \\D_{\mathrm{N}} \\D_{\mathrm{U}}\end{array}\right]$
式中,DLOSA与DLOSD分别为升、降轨LOS向形变;a、b、c为对应的东西向、南北向和垂直向形变系数,可由式(1)结合SPF假设推导出。
基于SPF假设,滑坡垂直向位移与边坡坡度、东西向及南北向位移的关系式可表示为:
$D_{\mathrm{U}}=\left(\frac{\partial H}{\partial x}\right) D_{\mathrm{E}}+\left(\frac{\partial H}{\partial y}\right) D_{\mathrm{N}} $
式中,$H$为高程;$\frac{\partial H}{\partial x}$和$\frac{\partial H}{\partial y}$分别为东向和北向的一阶导数,可由外部DEM进行估算。
三维形变场为时序分析提供了基础,但InSAR观测值实为多种信号的混合体,尤其在糯勒滑坡,地形与植被会加剧信号混叠。为分离出真实的滑坡周期形变,必须对序列进行纯化处理。
为定量揭示滑坡形变与降雨之间的滞后响应关系,本文采用VMD与小波分析相结合的方法。首先,利用VMD从复杂的InSAR形变时序中精准提取与降雨相关的周期性信号;然后,通过小波分析在时频域中量化该周期性信号与降雨序列在多尺度上的相干性与相位差,从而确定滞后时间。两者的协同应用构成了从信号纯化到时滞量化的完整分析链条。
VMD基于变分理论,通过将信号分解构造为约束变分问题,可有效克服EMD等方法存在的模态混叠与噪声敏感问题。该方法将输入信号f(t)自适应地分解为K个具有稀疏性的本征模态函数(IMFs),即模态uk(t)(k=1, 2, …, K),其核心目标为最小化所有模态的估计带宽之和,并满足各模态之和等于原始信号的约束,约束变分形式为[25]:
$\min\limits_{\left\{u_{k}\right\}, \left\{\omega_{k}\right\}}\left\{\sum\limits_{k=1}^{K}\left\|\partial_{t}\left[\left(\delta(t)+\frac{\mathrm{j}}{{\rm{\mathsf{π}}} t}\right) * u_{k}(t)\right] \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{j} \omega_{k} t}\right\|_{2}^{2}\right\} $
$\text { s.t. } \sum\limits_{k=1}^{K} u_{k}(t)=f(t)$
式中,$u_{k}$为第$k$个分解得到的模态;$\omega_{k}$为其中心频率;$\partial_{t}$为时间导数,用于估计带宽;$\left(\delta(t)+\frac{\mathrm{j}}{{\rm{\mathsf{π}}} t}\right) * u_{k}(t)$表示对模态$u_{k}(t)$进行希尔伯特变换,得到其解析信号;$\mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{j} \omega_{k} t}$表示将模态的频谱调制到基带,便于带宽估计。该约束优化问题通过引入增广拉格朗日函数$L$转化为无约束形式:
$\begin{gather*}L\left(\left\{u_{k}\right\}, \left\{\omega_{k}\right\}, \lambda\right)= \\\alpha \sum\limits_{k=1}^{K}\left\|\partial_{t}\left[\left(\delta(t)+\frac{\mathrm{j}}{{\rm{\mathsf{π}}} t}\right) * u_{k}(t)\right] \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{j} \omega_{k} t}\right\|_{2}^{2}+ \\\left\|f(t)-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{K} u_{k}(t)\right\|_{2}^{2}+ \\\left\langle\lambda(t), f(t)-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{K} u_{k}(t)\right\rangle \end{gather*}$
式中,二次惩罚因子α可平衡重构误差与模态带宽;λ(t)为拉格朗日乘子,保证约束严格满足;||·||2为二范数运算符; 〈·〉为内积运算符。VMD采用交替方向乘子法,在频域中依次更新uk、ωk及λ(t),直至收敛,得到一组准正交且带宽有限的模态。
本文基于中心频率观察法与避免过度分解的原则,确定当k=3、α=2 000时模态带宽适中,年周期成分完整,且与降雨序列相关性最高,可为后续时频关联分析提供可靠输入。
小波分析是处理非平稳、多尺度信号的常用时频工具,已被广泛应用于地球物理、水文气象等领域的时序分析[26],其核心是通过可变窗口实现多尺度聚焦:高频处用短窗口分析细节,低频处用长窗口分析轮廓。
连续小波变换(CWT)通过可伸缩平移的母小波与信号卷积,实现时频联合分析,定义式为:
$W_{x}(a, \tau)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{|a|}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} x(t) \psi^{*}\left(\frac{t-\tau}{a}\right) \mathrm{d} t $
式中,$W_{x}(a, \tau)$为尺度$a$和位置$\tau$处的小波系数;$\psi^{*}$为复共轭;$\frac{1}{\sqrt{|a|}}$为能量归一化因子。本文采用Morlet小波$\psi(t)=\mathrm{e}^{-t / 2 / 2} \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i} \omega t}$作为母小波。
CWT结果通过小波功率谱可视化,可反映信号能量在时频域的分布,高能量区对应显著周期性振荡。为排除边缘效应,仅保留锥形影响区(COI)之外且通过显著性检验(p < 0.05)的区域[27]。
交叉小波变换(XWT)用于分析2个时间序列x(t)和y(t)在时频域中的共同高能区及相位关系,定义式为[18]:
$W_{x y}(a, \tau)=W_{x}(a, \tau) W_{y}^{*}(a, \tau)$
式中,Wy*为Wy的CWT系数的复共轭;Wxy(a, τ) 为交叉小波功率。本文后续XWT相位图中的箭头用于直观展示2个时间序列在时频域中的相位关系,箭头向右为同相(正相关),相位差为0°;箭头向左为反相(负相关),相位差为±180°;箭头向上表示序列x(t)领先序列y(t)四分之一周期,相位差为+90°。
小波相干(WTC)可衡量2个信号在时频域的局部相关程度,类似于时频域中的相关系数R2,定义式为[28]:
$\begin{gather*}R_{x y}^{2}(a, \tau)= \\\frac{\left|S\left(a^{-1} W_{x y}(a, \tau)\right)\right|^{2}}{S\left(a^{-1}\left|W_{x}(a, \tau)\right|^{2}\right) \cdot S\left(a^{-1}\left|W_{y}(a, \tau)\right|^{2}\right)} \end{gather*}$
式中,S为平滑算子;Rxy2(a, τ)∈[0, 1],数值越大表示相干性越强。相位关系表示方式同XWT。
基于相位差可计算滞后时间:
$T_{\operatorname{lag}}(a, \tau)=\frac{\Delta \varphi_{x y}(a, \tau)}{360^{\circ}} \times P(a)$
式中,Δφxy(a, τ)为相位差, 单位(°);P(a)为对应尺度a的物理周期。
为检验XWT与WTC中共同高能区的统计显著性,本文采用蒙特卡洛模拟,零假设为2个序列相互独立且服从一阶自回归红噪声模型。根据观测序列估计一阶自回归参数,生成大量随机序列进行模拟,取各时频点模拟相干值的95%分位数作为置信阈值,XWT与WTC结果中粗黑线以内为通过检验的显著区域。
本文通过对2个序列分别进行CWT来提取时频特征与季节性周期,再通过XWT与WTC识别其在时频域的相关性,并依据相位关系定量揭示滞后响应时间,从而明确2个序列的动态相互作用机制。
采用SBAS-InSAR技术处理获得研究区LOS向累积形变与形变速率场,结果见图 3。整体而言,SBAS-InSAR在糯勒滑坡区域能有效揭示滑坡体在LOS向的形变特征。受卫星成像几何差异影响,升降轨监测结果在形变表征上存在明显区别,升轨与降轨结果在形变符号上呈相反趋势,正值代表坡体向卫星方向运动(抬升),负值则表示远离卫星(沉降)。
由于糯勒滑坡整体坡向朝西,降轨影像的观测几何更接近其真实滑移方向,监测结果能更准确地反映实际形变情况。降轨监测表明,研究期间滑坡体形变显著,主要形变区集中于第Ⅱ与第Ⅲ级台阶交界区域(图 3(b)和3(d))。具体而言,第Ⅰ级台阶主要形变位于C1点附近,年均形变速率约-125 mm/a,累积形变量约-550 mm;第Ⅱ级台阶主要形变位于B1点周边,年均形变速率介于-170~-110 mm/a,累积形变量达-750 mm;第Ⅲ级台阶A1点附近区域形变最为活跃,年均形变速率达-170 mm/a,累积形变量约-800 mm。
值得强调的是,升降轨结果均显示滑坡形变主体位于第Ⅱ、Ⅲ级台阶,反映出2019—2024年滑坡持续滑移的典型特征。该持续形变已导致台阶间裂缝逐年扩张,并引发民房拉裂、倾斜等实际灾害,进一步印证了滑坡活动的显著性与灾害风险。
虽然一维LOS向位移结果可用于确定滑坡体发生形变的位置和空间范围,但升降轨的形变监测结果并不一致,且坡体失稳发育往往是在多维框架下发生的。为揭示糯勒滑坡在三维空间中的真实运动状态,本文联合升降轨InSAR观测、SPF假设与高分辨率DEM,将LOS向形变分解至东西向、南北向及垂直向3个方向,获取滑坡体的三维形变场,结果见图 4,图中蓝色表示负向移动(向西、沉降、向南),红色表示正向移动(向东、抬升、向北)。监测期内滑坡体三维形变特征显著,整体表现为西移、沉降、北扩的复合运动模式。其中,东西向形变最为突出,累积位移量最大达-950 mm,年均速率最大达-180 mm/a,形变集中分布于第Ⅱ、Ⅲ级台阶,显示滑坡前缘在西向具有持续滑动趋势;垂直向形变主要发育于第Ⅰ、Ⅱ级台阶后缘,最大沉降量为690 mm,年均速率最大为-140 mm/a,反映滑坡后缘持续拉张;南北向形变则呈现南缩北张的空间格局,形变主体位于第Ⅱ、Ⅲ级台阶,边缘区域向南移动,最大位移量约-350 mm,中部则向北运动,位移量约为300 mm,年均形变速率在-75~45 mm/a之间,揭示滑坡体内部存在明显的侧向分异形变。三维形变结果表明,糯勒滑坡主体运动方向为向西、向下,并伴随有北向扩展,其空间活动模式与实地地质认识相符,进一步印证了滑坡目前处于持续蠕滑形变阶段。
为分析滑坡时空演化规律,基于三维形变场结果,按年度提取东西、垂直及南北3个方向的累积形变量,结果如图 5所示。
从图 5可以看出,滑坡体形变范围随时间持续扩展,整体形变呈加剧趋势。截至2021-01,滑坡体在各方向的形变量均较小,东西向形变始于坡体前端,垂直向形变始于后缘,南北向形变则首先出现在坡体边缘区域;截至2022-01,滑坡体形变显著加剧,其中东西向形变最为突出,1 a内累积沉降量达180 mm;垂直向形变影响范围较广,但集中沉降量低于东西向;南北向主要形变区集中分布于坡体边缘及中部,累积形变量明显小于其他2个方向。
糯勒滑坡的三维形变空间分异特征受地质结构与边界条件控制,具体表现为前缘牵引、后缘拉张、侧向扩离的复合蠕滑模式。东西向形变主要集中于滑坡前缘,泥石流沟的持续侵蚀使临空面扩大,在重力牵引下前缘失稳滑移,牵引上部坡体发生形变,符合牵引式滑坡机制。垂直向形变主要分布于滑坡后缘,系地表水下渗软化岩土体、自重增大,导致沿垂直方向发生沉降拉张。南北向形变则集中于滑坡内部,受南北向薄弱结构面控制,在构造应力与重力分力共同作用下形成应力集中,加之岩土体松散、蓄水软化后抗剪强度降低,更易产生侧向扩离。综上可知,糯勒滑坡整体表现为持续的重力牵引式蠕滑形变。
基于一维与三维InSAR形变监测结果判定糯勒滑坡长期处于持续运动状态,其形变表现出典型的蠕滑型滑坡特征。为深入分析该滑坡的时序形变规律,本文进一步采用VMD方法对§3.1所选的3个特征点(A1、B1、C1)的降轨LOS向形变序列进行分解。其中,A1点位于滑坡前缘,形变量最大;B1点位于滑坡中部;C1点位于滑坡后缘,形变量相对较小。VMD能够依据信号特征将复杂的InSAR形变序列自适应地分解为不同成分。根据分解结果,将表征长期形变趋势的低频分量IMF1定义为趋势项,呈现年周期波动特征的IMF2定义为周期项,而高频分量IMF3则视为随机噪声。
由图 6可见,A1、B1、C1特征点的趋势项形变量均呈平稳单调递增的态势,符合典型蠕滑型滑坡的形变特征,表明在监测时段内滑坡整体处于持续、均匀的形变过程。尽管滑坡在空间上呈现3级台阶式的差异形变,但在重力的持续作用下,各部位仍表现出基本一致的下沉趋势,预示未来沉降仍将持续发展,需予以持续关注并加强防控。
根据图 6中月降雨量与日降雨量分布可知,研究区降雨呈明显的季节性特征,雨季集中于每年5—10月。A1、B1、C1三个特征点的形变周期项波动峰值普遍滞后于降雨峰值约1~2个月,反映出滑坡形变对降雨具有显著的季节性响应规律。结合滑坡体水文力学行为分析可知,每年11月至次年4月旱季期间,坡体持续风化干燥,地表裂隙发育。进入雨季后,雨水沿裂隙下渗,导致坡体自重增大、抗剪强度降低,引发初始沉降。随着降雨持续,粘土层吸水膨胀、孔隙水压力升高,坡体局部呈现抬升。至9—10月雨季后期,降雨减少,表层水分继续向深部运移,坡体自重进一步增加,再次进入沉降阶段。这一过程较好地解释了形变周期项相对于降雨的滞后与动态变化。
从图 6还可以看出,随机项形变量在±4 mm范围内呈无规律小幅波动,主要反映系统误差与短期环境干扰的影响。在VMD分解过程中,将该分量作为随机项予以分离,能避免模态混叠与信号过拟合的影响,从而确保趋势项与周期项分解结果的可靠性与精度。
对3个特征点的LOS向累积形变量、周期项、趋势项及降雨量的综合分析表明,滑坡后缘(C1点)形变量明显小于前缘(A1点)。这一差异主要源于后缘形变更多受坡体自重控制,而前缘同时承受上部坡体推挤与泥石流沟冲刷侵蚀的双重作用。分析还发现,滑坡体形变不仅与强降雨事件有关,也与累积降雨量存在关联。
在糯勒滑坡LOS向形变中,趋势项和随机项与降雨量的延迟响应关系较弱,周期项是反映形变与降雨滞后响应的关键分量。VMD分解结果显示,形变周期项相对于降雨存在1~3个月的滞后响应,但这一结论主要基于目视判断,滞后时间范围较为粗略,且难以评估其在多时间尺度上的稳定性。为此,本文采用小波分析方法,旨在精确量化形变与降雨滞后关系的周期特征及其时变规律。
通过对糯勒滑坡InSAR形变序列进行VMD处理,其周期项分量呈现出与降雨变化相协调的波动模式。为深入探究两者在不同时间尺度上的关联,本研究采用小波方法进行分析。CWT能够同时解析信号在时域和频域上的局部特征,适用于分别揭示降雨与形变周期项的时频结构。据此,对研究区降雨数据及A1、B1、C1三个特征点的形变周期项进行CWT分析,结果见图 7。图中黄色表示能量集中,蓝色表示能量较弱;细黑线表示锥形影响区(COI)边界,用来界定有效分析范围;粗黑线以内为通过95%置信度检验的显著能量区,表明该区域信号具有统计显著性。
图 7(b)、7(c)及7(d)显示,3个特征点的地表形变在265 d以上的长周期尺度上均表现出较高的能量,呈现约1 a的周期性规律。部分长周期区域虽超出显著性边界,但其能量集中且连续,具有明确的物理意义而非随机波动。同时,这些显著区域均位于COI边界之内,有效避免了边缘效应的干扰,确保分析结果的可靠性。相比之下,短周期尺度下的形变能量较弱,未表现出显著的周期性特征。从图 7(a)可见,日降雨量在多个时间尺度上能量集中,短周期波动频繁且显著,长周期同样存在约1 a的主周期。这一时频特征与地表形变的周期性规律高度吻合,进一步印证了二者之间的内在联系,为后续探究其相互作用奠定了基础。结合VMD分解结果可知,地表周期形变与降雨不仅周期一致,且存在滞后关系,共同揭示了降雨对滑坡形变的驱动作用。
为探究降雨与滑坡周期性形变在时频域的响应关系,本文采用XWT与WTC对周期性形变与降雨序列进行联合分析。XWT能揭示2个信号共同的能量分布与协同振荡规律;而WTC则可进一步量化其局部相关程度及相位关系,从而精确识别其相互作用强度与滞后特性。图 8为二者的XWT功率谱,功率值范围为1/64~64,颜色由深蓝向黄色渐变;图 9为WTC结果,相干性值域为0~1,颜色由蓝至黄表示相关性增强。图中细黑线表示COI边界,用来界定有效分析区域;粗黑线内部为通过95%置信水平检验的显著区域;箭头方向指示2个序列的相位关系:向右表示同相,向左为反相,向上表示降雨超前形变90°(即1/4周期),向下则表示形变超前降雨。这一设置为准确判断降雨与形变之间的滞后规律提供了直观依据。
图 8显示,降雨与地表周期性形变的能量密度峰值连续稳定,在256 d以上(约1 a)的周期尺度上表现出较强的交叉小波功率,表明二者在此周期内存在显著相关性,地表形变随降雨变化呈现规律性响应。XWT结果中高功率区域的相位差箭头主要指向左上与左下方向,反映出各特征点的周期项位移与日降雨量呈统计负相关。同时,相位关系表明形变响应存在约1~3个月的滞后特征。此外,本文周期位移的符号基本为负,数值越小表示形变越大。因此,在XWT中观察到的负相关应该被解释为物理方面的正相关,表明随着日降雨量的增加,周期形变也增加。
XWT与WTC结果表明,降雨与滑坡形变在1 a周期上存在持续的强共振能量与高相干性。由于WTC有效抑制了单信号功率影响,能更可靠地反映两者关系,因此以WTC分析中更为精确和稳健的相位差结果作为量化滞后时间的最终依据。在整个监测期内,形变与降雨在长周期(>256 d)和短周期(4~64 d)上均存在能通过显著性检验的相干信号。其中,长周期相干信号在时间轴上具有连续分布特征,反映出年尺度上滑坡形变对降雨季节性变化的系统性响应;短周期信号则呈现零散分布、随时间波动的特点,体现出短时强降雨对滑坡的瞬态影响。值得注意的是,相干区域内的相位箭头普遍指向上方,表明降雨变化领先于形变响应约1/4周期(约3个月)。这一稳定的滞后关系揭示了水分运移诱发形变的完整过程,即降雨入渗导致基质吸力丧失与孔隙水压力升高,致使滑面抗剪强度逐步降低,最终引发剪切蠕变。因此,1~3个月的滞后本质对应于降雨入渗-土体软化-强度衰减-形变发生的力学过程。综合分析表明,在2019—2024年监测期间,糯勒滑坡3个特征点的周期性形变主要受降雨控制,且存在明显的滞后响应。
为从机理上解释滑坡形变对降雨存在的滞后响应现象,采用水-力耦合的理论框架对其物理过程进行概念性解释(图 10)。滑坡响应滞后的本质涉及非饱和至饱和渗流与岩土强度随时间的软化过程,其顺序表现为:降雨入渗-孔隙水压力传递-有效应力下降-抗剪强度降低-剪切形变发展。因此,总滞后时间可划分为3个部分:水分在坡体中的运移时间、孔隙水压力响应和强度软化时间及形变响应时间。
水分在滑体中的垂向运移可采用一维入渗模型概化。设滑体平均厚度为L,根据达西定律,渗流速度v与水力梯度i和渗透系数K有关[29]:
$v=K \cdot i $
在持续降雨补给下,可近似认为水力梯度i≈1,则v≈K。水分运移时间可估算为:
$\Delta t_{1} \approx \frac{L}{v}=\frac{L}{K}$
基于研究区相关文献,糯勒滑坡主要由灰岩块石、角砾及黏土混杂构成,其饱和渗透系数K可取10-5 m/s,平均厚度为40~60 m,则Δt1约为46~69 d。考虑介质非均质性和非饱和流动的复杂性,实际时间可能有所波动,但约2个月的量级与观测时间基本相符。
水分抵达滑带后,孔隙水压力的上升与消散过程可用一维固结理论的时间因子来类比。特征时间tc与滑带厚度H的平方成正比,与固结系数Cv成反比[30]:
$t_{c} \propto \frac{H^{2}}{C_{v}}$
对于黏性土,Cv可取10-6 m2/s。鉴于目前缺乏糯勒滑坡滑带厚度的直接勘探数据,故参考滇东北地区同类大型土质或土石混合滑坡的地质勘查经验,其滑带厚度通常在0.5~3 m之间,多为含黏土的破碎夹层。若滑带厚度H为1 m,则tc约为11.6 d。孔隙水压力上升导致有效应力σ′降低,根据摩尔-库仑准则[31]会降低抗剪强度τf:
$\tau_{f}=c^{\prime}+\sigma^{\prime} \tan \varphi^{\prime}$
式中,c′与φ′为有效强度参数。强度衰减至临界值的过程可能需数周,综合考虑估计孔隙水压力响应及强度软化时间Δt2约为10~20 d。
滑带强度降低后,滑坡开始加速蠕变。从蠕变启动到形变量达到InSAR可探测的水平需要一定时间,形变响应时间Δt3估计为1~2周。因此,总滞后时间Tlag可表示为:
$T_{\text {lag }}=\Delta t_{1}+\Delta t_{2}+\Delta t_{3}$
3个阶段的时间相加约为50~100 d,与基于小波分析得到的约1/4周期(约3个月)高度吻合。分析表明,糯勒滑坡形变滞后降雨的主要原因是水分在低渗透性滑体中的运移时间,其中水分运移时间Δt1占总滞后时间的大部分,这与由黏土和碎石混杂组成的滑坡体的低渗透性相符。
本文针对糯勒滑坡三维形变过程及降雨触发机制展开研究,主要取得以下结论:
1) 基于SPF模型,成功重建了滑坡前缘牵引、后缘拉张的三维形变场,揭示了其以西向运动为主导的复合滑动模式,精准圈定了坡体前缘为核心形变区,东西向最大累积形变量达-950 mm,为稳定性评估提供了空间依据。
2) VMD有效剥离了形变序列中的趋势项、周期项与随机分量。趋势项单调递增,证实滑坡处于持续重力蠕滑状态;周期项则凸显了形变对降雨的季节性响应,存在3个月的滞后期。
3) 小波分析从时频域定量证实了形变与降雨存在1 a主周期及1/4周期(约3个月)的滞后关系,完整刻画了降雨入渗-强度软化-形变响应的物理过程,为降雨型滑坡的机理模型与预警阈值确定提供了关键参数。
本文构建的SPF-InSAR-VMD-小波分析技术框架,不仅深化了对糯勒滑坡形变-降雨滞后响应机理的认识,也为具有类似缓变-周期复合形变特征的滑坡研究提供了一套可参考的分析方法。该方法在相近地质与气候条件下具有一定的适用潜力,但在实际推广中仍需结合具体条件进行验证与调整。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52364020)
  • 云南省重大科技专项与重点研发计划(202403ZC380001)
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2026年第46卷第8期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.419
  • 接收时间:2025-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-02
基金
国家自然科学基金(52364020)
云南省重大科技专项与重点研发计划(202403ZC380001)
作者信息
    1 昆明理工大学国土资源工程学院, 昆明, 650093
    2 云南云金地科技有限公司, 昆明, 650032
    3 新疆维吾尔自治区地质局喀什地质大队, 喀什, 844000

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李素敏, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为InSAR高原山区数据处理及应用, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Percentage of
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属
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species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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