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Article(id=1322570977247084933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322570898712937423, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.223, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751212800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793255093155, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793255093155, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793255093155, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793255093155, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322570898712937423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='522', pageEnd='661', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793255074432, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793255074432, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=579, endPage=586, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322570977632960902, articleId=1322570977247084933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Performance Assessment of Undifferenced Precise Time Transfer Considering GLONASS Inter-Frequency Code Biases, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the impact of receiver IFCB on GLONASS undifferenced precise time transfer, different IFCB modeling schemes were proposed and their PPP time transfer performance was evaluated, namely the IFCB0 scheme ignoring IFCB, the IFCB1 scheme modeling IFCB as a linear function of frequency numbers, and the IFCB2 scheme modeling IFCB as a quadratic polynomial. The results indicate that IFCB modeling is of great significance for improving the accuracy of PPP time transfer. Compared to the IFCB0 scheme, the IFCB modeling approach demonstrates the most notable improvement in long-term frequency stability for time transfer. The IFCB modeling significantly enhances time transfer stability for hybrid and heterogeneous receiver/antenna types, while its improvement for homogeneous equipment is limited. Additionally, compatibility tests with different satellite precision products show that the IFCB2 scheme aligns best with the precision products from the European Orbit Determination Centre, whereas the IFCB1 scheme is more compatible with the precision products provided by Wuhan University.

, authors=Wei XU1, Wanqing LIU1, Jia SONG1, Zijia YANG1, authorsList=Wei XU, Wanqing LIU, Jia SONG, Zijia YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322570980564779409, articleId=1322570977247084933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=顾及GLONASS频间码偏差的非差精密时间传递性能评估, columnId=1281909276545356011, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究接收机频间码偏差(IFCB)对GLONASS非差精密时间传递的影响, 提出不同IFCB建模方案并评估其PPP时间传递性能, 分别为忽略IFCB的IFCB0方案、将IFCB建模为频率数线性函数的IFCB1方案和将IFCB建模为二次多项式的IFCB2方案。结果表明, IFCB建模对提升PPP时间传递精度意义重大, 相较于IFCB0方案, IFCB建模方案对时间传递的长期频率稳定度改善最为显著。IFCB建模对混合型及异质型接收机/天线的时间传递稳定度提升效果明显, 对同类型设备改善有限。此外, 不同卫星精密产品适配性测试表明, IFCB2方案与欧洲定轨中心精密产品的契合度最佳, IFCB1方案与武汉大学精密产品更适配。

, authors=徐炜1, 刘婉晴1, 宋佳1, 杨子嘉1, authorsList=徐炜, 刘婉晴, 宋佳, 杨子嘉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

徐炜, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为卫星精密定位与授时, E-mail:

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徐炜, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为卫星精密定位与授时, E-mail:

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徐炜, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为卫星精密定位与授时, E-mail:

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caption=Geographical distribution of experimental stations, figureFileSmall=EdX9xemo6GcHBpXEQ1VzdQ==, figureFileBig=CW7qV2m5jKpoTMxmKLUv/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322570984272544180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=CN, label=图1, caption=实验测站的地理分布, figureFileSmall=EdX9xemo6GcHBpXEQ1VzdQ==, figureFileBig=CW7qV2m5jKpoTMxmKLUv/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322570984486453685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Time series of GLONASS IFCB for partial stations, figureFileSmall=sMid5Wrtei6DAU8zH+1FMw==, figureFileBig=ZaXf/H4jDXufDhTsc4jsWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322570984553562550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=CN, label=图2, caption=部分测站的GLONASS IFCB时间序列, figureFileSmall=sMid5Wrtei6DAU8zH+1FMw==, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322570984859746746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基于CODE产品的非差时间传递频率稳定度, figureFileSmall=gRx0TAOrATcgLxgplBV6YQ==, figureFileBig=Yn+MryVAy7iBuumrdYqRPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322570984947827131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Undifferenced PPP time transfer frequency stability based on WHU product, figureFileSmall=ZzvdNJkJFj39vHThqZY1VQ==, figureFileBig=dOXN944EEtYyFX/fF1BYjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322570985027518908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=CN, label=图5, caption=基于WHU产品的非差PPP时间传递频率稳定度, figureFileSmall=ZzvdNJkJFj39vHThqZY1VQ==, figureFileBig=dOXN944EEtYyFX/fF1BYjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322570985103016381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Data processing strategy for GLONASS undifferenced PPP precision time transfer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目策略
观测值类型GLONASS G1和G2频段观测值
卫星轨道/钟差CODE/WHU精密产品
卫星端DCBCAS BSX产品改正[18]
Sagnac效应IERS Conventions (2010)模型改正[19]
相对论效应椭圆轨道、Shapiro延迟模型改正[20]
潮汐效应固体潮、海潮模型改正[18, 21]
天线相位缠绕Phase Wind-up模型改正[22]
天线延迟igs14.atx文件改正
电离层延迟双频消电离层组合
对流层静力学延迟Saastamoinen模型改正[23]
对流层湿延迟随机游走参数估计(10-8 m2/s)
投影函数GMF投影函数[24]
接收机IFCB忽略(IFCB0)、线性函数估计(IFCB1)、二次多项式估计(IFCB2)
测站坐标静态常数估计
接收机钟差白噪声过程估计(104 m2)
模糊度参数按观测弧段估计为常数
), ArticleFig(id=1322570985203679678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GLONASS非差PPP精密时间传递的数据处理策略

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目策略
观测值类型GLONASS G1和G2频段观测值
卫星轨道/钟差CODE/WHU精密产品
卫星端DCBCAS BSX产品改正[18]
Sagnac效应IERS Conventions (2010)模型改正[19]
相对论效应椭圆轨道、Shapiro延迟模型改正[20]
潮汐效应固体潮、海潮模型改正[18, 21]
天线相位缠绕Phase Wind-up模型改正[22]
天线延迟igs14.atx文件改正
电离层延迟双频消电离层组合
对流层静力学延迟Saastamoinen模型改正[23]
对流层湿延迟随机游走参数估计(10-8 m2/s)
投影函数GMF投影函数[24]
接收机IFCB忽略(IFCB0)、线性函数估计(IFCB1)、二次多项式估计(IFCB2)
测站坐标静态常数估计
接收机钟差白噪声过程估计(104 m2)
模糊度参数按观测弧段估计为常数
), ArticleFig(id=1322570985308537279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Mean time-frequency transfer frequency stability based on CODE product

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/s频率稳定度均值/10-14
IFCB0IFCB1IFCB2
30729.93723.89723.84
60457.33454.95452.15
120288.41285.87284.11
300151.24148.32148.90
60097.6795.6295.16
1 20065.6364.0663.87
3 00040.4939.6239.71
6 00029.9529.2529.11
12 00020.6720.2720.18
30 0008.768.058.00
60 0004.604.374.35
120 0001.841.831.82
), ArticleFig(id=1322570985396617664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于CODE产品的时频传递频率稳定度均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/s频率稳定度均值/10-14
IFCB0IFCB1IFCB2
30729.93723.89723.84
60457.33454.95452.15
120288.41285.87284.11
300151.24148.32148.90
60097.6795.6295.16
1 20065.6364.0663.87
3 00040.4939.6239.71
6 00029.9529.2529.11
12 00020.6720.2720.18
30 0008.768.058.00
60 0004.604.374.35
120 0001.841.831.82
), ArticleFig(id=1322570985472115137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Time links of receivers/antennas of the same, mixed and heterogeneous types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案链路
同类型BRUX-MKEA
混合型BRUX-SYDN/WTZS/CEBR/YAR2/YEL2
异质型BRUX-ONSA/PRDS/PIE1/MIZU/WTZZ/SPT0/DRAO/MAS1/KIRU/KOUR/VTLL/BOR1/DLFI/NYA1/PARK/STK2/TSK2/ZIM3
), ArticleFig(id=1322570985543418306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

同类型、混合型和异质型接收机/天线的时间链路

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案链路
同类型BRUX-MKEA
混合型BRUX-SYDN/WTZS/CEBR/YAR2/YEL2
异质型BRUX-ONSA/PRDS/PIE1/MIZU/WTZZ/SPT0/DRAO/MAS1/KIRU/KOUR/VTLL/BOR1/DLFI/NYA1/PARK/STK2/TSK2/ZIM3
), ArticleFig(id=1322570985610527171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Frequency stability of precision time transfer for devices of the same, mixed and heterogeneous types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/s频率稳定度/10-14
同类型混合型异质型
IFCB0IFCB1IFCB2IFCB0IFCB1IFCB2IFCB0IFCB1IFCB2
304 275.604 276.104 275.80644.08634.44634.43539.00531.50517.30
602 129.302 151.102 076.10508.90501.49501.50377.90372.40357.80
1201 091.601 109.901 084.20400.23394.91394.89270.10267.00255.40
300407.19413.53426.31215.56212.02212.00158.50155.50147.30
600213.75221.54212.65130.71128.25128.24110.40109.00102.30
1 200128.46124.13130.3886.2884.5684.5578.6377.7273.08
3 00090.2191.3088.1849.7948.5748.5549.8848.8246.49
6 00072.9774.3675.4732.8931.9031.9136.8836.0434.25
12 00054.3453.3352.4021.8820.9120.8625.7525.1623.85
30 0009.679.0412.449.968.868.8810.819.989.26
60 0005.475.466.395.574.984.985.465.094.64
1 200 0004.284.135.071.781.851.832.162.151.65
), ArticleFig(id=1322570985681830340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

同类型、混合型和异质型设备精密时间传递的频率稳定度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/s频率稳定度/10-14
同类型混合型异质型
IFCB0IFCB1IFCB2IFCB0IFCB1IFCB2IFCB0IFCB1IFCB2
304 275.604 276.104 275.80644.08634.44634.43539.00531.50517.30
602 129.302 151.102 076.10508.90501.49501.50377.90372.40357.80
1201 091.601 109.901 084.20400.23394.91394.89270.10267.00255.40
300407.19413.53426.31215.56212.02212.00158.50155.50147.30
600213.75221.54212.65130.71128.25128.24110.40109.00102.30
1 200128.46124.13130.3886.2884.5684.5578.6377.7273.08
3 00090.2191.3088.1849.7948.5748.5549.8848.8246.49
6 00072.9774.3675.4732.8931.9031.9136.8836.0434.25
12 00054.3453.3352.4021.8820.9120.8625.7525.1623.85
30 0009.679.0412.449.968.868.8810.819.989.26
60 0005.475.466.395.574.984.985.465.094.64
1 200 0004.284.135.071.781.851.832.162.151.65
), ArticleFig(id=1322570985782493637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Mean time-frequency transfer frequency stability based on WHU product

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/s频率稳定度均值/10-14
IFCB0IFCB1IFCB2
30731.40729.38729.38
60459.30453.49456.19
120294.90287.61287.10
300154.50149.52149.88
600101.3096.0396.06
1 20068.1764.3164.13
3 00041.4739.6239.75
6 00032.2730.0330.11
12 00022.2120.6020.50
30 0009.428.398.39
60 0005.274.534.55
120 0002.282.092.09
), ArticleFig(id=1322570985857991110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570977247084933, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

基于WHU产品的时频传递频率稳定度均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/s频率稳定度均值/10-14
IFCB0IFCB1IFCB2
30731.40729.38729.38
60459.30453.49456.19
120294.90287.61287.10
300154.50149.52149.88
600101.3096.0396.06
1 20068.1764.3164.13
3 00041.4739.6239.75
6 00032.2730.0330.11
12 00022.2120.6020.50
30 0009.428.398.39
60 0005.274.534.55
120 0002.282.092.09
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顾及GLONASS频间码偏差的非差精密时间传递性能评估
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徐炜 1 , 刘婉晴 1 , 宋佳 1 , 杨子嘉 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 大地测量学 2026,46(5): 579-586
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大地测量与地球动力学 |大地测量学 2026 , 46 (5) : 579 -586
顾及GLONASS频间码偏差的非差精密时间传递性能评估
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徐炜1 , 刘婉晴1, 宋佳1, 杨子嘉1
作者信息
  • 1 滁州学院地理信息与旅游学院, 滁州, 239000
作者简介:

徐炜, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为卫星精密定位与授时, E-mail:

Performance Assessment of Undifferenced Precise Time Transfer Considering GLONASS Inter-Frequency Code Biases
Wei XU1 , Wanqing LIU1, Jia SONG1, Zijia YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geographic Information and Tourism, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.223
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摘要
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为探究接收机频间码偏差(IFCB)对GLONASS非差精密时间传递的影响, 提出不同IFCB建模方案并评估其PPP时间传递性能, 分别为忽略IFCB的IFCB0方案、将IFCB建模为频率数线性函数的IFCB1方案和将IFCB建模为二次多项式的IFCB2方案。结果表明, IFCB建模对提升PPP时间传递精度意义重大, 相较于IFCB0方案, IFCB建模方案对时间传递的长期频率稳定度改善最为显著。IFCB建模对混合型及异质型接收机/天线的时间传递稳定度提升效果明显, 对同类型设备改善有限。此外, 不同卫星精密产品适配性测试表明, IFCB2方案与欧洲定轨中心精密产品的契合度最佳, IFCB1方案与武汉大学精密产品更适配。

GLONASS  /  频间码偏差  /  PPP  /  时间传递  /  频率稳定度

To investigate the impact of receiver IFCB on GLONASS undifferenced precise time transfer, different IFCB modeling schemes were proposed and their PPP time transfer performance was evaluated, namely the IFCB0 scheme ignoring IFCB, the IFCB1 scheme modeling IFCB as a linear function of frequency numbers, and the IFCB2 scheme modeling IFCB as a quadratic polynomial. The results indicate that IFCB modeling is of great significance for improving the accuracy of PPP time transfer. Compared to the IFCB0 scheme, the IFCB modeling approach demonstrates the most notable improvement in long-term frequency stability for time transfer. The IFCB modeling significantly enhances time transfer stability for hybrid and heterogeneous receiver/antenna types, while its improvement for homogeneous equipment is limited. Additionally, compatibility tests with different satellite precision products show that the IFCB2 scheme aligns best with the precision products from the European Orbit Determination Centre, whereas the IFCB1 scheme is more compatible with the precision products provided by Wuhan University.

GLONASS  /  inter-frequency code bias  /  PPP  /  time transfer  /  frequency stability
徐炜, 刘婉晴, 宋佳, 杨子嘉. 顾及GLONASS频间码偏差的非差精密时间传递性能评估. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (5) : 579 -586 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.223
Wei XU, Wanqing LIU, Jia SONG, Zijia YANG. Performance Assessment of Undifferenced Precise Time Transfer Considering GLONASS Inter-Frequency Code Biases[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (5) : 579 -586 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.223
正文
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基于载波相位观测值的PPP时间传递方法凭借其相较于伪距观测值的显著精度优势，能够实现亚纳秒量级的高精度时间传递，是时频领域的研究热点[1-3]。随着多系统GNSS兼容互操作技术的日益成熟，作为GNSS重要组成部分的GLONASS在精密定位与时间传递领域的应用不断拓展，重要性也日益凸显。该系统采用频分多址技术，每颗卫星使用独立频率，这一特性导致接收机端产生延迟差异，进而引发频间偏差(IFB)问题。IFB可进一步细分为IFPB和IFCB两大类。在非差PPP模型中，IFPB通常能被模糊度参数吸收。然而，IFCB无法被残差有效吸收，成为制约GLONASS精密定位与时间传递准确性的关键因素。
近年来，学者们围绕GLONASS IFCB特性及其对非差PPP的影响展开了广泛研究。刘志强等[4]通过引入时频偏差参数有效补偿了IFCB，显著提升了卫星钟差估计精度、PPP收敛速度及定位精度。Zhou等[5]提出了单站GLONASS伪距频间偏差实时估计方法，在考虑IFCB后，PPP收敛速度提升超过20%。徐龙威等[6]基于双差MW组合和双频消电离层组合，研究了站间IFCB实时估计算法，实现了各频段非组合站间单差IFCB的实时获取。Shi等[7]发现IFCB的变化规律与接收机类型、天线型号及软件版本密切相关，部分接收机的IFCB与频率数呈线性关系，部分则符合二次函数关系。Peng等[8]基于单频PPP模型估计IFCB参数，显著提升了GLONASS单频PPP的静态和动态定位精度。Chen等[9]在GPS/GLONASS组合卫星钟差估计中考虑IFCB影响，证明了估计每颗卫星IFCB相比估计每个信号信道IFCB的定位精度更高。刘姣等[10]基于测站伪距残差的分析，将卫星端与接收机端的IFCB分离，建立广播星历的频间偏差模型和伪距定位改进模型，并对该定位改进模型进行动态定位验证。赵班等[11]对比分析了估计每颗卫星的IFCB参数与将IFCB建模为频率号的一次线性函数2种数据策略在PPP中的性能，验证了后者在多系统融合PPP定位性能上的优势。Zhao等[12]基于非差非组合GLONASS PPP模型，从定位精度、收敛时间、数据利用率及每种IFCB模型的待估参数数量等角度，验证了在进行多系统PPP时，采用二次多项式模型估计IFCB的优势。Pan等[13]研究了顾及GLONASS IFCB的PPP模型，验证了所提模型相比传统算法在收敛速度和残差方面的优势。苏珂等[14]分析了不同GLONASS IFCB处理策略对PPP收敛速度、定位精度及残差的影响，证实了对GLONASS IFCB进行建模在精密定位性能上的优势。此外，国际GNSS服务组织(IGS)分析中心也公布了其GLONASS卫星钟差估计中的IFCB处理策略：欧洲定轨中心(CODE)、欧洲航天局(ESA)和武汉大学(WHU)均采用估计每颗卫星IFCB的策略; 德国地学中心(GFZ)采用估计每个频率数IFCB的策略[15-16]。
当前研究主要集中于GLONASS IFCB对精密定位性能的影响分析，其在精密时间传递领域的应用评估尚存局限：针对时间传递核心性能指标(特别是中长期频率稳定度)受IFCB建模影响的系统定量评估较为缺乏；IFCB建模对不同类型接收机/天线组合下时间传递性能的改善效果有待深入探究。为解决上述问题，本文以GLONASS非差精密时间传递为研究对象，构建3种具有代表性的IFCB处理模型，评估不同IFCB建模方案对时间传递性能的影响，分析IFCB建模方案与接收机/天线组合类型的适配性关系，并探索不同分析中心精密产品与特定IFCB建模方案的协同优化潜力。
1 GLONASS非差PPP时间传递模型
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GLONASS伪距和载波相位观测值可以表示为[17]：
$\left\{\begin{aligned}P_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{R}, i}= & \rho_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+c \mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}-c \mathrm{~d} t^{\mathrm{R}, i}+M_{\mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot Z_{\mathrm{w}}+ \\& I_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+\left(d_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{R}, i}-d_j^{\mathrm{R}, i}\right)+\xi_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \\L_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{R}, i}= & \rho_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+c \mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}-c \mathrm{~d} t^{\mathrm{s}}+M_{\mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot Z_{\mathrm{w}}-I_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+ \\& \lambda_j^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot\left(N_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+B_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{R}, i}-B_j^{\mathrm{R}, i}\right)+\zeta_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{R}, i}\end{aligned}\right.$
式中，L和P分别为伪距和载波相位观测值，单位为m；上标R和i分别为GLONASS卫星系统及卫星编号(i > 0)；下标r和j(j = 1, 2)分别为GLONASS接收机和频率标识；λ为波长，单位为m；ρ为卫星与测站间的几何距离，单位为m；c为真空中的光速，单位为m/s；dtr和dts分别为接收机钟差和卫星钟差，单位为s；Mw为对流层延迟映射函数；Zw为天顶对流层湿延迟，单位为m；I为倾斜电离层延迟，单位为m；N为整数相位模糊度参数，单位为周；d为未校准的UCD，单位为m；B为未校准的相位延迟UPD，单位为周；ξ和ζ分别为伪距和载波相位的观测噪声，单位为m。
因GLONASS采用频分多址的信号机制，接收机端的UCD可表示为：
$d_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{R}, i}=d_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{R}, 0}+\varTheta_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{R}, i}$
式中，dr, jR, 0为初始统一的伪距硬件延迟，在频率j上对所有的GLONASS卫星是相同的；Θr, jR, i为与GLONASS卫星频率相关的伪距硬件延迟，即IFCB。
采用IGS提供的卫星精密轨道、钟差产品，并利用DCB产品改正卫星端的伪距硬件延迟，线性化后的双频IF组合GLONASS非差时间传递模型可表示为：
$\left\{\begin{aligned}p_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}= & \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot \boldsymbol{x}+c \mathrm{~d} \tilde{t}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}+M_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot Z_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}+ \\& d_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}}+c \varTheta_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+\xi_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \\l_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}= & \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot \boldsymbol{x}+c \mathrm{~d} \tilde{t}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}+M_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot Z_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}+ \\& \lambda_{\mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot\left(N_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+b_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}-b_{\mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}\right)+\zeta_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}\end{aligned}\right.$
式中，p和l分别为伪距和载波相位观测值减去计算值；u为方向余弦；x为三维坐标的增量；下标IF为双频消电离层组合。
2 GLONASS IFCB的建模方案
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2.1 忽略IFCB
在忽略IFCB的方案中，一部分IFCB会被接收机钟差吸收，另一部分会被伪距残差吸收。GLONASS双频消电离层组合非差PPP时间传递的模型可表示为：
$\left\{\begin{aligned}p_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}= & \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot \boldsymbol{x}+c \mathrm{~d} \tilde{t}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}+M_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot Z_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}+\xi_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \\l_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}= & \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot \boldsymbol{x}+c \mathrm{~d} \tilde{t}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}+M_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot Z_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}+\lambda_{\mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot \\& \tilde{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+\zeta_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}\end{aligned}\right.$
其中，
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}c \mathrm{~d} \tilde{t}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}=c \mathrm{~d} \tilde{t}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}+d_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, 0} \\\tilde{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}=\left(N_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+b_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}-b_{\mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}\right)-d_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, 0} / \lambda_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}\end{array}\right.$
式中，“~”为参数重组。
2.2 IFCB建模为频率数的线性函数
在此建模方案下，为相同频率的GLONASS卫星统一设置一个IFCB参数，可表示为：
$\varTheta_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{R}, i}=K^i \cdot \varDelta_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}$
式中，K为GLONASS的频率号，从－7~6；Δ为依赖于频率数的IFCB部分。因接收机钟差与IFCB参数强相关，需要对IFCB参数增加0均值约束将两者分离。
此时，GLONASS双频消电离层组合非差PPP时间传递的模型可表示为：
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}p_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{~IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}= \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot \boldsymbol{x}+c \mathrm{~d} \tilde{t}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}+M_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot Z_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}+ \\ \quad \quad \quad K^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot \varDelta_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{~IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+\xi_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{~IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \\l_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{~IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}= \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot \boldsymbol{x}+c \mathrm{~d} \tilde{t}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}+M_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot Z_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}+ \\\quad \quad \quad \lambda_{ \mathrm{~IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot \widetilde{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{~IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+\zeta_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{~IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \\\sum \varDelta_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{~IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}=0 \end{array}\right.$
其中，
$\left\{\begin{aligned}c \mathrm{~d} \tilde{t}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}= & c \mathrm{~d} \tilde{t}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}+d_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, 0} \\\widetilde{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}= & \left(N_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+b_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}-b_{\mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}\right)- \\& d_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, 0} / \lambda_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}-K^{\mathrm{R}, i} \varDelta_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}\end{aligned}\right.$
2.3 IFCB建模为频率数的二次多项式函数
在此建模方案中，IFCB参数可表示为：
$\varTheta_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{R}, i}=K^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot \varDelta_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+\left(K^{\mathrm{R}, i}\right)^2 \cdot \varOmega_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}$
式中，Ω为依赖于频率数二次项的IFCB部分。
此时，GLONASS双频消电离层组合非差PPP时间传递的模型可表示为：
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}p_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{~IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}= \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot \boldsymbol{x}+c \mathrm{~d} \tilde{t}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}+M_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot Z_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}+ \\\quad \quad \quad K^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot \varDelta_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+\left(K^{\mathrm{R}, i}\right)^2 \cdot \varOmega_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+\xi_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \\l_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}= \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot \boldsymbol{x}+c \mathrm{~d} \tilde{t}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}+M_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot Z_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{w}}+\lambda_{\mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \cdot \\\quad \quad \quad \tilde{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+\zeta_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} \\\sum \varDelta_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i} =0\end{array}\right.$
其中，
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}c \mathrm{~d} \tilde{t}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}= c \mathrm{~d} \tilde{t}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{R}}+d_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, 0} \\\widetilde{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}= \left(N_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}+b_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}-b_{\mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}\right)-d_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, 0} / \lambda_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}- \\\quad \quad \quad K^{\mathrm{R}, i} \varDelta_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}-\left(K^{\mathrm{R}, i}\right)^2 \varOmega_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{R}, i}\end{array}\right.$
3 数据源及处理策略
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选取MGEX网中31个测站为期1周的GLONASS观测数据开展实验。所选测站均配备铯原子钟或氢原子钟，其中BRUX、ONSA、SPT0和USN9等测站隶属于UTC守时实验室，具有极高的时间基准可靠性。实验以BRUX测站为中心节点，构建了包含BRUX-ONSA、BRUX-USN9等在内的30条远程时间传递链路，形成了覆盖范围广的实验网络。GLONASS非差精密时间传递测站的分布见图 1。
为评估不同GLONASS IFCB策略与精密轨道钟差产品的适配性，同时采用CODE和WHU提供的快速精密产品进行数据处理。数据处理策略包括：设置GLONASS伪距与载波相位观测值的噪声分别为0.3 m和3.0 mm；卫星截止高度角为7°；观测值按高度角加权；参数估计采用扩展Kalman滤波。针对接收机端GLONASS IFCB，分别采用3种处理策略：忽略IFCB(记为IFCB0方案)、将IFCB建模为频率数的线性函数(记为IFCB1方案)、将IFCB建模为频率数的二次多项式(记为IFCB2方案)。详细的GLONASS非差PPP精密时间传递数据处理策略见表 1。
4 实验结果分析
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4.1 GLONASS IFCB的时变特性分析
不同GLONASS IFCB处理策略对BRUX、WTZZ、YEL2和ZIM3测站IFCB时间序列的估计结果见图 2。
由图可见，各测站的GLONASS IFCB值存在明显差异，这种差异与其所配备的GNSS接收机及天线类型密切相关。对比IFCB1和IFCB2方案的结果可知，两者估计的GLONASS IFCB数值基本一致，但在IFCB的稳定性方面存在部分差异(如WTZZ测站在第1天的IFCB)。
为进一步分析GLONASS IFCB的时变特性，统计各个测站IFCB的RMS和STD均值(图 3)。
由图可见，IFCB的RMS值在5.0~40.0 cm之间。这表明IFCB对PPP精密时间传递具有显著影响，因此对其进行精细建模十分必要。大部分测站IFCB的STD均在3.0 cm以内，反映出IFCB的变化相对稳定。对比IFCB1与IFCB2模型的STD结果发现，IFCB2的STD值相较IFCB1均有所下降，其中在ONSA、BOR1、WTZZ和STK2测站上降幅尤为显著。IFCB2相比IFCB1的RMS与STD的平均降幅分别约为7%和12%。这一数据表明，相较于线性函数模型，将GLONASS IFCB建模为二次多项式在提升参数估计稳定性方面更具优势，IFCB2模型所得结果的稳定性优于IFCB1模型。
4.2 IFCB建模方案对非差精密时间传递的影响
采用CODE分析中心提供的快速精密钟差与轨道产品进行数据处理，并以阿伦偏差作为评估时间传递性能的指标。图 4为BRUX-PRDS、BRUX-YEL2、BRUX-WTZZ和BRUX-ZIM3链路时间传递的频率稳定度结果。
由图可知，在平均时间小于3 000 s的范围内，IFCB0、IFCB1和IFCB2三种建模方案所获得的频率稳定度表现一致。然而，随着平均时间的增加，不同IFCB建模方案间的频率稳定度差异逐渐显现。这一差异在BRUX-WTZZ和BRUX-ZIM3链路上尤为突出，特别是在6 000~30 000 s的平均时间区间内。总体而言，IFCB2方案的频率稳定度略优于IFCB1方案，且两者均显著优于IFCB0方案。上述结果充分表明，IFCB建模方案对长期频率稳定度具有显著影响，对GLONASS IFCB进行精细建模十分必要。
为了进一步评估各类GLONASS IFCB建模方案对精密时间传递的影响，对实验所选30条链路时间传递频率稳定度的均值进行统计(表 2)。
可以看出，IFCB2方案的频率稳定度表现最优，IFCB1方案次之，IFB0方案最差。统计分析表明，相较于IFCB0方案，IFCB1和IFCB2方案的整体频率稳定度提升约2%，而IFCB2方案较IFCB1方案的整体性能提升约为0.3%。具体而言，在短期频率稳定度方面，IFCB1和IFCB2方案分别较IFCB0方案提升1.0%和1.3%；在中期频率稳定度方面，提升效果也较为显著，分别达到2.2%和2.5%；在长期频率稳定度方面，改善最为明显，提升幅度分别达3.9%和4.5%。
上述结果证实，IFCB建模(尤其是IFCB1和IFCB2方案)可有效提升GLONASS时间传递性能，且其提升效果在长期时间尺度上更为明显。这一现象的成因可归结为：短时间尺度下，时间传递稳定度主要受观测噪声主导；随着平均时间的增加，随机噪声的影响逐渐弱化，而IFCB作为系统性偏差会持续累积，进而成为影响稳定度的主导因素。此时，对IFCB进行精确建模可有效削弱该系统性偏差，从而显著提升长期稳定度。
4.3 IFCB建模方案与接收机/天线类型的兼容性分析
基于§4.2的研究基础，依据测站接收机与天线的配置类型，将实验测站划分为3类：同类型(接收机与天线型号均一致)、混合型(接收机型号相同但天线型号不同)和异质型(接收机与天线型号均不同)，旨在系统探究不同IFCB建模方案对各类GNSS设备组合时间传递性能的影响。具体实验配置如下：在同类型设备实验中，选用配备SEPT POLARX4TR接收机与JAVRINGANT_DM天线的测站组合；在混合型设备实验中，选用配备SEPT POLARX4TR接收机但搭配不同型号天线的测站组合；在异质型设备实验中，选取配备TRIMBLE NETR8/9、JAVAD TRE_G3TH和SEPT POLARX4接收机搭配不同接收机天线类型(AOAD/M_B、ASH701073.1、ASH701945C_M、LEIAR25.R4、ASH701945E_M、SEPCHOKE_MC、TRM59800.00等19种类型)的测站组合。具体方案及时间传递实验链路的选取见表 3。
基于IFCB0、IFCB1和IFCB2模型的数据处理策略，使用同类型、混合型和异质型设备进行精密时间传递的频率稳定度均值统计结果见表 4。
在使用同类型接收机与天线的实验中，IFCB0模型的频率稳定度整体略优于IFCB1和IFCB2模型，且IFCB2模型略优于IFCB1模型。这一现象可归因于：进行时间传递的2个测站采用了完全相同的GNSS设备型号，导致2个站点所受的IFCB影响存在相似性与相关性。在时间传递过程中，通过对2个站点接收机钟差进行差分处理，部分IFCB效应得以抵消，从而使得IFCB0模型的稳定度表现略优于IFCB1和IFCB2模型。
在混合型及异质型设备组合的实验中，IFCB2和IFCB1模型的频率稳定度通常显著优于IFCB0模型，尽管在部分时刻偶现IFCB2模型略逊于IFCB0模型的情况。统计结果表明，在混合型实验中，相较于IFCB0模型，IFCB1和IFCB2模型的平均稳定度提升幅度约为3.0×10-14；在异质型实验中，相应的平均提升幅度约为4.8×10-14。
因此，当时间传递链路两端使用同类型设备时，可忽略IFCB(即采用IFCB0模型)；而当使用混合型或异质型GNSS设备时，推荐将IFCB建模为频率数的二次多项式(即采用IFCB2模型)，以优化时间传递性能。
值得注意的是，同类型方案的短期稳定度(如30 s)比混合型和异质型方案大1个数量级，这主要源于2个方面因素：一是同类型方案中MKEA测站的观测质量稍差，存在约150个历元无法解算，进而影响了其时间传递的短期频率稳定度，但该情况并不影响不同IFCB方案间的横向对比有效性；二是混合型与异质型方案的结果为多个氢钟和铯钟的均值，因此，后2类方案的短期稳定度显著更优。
4.4 IFCB建模方案与精密卫星产品的适配性分析
依托§4.2的研究基础，采用WHU提供的快速精密钟差与轨道产品，开展GLONASS非差PPP时间传递实验。部分链路(BRUX-PRDS、BRUX-YEL2、BRUX-WTZZ和BRUX-ZIM3)时间传递的频率稳定度结果见图 5。
由图 5可知，IFCB0、IFCB1和IFCB2模型在短期与中期频率稳定度上表现基本一致，而长期频率稳定度则存在一定差异。其中，IFCB1和IFCB2模型的长期频率稳定度表现趋近，而IFCB0模型的整体长期频率稳定度则略逊于前两者，这一差异在BRUX-WTZZ链路上体现得最为显著。通过对比使用CODE与WHU精密产品的精密时间传递结果，可观察到两者的频率稳定度变化趋势及数值高度吻合。例如，在BRUX-PRDS和BRUX-YEL2链路上，当平均时间达到120 000 s时，两者的频率稳定度均呈现相似的上升趋势。这一现象为研究结果的可靠性提供了进一步验证。
为定量分析IFCB建模方案对精密时间传递的影响，对实验链路时间传递频率稳定度的均值进行统计(表 5)。
可以看出，基于WHU产品的GLONASS精密时频传递中，IFCB1和IFCB2模型的频率稳定度显著优于IFCB0模型。具体而言，IFCB1模型相较于IFCB0模型，其短期、中期和长期频率稳定度分别提升1.8%、5.6%和10.1%；IFCB2模型相较于IFCB0模型，则分别提升1.6%、5.5%和10.2%。值得注意的是，IFCB1模型的频率稳定度略高于IFCB2模型，在短期和中期稳定度上尤为明显，这表明IFCB1建模方案与WHU精密产品具有更高的适配性。
此外，综合CODE和WHU精密产品的时间传递结果分析表明，CODE产品所获得的频率稳定度略优于WHU产品。具体表现为：CODE产品相较于WHU产品，其短期、中期和长期频率稳定度分别提高0.8%、2.0%和7.6%。综合上述结果，建议在GLONASS非差精密时间传递中采用CODE精密产品，并将GLONASS IFCB建模为二次多项式，以实现最优的时间传递性能。
5 结语
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本文构建了忽略IFCB、将IFCB建模为频率数线性函数和将IFCB建模为频率数二次多项式的GLONASS非差精密时间传递模型。通过选取MGEX网中31个测站形成的时频链路，基于不同分析中心的卫星钟差轨道产品，分析了接收机/天线类型同IFCB建模方案的适配性，并评估了不同IFCB建模方案下的精密时间传递性能。结果表明，相较于忽略IFCB的策略，采用IFCB建模方案可提升时间频率稳定度，其中长期频率稳定度的改善最为显著。当使用混合或异质型的GNSS接收机与天线时，IFCB建模方案的时间传递性能略优；而使用同类型设备时，忽略IFCB的方案时间传递精度略优。此外，使用CODE精密产品进行时间传递获得的频率稳定度优于使用WHU精密产品。在适配性方面，将IFCB建模为频率数线性函数的策略与WHU精密产品适配性更好，而将IFCB建模为频率数二次多项式的策略则与CODE精密产品适配性更好。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(42304095)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42030105)
  • 安徽省高校自然科学研究重点项目(2023AH051634)
  • 安徽省高校自然科学研究重点项目(2024AH051436)
  • 安徽省高校自然科学研究重点项目(2024AH051419)
  • 滁州学院科研启动基金(2023qd07)
  • 滁州学院科研启动基金(2023qd08)
  • 滁州学院科研启动基金(2024qd02)
文献
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2026年第46卷第5期
23
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.223
  • 接收时间：2025-06-30
  • 首发时间：2026-10-29
  • 出版时间：2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期：2025-06-30
基金
国家自然科学基金(42304095)
国家自然科学基金(42030105)
安徽省高校自然科学研究重点项目(2023AH051634)
安徽省高校自然科学研究重点项目(2024AH051436)
安徽省高校自然科学研究重点项目(2024AH051419)
滁州学院科研启动基金(2023qd07)
滁州学院科研启动基金(2023qd08)
滁州学院科研启动基金(2024qd02)
作者信息
    1 滁州学院地理信息与旅游学院, 滁州, 239000
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.223
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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