Article(id=1322571040031617298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322570898712937423, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.07.255, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1752768000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793255108124, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793255108124, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793255108124, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793255108124, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322570898712937423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='522', pageEnd='661', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793255074432, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793255074432, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=530, endPage=540, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322571040182612243, articleId=1322571040031617298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Geochemical Characteristics of Hot Spring Fluids in Eryuan Region and Their Relationship with Seismic Activity, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

We analyze the geochemical characteristics of five hot spring fluids in Eryuan and its surrounding areas, and explore the relationship among geothermal distribution, mantle-derived fluid degassing, hydrochemical anomalies, and seismic activity. The results show that hydrochemical type of hot springs in the study area include HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca, HCO3·SO4-Na, HCO3·Cl-Na, SO4-Ca·Na, and SO4·Cl-Na·Ca. The main sources of hot spring gases are atmospheric saturated water and air, with contributions from volatile components in the crust and mantle. The heat storage temperatures of hot springs in the study area ranges from 164 to 275 ℃, and circulation depths is from 6 369.78 to 11 143.98 meters. The content of He is from 12.90 to 821.62 ppm. Large-scale deep faults in Eryuan area provide favorable channels for the upward migration of deep-sourced fluids, and the deep-sourced fluids are the direct sources of geothermal energy and He. There is a correlation between the geochemical characteristics of hot spring fluids and seismic activities, which is characterized by the deeper the circulation depth, the higher the geothermal reservoir temperature, and the stronger the seismic activity. Moreover, most of the M≥4 earthquakes are located in the transition zone between high and low geothermal reservoir temperatures. The Cl- and SO42- concentrations of Wenmiao hot spring show abnormal increases before and after earthquakes, mainly due to the contribution of the mixing of deep-sourced fluids and different aquifers. The temperature at spring outlet shows an abnormal decrease, which may be related to the fact that multiple fractures provide heat dissipation channels after the earthquake. The hydrochemical values of hot springs were restored after the earthquake, indicating that the deep-sourced fluid activity in Eryuan area weakened.

, authors=Can YOU1, 2, Zihan TAI1, 2, Qilin LI1, 2, *, Xiaoping HAI1, 2, Xiang ZHANG1, 2, Hua RAN1, 2, Jiankun CHEN1, 2, authorsList=Can YOU, Zihan TAI, Qilin LI, Xiaoping HAI, Xiang ZHANG, Hua RAN, Jiankun CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qilin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322571041952608548, articleId=1322571040031617298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=洱源地区温泉流体地球化学特征及与地震活动的关系, columnId=1281933709121138897, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地球动力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

对洱源及周边地区5个温泉的流体地球化学特征进行研究, 探讨洱源县地热分布、幔源流体释放、水化学特征异常与地震活动之间的关系。结果表明, 研究区温泉的水化学类型有HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca、HCO3·SO4-Na、HCO3·Cl-Na、SO4-Ca·Na和SO4·Cl-Na·Ca, 温泉气体主要来源为大气饱和水和空气, 存在壳幔挥发分的贡献。研究区热储温度在164~275 ℃之间, 循环深度介于6 369.78~11 143.98 m之间, He含量为12.90~821.62 ppm。洱源地区的深大断裂为深部流体上涌提供了有利通道, 深部流体是地热以及He的直接来源。温泉流体地球化学特征与地震活动存在相关性, 表现为循环深度越深、热储温度越高, 地震活动性越强的特点, 且M≥4地震大部分位于高低温热储温度转换区。文庙温泉的Cl-、SO42-浓度在地震前后发生异常上升变化, 主要原因为深源流体和不同含水层混合的贡献; 泉口温度发生异常下降变化, 可能与震后多条裂隙提供了散热通道有关。水化学特征值在震后得到恢复, 说明洱源地区的深源流体活动转弱。

, authors=游灿1, 2, 台梓含1, 2, 李其林1, 2, *, 海潇平1, 2, 张翔1, 2, 冉华1, 2, 陈建坤1, 2, authorsList=游灿, 台梓含, 李其林, 海潇平, 张翔, 冉华, 陈建坤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李其林, authorNote=

游灿, 助理工程师, 主要从事流体地球化学研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李其林, 博士, 副研究员, 主要从事深源流体在地震中的作用研究, E-mail:
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底图据1:100万中国地质图(大理幅)[18]改绘

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The chemical parameters of hot spring water in the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
泉点名称 采样时间 T/℃ pH Na+
/mgL-1
K+
/mgL-1
Ca2+
/mgL-1
Mg2+
/mgL-1
Cl-
/mgL-1
SO42-
/mgL-1
SiO2
/mgL-1
HCO3-
/mgL-1
TDS
/mgL-1
新坪热水塘 2023-11-04 39.82 7.49 264.28 19.393 18.02 2.75 21.15 50.56 80.66 579.19 555
文庙温泉 2023-11-05 68.12 7.32 724.41 54.629 54.94 7.19 29.19 469.19 100.66 1 343.8 1 515
炼城澡堂 2023-11-05 40.47 6.66 366.12 38.098 184.90 19.65 22.37 317.20 64 704.24 1 080
炼场坪温泉 2023-11-25 47.53 7.14 365.78 50.264 785.66 50.58 329.90 1 507.33 038.79 38.21 2 360
沙坝温泉 2023-11-19 47.48 6.66 74.41 14.329 54.96 7.59 12.11 29.27 53.79 9.59 290
), ArticleFig(id=1322571047866577265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571040031617298, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区温泉水化学参数

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泉点名称 采样时间 T/℃ pH Na+
/mgL-1
K+
/mgL-1
Ca2+
/mgL-1
Mg2+
/mgL-1
Cl-
/mgL-1
SO42-
/mgL-1
SiO2
/mgL-1
HCO3-
/mgL-1
TDS
/mgL-1
新坪热水塘 2023-11-04 39.82 7.49 264.28 19.393 18.02 2.75 21.15 50.56 80.66 579.19 555
文庙温泉 2023-11-05 68.12 7.32 724.41 54.629 54.94 7.19 29.19 469.19 100.66 1 343.8 1 515
炼城澡堂 2023-11-05 40.47 6.66 366.12 38.098 184.90 19.65 22.37 317.20 64 704.24 1 080
炼场坪温泉 2023-11-25 47.53 7.14 365.78 50.264 785.66 50.58 329.90 1 507.33 038.79 38.21 2 360
沙坝温泉 2023-11-19 47.48 6.66 74.41 14.329 54.96 7.59 12.11 29.27 53.79 9.59 290
), ArticleFig(id=1322571047954657650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571040031617298, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

The chemical parameters of hot spring gases in the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
泉点名称 H2/ppm He/ppm Ne/ppm Ar/% O2/% N2/% CH4/ppm CO2/%
新坪热水塘 7.25 821.62 11.75 1.19 4.03 86.10 7 070.15 7.89
文庙温泉 5.28 53.72 4.02 0.57 7.73 23.96 5 953.14 67.14
炼城澡堂 5.84 288.82 2.22 0.47 1.15 20.74 215.19 77.59
炼场坪温泉 5.02 12.90 1.69 0.19 3.22 7.68 18.93 88.91
沙坝温泉 12.43 32.99 1.63 0.34 3.83 11.85 3 442.37 83.63
), ArticleFig(id=1322571048038543731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571040031617298, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

研究区温泉气体化学参数

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泉点名称 H2/ppm He/ppm Ne/ppm Ar/% O2/% N2/% CH4/ppm CO2/%
新坪热水塘 7.25 821.62 11.75 1.19 4.03 86.10 7 070.15 7.89
文庙温泉 5.28 53.72 4.02 0.57 7.73 23.96 5 953.14 67.14
炼城澡堂 5.84 288.82 2.22 0.47 1.15 20.74 215.19 77.59
炼场坪温泉 5.02 12.90 1.69 0.19 3.22 7.68 18.93 88.91
沙坝温泉 12.43 32.99 1.63 0.34 3.83 11.85 3 442.37 83.63
), ArticleFig(id=1322571048126624116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571040031617298, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Mineral saturation index (SI) of hot springs in the study area

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泉点名称 硬石膏 文石 方解石 玉髓 白云石 萤石 石膏 石盐 石英 滑石
新坪热水塘 -2.71 0.09 0.22 0.18 0.09 0.86 -2.57 -6.86 0.57 -0.32
文庙温泉 -1.50 0.65 0.78 0.20 1.15 0.69 -1.44 -6.35 0.56 0.41
炼城澡堂 -1.14 0.24 0.37 0.08 0.23 0.79 -1.00 -6.73 0.47 -3.45
炼场坪温泉 -0.07 -0.01 0.12 -0.21 -0.52 0.72 -0.01 -5.62 0.16 -0.03
沙坝温泉 -2.23 -1.80 -1.67 -0.07 -3.70 -0.31 -2.16 -7.62 0.29 -3.60
), ArticleFig(id=1322571048214704501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571040031617298, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

研究区温泉的矿物饱和指数(SI)

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泉点名称 硬石膏 文石 方解石 玉髓 白云石 萤石 石膏 石盐 石英 滑石
新坪热水塘 -2.71 0.09 0.22 0.18 0.09 0.86 -2.57 -6.86 0.57 -0.32
文庙温泉 -1.50 0.65 0.78 0.20 1.15 0.69 -1.44 -6.35 0.56 0.41
炼城澡堂 -1.14 0.24 0.37 0.08 0.23 0.79 -1.00 -6.73 0.47 -3.45
炼场坪温泉 -0.07 -0.01 0.12 -0.21 -0.52 0.72 -0.01 -5.62 0.16 -0.03
沙坝温泉 -2.23 -1.80 -1.67 -0.07 -3.70 -0.31 -2.16 -7.62 0.29 -3.60
), ArticleFig(id=1322571048302784886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571040031617298, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

The geothermal reservoir temperature and circulation depth calculated by silicon-enthalpy model and geochemical temperature scales

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泉点名称 T石英(无损)/℃ T石英(最大蒸汽损失)/℃ T玉髓/℃ 冷水混入比/% 硅-焓模型的热储温度/℃ 混入冷水后循环深度/m 混入冷水前循环深度/m
新坪热水塘 125.53 122.86 97.63 84 250 4 657.89 10 068.71
文庙温泉 137.57 133.03 110.90 76 235 5 135.28 9 423.55
炼城澡堂 113.69 112.77 84.71 90 275 4 186.15 11 143.98
炼场坪温泉 90.33 92.60 59.62 79 164 3 250.17 6 369.78
沙坝温泉 105.25 105.52 75.58 84 208 3 848.84 8 262.26
), ArticleFig(id=1322571048386670967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571040031617298, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

硅-焓模型和地球化学温标计算的热储温度和循环深度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
泉点名称 T石英(无损)/℃ T石英(最大蒸汽损失)/℃ T玉髓/℃ 冷水混入比/% 硅-焓模型的热储温度/℃ 混入冷水后循环深度/m 混入冷水前循环深度/m
新坪热水塘 125.53 122.86 97.63 84 250 4 657.89 10 068.71
文庙温泉 137.57 133.03 110.90 76 235 5 135.28 9 423.55
炼城澡堂 113.69 112.77 84.71 90 275 4 186.15 11 143.98
炼场坪温泉 90.33 92.60 59.62 79 164 3 250.17 6 369.78
沙坝温泉 105.25 105.52 75.58 84 208 3 848.84 8 262.26
), ArticleFig(id=1322571048457974136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571040031617298, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Results of six field observation sessions at Wenmiao hot spring

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温泉
名称
观测时间序列 采样时间 温度/℃ Na+
/mgL-1
K+
/mgL-1
Ca2+
/mgL-1
Mg2+
/mgL-1
Cl-
/mgL-1
SO42-
/mgL-1
HCO3-
/mgL-1
文庙温泉 2025-04-24洱源M4.8地震前 2023-11-05 68.12 724.41 54.629 54.95 7.2 29.19 469.19 1 343.83
2024-08-02 65.8 669.57 45.907 51.2 7.53 27.35 504 1 198
2025-04-24洱源M4.8地震后 2025-05-08 58.52 653.93 47.326 52.39 8.28 37.91 685.47 1 204.75
2025-06-05洱源M5.0地震后 2025-06-06 未测得 577.82 45.608 59.31 9.65 38.84 594.88 1 281
2025-06-16 57.5 652.76 50.177 49.98 7.11 36.99 696.92 1 311.5
2025-07-20 63.6 776.00 48.285 50.40 8.20 29.26 472.21 1 298.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322571048537665913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571040031617298, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

文庙温泉6期野外观测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温泉
名称
观测时间序列 采样时间 温度/℃ Na+
/mgL-1
K+
/mgL-1
Ca2+
/mgL-1
Mg2+
/mgL-1
Cl-
/mgL-1
SO42-
/mgL-1
HCO3-
/mgL-1
文庙温泉 2025-04-24洱源M4.8地震前 2023-11-05 68.12 724.41 54.629 54.95 7.2 29.19 469.19 1 343.83
2024-08-02 65.8 669.57 45.907 51.2 7.53 27.35 504 1 198
2025-04-24洱源M4.8地震后 2025-05-08 58.52 653.93 47.326 52.39 8.28 37.91 685.47 1 204.75
2025-06-05洱源M5.0地震后 2025-06-06 未测得 577.82 45.608 59.31 9.65 38.84 594.88 1 281
2025-06-16 57.5 652.76 50.177 49.98 7.11 36.99 696.92 1 311.5
2025-07-20 63.6 776.00 48.285 50.40 8.20 29.26 472.21 1 298.4
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洱源地区温泉流体地球化学特征及与地震活动的关系
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游灿 1, 2 , 台梓含 1, 2 , 李其林 1, 2, * , 海潇平 1, 2 , 张翔 1, 2 , 冉华 1, 2 , 陈建坤 1, 2
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地球动力学 2026,46(5): 530-540
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地球动力学 2026 , 46 (5) : 530 -540
洱源地区温泉流体地球化学特征及与地震活动的关系
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游灿1, 2 , 台梓含1, 2, 李其林1, 2, * , 海潇平1, 2, 张翔1, 2, 冉华1, 2, 陈建坤1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 云南省地震局, 昆明, 650224
  • 2 中国地震局昆明地震预报研究所, 昆明, 650201
通讯作者:
李其林, 博士, 副研究员, 主要从事深源流体在地震中的作用研究, E-mail:
作者简介:

游灿, 助理工程师, 主要从事流体地球化学研究, E-mail:

Geochemical Characteristics of Hot Spring Fluids in Eryuan Region and Their Relationship with Seismic Activity
Can YOU1, 2 , Zihan TAI1, 2, Qilin LI1, 2, * , Xiaoping HAI1, 2, Xiang ZHANG1, 2, Hua RAN1, 2, Jiankun CHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Yunnan Earthquake Agency, Kunming 650224, China
  • 2 Kunming Institute of Earthquake Prediction, CEA, Kunming 650201, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.07.255
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对洱源及周边地区5个温泉的流体地球化学特征进行研究, 探讨洱源县地热分布、幔源流体释放、水化学特征异常与地震活动之间的关系。结果表明, 研究区温泉的水化学类型有HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca、HCO3·SO4-Na、HCO3·Cl-Na、SO4-Ca·Na和SO4·Cl-Na·Ca, 温泉气体主要来源为大气饱和水和空气, 存在壳幔挥发分的贡献。研究区热储温度在164~275 ℃之间, 循环深度介于6 369.78~11 143.98 m之间, He含量为12.90~821.62 ppm。洱源地区的深大断裂为深部流体上涌提供了有利通道, 深部流体是地热以及He的直接来源。温泉流体地球化学特征与地震活动存在相关性, 表现为循环深度越深、热储温度越高, 地震活动性越强的特点, 且M≥4地震大部分位于高低温热储温度转换区。文庙温泉的Cl-、SO42-浓度在地震前后发生异常上升变化, 主要原因为深源流体和不同含水层混合的贡献; 泉口温度发生异常下降变化, 可能与震后多条裂隙提供了散热通道有关。水化学特征值在震后得到恢复, 说明洱源地区的深源流体活动转弱。

洱源地区  /  温泉  /  流体地球化学  /  水化学特征异常  /  地震

We analyze the geochemical characteristics of five hot spring fluids in Eryuan and its surrounding areas, and explore the relationship among geothermal distribution, mantle-derived fluid degassing, hydrochemical anomalies, and seismic activity. The results show that hydrochemical type of hot springs in the study area include HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca, HCO3·SO4-Na, HCO3·Cl-Na, SO4-Ca·Na, and SO4·Cl-Na·Ca. The main sources of hot spring gases are atmospheric saturated water and air, with contributions from volatile components in the crust and mantle. The heat storage temperatures of hot springs in the study area ranges from 164 to 275 ℃, and circulation depths is from 6 369.78 to 11 143.98 meters. The content of He is from 12.90 to 821.62 ppm. Large-scale deep faults in Eryuan area provide favorable channels for the upward migration of deep-sourced fluids, and the deep-sourced fluids are the direct sources of geothermal energy and He. There is a correlation between the geochemical characteristics of hot spring fluids and seismic activities, which is characterized by the deeper the circulation depth, the higher the geothermal reservoir temperature, and the stronger the seismic activity. Moreover, most of the M≥4 earthquakes are located in the transition zone between high and low geothermal reservoir temperatures. The Cl- and SO42- concentrations of Wenmiao hot spring show abnormal increases before and after earthquakes, mainly due to the contribution of the mixing of deep-sourced fluids and different aquifers. The temperature at spring outlet shows an abnormal decrease, which may be related to the fact that multiple fractures provide heat dissipation channels after the earthquake. The hydrochemical values of hot springs were restored after the earthquake, indicating that the deep-sourced fluid activity in Eryuan area weakened.

Eryuan area  /  hot spring  /  fluid geochemistry  /  hydrochemical characteristics anomalies  /  earthquake
游灿, 台梓含, 李其林, 海潇平, 张翔, 冉华, 陈建坤. 洱源地区温泉流体地球化学特征及与地震活动的关系. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (5) : 530 -540 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.07.255
Can YOU, Zihan TAI, Qilin LI, Xiaoping HAI, Xiang ZHANG, Hua RAN, Jiankun CHEN. Geochemical Characteristics of Hot Spring Fluids in Eryuan Region and Their Relationship with Seismic Activity[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (5) : 530 -540 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.07.255
洱源县地处川滇菱形块体西南边界,位于红河断裂、维西-乔后断裂、小金河-丽江断裂、龙蟠-乔后断裂交会区(图 1),属于横断山脉与云贵高原的交界地带。研究区主要表现为右行走滑特征,具有强烈的构造运动背景[1-2]。区内温泉受断裂展布控制[3],主要集中于断裂或断裂带交会区。温泉是地下流体的重要组成部分,通过断裂带通道向上运移至地表,在运移过程中携带有大量深部流体地球化学信息[4-5],可以更真实地反映该地区地壳运动及地热流体活动过程中的水文地球化学特征[6-7]。部分学者[8-10]对红河断裂带、小江断裂带、滇东南楔形构造区的温泉流体地球化学特征进行研究发现,这些区域的地震活动性受温泉水循环深度、热储温度制约,地震往往发生在地热异常区或地热高低温转换区,并且与热异常关系密切的发震构造部位主要为深大断裂或多条断裂的交会区。因此,温泉流体地球化学特征研究可以为地震成因、断裂活动以及地震活动性分析等提供参考依据。
大量研究表明[11-13],地震活动前后温泉流体地球化学特征存在异常[11-16], 尤其是Cl-、SO42-的异常变化较明显,可以作为地震响应的敏感指标[17]。2009年以来,洱源县发生M≥4地震多达16次(图 1),其中2025-04-24和2025-06-05分别发生M4.8和M5.0地震,地震前后温泉水化学特征都出现异常。
本文以洱源县3个温泉(炼城澡堂、文庙温泉、新坪热水塘)及周边地区2个温泉(炼场坪温泉、沙坝温泉)为研究对象(图 1),测定5个温泉水样的主量元素、温泉逸出气组分、SiO2含量等地球化学指标,计算研究区温泉的热储温度和循环深度,结合地球物理和地球化学资料,从化学地球动力学的角度分析地热分布、深部流体释放与地震活动的关系,以进一步了解研究区地震活动性特征。另外,通过剖析2025-04-24洱源M4.8和2025-06-05洱源M5.0两次地震,探讨洱源文庙温泉的水化学特征异常与地震活动的关系,寻找可用于监测地震前后水化学特征变化的指标类型,为异常核实和震情跟踪以及地震预测提供参考。
在洱源及周边地区进行流体地球化学野外观测,每个温泉分别采集1个样品,采样时间为2023-11。对pH值、温度和矿化度(TDS)进行现场测量,精度分别为0.01、0.1 ℃和1 mg/L,同时对野外观测环境进行记录。每个水样在现场用温泉水清洗3次,并密封储存于2个250 ml的聚乙烯瓶中。使用由聚合物薄膜和铝箔制成的500 ml采样袋收集气体样本,以便进行后续的气体化学成分分析,收集方法为排水集气法[19]。通过离子色谱法(883 Basic IC plus,检测限:0.01 mg/L)测定主要阳离子(Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+) 和阴离子(Cl-、SO42-)浓度,该分析测试在中国地震局昆明地震预报研究所深部流体实验室完成。SiO2含量、HCO3-和CO32-检测按照中国国家标准GB/T 8538—2008《饮用天然矿泉水检验方法》进行。SiO2含量通过硅钼黄法测定,HCO3-和CO32-通过容量法(盐酸滴定法)测定,具体分析方法见文献[20]。气体化学成分分析测试使用气相色谱系统(安捷伦7890A)在中国地震局昆明地震预报研究所深部流体实验室中进行。He和Ne分析精度为5 ppm,H2和CH4分析精度为10 ppm,Ar和O2分析精度为0.05%,N2和CO2分析精度为0.5%。研究区的水样离子成分测试结果见表 1,气样化学组分分析结果见表 2。
研究区温泉水pH值为6.66~7.49,属于中性水,水温为39.82~68.12 ℃。从表 2、图 2可知,研究区温泉水中的总溶解性固体物质含量为290~2 360 mg/L,新坪热水塘、沙坝温泉为淡矿泉,炼城澡堂、炼场坪温泉、文庙温泉为低矿泉[21]。新坪热水塘、沙坝温泉矿化度低的原因可能为地表冷水混入,炼城澡堂、炼场坪温泉、文庙温泉矿化度较高可能与后期的蒸发浓缩作用有关[22]。研究区除炼场坪温泉以外,温泉水中阳离子以Na+为主,含量从高到低为Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+(由于Na+、K+性质相似,并且K+在运移过程中容易被植被吸附[23],造成温泉水中Na+浓度比K+高,故一般将Na+、K+归为一类)。炼城澡堂、新坪热水塘、文庙温泉中阴离子以HCO3-为主,含量从高到低为HCO3->SO42->Cl-。由图 2可知,炼场坪温泉、沙坝温泉明显与其他温泉不属于同一来源,炼场坪温泉阴离子含量从高到低为SO42->Cl->HCO3-,阳离子含量从高到低为Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+。沙坝温泉水中阴离子含量从高到低为SO42->Cl->HCO3-,阳离子含量从高到低为Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+,但阴、阳离子含量都很低,结合该温泉矿化度分析推断,沙坝温泉受到河水混入影响较大,故下文离子来源不再进行深入讨论。
温泉水化学类型可以反映地下热水的运移情况、水化学特征、水岩反应情况等,为地下热水的成因机理提供水化学依据[24]。根据温泉水样的离子成分测试结果绘制Piper三线图(图 3),并对研究区温泉水化学类型进行分析。由图可知,炼城澡堂、文庙温泉、新坪热水塘、炼场坪温泉、沙坝温泉的水化学类型分别为HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca、HCO3·SO4-Na、HCO3·Cl-Na、SO4-Ca·Na、SO4·Cl-Na·Ca。根据地层岩性(图 1)对研究区温泉的主要离子来源进行讨论。除炼场坪温泉以外,其他温泉水中的阳离子以Na+为主,这是因为Na+溶解度和迁移性都比较强,研究区出露的二叠系玄武岩以及三叠系凝灰岩中硅酸盐矿物发生水岩反应,使Na+浓度较高[25]。此外,Na+吸附能力远小于Ca2+、Mg2+,在地热水运移过程中,Na+与Ca2+、Mg2+发生置换反应,使温泉水中Na+浓度上升[26-28]。但由图 2可知,炼场坪温泉水中的Ca2+浓度接近于Na+的2倍,可能有2个原因:一是该区域白垩系钙质泥岩遭受溶蚀、剥蚀等风化作用比较强烈,成为该地区高Ca2+浓度的直接补给;二是部分Ca2+可能来源于石膏的溶解[29]。炼城澡堂、新坪热水塘、文庙温泉中的阴离子以HCO3-为主。HCO3-主要有2个来源[29]:1)大气中的CO2溶解于地表水,地表水通过断裂破碎带、节理裂隙等下渗至导水断裂带中,随后参与地热水的水循环过程;2)二叠系及三叠系碳酸盐岩、变质岩风化产物的溶解。炼场坪温泉水中阴离子以SO42-为主,原因可能为该区域主要分布白垩系砂岩、泥岩、砾岩等沉积岩,这些沉积物中的硫化物或硫酸盐类矿物(石膏等)在水岩反应过程中发生水解,使SO42-得到补给[9, 23]。Cl-的来源主要是地下热水在循环过程中发生石盐溶滤作用以及在深大断裂的深切作用下,深部的卤水沿断裂向地表迁移[23, 30]。
泉口温度可以通过地表直接测量获取,但其不能代表热储温度,因为地下热水在循环过程中温度会随着上升高度的增加而降低,而热储温度代表的是流体-矿物之间的反应达到平衡时的温度[9]。通过地热温标可以计算温泉的热储温度,地热温标主要是基于流体-矿物之间的反应平衡程度来确定。目前估算热储温度的方法有阳离子温标法(K-Mg温标法、Na-K温标法等)和SiO2温标法(石英、玉髓等)[9]。采用Na-K-Mg三角图解可以判断水岩反应的平衡状态,为热储温度的估算选择合理的热储温标[31]。由图 4可知,地下水可分为完全平衡水、部分平衡水、未成熟水3类,研究区5个温泉均属于未成熟水,原因可能为地下热水与围岩之间的水岩反应较弱或地下热水在上升过程中受到浅层冷水的混入或大气降水的补给[8]。阳离子温标法的基本原理为:在一定温度下,热水与矿物间阳离子的交换达到平衡状态。由于研究区5个温泉均未达到水岩反应平衡状态,因此阳离子温标不适于计算研究区的热储温度。
SiO2地温计常被用于估算地下温度[32-33]。由SiO2地温计得到的地热储层温度取决于水中SiO2的含量,而该含量受溶解的SiO2多晶型物质(如石英、玉髓和无定形SiO2)控制。通过饱和指数(SI)可以判断矿物的溶解或沉淀状态,SI < 0、SI=0、SI>0分别代表矿物处于未饱和、饱和、过饱和状态[10]。本文利用PHREEQC程序计算研究区温泉的10种矿物饱和指数,计算结果见表 3。5个温泉中的硬石膏、石膏(硫酸盐矿物)以及石盐(卤化物)的SI都小于0,说明这3种矿物还会继续溶解;文石、方解石(碳酸盐矿物)以及萤石(卤化物)除沙坝温泉处于未饱和状态以外,其他4个温泉均处于接近饱和或过饱和状态;白云石(碳酸盐矿物)除炼场坪、沙坝温泉处于未饱和状态以外,其他3个温泉均处于接近饱和或过饱和状态;在含硅矿物中,玉髓、滑石处于未饱和或接近饱和状态,石英处于饱和或过饱和状态。
从以上分析结果可知,碳酸盐矿物接近饱和或过饱和状态的原因可能与以碳酸盐岩为主的围岩性质密切相关; 含硅矿物处于饱和或过饱和状态的原因可能为深部热水受到冷水混入后迅速到达地表,硅初始含量得到保留,此外,热水上升过程中存在水蒸气的逸失,使得含硅矿物发生富集,导致含硅矿物处于过饱和状态。总体来讲,在所有矿物的SI中,玉髓和石英的SI接近于0,说明这2种矿物接近饱和状态,二者均属于硅质矿物,主要成分为SiO2,因此使用SiO2温标计算热储温度具有一定可靠性[34]。
研究区5个温泉水样都落于未成熟水区域,说明温泉水在上升过程中可能受到浅层冷水的侵入,稀释了热水中的SiO2含量,使得采用SiO2温标法得到的热储温度偏低,但该温度可以表示不同比例冷水混合后的热储温度。在SiO2温标法中,无蒸汽损失的SiO2温标适用于泉口温度低于95 ℃的非沸泉,最大蒸汽损失的SiO2温标适用于泉口温度高于95 ℃的沸泉[35]。由于研究区温泉温度为39.82~68.12 ℃,同时考虑到温泉泉口存在蒸汽损失,故本文采用无蒸汽损失的SiO2温标(式(1))、最大蒸汽损失的SiO2温标(式(2))和玉髓温标(式(3))估算热储温度。
$T=\frac{1309}{5.19-\lg \left[\mathrm{SiO}_2\right]}-273.15$
$T=\frac{1522}{4.78-\lg \left[\mathrm{SiO}_2\right]}-273.15$
$T=\frac{1032}{4.69-\lg \left[\mathrm{SiO}_2\right]}-273.15$
表 4为3个公式的计算结果。使用无蒸汽损失SiO2温标计算的热储温度范围为90.33~137.57 ℃;使用最大蒸汽损失SiO2温标计算的热储温度范围为92.6~133.03 ℃。两者计算结果非常接近,说明研究区5个温泉的地热温度几乎未受到蒸汽损失的影响,故取两者均值作为研究区混入冷水后的热储温度(91.47~135.30 ℃),以便估算混入冷水后的循环深度。使用玉髓温标计算的热储温度范围为59.62~110.90 ℃,远低于无蒸汽损失SiO2温标计算的热储温度,并且炼场坪温泉的泉口温度和热储温度相差较小。
硅-焓模型是指地下热水在冷水混入之前,石英与热水的反应达到饱和平衡状态,SiO2得到充分溶解,且在整个水循环过程中未发生沉积作用,混合后无热量损失[36]。由于研究区5个温泉都处于未平衡状态,考虑到有浅层冷水混入,因此使用硅-焓模型计算冷水混入比和混入冷水前的热储温度,计算公式如下:
$H_{\text {冷水 }} \cdot X+H_{\text {热水 }} \cdot(1-X)=H_{\text {温泉 }} $
$S_{\text {冷水 }} \cdot X+S_{\text {热水 }} \cdot(1-X)=S_{\text {温泉 }}$
式中,H冷水、H热水、H温泉分别为近地表冷水的焓、混合前热水的焓、温泉终焓;X为冷水混合比例;S冷水、S热水、S温泉分别为近地表冷水中SiO2含量、混合前热水中SiO2含量、温泉最终SiO2含量。近地表冷水端元数据选取研究区内冷泉作为参考,水温为16.6 ℃,SiO2含量为8.66 mg/L[37]。
式(4)、(5)经变形后,冷水混合比例可表示为:
$X_1=\left(H_{\text {热水 }}-H_{\text {温泉 }}\right) /\left(H_{\text {热水 }}-H_{\text {冷水 }}\right)$
$X_2=\left(S_{\text {热水 }}-S_{\text {温泉 }}\right) /\left(S_{\text {热水 }}-S_{\text {冷水 }}\right)$
式中,X1为由焓计算出的冷水混合比;X2为由SiO2含量计算出的冷水混合比。地下热水温度与焓、SiO2之间的关系详见文献[36]。将X1、X2对应的不同热水温度绘制成图 5,2条曲线的交点就是温泉的热储温度和冷水混入比。由图 5可知,研究区硅-焓模型图解的冷水混入比范围为76%~90%,与Na-K-Mg三角图解得到的结果一致;热储温度范围为164~275 ℃。
一般情况下,温泉水的热储温度和循环深度呈正相关,循环深度计算公式为[19]:
$H=\frac{t-t_0}{I}+H_0$
式中,H为温泉水循环深度(单位m);t为温泉热储温度(单位℃);t0为冷泉水温度(单位℃);I为地温梯度(单位℃/km);H0为常温层厚度(单位m)。研究区地温梯度为23.25 ℃/km,常温层厚度为30 m[37]。由表 4可知,研究区深部热循环深度为6 369.78~11 143.98 m,冷水混入后的循环深度为3 250.17~5 135.28 m[38]。
由表 2可知,研究区温泉气体组分主要为N2、CO2。新坪热水塘中N2占86.10%,将其归为N2富集型温泉;文庙温泉、炼城澡堂、炼场坪温泉、沙坝温泉中CO2分别占67.14%、77.59%、88.91%、83.63%,属于CO2富集型温泉。温泉气体中高含量的N2、CO2主要来源于大气降水,也可能与深部地幔脱气有关。通过建立Ar-N2-He三角图[39]可以判断地壳、地幔、空气等对温泉气体的主要贡献(图 6)。
沙坝温泉落于He与大气饱和水的趋势线下方,炼场坪温泉落于该趋势线之上,炼城澡堂和文庙温泉则靠近该趋势线,新坪热水塘靠近He与空气的趋势线,表明炼场坪温泉、沙坝温泉气体主要成分来源于大气饱和水,炼城澡堂和文庙温泉气体主要成分来源于大气饱和水及部分壳幔挥发分,新坪热水塘气体主要成分来源于空气和壳幔挥发分的混合。周晓成等[40]对金沙江-红河断裂带流体地球化学特征进行研究,结果表明,新坪和沙坝温泉3He/4He比值分别为0.26 Ra、0.39 Ra,均小于0.70 Ra,表明新坪和沙坝温泉的He主要源于地壳。计算得到幔源He的百分比分别为3%、4.5%,存在幔源He的贡献,原因可能为幔源He沿断裂逸散到泉口。
深部流体可起到弱化断层强度和控制地震活动的作用。研究表明[8, 37, 41],热储温度较低的区域,地震活动少,而浅层地温场高值区与低值区转换的地热梯度带上地震活动多。不同热储温度和循环深度的温泉水可以改变岩石抗压和抗剪强度,从而造成不同的断裂应力状态。循环深度越深、热储温度越高,温泉水对断层的弱化作用越强,进而降低断层的有效正应力和摩擦力,使得断层应力无法积累,发生大震的可能性较小,而中小地震频发[29, 33]。温泉热储温度和循环深度计算结果显示(图 7(a)),位于洱源的炼城澡堂、文庙温泉、新坪热水塘的热储温度较高、循环深度较深,位于周边地区的炼场坪温泉、沙坝温泉的热储温度较低、循环深度较浅,说明洱源县水热活动较强烈,断层弱化作用明显,断裂活动强度减弱,使得断裂的剪切力容易得到释放,导致地震的发生。高低温热储温度转换区内M≥4地震高达10余次(图 7(c)),原因可能为高低温的能量转换以及地热场的差异为地震孕育提供了热应力[8],此外,洱源地区应力场在空间上具有非均匀性[42],并且洱源地区多年来b值处于较低状态,说明该区应力水平较高[37]。因此,在局部拉伸作用下,热应力与区域应力叠加后,地震易发生在高低温热储温度转换区。综上所述,洱源地区热储温度和循环深度与地震活动性有一定的对应关系,具有循环深度越深、热储温度越高,地震活动性越强的特点。
温泉水中He含量和He同位素可以在一定程度上反映地热系统和深部物质的传递关系,使用He同位素组成进行流体来源示踪,可以找到地热系统的热源证据以及估算其比例[9]。维西-乔后断裂、龙蟠-乔后断裂、红河断裂、丽江-小金河断裂都显示出深断裂特征[20, 41],表明其都存在深切作用,但深大断裂错移产生的热能是有限的,无法维持洱源温泉地热系统的供热[8],而且洱源地区地表热高值异常无放射性元素衰变提供热量[43],说明该地区的地热高值异常可能与深部流体活动直接提供热源有关。洱源-下关一带3He/4He比值最高可达0.71 Ra[41],较高的氦同位素比值说明洱源县温泉地热系统具有幔源特征,该区域的热异常贡献可能和地幔热流有关,同时也表明洱源地区的4条深大断裂已深切该区域地壳,导致上地幔热流体发生上涌,为地热系统提供热源。结合前人研究[41]可知,洱源、漾濞、大理一带广泛存在高导低速层,其原因有2个方面:一是洱源地区可能存在熔融作用产生的局部熔融体;二是洱源地区地幔深部流体上涌,导致地壳内部富含高温高压流体。不管是哪种原因,都可为断裂的水热活动以及温泉地热系统提供热动力基础,并且高导低速体可能会使下地壳和上地幔发生解耦作用,造成区域应力向上覆韧-脆性剪切带转移,导致应力向上地壳断裂岩层集中,这对于地震孕育具有重大力学意义[33]。结合本研究结果(图 7(b)),炼城澡堂、文庙温泉、新坪热水塘的He含量明显高于大气中的He含量(3~5 ppm),原因可能是这3个温泉处于断裂交会处,洱源地区的深大断裂为深源流体提供了良好的上升通道,使得壳幔源的He得到释放,表明洱源地区地热流体和气体释放特征显著。同时也证明了洱源地区存在深源流体的上升,使得深源流体向压力较小的岩层上迁和释放,上地壳岩层发生应力积累,从而加速断裂的错动,为地震的发生提供有利条件。综上可知,洱源地区的深部流体是地热以及He的直接来源,而且对地震孕育具有至关重要的作用。
本研究认为2025-04-24洱源M4.8和2025-06-05洱源M5.0地震的动力学背景主要有以下2个方面:1)青藏高原在印度板块和欧亚板块的碰撞作用下,内部深源物质向东南缘逃逸,对川滇菱形块体内部深源流体产生挤压作用[35]。2)缅甸M7.9地震的发生可能会对周边地区的应力状态进行调整,导致库仑应力得到释放并逃逸到云南境内的地壳断裂带中,使得周边区域的库仑应力得到加载,在此条件下,洱源县深部流体的平衡状态被打破,深部流体沿断裂带上涌,从而引发地震[44]。
当多种化学组分以及水化学特征出现协同变化时,其对地震的指示意义会更加明确[16]。Cl-、SO42-来源较单一,Cl-不易被矿物吸附,也不易与矿物发生反应,主要来源于富含氯化物的深层物质,而SO42-除了来源于深层流体以外,还可能与石膏的溶解有关[9, 20, 30]。本研究对洱源县文庙温泉进行6期野外观测(表 5),结果表明,Cl-和SO42-浓度、水温在2025-04-24洱源M4.8和2025-06-05洱源M5.0地震前后发生变化。由于Cl-和SO42-浓度、水温在2023和2024年年变基本未发生变化,说明水岩作用处于相对稳定状态,分别取这2年的Cl-和SO42-浓度、水温平均值作为背景值比较合理。在离子浓度变化方面(图 8(a)),洱源M4.8地震后水样中Cl-和SO42-浓度相对于前2年分别上升37.40%、40.90%;在洱源M5.0地震后第2天和第11天所取水样中,Cl-浓度相对于前2年分别上升37.39%、30.86%,SO42-浓度相对于前2年分别上升22.26%、43.23%;在洱源M5.0地震后第45天所取水样中,Cl-和SO42-浓度回到背景值水平。在温度变化方面(图 8(b)),洱源M4.8地震后温泉水温相对于前2年下降12.60%;洱源M5.0地震后温泉水温变化趋势表现为先下降后上升。Cl-和SO42-作为地震前兆响应的敏感指标,其浓度在洱源M4.8和M5.0两次地震后都出现上升异常变化,原因可能为2025-03-28缅甸M7.9地震释放的库仑应力传递到洱源地区,增强了深大断裂的连通性,导致该区域深层流体沿深大断裂上涌,深层流体中的Cl-、SO42-上移至地表,使得温泉水中的Cl-、SO42-发生变化。此外,深部流体上涌,引起地壳应力发生变化,加速了浅层断裂的错动,从而打破水-岩稳定状态并造成不同含水层的相互混入,使得温泉水化学成分浓度发生变化,直至地震发生。同时,断裂的错动会加快水岩反应,含有石膏的岩层发生氧化还原反应,硫酸盐矿物不断溶解,导致地下水中SO42-升高。在洱源M5.0地震后,Cl-和SO42-浓度回到背景值水平,说明洱源地区积累的地壳应力得到释放,该区地震活动性变弱。对于温度而言,温泉水温的高低与循环深度密切相关,在一般条件下,循环深度越深,温泉水温越高。新坪热水塘和炼城澡堂的循环深度较深,但其水温偏低,原因是存在地表冷水(河水、井水)的混入。而文庙温泉恰恰相反,其是一个独立的泉口,无其他水源的混合情况,因此对其温度进行观测具有监测价值。温泉水温在震后出现下降异常变化,原因可能为地震的发生导致地表出现大量裂隙,为沿着断裂上升的地下热水提供了更多散热通道,使得深层流体热源得到规模性释放,导致地震后文庙温泉水温降低。在洱源M5.0地震后第45天,水温回升至63.6 ℃,接近背景值水平,说明深源流体活动变弱,散热通道关闭,温泉水温在震后逐渐恢复正常。
1) 炼城澡堂、文庙温泉、新坪热水塘、炼场坪温泉、沙坝温泉的水化学类型分别为HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca、HCO3·SO4-Na、HCO3·Cl-Na、SO4-Ca·Na、SO4·Cl-Na·Ca,研究区不同水化学类型与矿物的溶解作用存在相关性。研究区温泉气体组分除大气饱和水以及空气以外,还存在壳幔挥发分的贡献。
2) 研究区温泉均为未成熟水,通过硅-焓模型计算的热储温度在164~275 ℃之间,冷水混入比范围为76%~90%,循环深度介于6 369.78~11 143.98 m之间。研究区温泉He含量为12.90~821.62 ppm。结合前人资料并对比洱源地区与周边温泉地球化学特征,推断洱源地区的深大断裂为深部流体上移提供了良好通道,深部流体是地热以及He的直接来源。热储温度、循环深度与地震活动性之间具有很好的对应关系,循环深度越深、热储温度越高,地震活动性越强,并且M≥4地震大部分位于高低温热储温度转换区。
3) 文庙温泉水中Cl-、SO42-浓度在地震前后发生异常上升变化,主要原因为深源流体和不同含水层混合以及硫酸盐矿物的贡献;泉口温度发生异常下降变化,可能与震后多条裂隙提供了散热通道有关。Cl-和SO42-浓度、温泉泉口温度在震后恢复或接近于背景值水平,说明洱源地区累积的地壳应力得到释放,深源流体活动变弱,导致该区的地震活动性变弱。因此,Cl-、SO42-可以作为区域灵敏指标,温泉泉口温度的异常变化也可用于地震监测,为异常核实和震情跟踪以及分析预测提供参考。
  • 云南省地震局自立项目(2025K20)
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2026年第46卷第5期
22
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.07.255
  • 接收时间:2025-07-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-18
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云南省地震局自立项目(2025K20)
作者信息
    1 云南省地震局, 昆明, 650224
    2 中国地震局昆明地震预报研究所, 昆明, 650201

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李其林, 博士, 副研究员, 主要从事深源流体在地震中的作用研究, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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