Article(id=1322566982331909011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322566927927591451, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.424, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764691200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793254140694, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793254140694, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793254140694, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793254140694, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322566927927591451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='262', pageEnd='391', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793254127723, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793254127723, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=298, endPage=307, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322566985720906644, articleId=1322566982331909011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Design and Simulation Analysis of an Electrostatic Lunar Gravimeter, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the lunar environment characterized by high vacuum, low gravity, and minimal seismic activity, a three-axis lunar surface gravimeter based on electrostatic accelerometer technology is proposed. The working principle, performance specifications, and application scenarios of the gravimeter are presented. Theoretical results and simulation curves indicate that the gravimeter has a vertical measurement range of approximately 2.9 m/s2, exceeding the lunar surface gravitational acceleration, with a resolution of about 82 μGal/Hz1/2. In the horizontal direction, the range is about 0.12 m/s2 with a resolution of approximately 4 μGal/Hz1/2. Ultimately, this design enables high-precision gravity measurements on the Moon, offering a new payload solution for China's lunar gravity research and laying the groundwork for future lunar gravity exploration.

, authors=Ming HU1, Mingyu LI1, Yanzheng BAI1, Hanyi DONG1, Li LIU1, Shaobo QU1, Chengrui WANG1, Shuchao WU1, Jianbo YU1, Zebing ZHOU1, *, authorsList=Ming HU, Mingyu LI, Yanzheng BAI, Hanyi DONG, Li LIU, Shaobo QU, Chengrui WANG, Shuchao WU, Jianbo YU, Zebing ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zebing ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322566990271726517, articleId=1322566982331909011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=静电式月球重力仪方案设计及仿真分析, columnId=1281933709121138897, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地球动力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对月球高真空、小重力以及低月震的环境, 提出基于静电加速度计技术体制的三轴月球表面重力仪方案, 给出重力仪工作原理、指标分析和应用场景。理论结果和仿真曲线表明, 重力仪在竖直方向量程约2.9 m/s2, 大于月表重力加速度, 分辨率约82 μGal/Hz1/2; 水平方向量程约0.12 m/s2, 分辨率约4 μGal/Hz1/2。最终可实现月面重力测量, 为我国月球重力测量研究提供载荷新方案。

, authors=胡明1, 李明雨1, 白彦峥1, 董翰仪1, 刘力1, 屈少波1, 王铖锐1, 吴书朝1, 于健博1, 周泽兵1, *, authorsList=胡明, 李明雨, 白彦峥, 董翰仪, 刘力, 屈少波, 王铖锐, 吴书朝, 于健博, 周泽兵, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周泽兵, authorNote=

胡明, 博士, 副研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为空间惯性传感器与重力仪研制, E-mail:

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周泽兵, 博士, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为静电加速度计与惯性传感器, E-mail:
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Progress and Prospect of the Lunar-Based Gravitational-Wave Detection[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2023, 10 (3): 247- 256, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322567008219152469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566982331909011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李归. 基于高压悬浮方案的静电加速度计地面研究[D]. 武汉: 华中科技大学, 2014, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322567008307232854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566982331909011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Gui. Ground Research on Electrostatic Accelerometer Based on High-Pressure Suspension Scheme[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2014, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322567008378536023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566982331909011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国国家航天局. 嫦娥八号任务国际合作机遇公告[EB/OL]. https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758838/c10392100/content.html, 2023-10-02, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322567008479199320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566982331909011, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China National Space Administration. Announcement on International Cooperation Opportunities for the Chang'e-8 Mission[EB/OL]. https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758838/c10392100/content.html, 2023-10-02, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322567000585519132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566982331909011, awardId=2021YFC2202504, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2202504), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322567000673599517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566982331909011, awardId=2023YFC2205803, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2205803), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322567000770068510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566982331909011, awardId=12575052, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(12575052), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322567000879120415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, 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journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566982331909011, language=CN, label=图15, caption=月球重力仪小倾角测量状态坐标示意图

1为重力敏感单元;2为姿态调节与控制单元

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Parameters of lunar gravimeter

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参数 静电式月球重力仪 嫦娥八号设计约束
尺寸 <(200 mm×200 mm×300 mm) <(2 500 mm×1 300 mm×700 mm)
质量 <10 kg <50 kg
功率 <50 W <50 W
数据协议 422协议 -
), ArticleFig(id=1322566999625023509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566982331909011, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

月球重力仪参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 静电式月球重力仪 嫦娥八号设计约束
尺寸 <(200 mm×200 mm×300 mm) <(2 500 mm×1 300 mm×700 mm)
质量 <10 kg <50 kg
功率 <50 W <50 W
数据协议 422协议 -
), ArticleFig(id=1322566999704715286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566982331909011, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Summary of parameters of gravity sensitive units

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参数 设计值
TM尺寸 20 mm×20 mm×20 mm
TM质量 ~20 g
EH尺寸 (18 mm×8.5 mm)/块
EH间距 30 μm
整机尺寸 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm
整机质量 <2 kg
偏置电压 20 V
竖直/水平最大反馈电压 180 V/20 V
水平Ha 5.8×10-3 m·s-2·V-1
电容检测噪声 5×10-7 pF/Hz1/2
竖直/水平电压控制噪声 36 μV·Hz-1/2/4 μV·Hz-1/2
竖直平衡高压Vh -130 V
竖直起支高压Vh0 -180 V
竖直/水平量程 2.90 m·s-2/0.12 m·s-2
), ArticleFig(id=1322566999792795671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566982331909011, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

重力敏感单元参数汇总

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参数 设计值
TM尺寸 20 mm×20 mm×20 mm
TM质量 ~20 g
EH尺寸 (18 mm×8.5 mm)/块
EH间距 30 μm
整机尺寸 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm
整机质量 <2 kg
偏置电压 20 V
竖直/水平最大反馈电压 180 V/20 V
水平Ha 5.8×10-3 m·s-2·V-1
电容检测噪声 5×10-7 pF/Hz1/2
竖直/水平电压控制噪声 36 μV·Hz-1/2/4 μV·Hz-1/2
竖直平衡高压Vh -130 V
竖直起支高压Vh0 -180 V
竖直/水平量程 2.90 m·s-2/0.12 m·s-2
), ArticleFig(id=1322566999880876056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566982331909011, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Six-degree-of-freedom residual combination

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自由度 组合方式
X平动 (CX1+-CX1-) + (CX2+-CX2-)
Y平动 (CY1+-CY1-) + (CY2+-CY2-)
Z平动 (CZ1+-CZ1-) + (CZ2+-CZ2-)
RX转动 (CY1+-CY1-) - (CY2+-CY2-)
RY转动 (CZ1+-CZ1-) - (CZ2+-CZ2-)
RZ转动 (CX1+ -CX1-) - (CX2+-CX2-)
), ArticleFig(id=1322567000111562777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566982331909011, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

六自由度残差组合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自由度 组合方式
X平动 (CX1+-CX1-) + (CX2+-CX2-)
Y平动 (CY1+-CY1-) + (CY2+-CY2-)
Z平动 (CZ1+-CZ1-) + (CZ2+-CZ2-)
RX转动 (CY1+-CY1-) - (CY2+-CY2-)
RY转动 (CZ1+-CZ1-) - (CZ2+-CZ2-)
RZ转动 (CX1+ -CX1-) - (CX2+-CX2-)
), ArticleFig(id=1322567000233197594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566982331909011, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Six-degree-of-freedom feedback voltage signal combination

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极板 组合方式
X1+ Vfed_X- Vfed_RZ
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), ArticleFig(id=1322567000455495707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566982331909011, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

六自由度反馈电压信号组合

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极板 组合方式
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静电式月球重力仪方案设计及仿真分析
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胡明 1 , 李明雨 1 , 白彦峥 1 , 董翰仪 1 , 刘力 1 , 屈少波 1 , 王铖锐 1 , 吴书朝 1 , 于健博 1 , 周泽兵 1, *
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地球动力学 2026,46(3): 298-307
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地球动力学 2026 , 46 (3) : 298 -307
静电式月球重力仪方案设计及仿真分析
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胡明1 , 李明雨1, 白彦峥1, 董翰仪1, 刘力1, 屈少波1, 王铖锐1, 吴书朝1, 于健博1, 周泽兵1, *
作者信息
  • 1 国家精密重力测量科学中心, 基本物理量测量教育部重点实验室, 华中科技大学物理学院, 武汉, 430074
通讯作者:
周泽兵, 博士, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为静电加速度计与惯性传感器, E-mail:
作者简介:

胡明, 博士, 副研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为空间惯性传感器与重力仪研制, E-mail:

Design and Simulation Analysis of an Electrostatic Lunar Gravimeter
Ming HU1 , Mingyu LI1, Yanzheng BAI1, Hanyi DONG1, Li LIU1, Shaobo QU1, Chengrui WANG1, Shuchao WU1, Jianbo YU1, Zebing ZHOU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 National Gravitation Laboratory, MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.424
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针对月球高真空、小重力以及低月震的环境, 提出基于静电加速度计技术体制的三轴月球表面重力仪方案, 给出重力仪工作原理、指标分析和应用场景。理论结果和仿真曲线表明, 重力仪在竖直方向量程约2.9 m/s2, 大于月表重力加速度, 分辨率约82 μGal/Hz1/2; 水平方向量程约0.12 m/s2, 分辨率约4 μGal/Hz1/2。最终可实现月面重力测量, 为我国月球重力测量研究提供载荷新方案。

月球重力场  /  静电重力仪  /  六自由度  /  电容传感  /  静电控制

Aimed at the lunar environment characterized by high vacuum, low gravity, and minimal seismic activity, a three-axis lunar surface gravimeter based on electrostatic accelerometer technology is proposed. The working principle, performance specifications, and application scenarios of the gravimeter are presented. Theoretical results and simulation curves indicate that the gravimeter has a vertical measurement range of approximately 2.9 m/s2, exceeding the lunar surface gravitational acceleration, with a resolution of about 82 μGal/Hz1/2. In the horizontal direction, the range is about 0.12 m/s2 with a resolution of approximately 4 μGal/Hz1/2. Ultimately, this design enables high-precision gravity measurements on the Moon, offering a new payload solution for China's lunar gravity research and laying the groundwork for future lunar gravity exploration.

lunar gravity field  /  electrostatic gravimeter  /  six degrees of freedom  /  capacitive sensing  /  electrostatic control
胡明, 李明雨, 白彦峥, 董翰仪, 刘力, 屈少波, 王铖锐, 吴书朝, 于健博, 周泽兵. 静电式月球重力仪方案设计及仿真分析. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (3) : 298 -307 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.424
Ming HU, Mingyu LI, Yanzheng BAI, Hanyi DONG, Li LIU, Shaobo QU, Chengrui WANG, Shuchao WU, Jianbo YU, Zebing ZHOU. Design and Simulation Analysis of an Electrostatic Lunar Gravimeter[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (3) : 298 -307 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.424
月球重力测量是人类探索地月系统演化、行星内部结构及深空探测技术发展的核心研究课题之一。作为月球物理场的重要组成部分,重力场数据不仅直接反映了月壳厚度变化、月核半径等内部结构特征,还为验证大碰撞假说、分析早期热演化提供了动力学约束。从科学探索角度看,月球重力场是揭示其内部圈层结构的“透视镜”[1-5]。通过重力异常分析,科学家发现了月球正面的“质量瘤”及其独特的“牛眼”模式结构,揭示了月海盆地与火山活动的关联性;在深空探测领域,高精度重力场模型是绕月卫星精密定轨与着陆器安全控制的基础。此外,月球作为“类地行星的化石”,其重力场研究有助于建立行星内部结构的普适模型。例如,通过对比地球与月球的重力场特征,可以分析潮汐锁定机制、自转稳定性等共性规律。月球弱磁场和稀薄大气环境下的重力测量,也为研究其他无大气天体(如水星、小行星)提供了参考。重力异常分布还与月表矿物资源(如氦-3、钛铁矿)的富集区域密切相关,可为未来月球基地的建设和资源开发提供基础性支持[6-9]。
1959年,苏联的Luna 1号成功飞越月球,标志着人类的探月计划正式拉开帷幕,随后的Luna系列任务和美国的阿波罗计划提供了宝贵的月球表面图像和地质样本,为后来的重力场研究奠定了基础[10-11]。进入20世纪90年代,月球重力场的研究取得了重要进展。其中,美国NASA于1994年发射的月球勘测卫星(Lunar Prospector)为月球的重力场测量提供了初步数据[12-13];2011年,NASA的GRAIL(Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory)任务使用2颗同步绕月卫星进行高精度月球重力场测量,是迄今为止最精确的月球重力场探测之一,提供了当前分辨率最高的1 500阶模型[14-16]。目前,轨道摄动反演是获取月球重力场模型的主要方式[17],但该方法在可靠性方面仍存在一些问题,如低阶项不确定度大、高阶项噪声突出、向下延拓的误差控制等。除了在数据处理与解算方法上更深入的研究外,最直接有效的解决方法是通过月面重力测量来提升模型的精度与可靠性[18]。
针对月球重力测量,美国的阿波罗17号任务提出μGal级的分辨率指标,并携带2台重力仪登月。携带的振弦重力仪完成了一次完整的重力导线测量,而D型弹簧重力仪未完成测量任务[19]。武汉大学李斐等[18]对前述重力仪测重数据及我国嫦娥四号所携带的2台惯性加速度计数据进行重力解算,对比现有的月球重力场模型,发现吻合度较差,无法用于模型约束。在地面重力测量中,重力仪主要分为绝对重力仪(absolute gravimeter,AG)和相对重力仪(relative gravimeter,RG)。整体而言,绝对重力仪拥有更高的测量分辨率,而相对重力仪在便携性、轻量化等方面更有优势[20]。目前,地面重力仪的精度水平已普遍达到10 μGal量级,而已有报道的月球重力测量实验中的测量精度远低于重力仪的精度。按照阿波罗17号的任务需求,地面重力仪在精度上已经完全满足月面重力测量需求,但在体积、重量、功耗和使用条件等方面无法直接满足探月工程的载荷需求。其次,月球表面尚未开发,且昼夜温差较大,这对重力仪的环境适应性提出较高的要求[18]。随着探月技术的不断进步,世界各国相继提出与月球重力勘测相关的任务,如美国提出的Artemis Ⅲ任务[21],意大利提出的月球引力波天线(Luna Gravitational Waves Antenna,LGWA)等任务[22]。我国的探月工程历经“绕、落、回”3个阶段的发展,如今已具备携带重力仪进行月面重力测量的条件[23-24]。
静电加速度计技术体制具有极高分辨率,且检验质量与加速度计无机械结构连接,相较于摆式加速度计拥有更稳的零偏,更适合无操作、长周期运行[25]。华中科技大学国家精密重力测量科学中心团队历经20余年,自主攻克了高精度静电加速度计研制技术,并先后完成试验五号卫星、天舟一号货运飞船、“天琴一号”卫星和中国首组重力卫星等重要型号任务,具有完整成熟的设计、研发、生产、测试和应用经验[26-29]。此外,相较于地球而言,月球表面天然拥有真空环境(日出时分,月球上的大气压为10-8 Pa),重力加速度约为地球重力加速度的1/6,且在0.1~5 Hz频段处,月震噪声比地球的地震噪声至少小3个量级,约为2×10-14 m/Hz1/2[30]。本文以静电加速度计作为重力敏感单元,针对月面环境,提出静电式月球表面重力仪方案,重点完成了误差建模、噪声分析和指标设计。结果表明,重力仪竖直方向分辨率可达60 μGal/Hz1/2,量程约2.9 m/s2;水平方向分辨率可达4 μGal/Hz1/2,量程约0.12 m/s2。这为我国月球重力场测量提供了一种新的载荷技术途径。
静电式月球重力仪重力敏感单元如图 1所示,主要包括敏感探头单元和伺服控制单元,其中敏感探头包括检验质量(test mass,TM)与电容极板(electrode housing,EH),伺服控制单元包括由电容位移传感、PID控制器和反馈执行机组成的高压控制单元与常压控制单元。
重力仪工作时,敏感探头单元内部的TM被控制在与重力仪平台固连的EH平衡位置,通过金丝对TM施加高频载波Vp及直流偏置Vb,其中Vp将差分电容信号调制到高频以抑制电路的低频闪烁噪声。Vb用于对TM施加直流电压,从而线性化静电执行机。TM任一表面与相对的EH构成传感电容,当TM相对EH运动时,电容位移传感电路经过乘法解调、低通滤波后获取TM低频运动信号。后经PID控制器得到反馈控制信号Vfed,最后利用反馈执行机在对应EH上施加反馈电压,将TM拉回平衡位置。理想情况下,在上述闭环过程中,反馈电压和静电力(静电加速度)之间满足线性关系:
$\begin{equation*}F=m_{\mathrm{TM}} a=\frac{C_{t} V_{b} V_{\mathrm{fed}}}{d}=\frac{\varepsilon S_{t} V_{b} V_{\mathrm{fed}}}{d^{2}} \end{equation*}$
式中,mTM为TM的质量,Ct、St分别对应检测自由度的电容和极板面积,表示为Ct=4C0,St=4S0(C0和S0分别为单块极板平衡电容和正对面积);d为EH与TM之间的距离;ε≈8.85×10-12 F/m为真空介电常数。因此,对反馈电压进行测量可以获得加速度信息,从而完成整个测量过程。
为保证重力仪在月面的正常工作,竖直方向采用高压悬浮控制环路,其工作原理如图 2所示。水平方向采用高压/常压融合反馈执行机(可根据不同量程需求切换)。
图 2中d0为TM位于上下EH正中间时的单侧间距,即平衡间距;d1为TM起支时落在下限位棒到平衡点之间的位移;Vh0为将TM从下极板限位棒起支所用的电压值,为起支高压;Vh为TM平衡状态时,施加在上极板的高压值,为平衡高压。Fup和Fdown分别为TM受到的向上和向下的静电力,若下极板施加的反馈电压Vfed与Vb相同,则容易得到Fdown=0。当TM处于平衡状态时,竖直方向静电力平衡,则有:
$\begin{equation*}F_{\text {up }}=\frac{\varepsilon \cdot 2 S_{0}\left(V_{h}-V_{b}\right)^{2}}{2 d_{0}^{2}}=\frac{1}{6} m_{\text {TM }} g \end{equation*}$
式中,g为地表重力加速度,月表重力加速度约为地表重力加速度的1/6。
静电式月球重力仪总体方案组成示意图如图 3所示,具体包括重力敏感单元(为静电式月球重力仪的核心单元,其关键技术包含敏感探头、电容位移传感电路和高压反馈执行机,在本章后续将重点介绍,并围绕该单元进行指标设计与仿真分析)、姿态调节与控制单元、数据分析单元、供电与通讯单元以及温度控制单元(后4个单元为静电式月球重力仪的必要单元,在后文进行集中分析与介绍)。
整机设计应充分考虑结构小型化、电路集成化和功耗优化。
1) 结构小型化。检验质量优化方面:采用10 g量级的微晶玻璃或镀金敏感质量块,通过材料密度与形状(如方形/球形)的协同设计,平衡惯性力矩与空间占用。极板布局方面:通过差分电容极板的三轴对称或环形阵列排布,在有限体积内实现三轴加速度同步测量,实现月面复杂环境的重力测量。封装简化方面:采用非真空封闭腔体设计,充分利用月球高真空环境,直接减少重力仪体积。
2) 电路集成化。机电分离方面:利用高密度互连技术(HDI)压缩电路层数,将探头电路集成于3块PCB板以内,立体封装,并采用机电分离方案,独立封装重力敏感单元与电路单元。芯片定制化方面:未来采用ASIC芯片替代分立元件,整合信号调理、模数转换与电源管理功能,降低冗余电路占比。
3) 低功耗设计。动态电源管理方面:依据工作模式(测量/待机)动态调节处理器电压与频率,采用DVFS(dynamic voltage frequency scaling)技术降低非关键任务能耗。硬件和软件协同优化方面:通过算法精简(如F检验替代阿伦方差评估稳定性)减少计算负载,同时选用低漏电CMOS工艺器件抑制静态功耗;无线传输节能方面:仅在数据稳定时激活射频模块,采用短脉冲通信协议降低传输能耗。
本文以符合上述思路的一套具体参数为例,给出静电式月球重力仪设计方案,其中TM尺寸设计为2 cm×2 cm×2 cm,单块EH尺寸设计为18 mm×8.5 mm,EH与TM平衡间距设计为30 μm。材料均使用低膨胀系数材料(如微晶玻璃约为10-7/K)加工,以提升重力仪月面环境温度适应性。
敏感探头单元采用多对差分电容来实现六自由度的电容位移检测,其极板布置和坐标定义如图 4所示,其中3个平动方向分别为竖直(X轴)和水平(Y轴和Z轴),而绕上述三轴的转动自由度分别为RX、RY和RZ,满足右手螺旋法则。其中X方向包括X1、X2两对极板,作为X平动以及RZ转动自由度的极板;Y方向包括Y1、Y2两对极板,作为Y平动以及RX转动自由度的极板;Z方向包括Z1、Z2两对极板,作为Z平动以及RY转动自由度的极板。采用三轴对称极板布局方案,减小间距增加面积可有效增大Y、Z轴的量程,适应月面重力测量。
电容位移传感电路主要包括前端电路、放大电路和解调电路,具体如图 5所示,可以采用模拟电路或者数字集成电路来实现。
位移检测分辨率是计算电容位移传感噪声的重要指标,电容位移传感噪声的表达式为:
$\begin{equation*}x_{n}=\frac{C_{n} d_{0}}{2 C_{0}} \approx \frac{1}{\varepsilon S_{0}} \sqrt{\frac{2 k_{B} T}{\omega_{0}^{3} L Q}} \frac{d_{0}^{2}}{V_{p}} \end{equation*}$
式中,L和Q分别为变压器的电感和品质因数;ω0为载波信号的角频率。式(3)表明,位移传感噪声与探头参数和电容检测分辨率Cn相关,而Cn主要受限于变压器电感与品质因数、载波频率和载波幅值等参数。本团队针对电容位移传感进行了长期研究,包括位移传感信噪比优化、远距离传输、电缆寄生电容及载波幅度稳定性提升等。现有电容检测分辨率水平在10-7~10-6 pF/Hz1/2量级,电压噪声在1~100 μV/Hz1/2量级。
竖直反馈放大电路使用常压运放与高压晶体管相结合的方式来搭建高压放大电路,具体如图 6所示[31],由电阻比例R2/R1保证电路的增益,由高压金属氧化物半导体场效应管提升输出电压幅值,由高压双极结型三极管代替电阻R3来提升电路的带负载能力。
由式(2)可以得到重力仪竖直方向的平衡高压Vh与起支高压Vh0的计算公式为:
$\begin{gather*}V_{h}=-\sqrt{\frac{1 / 3 m_{\mathrm{TM}} g d_{0}^{2}}{\varepsilon S_{t}}}+V_{b} \end{gather*}$
$\begin{gather*}V_{h 0}=-\sqrt{\frac{1 / 3 m_{\mathrm{TM}} g\left(d_{0}+d_{1}\right)^{2}}{\varepsilon S_{t}}}+V_{b} \end{gather*}$
代入典型参数(具体见§2.3)可得,Vh≈-130 V,Vh0≈-180 V。
静电重力敏感单元闭环控制框图如图 7所示,图中Hm为机械敏感环节传递函数,Hs为从位移到传感电压的传递函数,Hc为PID控制器传递函数,HV为高压驱动放大电路传递函数,Ha为静电执行机传递函数,a为外界非保守力引入的加速度。
设an, dir为环境影响直接作用在TM上的扰动加速度噪声(主要为环境温度和电磁场的影响),ath为金丝阻尼引起的热噪声,xn为电容传感的位移噪声,Vf, n为读数电路噪声,af为静电反馈力作用在TM上产生的加速度,ωe为静电负刚度。此时重力敏感单元的输出可以写为:
$\begin{equation*}a_{\text {measure }} \approx a_{n, \text { dir }}+a_{\text {th }}-\left(\omega^{2}+\omega_{e}^{2}\right) x_{n}+H_{a} V_{f, n} \end{equation*}$
从上式可知,重力敏感单元主要的噪声来源为:1)重力敏感单元电路引入的固有噪声,即位移传感噪声和反馈电压噪声;2)重力敏感单元外部噪声,即直接作用在TM上的外部环境噪声(温度、电场、磁场等)。
静电重力敏感单元固有噪声除了电路噪声,还包括TM机械热噪声,如导电金丝引起的热噪声。根据耗散涨落理论,金丝产生的力为:
$\begin{equation*}F_{\mathrm{th}}=\sqrt{4 k_{B} T \frac{k_{\mathrm{wire}, t}}{\omega Q_{t}}} \end{equation*}$
式中,T=293 K为环境温度;kB=1.38×10-23 J/K为波尔兹曼常数;Qt为金丝的品质因数,实验测得半径r=5 μm,长度l=1.8 cm的金丝品质因数约为260;kwire为金丝的刚度系数,可表示为:
$\begin{equation*}k_{\mathrm{wire}}=\frac{3 \pi E r_{w}^{4}}{l_{w}^{3}} \end{equation*}$
式中,E=7.85×1010 N/m2为杨氏模量;lw与rw分别为金丝的长度与半径。由金丝阻尼引起的热噪声为:
$\begin{equation*}a_{\mathrm{th}}=F_{\mathrm{th}} / m_{\mathrm{TM}}=\sqrt{\frac{12 \pi E k_{\mathrm{B}} T}{\omega Q_{\mathrm{t}}} \frac{r_{w}^{4}}{l_{w}^{3}}} / m_{\mathrm{TM}} \end{equation*}$
电容传感位移噪声引入的加速度噪声为:
$\begin{equation*}a_{x, n}=\left(\omega_{e}^{2}+\omega^{2}\right) x_{n} \end{equation*}$
式中,ωe2≈Ct(Vb2+Vp2)/mTMd2为水平方向静电负刚度系数对应的等效角频率平方;ωeX2≈Ct(Vh2+Vb2)/mTMd2为竖直方向静电负刚度系数对应的等效角频率平方。
读数电路噪声贡献的加速度噪声为:
$\begin{equation*}a_{f, n}=V_{f, n} H_{a} \end{equation*}$
式中,Vf, n为读数电路的输出电压噪声;Ha=CtVb/mTMd为静电执行机灵敏度系数,其取值会影响重力敏感单元的量程。读数电路在0.1 Hz处的最优相对稳定性约为0.2×10-6/Hz1/2。
依据以上噪声模型对重力敏感单元固有噪声,即位移噪声、反馈电压噪声和金丝热噪声进行分析。竖直方向(X)的理论噪声谱密度如图 8所示,分辨率约为82 μGal/Hz1/2。水平方向(Y, Z)的理论噪声谱密度如图 9所示,分辨率约为4 μGal/Hz1/2。
根据式(1)可以得出,若最大反馈电压为Vf, max,则重力敏感单元水平平动量程为:
$\begin{equation*}a_{\max }=H_{a} V_{f, \max } \end{equation*}$
反馈执行机电路的输出电压范围决定了重力敏感单元量程大小,而反馈电压噪声直接影响噪声谱密度。且竖直方向的反馈电压承担产生平衡月球重力加速度的静电力。因此,偏置电压Vb设计为20 V,水平方向最大反馈电压Vf, max设计为±20 V,竖直方向最大反馈电压Vf, max设计为±180 V。
参照嫦娥八号着陆器平台提供的初步设计约束[32],月球重力仪的各项指标均满足设计需求,相关参数见表 1。
根据上述敏感探头、电容位移传感电路、高压执行机以及噪声、分辨率、量程和反馈电压分析,对重力敏感单元进行设计,相关参数汇总见表 2。
为了保证静电式月球重力仪能够正常工作,需要对重力敏感单元的捕获控制过程进行仿真。仿真模型与实际重力仪重力敏感单元应尽可能相符,以保证控制参数的可靠性。重力敏感单元Simulink仿真系统如图 10所示,包括输入信号、TM动力学、电容传感、PID控制器、反馈电压组合、执行机和读数电路等7个部分。
电容位移主要实现六自由度的电容位移检测与控制,通过对6对差分EH(12个电极)传感输出组合可得到6个自由度的残差信息,如表 3所示。
传感增益部分由电容位移传感电路决定(图 5)。反馈电压组合执行部分通过对六自由度反馈电压组合后加载到每个电极上,最终可以实现重力敏感单元3个平动和3个转动自由度的反馈控制,如表 4所示。
竖直方向X轴的起支过程如图 11所示。X轴给定月表重力加速度如图中蓝色曲线所示,TM落在限幅棒上,其初始位移约为-10 μm。进行闭环控制后,X轴初始反馈电压达到-180 V的极小值,在0.05 s后反馈电压稳定在-130 V左右(与理论预期一致),反馈电压的调节过程如图中红色曲线所示,对应TM的X轴位移调节如图中绿色曲线所示,最终TM的X轴位移稳定在0附近。
为模拟重力敏感单元的六自由度捕获,在X自由度输入月面重力加速度1.63 m/s2,Y、Z、RX、RY、RZ自由度分别输入加速度5.8×10-3 m/s2、1.2×10-2 m/s2、2.2 rad/s2、3.0 rad/s2、14.0 rad/s2,对应的反馈电压分别为1 V、2 V、3 V、4 V、5 V,代入典型参数可得仿真曲线如图 12所示。图 12(a)为六自由度的位移调节曲线,图 12(b)为六自由度的反馈电压曲线。可以看出,六自由度的位移曲线均可正常回归零位,重力敏感单元能够正常完成TM的捕获控制,方案设计可行性得到验证。
对重力敏感单元闭环控制系统进行噪声仿真,具体仿真结果如图 13和图 14所示,图中红色曲线为理论设计值,蓝色曲线为仿真得到的噪声功率谱密度曲线。从图中可知,竖直方向在0.1 Hz处的加速度噪声约82 μGal/Hz1/2,水平方向在0.1 Hz处的加速度噪声约4 μGal/Hz1/2。
针对静电式月球重力仪的姿态调节与控制单元、数据分析单元和供电与通讯单元的工程应用需求展开初步讨论。姿态调节与控制单元用于调节重力敏感单元的姿态,姿态变化角度需要小于重力敏感单元水平自由度的最大允许偏转角。
图 15为月球重力仪在小倾角测量状态下的坐标示意图。根据重力敏感单元测量的三轴反馈静电力Fx、Fy、Fz,结合其最大测量量程,可将姿态调节与控制单元的最大倾角表示为:
$\begin{gather*}\cos ^{2} \alpha+\cos ^{2} \beta+\cos ^{2} \gamma=1 \end{gather*}$
$\begin{gather*}\gamma=\arctan \frac{\sqrt{F_{z}^{2}+F_{y}^{2}}}{F_{x}} \end{gather*}$
式中,α、β、γ分别为重力敏感单元的Z、Y、X轴与月球重力加速度和Z轴重合时的机体坐标系的夹角。同时,结合重力敏感单元的噪声功率谱密度,给出姿态调节与控制单元的关键技术指标:横摇、纵摇最小转动角度为±0.25°。
数据分析单元用于分析三轴加速度数据与姿态调节和控制单元姿态数据并输出重力值,其包括数模转换模块、数据分析处理器、数据存储模块和显示与操作面板。数模转换模块用于静电式月球重力仪的3个单元之间的数据转换传输;数据分析处理器用于分析三轴加速度数据和姿态调节与控制平台姿态信息,由式(13)与式(14)可进行月面重力加速度的合成输出;数据存储模块用于存储重力测量数据,以满足长期测量需求;显示与操作面板用于提供可视化信息与便捷式操作。图 16为数据分析单元的构成框图。
重力仪的供电与通讯单元可分为3个部分,即重力敏感单元供电、姿态调节与控制单元供电和数据分析单元供电。其中重力敏感单元供电包括±180 V、±12 V和±5 V,输出数据采用10 Hz,数据量约320字节/s,输出数据采用422协议。
重力仪的温度控制单元由温度传感器和温度控制模块构成,用于监测并维持重力仪在正常工作温度区间。嫦娥八号及后续型号将会在月球南极登陆并进行科学任务,由于月球南极部分日照时间少,低温时间长,高温时间相对短。敏感探头主要采用低温度系数的微晶玻璃作为机械加工材料,同时集成高稳定的恒温系统以应对月球低温环境。
针对月球高真空、微重力和低月震的环境特点,参考地面重力仪的发展现状,本文提出以三轴静电加速度计为重力敏感单元的六自由度重力测量的月球重力仪方案。从基本工作原理、单元参数设计及性能可行性分析对其展开论证,并初步分析了静电式月球重力仪的姿态调节与控制单元、数据分析单元和供电与通讯单元的工程应用需求。仪器设计参数为:竖直方向分辨率约82 μGal/Hz1/2,量程大于2.9 m/s2;水平方向分辨率约4 μGal/Hz1/2,量程0.12 m/s2。本文为后续详细设计和样机研制提供了重要基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2202504)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2205803)
  • 国家自然科学基金(12575052)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42274229)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41874217)
  • 国家精密重力测量科学中心开放课题(NGL-2025-003)
  • 国家精密重力测量科学中心开放课题(NGL-2025-018)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.424
  • 接收时间:2025-12-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-03
基金
国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2202504)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2205803)
国家自然科学基金(12575052)
国家自然科学基金(42274229)
国家自然科学基金(41874217)
国家精密重力测量科学中心开放课题(NGL-2025-003)
国家精密重力测量科学中心开放课题(NGL-2025-018)
作者信息
    1 国家精密重力测量科学中心, 基本物理量测量教育部重点实验室, 华中科技大学物理学院, 武汉, 430074

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周泽兵, 博士, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为静电加速度计与惯性传感器, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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