Article(id=1322570991016985069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322570898712937423, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.07.225, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751385600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793255096439, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793255096439, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793255096439, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793255096439, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322570898712937423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='522', pageEnd='661', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793255074432, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793255074432, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=551, endPage=560, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322570991360917998, articleId=1322570991016985069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Optimal Strategy for Datum Points Selection of Hubei Gravity Network, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the gravity observation data from the Hubei gravity network in 2019, we study the impact of datum points selection on the adjustment accuracy of gravity network from three aspects: the spatial distribution of datum points, the number of datum points, and the maximum gravity segment difference of selected datum points using the classical adjustment method, and obtain the optimal scheme for datum points selection in Hubei gravity network. Additionally, we conduct a forward simulation using priori mean error to evaluate the adjustment effects controlled by different datum points, and explore the optimal selection schemes for single-datum, dual-datum, triple-datum, and quadruple-datum configurations. The results show that: 1) The selection of datum points should prioritize their spatial distribution to maximize the control effect of each datum point. The number of datum points should be considered next, after a certain number is reached, the adjustment accuracy of gravity network will tend to saturate. Finally, the maximum gravity segment difference of selected datum points should be considered, with preference given to datum points with larger segment difference. 2) For the Hubei gravity network with fixed gravity datums, the average adjustment accuracy improvement rates from optimal single-datum point to optimal quintuple-datum points are 16.81%, 8.31%, 4.84%, and 2.98%, respectively. After statistical and simulation analysis, it is suggested that Hubei gravity network use four datum points of Wanzhou, Zigui, Xiangyang, and Wuhan. 3) Using priori mean error to simulate the selection of optimal datum points, the optimal single-datum point is Jingmen, the optimal dual-datum points are Fengjie and Wuhan, the optimal triple-datum points are Wanzhou, Buzhuanghe, and Wuhan, and the optimal quadruple-datum points are Wanzhou, Shiyan, Buzhuanghe, and Wuhan. Compared with the optimal datum points obtained from the actual data analysis, the simulated optimal datum points have a more rational spatial distribution and a slight improvement in adjustment accuracy. The priori mean error method used in this article to simulate the optimal datum points of gravity network has certain reference value for datum points optimization of the existing national network, regional network, or the planning gravity measurements.

, authors=Yunfeng WANG1, 2, Xinlin ZHANG1, 2, *, Minzhang HU1, 2, Hongtao HAO1, 2, authorsList=Yunfeng WANG, Xinlin ZHANG, Minzhang HU, Hongtao HAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xinlin ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322570995274203649, articleId=1322570991016985069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=湖北重力网基准点选取最优策略分析, columnId=1281933709121138897, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地球动力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于湖北省重力网2019年重力观测数据, 运用经典平差方法, 从基准点的空间分布、选取数量、所选取基准点的最大重力段差3个方面研究基准点选取对重力网平差精度的影响, 获得湖北重力网基准点选取的最优方案, 并利用先验中误差对不同基准点控制的平差效果进行正演模拟, 探讨单基准、双基准、三基准和四基准的最优选取方案。结果表明: 1)基准点选取应优先考虑基准点空间分布, 充分发挥每个基准点的控制作用。其次考虑基准点数量, 达到一定数量之后, 重力网平差精度趋于饱和。最后考虑选取的基准点的最大重力段差, 尽可能选取段差较大的基准点。2)对于已经固定重力基准的湖北重力网, 最优单基准到最优五基准平差的平均点值精度提升率分别为16.81%、8.31%、4.84%、2.98%。经过统计和模拟分析, 建议湖北重力网使用万州、秭归、襄阳、武汉4个基准点。3)利用先验中误差模拟最优基准的选取, 单基准宜选取荆门, 双基准宜选取奉节和武汉, 三基准宜选取万州、卜庄河、武汉, 四基准宜选取万州、十堰、卜庄河、武汉。相较于实测数据分析的最优基准, 模拟的最优基准在空间分布上更合理, 且平差精度略有提升。对于已经建成的全国网、区域网或新建网的基准优化以及重力测量规划均可采用本文使用的先验中误差方法。

, authors=王云锋1, 2, 张新林1, 2, *, 胡敏章1, 2, 郝洪涛1, 2, authorsList=王云锋, 张新林, 胡敏章, 郝洪涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张新林, authorNote=

王云锋, 硕士生, 主要从事重力观测数据处理与地面重力变化研究, E-mail:

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张新林, 副研究员, 主要从事地震位错理论与重力观测数据分析研究, E-mail:
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Statistics of adjustment accuracy of gravity network with one datum point

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基准 点值精度/μGal
最优 最差 平均
万州 3.02 9.17 7.06
恩施 3.02 9.03 6.95
秭归 3.02 9.60 7.69
襄阳 3.02 8.60 6.21
武汉 3.02 9.24 6.45
湖口 3.02 10.49 7.97
), ArticleFig(id=1322571003083997758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570991016985069, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

重力网单基准平差点值精度统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基准 点值精度/μGal
最优 最差 平均
万州 3.02 9.17 7.06
恩施 3.02 9.03 6.95
秭归 3.02 9.60 7.69
襄阳 3.02 8.60 6.21
武汉 3.02 9.24 6.45
湖口 3.02 10.49 7.97
), ArticleFig(id=1322571003222409791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570991016985069, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Statistics of adjustment accuracy of gravity network with multi datum points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基准 点值精度/μGal
最优 最差 平均
万州、恩施 2.71 8.47 6.10
恩施、武汉 2.81 7.43 5.16
武汉、湖口 2.76 9.39 6.36
万州、恩施、秭归 2.65 8.00 5.50
万州、襄阳、武汉 2.54 6.98 4.73
秭归、武汉、湖口 2.63 8.66 5.50
万州、秭归、襄阳、武汉 2.50 6.94 4.51
秭归、襄阳、武汉、湖口 2.48 8.25 4.97
), ArticleFig(id=1322571003532788288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570991016985069, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

重力网多基准平差点值精度统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基准 点值精度/μGal
最优 最差 平均
万州、恩施 2.71 8.47 6.10
恩施、武汉 2.81 7.43 5.16
武汉、湖口 2.76 9.39 6.36
万州、恩施、秭归 2.65 8.00 5.50
万州、襄阳、武汉 2.54 6.98 4.73
秭归、武汉、湖口 2.63 8.66 5.50
万州、秭归、襄阳、武汉 2.50 6.94 4.51
秭归、襄阳、武汉、湖口 2.48 8.25 4.97
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湖北重力网基准点选取最优策略分析
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王云锋 1, 2 , 张新林 1, 2, * , 胡敏章 1, 2 , 郝洪涛 1, 2
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地球动力学 2026,46(5): 551-560
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地球动力学 2026 , 46 (5) : 551 -560
湖北重力网基准点选取最优策略分析
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2 武汉引力与固体潮国家野外科学观测研究站, 武汉, 430071, bio={"content":"

王云锋, 硕士生, 主要从事重力观测数据处理与地面重力变化研究, E-mail:

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王云锋1, 2 , 张新林1, 2, * , 胡敏章1, 2, 郝洪涛1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国地震局地震大地测量重点实验室, 武汉, 430071
  • 2 武汉引力与固体潮国家野外科学观测研究站, 武汉, 430071
通讯作者:
张新林, 副研究员, 主要从事地震位错理论与重力观测数据分析研究, E-mail:
作者简介:

王云锋, 硕士生, 主要从事重力观测数据处理与地面重力变化研究, E-mail:

Optimal Strategy for Datum Points Selection of Hubei Gravity Network
Yunfeng WANG1, 2 , Xinlin ZHANG1, 2, * , Minzhang HU1, 2, Hongtao HAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, CEA, Wuhan 430071, China
  • 2 Wuhan Gravitation and Solid Earth Tides, National Observation and Research Station, Wuhan 430071, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.07.225
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基于湖北省重力网2019年重力观测数据, 运用经典平差方法, 从基准点的空间分布、选取数量、所选取基准点的最大重力段差3个方面研究基准点选取对重力网平差精度的影响, 获得湖北重力网基准点选取的最优方案, 并利用先验中误差对不同基准点控制的平差效果进行正演模拟, 探讨单基准、双基准、三基准和四基准的最优选取方案。结果表明: 1)基准点选取应优先考虑基准点空间分布, 充分发挥每个基准点的控制作用。其次考虑基准点数量, 达到一定数量之后, 重力网平差精度趋于饱和。最后考虑选取的基准点的最大重力段差, 尽可能选取段差较大的基准点。2)对于已经固定重力基准的湖北重力网, 最优单基准到最优五基准平差的平均点值精度提升率分别为16.81%、8.31%、4.84%、2.98%。经过统计和模拟分析, 建议湖北重力网使用万州、秭归、襄阳、武汉4个基准点。3)利用先验中误差模拟最优基准的选取, 单基准宜选取荆门, 双基准宜选取奉节和武汉, 三基准宜选取万州、卜庄河、武汉, 四基准宜选取万州、十堰、卜庄河、武汉。相较于实测数据分析的最优基准, 模拟的最优基准在空间分布上更合理, 且平差精度略有提升。对于已经建成的全国网、区域网或新建网的基准优化以及重力测量规划均可采用本文使用的先验中误差方法。

湖北重力网  /  混合重力测量  /  基准点  /  平差精度  /  先验中误差方法

Based on the gravity observation data from the Hubei gravity network in 2019, we study the impact of datum points selection on the adjustment accuracy of gravity network from three aspects: the spatial distribution of datum points, the number of datum points, and the maximum gravity segment difference of selected datum points using the classical adjustment method, and obtain the optimal scheme for datum points selection in Hubei gravity network. Additionally, we conduct a forward simulation using priori mean error to evaluate the adjustment effects controlled by different datum points, and explore the optimal selection schemes for single-datum, dual-datum, triple-datum, and quadruple-datum configurations. The results show that: 1) The selection of datum points should prioritize their spatial distribution to maximize the control effect of each datum point. The number of datum points should be considered next, after a certain number is reached, the adjustment accuracy of gravity network will tend to saturate. Finally, the maximum gravity segment difference of selected datum points should be considered, with preference given to datum points with larger segment difference. 2) For the Hubei gravity network with fixed gravity datums, the average adjustment accuracy improvement rates from optimal single-datum point to optimal quintuple-datum points are 16.81%, 8.31%, 4.84%, and 2.98%, respectively. After statistical and simulation analysis, it is suggested that Hubei gravity network use four datum points of Wanzhou, Zigui, Xiangyang, and Wuhan. 3) Using priori mean error to simulate the selection of optimal datum points, the optimal single-datum point is Jingmen, the optimal dual-datum points are Fengjie and Wuhan, the optimal triple-datum points are Wanzhou, Buzhuanghe, and Wuhan, and the optimal quadruple-datum points are Wanzhou, Shiyan, Buzhuanghe, and Wuhan. Compared with the optimal datum points obtained from the actual data analysis, the simulated optimal datum points have a more rational spatial distribution and a slight improvement in adjustment accuracy. The priori mean error method used in this article to simulate the optimal datum points of gravity network has certain reference value for datum points optimization of the existing national network, regional network, or the planning gravity measurements.

Hubei gravity network  /  hybrid gravity measurement  /  datum points  /  adjustment accuracy  /  priori mean error method
王云锋, 张新林, 胡敏章, 郝洪涛. 湖北重力网基准点选取最优策略分析. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (5) : 551 -560 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.07.225
Yunfeng WANG, Xinlin ZHANG, Minzhang HU, Hongtao HAO. Optimal Strategy for Datum Points Selection of Hubei Gravity Network[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (5) : 551 -560 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.07.225
重力观测是我国开展地震预测研究的重要手段之一,主要采用绝对重力与相对重力混合联测[1-2]。重力观测数据的精度对地震监测预报极为关键,通过高精度重力观测数据,可以构建时变重力场模型,分析区域构造活动和地壳形变,并揭示地震孕震过程中的深部地壳物质迁移,因此对重力观测数据进行准确处理尤为重要[3-4]。目前,关于重力数据预处理和平差方法的研究已经较为丰富[5-7]。重力网经典平差作为重力观测数据处理的主要方法,是有效削弱偶然误差的关键环节,其核心在于通过最小二乘原理,将绝对重力点作为基准,计算重力网中各点的重力值及其精度[8-9]。其中,基准点的选取会直接影响重力网数据的平差精度和重力场分析结果的可靠性,进而影响地震监测[10]。
混合重力测量包括基准点上的绝对重力测量以及联测点间的相对重力测量。绝对重力测量可为相对重力联测提供可靠的控制基准与高精度的校准参考,但其耗时耗力且成本较高,不适合大范围重力测量[11-13]。我国早期的重力观测缺乏绝对重力测量,一般采用相对重力测量方式;1998年引入高精度绝对重力测量后,开始进行中国大陆重力场的整体监测[14]。邢乐林等[15]利用陆态网络100个基准站的绝对重力观测数据,建立基本覆盖中国大陆范围的高精度绝对重力基准,并对南北地震带重力测量数据在不同控制基准下的结果进行研究。全国重力网以及各区域重力网都已建立相应的绝对重力基准,但已建立的基准的空间分布是否足以控制整个重力网、基准数量是否过剩以及是否有更优的基准选取方案都是值得探讨的问题。目前关于重力网基准的选取仍缺乏理论模拟的指导。部分学者[16-18]对不同类型基准平差结果的差异、基准点空间分布对平差精度的影响以及基准点数量与整网平均点值精度的关系进行研究,但分析仍不够深入,关于重力网平差精度与基准的关系、重力网基准点最优选取方法等方面的研究仍有不足。
本文以湖北省重力网为例,基于湖北省重力网2019年重力观测数据,运用经典平差方法,从基准点的空间分布、选取数量和所选取基准点的最大重力段差3个方面深入剖析基准点选取对重力网平差精度的影响。然后,通过设定先验中误差,正演模拟不同基准点控制下的重力网平差精度,并将其与实测数据解算的平差精度进行对比分析,给出湖北省重力网的最优基准选择方案。
湖北省地质构造复杂,地跨秦岭褶皱系与扬子准地台两大构造单元,发育多条活动断裂带,如襄樊-广济断裂、麻城-团风断裂等。襄樊-广济断裂形成于喜马拉雅期,是一条规模巨大的脆性断层,具有由南向北逆冲的特点[19]。麻城-团风断裂是在大别隆起持续上隆的背景下形成的,呈北北东向,以右旋错动为主,全长270 km,控制着麻城盆地的发育[20]。这些地质特征使得湖北省及其邻区成为地震监测和地质研究的重要区域。
早期湖北省及邻区定期复测的重力网只有三峡流动重力测网,该测网始建于1982年。2014年以地震基本网为基础建立常态化地球物理场重力观测网,与大华北重力网共同组成湖北省及邻区完整的重力网,开始每年2期的定期复测。2018年对测网进行优化加密,中部增加京山、当阳和峡口等测点,西部增加竹山、郧西、柳林和公祖等测点[21]。这些措施显著提升了湖北省及邻区重力测量的覆盖范围和精度,为地震监测提供了更有力的支持。
2019-08湖北省地震局技术人员使用2台CG6相对重力仪,采用同时同址双程往返测量的方式完成了湖北省相对重力测量。该期数据共测量163个点和189条测段,形成27个闭合环(图 1)。此外,利用FG5对其中6个点位进行绝对重力测量,分别为恩施(597.3 mGal)、万州(670.3 mGal)、秭归(720.5 mGal)、湖口(749.6 mGal)、武汉(820.0 mGal)、襄阳(879.7 mGal),绝对值之差最大为282.4 mGal。163个相对重力测点最大值为939.3 mGal,最小值为365.2 mGal,点值之差最大为574.1 mGal。
根据相对重力段差和基准点绝对重力值,可以构建误差方程[22-24]:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}V_{i, j}=\tilde{g}_i-\tilde{g}_j-\Delta g_{i j} \\V_k=\tilde{g}_k-g_k\end{array}\right.$
式中,$\tilde{g}_i 、\tilde{g}_j $分别为相对重力测段中i、j两个测点的重力值未知数;Δgij为经过各项改正后的重力段差观测值;$\tilde{g}_k$为第k个绝对重力测点的重力值未知数;gk为第k个绝对重力测点的观测值。式(1)可写成矩阵形式:
$\boldsymbol{V}=\boldsymbol{A} \widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}}-\boldsymbol{L}$
式中,V为改正数向量;A为未知数系数矩阵;$\widetilde{\boldsymbol{X}}$为未知数向量;L为观测值向量。根据最小二乘准则,可求得各测点的重力值和精度。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}=\left(\boldsymbol{A}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P} \boldsymbol{A}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{A}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P} \boldsymbol{L} \\\boldsymbol{D}_{X X}=\hat{\sigma}_0^2 \boldsymbol{Q}_{X X}=\hat{\sigma}_0^2\left(\boldsymbol{A}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P} \boldsymbol{A}\right)^{-1} \\\hat{\sigma}_0=\sqrt{\frac{\boldsymbol{V}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P} \boldsymbol{V}}{r}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,P为权矩阵;$\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}$为待求重力值未知数向量;DXX为$\hat{\boldsymbol{X}}$的协方差矩阵;$\hat{\sigma}_0$为单位权中误差;r为自由度。
平差平均点值精度提升百分比可表示为:
$E=\frac{\bar{\sigma}_i-\bar{\sigma}_{i+1}}{\bar{\sigma}_i} \cdot 100 \%$
式中,E为精度提升百分比;$\bar{\sigma}_i$为i个基准点平差的平均点值精度;$\bar{\sigma}_{i+1}$为i+1个基准点平差的平均点值精度。
式(3)中单位权中误差$\hat{\sigma}_0$通过重力段差残差向量、权矩阵和自由度计算。本文经过试算发现,不同基准组合平差单位权中误差均非常接近0.006 mGal,因此将先验中误差定为0.006 mGal,正演模拟计算不同基准控制下的平差精度,计算公式为:
$\boldsymbol{D}_{X X}=0.006^2 \cdot \boldsymbol{Q}_{X X}=0.006^2\left(\boldsymbol{A}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P} \boldsymbol{A}\right)^{-1}$
基于湖北省重力网2019-08重力观测数据,分别以万州、恩施、秭归、襄阳、武汉和湖口6个绝对重力点为基准进行平差解算,探讨基准点的空间分布、选取数量以及最大重力段差对平差精度的影响,并给出湖北省重力网的最优基准组合。
图 2为以单个绝对点为基准的平差结果,可以看出,以襄阳为基准点时平差效果最佳(图 2(d)),平差平均点值精度为6.21 μGal(表 1),而以湖口为基准点时效果最差(图 2(f)),平差平均点值精度为7.97 μGal。结合图 1和图 2可以发现,湖口基准点位于湖北流动重力测网的边缘,且基准点处于支线上,未与其他点位形成闭合环路,这是导致平差精度不佳的原因之一[25]。而襄阳基准点位于测网的中心区域,更有利于对整个测网进行均衡控制。
以万州或恩施为基准点进行平差时,所得重力点值精度呈现出显著的空间效应(图 2(a)、2(b)):西部靠近万州或恩施基准点的相对重力点平差精度较高,向东逐渐降低,至最东侧的湖口、九江等区域,部分重力点的平差精度甚至超过9 μGal。以湖口为基准点进行平差时,所得重力点值精度呈现出相反的分布特征(图 2(f)),即从东至西逐渐降低。以秭归或武汉为基准点进行平差时,所得重力点值精度呈现出以基准点为中心,向四周逐渐降低的分布特征(图 2(c)、2(e)),其中以秭归为基准点时平差效果更差,原因为秭归基准点附近测点密集,基准点控制能力被稀释。以襄阳为基准点进行平差时,所得重力点值精度显示测网整体平差效果最优(图 2(d)),各点平差精度分布更加均匀,与万州基准点相比,有128个点位的平差精度得到提升,占总点位的78.53%,其中5个点位的精度提升超过3 μGal,主要集中在襄阳基准点附近。总之,离基准点越近,控制越强,测点平差精度越高;反之,离基准点越远,控制越弱,测点平差精度越低。
图 3为以多个绝对点为基准平差的结果,可以看出,双基准时, 以恩施和武汉为基准点平差效果最佳(图 3(b)),平差平均点值精度为5.16 μGal (表 2); 以武汉和湖口为基准点时平差效果最差(图 3(c)),平差平均点值精度为6.36 μGal。
结合图 1和图 3可以发现,后者基准点集中于湖北流动重力测网的边缘位置,而恩施和武汉2个基准点的布设更为合理,接近均匀分布,对测网中各点都能有更好的控制效果。
以万州和恩施为双基准平差得到的重力点值精度呈现出从西至东逐渐降低的空间分布特征(图 3(a))。另外,对比图 2(a)和图 3(a)可知,增加恩施基准点可明显增强对测网的控制能力,测网中部区域的测点精度得到改善。但对比图 2(d)和图 3(a)发现,以襄阳为单基准的平差效果反而比以万州和恩施为双基准的平差效果更好。这一发现说明增加基准点能提升测网平差精度的结论存在前提条件,即基准点的空间分布必须合理。进一步对比图 3(a)和图 3(b)可以发现,以恩施和武汉为双基准的平差效果优于以万州和恩施为双基准的平差效果。其中,恩施和武汉双基准的空间分布相对于重力网跨度更大,分布更均匀,这正好佐证了基准点空间分布的合理性对提升测网平差精度的重要性。
三基准平差结果显示,选取万州、襄阳、武汉平差效果最佳(图 3(e)),平差平均点值精度为4.73 μGal,选取万州、恩施、秭归或秭归、武汉、湖口效果最差(图 3(d)、图 3(f)),平差平均点值精度均为5.50 μGal。由四基准平差结果可知,选取万州、秭归、襄阳、武汉平差效果最佳(图 3(g)),平差平均点值精度为4.51 μGal,选取秭归、襄阳、武汉、湖口平差效果最差(图 3(h)),平差平均点值精度为4.97 μGal。四基准不同组合的平差结果比较接近,原因为4个基准点在多种情况下的空间分布都较为均匀,已经能够充分控制整个重力网。表明随着基准点数量的增加,重力网平差精度最终可能会趋于稳定,提升幅度逐渐减小。
综上所述,基准点空间分布对提升平差精度至关重要,单基准应当布设在测网中央位置,多基准应尽量均匀分布于整个测网。在基准点空间分布合理的前提下,增加基准点数量才能有效提升测网平差精度,但随着基准点数量的增加,测网平差精度的提升逐渐趋缓。
为更深入地探讨基准点数量与重力网平差精度的关系,对比分析不同数量基准点的最优平差结果(图 4)。图 4(a)为最优单基准(襄阳)、最优双基准(恩施、武汉)和最优三基准(万州、襄阳、武汉)平差的所有点值精度,其中最优三基准平差的点值精度最高,最优双基准平差的点值精度次之,最优单基准平差的点值精度最差,且三者之间差异明显。图 4(b)为最优三基准(万州、襄阳、武汉)到六基准平差的所有点值精度,可以看出, 不同数量基准平差的点值精度之间的差异较图 4(a)已经明显缩小,其中差异最大的测点在横轴120~140区间,该区域位于秭归基准站附近,此处测点密集,由于最优三基准未选取秭归作为基准,因此平差点值精度在该区间较低。图 4(c)将最优三基准(万州、襄阳、武汉)换成万州、秭归、武汉三基准,对比点值精度可以发现,将襄阳基准换成秭归基准后,120~140区间的点值精度有较大提升,但40~85区间的点值精度却下降,这些点正好位于襄阳基准附近,导致平差的平均精度更低。因此,在三基准组合情况中,万州、襄阳、武汉三基准最优,其次为万州、秭归、武汉三基准。同时,结合图 4(b)、4(c)可知,最优四基准、最优五基准和六基准平差的点值精度差异进一步缩小,且整体较为一致,表明基准点在达到4个之后对测网的控制已经足够强,继续增加基准点,测网平差精度的提升有限。
对基准点个数(最优组合)与对应的平均点值精度进行分析,由图 5(a)(不包含湖口基准)可知,随着基准点数量增加,测网平均点值精度逐渐提升,两者相关系数为-0.92。在基准点数量增加到4个之后,平均点值精度的提升已非常缓慢(不超过5%)。图 5(b)为单基准到五基准的平均点值精度提升百分比(计算方法见式(4)),依次为16.81%、8.31%、4.84%、2.98%,精度提升百分比随着测网中基准点个数的增加逐渐减小,表明重力网平差精度随着基准点数量的增加趋于饱和。
相对重力仪实测标定的一次项系数与基线场的标定结果可能存在较大差异,在实际测量中会引入系统误差[26]。一次项系数偏差引起的重力值系统误差与测段重力段差之间存在线性关系。在绝对重力段差较大的测段标定的相对重力仪一次项系数更接近总测段标定结果,段差值的占比决定了其在确定总测段一次项系数中相应的权值[27]。基准点段差越大,越能更好地覆盖测网的重力变化范围,为整个重力网的平差计算提供更好的约束。本文使用网内基准标定的一次项系数,选取的基准点不同,标定的一次项系数存在差异。基于此,对基准点的重力段差与测网平差精度的关系进行分析。
统计任意2个基准点的重力段差和3个基准点的最大重力段差及其在测区重力覆盖范围的占比,并对重力段差占比与测网平差的点位平均精度进行线性分析(图 6)。结果表明,所选基准点的重力段差与测网点位平均精度之间存在一定的线性关系,随着基准点间重力段差占比的增大,测网点位平均精度逐渐提高,但效果不明显,其原因可能是湖北省地势平坦,测网最大重力段差较小(574.1 mGal),以及现有基准点最大重力段差占比都较小(均不超过50%)。如果在西部部分重力段差较大的重力网中分析测网平差精度与基准点最大段差的关系,这种相关性可能会更强。
从图 6(a)可以看出,基准点重力段差占比最大时的平差精度并不是最高的,基准点间重力段差占比26.1%的点位平均精度反而比占比49.2%的更高。前者选取的基准为万州、武汉,后者为恩施、襄阳,结合图 1可知,万州、武汉双基准在测网中空间分布更均匀,即使重力段差占比更小, 但点位平均精度却更高,说明基准点最大重力段差对测网平差精度的影响相对于基准点空间分布不是主要因素。
综上所述,基准点的选取对重力网平差精度影响显著。合理的基准点选取应优先考虑基准点空间分布,其次考虑基准点的数量,最后考虑所选取基准点的最大重力段差。对于湖北省重力网,根据现有的观测资料,建议选择4个基准点,分别为万州、秭归、襄阳、武汉。该方案能够在确保重力网平差精度的同时,节省基准点建设和野外观测成本,提高数据平差处理效率。
前文已探讨基准点的空间分布、选取数量、所选取基准点的最大重力段差与重力网平差精度的关系,并建议选择万州、秭归、襄阳、武汉4个基准点。该建议是基于湖北省重力网现有的6个绝对重力点探讨得出的最佳基准选取方案,但并不一定能确保整个重力网平差效果达到最优。因为其他相对重力点如果测量了绝对重力,也能作为基准,则可能存在更优的基准组合,值得进一步探讨。
前文各种基准组合控制下计算出的单位权中误差约为6 μGal,故本节以6 μGal作为先验中误差,正演模拟计算各基准组合下的平差点值精度。利用式(5)计算正演结果(图 7),可以看出,襄阳单基准、恩施与武汉双基准以及万州、襄阳、武汉三基准的实际平差精度与先验中误差正演的平差精度极为接近,所有点位的精度差值均在0.1 μGal以内,使得图中基于实测数据解算的平差精度与正演平差精度几乎完全重合。相较之下,六基准正演结果的重力点值精度差异更大,最大差值达0.3 μGal,这主要是因为所采用的先验中误差与六基准平差的单位权中误差之差较前3类基准更大,但整体仍可视为符合要求。除图示正演结果外,本文也对其他基准组合方案的平差点值精度进行正演,结果均极为精准。因此,在无实测绝对点的情况下,可借助先验中误差推导以测网中任一重力点为基准的平差精度,从而确定平差精度最高的基准点。
§4.1已经验证了基于先验中误差推导测网中各重力点平差精度的可行性。因此,本节以6 μGal作为先验中误差,模拟测网中163个点位分别作为单基准、双基准、三基准和四基准的最优平差结果(图 8)。
模拟的荆门市最优单基准几乎位于重力网的正中心位置(图 8(a)),与实测的最优单基准襄阳相比(图 2(d)),荆门市单基准的位置更靠近重力网中心;模拟的奉节和武汉最优双基准较为均匀地分布在重力网的东西两侧(图 8(b)),与实测的恩施、武汉最优双基准相比(图 3(b)),武汉基准保持不变,恩施基准变成奉节基准,奉节基准更靠近重力网西半侧的中心位置,对重力网西半侧南北2个部分的重力点控制效果更好;模拟的最优三基准(图 8(c))与前文给出的湖北省重力网最优三基准相比,均有万州、武汉基准,区别在于模拟的第3个点为卜庄河基准,前文为襄阳基准;模拟的最优四基准(图 8(d))则是在模拟的最优三基准的基础上增加一个十堰基准,该重力点相较于从实测基准里选取的最优四基准中的襄阳基准,向重力网的西侧偏移,原因为湖北省重力网西侧网型更大,重力测点更多。
图 9为基于实测数据选取的最差(红色线)和最优(蓝色线)基准(单基准、双基准、三基准、四基准)平差的所有重力点精度,并将其与模拟(绿色线)的最优基准组合平差的所有重力点精度进行对比。由图可知,基于实测数据选取的最差基准平差结果与另外2种类型基准的平差结果存在显著差异,但随着基准数量的增加,这种差异明显缩小,表明前文关于基准点数量对重力网影响的结论是正确的。模拟的最优基准平差结果与基于实测数据解算的最优基准平差结果更接近(不是与最差基准平差结果更接近),且差异较小(模拟结果平差精度略高),证明了本文模拟方法的正确性,并且从已有的6个绝对重力点中选出的最优基准是正确的。
本文基于湖北省重力网2019年重力观测数据,分析基准点的空间分布、选取数量、所选取基准点的最大重力段差对重力网平差结果的影响。通过设定先验中误差,正演模拟分析湖北省重力网的单基准、双基准、三基准和四基准最优选取方案。通过实测数据分析和正演模拟,给出湖北省重力网的最优基准选取方案。得到以下结论:
1) 基准点的空间分布、基准点数量以及最大重力段差与重力网平差精度密切相关。均匀分布的基准点的控制效果通常更好,但同时需要考虑重力网的网型结构以及重力测点密度;在基准点增加到一定数量后,重力网平差精度会趋于饱和;重力网平差精度与所选取基准点的最大重力段差存在一定的线性关系,基准点最大重力段差应尽量覆盖重力网最大重力段差。
2) 湖北省重力网单基准平差效果最优的选取方案为襄阳,平差平均点位精度为6.21 μGal;双基准平差效果最优的选取方案为恩施、武汉,平差平均点位精度为5.16 μGal;三基准平差效果最优的选取方案为万州、襄阳、武汉,平差平均点位精度为4.73 μGal;四基准平差效果最优的选取方案为万州、秭归、襄阳、武汉,平差平均点位精度为4.51 μGal;五基准平差效果最优的选取方案为万州、恩施、秭归、襄阳、武汉,平差平均点位精度为4.37 μGal。湖北省重力网建议使用万州、秭归、襄阳、武汉4个基准点,可充分发挥每个基准点的控制作用,实现对整个测网的有效控制。
3) 正演模拟结果表明,湖北省重力网的最优单基准应为荆门,最优双基准应为奉节和武汉,最优三基准应为万州、卜庄河和武汉,最优四基准应为万州、十堰、卜庄河、武汉。模拟的最优结果与实际数据分析的最优结果接近,证明了本文分析结果的正确性。对于已经建成的全国网、区域网或新建网的基准优化以及重力测量规划均可采用本文所使用的先验中误差方法。
  • 中国地震局地震研究所所长基金(202326342)
  • 国家精密重力测量科学中心开放课题(PGMF-2024-Z001)
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2026年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.07.225
  • 接收时间:2025-07-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-02
基金
中国地震局地震研究所所长基金(202326342)
国家精密重力测量科学中心开放课题(PGMF-2024-Z001)
作者信息
    1 中国地震局地震大地测量重点实验室, 武汉, 430071
    2 武汉引力与固体潮国家野外科学观测研究站, 武汉, 430071

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张新林, 副研究员, 主要从事地震位错理论与重力观测数据分析研究, E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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