Article(id=1322566846017029061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322566845215912204, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.04.137, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1745337600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793254108194, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793254108194, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793254108194, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793254108194, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322566845215912204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='139', pageEnd='261', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793254108003, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793254108003, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=155, endPage=161, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322566846193189830, articleId=1322566846017029061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Coseismic Deformation Characteristics of the 2025 Dingri MW6.8 Earthquake Based on Multi-Frequency GNSS Data, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on multi-frequency GNSS observations within a 450 km radius of the 2025 MW6.8 Dingri earthquake epicenter, including low-frequency (30 s), high-rate (1 Hz), and ultra-high-rate (50 Hz) data, we derived both coseismic static displacement fields and dynamic waveforms using precise point positioning (PPP) technology. Our findings reveal that: 1) The low-frequency GNSS coseismic static displacement field shows a maximum permanent westward displacement of 40.0 mm in the epicentral region, consistent with regional tectonic stress field patterns; 2) High-frequency GNSS waveforms captured significant dynamic displacement peaks at near-field stations, with the XZZF (Everest) station exhibiting 28.83 mm east-west displacement, though a 12.5 mm deviation from low-frequency results was observed due to dynamic effects; 3) Ultra-high-rate GNSS waveforms recorded Love and Rayleigh waves in the far field, identifying double-pulse characteristics of fault segmented rupture. Spectral analysis of high- and ultra-high-rate coseismic waveforms demonstrated that near-field stations (such as XZZF) concentrated energy primarily at 0.5 to 5 Hz, reflecting initial fault rupture processes, while far-field stations (such as XZRK) were dominated by low-frequency surface waves (0.1 to 1 Hz), validating the complementary nature of multi-frequency GNSS data. Notably, ultra-high-rate observations proved irreplaceable for capturing high-rate components (>5 Hz) and transient rupture processes of seismic waves, providing critical constraints for earthquake source parameter inversion.

, authors=Zhihua DONG1, 2, Guojie MENG2, 3, *, Weiwei WU2, Congmin WEI2, Yancong YANG1, 2, Yufan WANG2, authorsList=Zhihua DONG, Guojie MENG, Weiwei WU, Congmin WEI, Yancong YANG, Yufan WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guojie MENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322566850442019806, articleId=1322566846017029061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于多频GNSS观测数据的2025年定日MW6.8地震同震形变特征, columnId=1322566785874908034, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=特色栏目: 地震大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于2025年定日6.8级地震震中450 km范围内低频(30 s)、高频(1 Hz)及超高频(50 Hz)GNSS观测数据, 利用精密单点定位(PPP)技术, 获得该地震的同震静态位移场与动态波形。研究发现, 低频GNSS同震静态位移场显示出震中区域具有最大40.0 mm的西向永久位移, 与区域构造应力场一致; 高频GNSS同震波形捕捉到近场站点显著的动态位移峰值, XZZF(珠峰)站东西向位移达28.83 mm, 但受动态效应影响, 其与低频结果存在12.5 mm的偏差; 超高频GNSS同震波形在远场记录到Love波与Rayleigh波, 并识别出断层分段破裂的双脉冲特征。高频和超高频同震波形频谱分析结果表明, 近场测站(如XZZF测站)能量主要集中于0.5~5 Hz, 反映断层初始破裂特征, 而远场测站(如XZRK测站)以低频面波(0.1~1 Hz)为主导, 验证了多频GNSS数据的互补性。此外, 超高频数据在捕捉地震波高频成分(>5 Hz)和瞬时破裂过程方面具有不可替代性, 可为震源参数反演提供重要的观测数据约束。

, authors=董志华1, 2, 孟国杰2, 3, *, 吴伟伟2, 魏聪敏2, 杨衍聪1, 2, 王宇凡2, authorsList=董志华, 孟国杰, 吴伟伟, 魏聪敏, 杨衍聪, 王宇凡, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孟国杰, authorNote=

董志华, 博士生, 主要从事高精度大地测量数据处理与地壳形变监测研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孟国杰, 博士, 研究员, 主要从事空间大地测量数据解析、现今地壳运动与形变、构造活动与地震以及地震预测方法研究, E-mail:
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Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 1982, 87 (B5): 3893- 3904, articleTitle=Absorption Band Q Model for the Earth, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566872290148435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566846017029061, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=89, issue=6, pageStart=607, pageEnd=635, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=27, authorNames=Li X X, Ge M R, Dai X L, journalName=Journal of Geodesy, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Li X X , Ge M R , Dai X L , et al. Accuracy and Reliability of Multi-GNSS Real-Time Precise Positioning: GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, and Galileo[J]. 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震源机制解和余震数据来自国家地震科学数据中心

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红色线条表示低频GNSS数据获取的同震位移;误差椭圆置信度为68%;余震数据来源于国家地震科学数据中心

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误差椭圆置信度均为68%

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Horizontal coseismic displacements of the Dingri MW6.8 earthquake from GNSS data of different rates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站名称高频数据/mm低频数据/mm
dEdNSESNdEdNSESN
LHAS
(拉萨)
6.512.896.164.753.811.080.732.88
XZAR
(昂仁)
-5.963.396.156.31-7.59-1.880.971.85
XZDX
(当雄)
4.92-1.677.186.502.580.020.831.81
XZNM
(尼玛)
0.109.356.265.871.160.230.862.32
XZRK
(日喀则)
9.736.104.594.3912.494.520.672.00
XZZB
(仲巴)
-7.998.974.624.87-0.131.280.882.05
XZZF
(珠峰)
-28.83-23.406.479.47-41.33-14.881.113.14
), ArticleFig(id=1322566861296877615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566846017029061, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

利用不同频率GNSS数据获取的定日6.8级地震水平同震位移

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站名称高频数据/mm低频数据/mm
dEdNSESNdEdNSESN
LHAS
(拉萨)
6.512.896.164.753.811.080.732.88
XZAR
(昂仁)
-5.963.396.156.31-7.59-1.880.971.85
XZDX
(当雄)
4.92-1.677.186.502.580.020.831.81
XZNM
(尼玛)
0.109.356.265.871.160.230.862.32
XZRK
(日喀则)
9.736.104.594.3912.494.520.672.00
XZZB
(仲巴)
-7.998.974.624.87-0.131.280.882.05
XZZF
(珠峰)
-28.83-23.406.479.47-41.33-14.881.113.14
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基于多频GNSS观测数据的2025年定日MW6.8地震同震形变特征
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董志华 1, 2 , 孟国杰 2, 3, * , 吴伟伟 2 , 魏聪敏 2 , 杨衍聪 1, 2 , 王宇凡 2
大地测量与地球动力学 | 特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026,46(2): 155-161
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大地测量与地球动力学 |特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026 , 46 (2) : 155 -161
基于多频GNSS观测数据的2025年定日MW6.8地震同震形变特征
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董志华1, 2 , 孟国杰2, 3, * , 吴伟伟2, 魏聪敏2, 杨衍聪1, 2, 王宇凡2
作者信息
  • 1 中国地震局地球物理研究所, 北京, 100081
  • 2 中国地震局地震预测研究所, 北京, 100036
  • 3 地震预测与风险评估应急管理部重点实验室, 北京, 100036
通讯作者:
孟国杰, 博士, 研究员, 主要从事空间大地测量数据解析、现今地壳运动与形变、构造活动与地震以及地震预测方法研究, E-mail:
作者简介:

董志华, 博士生, 主要从事高精度大地测量数据处理与地壳形变监测研究, E-mail:

Coseismic Deformation Characteristics of the 2025 Dingri MW6.8 Earthquake Based on Multi-Frequency GNSS Data
Zhihua DONG1, 2 , Guojie MENG2, 3, * , Weiwei WU2, Congmin WEI2, Yancong YANG1, 2, Yufan WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Geophysics, CEA, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2 Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, CEA, Beijing 100036, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Earthquake Forecasting and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100036, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.04.137
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基于2025年定日6.8级地震震中450 km范围内低频(30 s)、高频(1 Hz)及超高频(50 Hz)GNSS观测数据, 利用精密单点定位(PPP)技术, 获得该地震的同震静态位移场与动态波形。研究发现, 低频GNSS同震静态位移场显示出震中区域具有最大40.0 mm的西向永久位移, 与区域构造应力场一致; 高频GNSS同震波形捕捉到近场站点显著的动态位移峰值, XZZF(珠峰)站东西向位移达28.83 mm, 但受动态效应影响, 其与低频结果存在12.5 mm的偏差; 超高频GNSS同震波形在远场记录到Love波与Rayleigh波, 并识别出断层分段破裂的双脉冲特征。高频和超高频同震波形频谱分析结果表明, 近场测站(如XZZF测站)能量主要集中于0.5~5 Hz, 反映断层初始破裂特征, 而远场测站(如XZRK测站)以低频面波(0.1~1 Hz)为主导, 验证了多频GNSS数据的互补性。此外, 超高频数据在捕捉地震波高频成分(>5 Hz)和瞬时破裂过程方面具有不可替代性, 可为震源参数反演提供重要的观测数据约束。

定日MW6.8地震  /  高频GNSS  /  超高频GNSS  /  静态同震形变  /  动态同震波形

Based on multi-frequency GNSS observations within a 450 km radius of the 2025 MW6.8 Dingri earthquake epicenter, including low-frequency (30 s), high-rate (1 Hz), and ultra-high-rate (50 Hz) data, we derived both coseismic static displacement fields and dynamic waveforms using precise point positioning (PPP) technology. Our findings reveal that: 1) The low-frequency GNSS coseismic static displacement field shows a maximum permanent westward displacement of 40.0 mm in the epicentral region, consistent with regional tectonic stress field patterns; 2) High-frequency GNSS waveforms captured significant dynamic displacement peaks at near-field stations, with the XZZF (Everest) station exhibiting 28.83 mm east-west displacement, though a 12.5 mm deviation from low-frequency results was observed due to dynamic effects; 3) Ultra-high-rate GNSS waveforms recorded Love and Rayleigh waves in the far field, identifying double-pulse characteristics of fault segmented rupture. Spectral analysis of high- and ultra-high-rate coseismic waveforms demonstrated that near-field stations (such as XZZF) concentrated energy primarily at 0.5 to 5 Hz, reflecting initial fault rupture processes, while far-field stations (such as XZRK) were dominated by low-frequency surface waves (0.1 to 1 Hz), validating the complementary nature of multi-frequency GNSS data. Notably, ultra-high-rate observations proved irreplaceable for capturing high-rate components (>5 Hz) and transient rupture processes of seismic waves, providing critical constraints for earthquake source parameter inversion.

Dingri MW6.8 earthquake  /  high-rate GNSS  /  ultra-high-rate GNSS  /  static coseismic deformation  /  kinematic coseismic waveforms
董志华, 孟国杰, 吴伟伟, 魏聪敏, 杨衍聪, 王宇凡. 基于多频GNSS观测数据的2025年定日MW6.8地震同震形变特征. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (2) : 155 -161 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.04.137
Zhihua DONG, Guojie MENG, Weiwei WU, Congmin WEI, Yancong YANG, Yufan WANG. Coseismic Deformation Characteristics of the 2025 Dingri MW6.8 Earthquake Based on Multi-Frequency GNSS Data[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (2) : 155 -161 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.04.137
据中国地震台网中心测定,北京时间2025-01-07 09:05西藏自治区日喀则市定日县发生MW6.8地震,震源深度约为10 km,此后陆续发生多次余震(图 1)。定日地震震中(87.45°E,28.50°N) 位于印度板块和欧亚板块交界的邻近区域,同时受到南北向挤压和东西向拉张作用,震区构造环境较为复杂。
GNSS可以快速、准确地测量高精度、大尺度的地表形变和位移信息,在监测地壳形变和估计同震位移方面发挥着重要的作用[1-2]。高频GNSS(采样率≥1 Hz)不仅能有效克服传统地震仪信号饱和效应和强震仪基线漂移误差的问题[3],而且可以揭示地震的动态位移变化过程,被广泛应用于同震形变监测领域[4-8]。随着GNSS采样率的提高和定位技术的改进,超高频(采样率≥10 Hz)GNSS数据在地震研究中的重要性也已得到广泛认可[9-10]。同震静态和动态位移场作为断层运动学与地震动力学研究的关键数据[11-12],可精准揭示断层滑动时空演化特征,为发震区域地震危险性分析、地壳形变特征研究提供关键的观测依据。
本文收集震中距450 km范围内的低频、高频、超高频(采样率50 Hz)GNSS数据,采用精密单点定位(PPP)技术分别进行单日静态位移解算和逐历元动态位移解算,获得了2025年定日6.8级地震地表静态、动态同震形变过程,对比分析了不同频率GNSS数据获取的静态同震形变场和动态同震波形的异同,并对各测站高频和超高频同震波形进行了频谱分析。
收集震中距450 km范围内7个中国大陆构造环境监测网络(简称“陆态网”)GNSS连续站观测数据。观测数据可分为3类,Ⅰ类是采样间隔为30 s的7个低频GNSS测站记录的震前和震后各5 d的观测数据;Ⅱ类是7个GNSS测站记录的地震当天1 Hz的高频观测数据;Ⅲ类是其中5个GNSS测站记录的地震当天50 Hz的超高频观测数据,站点分布如图 1所示。
对于Ⅰ类数据,利用PRIDE PPP-AR软件[13]获取测站静态单日位置解;对于Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类数据,利用PRIDE PPP-AR软件获取测站逐历元的动态位置。静态和动态PPP解算采取的解算策略一致。卫星精密轨道、钟差和地球自转参数来自武汉大学IGS数据中心, 对流层延迟采用Saastamoinen模型对先验湿延迟和静力学延迟进行校正[14], 天顶对流层延迟利用全局映射函数(GMF)估计每个历元的随机游走参数[15-16]。依据IERS2010协议,对海潮、固体潮和极潮引起的误差进行改正[17], 使用igs14.atx天线模型对卫星和接收机天线相位中心进行校正[18]。利用截止高度角为7°的非差电离层观测值进行高度角定权[19], 使用最小二乘平差估计进行接收机位置、钟差、大气延迟和模糊度固定的整体约束,以加快数据处理速度[20]。
利用Ⅰ类数据获取同震形变,首先分别获取震前5 d与震后5 d所有测站的单日解坐标。在得到这些单日解坐标后,计算其均值,从而求取所有测站的震前与震后坐标。最后,通过差分运算获取同震形变结果, 依据误差传播定律进行标准差的计算。鉴于静态单日解的精度较高,在计算过程中可忽略其解算误差。
震前位置和震前位置标准差计算方式为:
$X_{\mathrm{pre}}=\operatorname{mean}\left(X_{t-1}, X_{t-2}, X_{t-3}, \cdots \cdots\right)$
$\operatorname{sig}_{\text {pre }}=\operatorname{std}\left(X_{t-1}, X_{t-2}, X_{t-3}, \cdots \cdots\right)$
震后位置和震后位置标准差计算方式为:
$X_{\mathrm{post}}=\operatorname{mean}\left(X_{t+1}, X_{t+2}, X_{t+3}, \cdots \cdots\right)$
$\operatorname{sig}_{\text {post }}=\operatorname{std}\left(X_{t+1}, X_{t+2}, X_{t+3}, \cdots \cdots\right)$
同震形变值和同震形变标准差计算方式为:
$\mathrm{d} X=X_{\mathrm{post}}-X_{\mathrm{pre}}$
$\operatorname{sig}_{\mathrm{dX} X}=\operatorname{sqrt}\left(\operatorname{sig}_{\mathrm{pre}}^2+\operatorname{sig}_{\mathrm{post}}^2\right)$
式中,Xpre、Xpost分别表示震前和震后位置;Xt-1、Xt+1分别表示地震发生时刻前1个历元时刻和后1个历元时刻的位置;sigpre、sigpost分别表示震前和震后平均坐标的标准差;dX和sigdX分别表示同震形变值和同震形变标准差。
鉴于Ⅱ类数据在地震发生期间,受同震破裂及地震波的作用会产生剧烈振动,所以本文舍弃了地震期间的高频振荡解算结果,仅保留地震发生前后相对平滑的逐历元动态解算数据,以此来估计同震静态位移。通过对地震前后的解算结果求取平均值,进而差分获得同震静态位移。此外,考虑到观测卫星数量减少,或者卫星星座几何构型不理想等因素,均可能导致解算结果出现不可靠的情况。为有效消除这些因素的影响,设定置信区间,仅采用置信水平处于95%范围内的历元解算数据,计算2次地震前后的平均坐标,从而提高同震位移解算结果的可靠性和准确性。
利用Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类数据获取同震波形,首先采用逐历元动态解算方法,获取各测站在地震当天(UTC 2025-01-07 00:00:00—23:59:59)的位置时间序列。为提高结果的可靠性,计算每个测站在地震前30 s至1 min时间段内的平均坐标,并以此坐标作为站心参考坐标,以排除采用单一历元解算精度不足造成同震位移误差大的问题。基于此参考坐标,进一步转换为UTC 2025-01-07 01:08—01:13各测站的E、N、U方向的值,作为高频和超高频GNSS同震波形。
基于震前/震后5 d低频GNSS数据,获取的静态同震形变场显示出显著的空间异质性(图 2)。距震中(约53 km)最近的XZZF(珠峰)站产生了西向约40 mm、南向约15 mm的永久位移;XZRK(日喀则)站产生了东向约12 mm、北向约5 mm的永久位移;XZAR(昂仁)站产生了西向约8 mm、南向约2 mm的永久位移;远场站点(震中距>300 km)位移量级<5 mm,表明能量释放集中于震中区域。震前/震后单日解标准验证了mm级精度(位移差异1~3 mm),数据一致性支持静态解算的可靠性。位移场的西向与南向分量组合,结合区域南北向挤压应力,进一步证实了正断层拉张机制。
高频GNSS动态解算揭示了地震时刻(UTC 01:09:05)的瞬态响应(图 3),其中XZZF测站高频数据中断,导致其波形缺失。从定日6.8级地震期间高频GNSS水平动态位移时间序列可以看出,震中北侧的XZAR和XZRK测站动态位移最为显著,其中XZAR测站西向位移最大为73.3 mm,南向位移最大为67.1 mm;XZRK测站东向位移最大为20.2 mm,南向位移最大为32.2 mm。主震后50 s内100 km范围内GNSS测站同震波形振幅达到峰值,随后逐渐衰减,显示地震能量释放集中且快速,这与北段几何结构相对简单,呈现“集中型破裂”相一致[21]。主震后远场GNSS测站波形呈现多峰振荡(0~150 s),这可能与分段破裂或局部应力调整有关[22]。
根据§1.2中方法获取各测站低频和高频GNSS的同震位移。但如图 3所示,XZZF测站高频GNSS在震后10 s数据中断导致其波形缺失,所以获取XZZF测站高频GNSS地震当天(2025-01-07)的时间序列(图 4),并利用数据恢复后的历元结果计算XZZF测站的震后平均坐标,并通过差分获取其高频GNSS同震位移。
通过动态解算高频GNSS数据获取的同震位移场与低频(30 s)数据的结果差异显著。高频同震位移(表 1)显示出近场XZZF站(震中距53 km)的西向位移为28.83 mm,南向位移为23.40 mm,分别为低频结果的69.8%和157.3%。这种差异主要源于高频数据记录的动态位移峰值未被时间平均效应平滑,而低频数据因采样间隔长导致瞬时振动被弱化。
统计显示,高频GNSS同震位移的标准差总体上高于低频GNSS的结果,这可能是因为:1)卫星几何构型时变性强。高频GNSS可见卫星数波动频繁,导致定位解算的几何强度因子(PDOP)稳定性降低。2)动态解算方法的固有特性。逐历元独立解算模式无法通过滤波抑制多路径效应等高频误差,而低频解算可利用载波相位平滑伪距提升精度。3) 观测噪声放大效应。1 Hz数据受接收机钟跳、电离层闪烁等短周期干扰更显著。此外,震中距超过200 km的GNSS测站均存在同震形变值小于误差值的情况,这可能是由于本文收集的GNSS测站数据距离震中较远,且定日6.8级地震最大同震位移不超过5 cm,而PPP技术定位精度有限,导致震中距较远测站的同震位移结果可靠性下降。
利用低频和高频GNSS获取的同震位移场(图 5)显示,远场站点(如LHAS站,震中距416 km)的位移一致性较好(东西向差异2.7 mm,南北向差异1.8 mm),而近场站点(如XZZF站)的位移偏差达12.5 mm(东西向)和8.5 mm(南北向)。这种空间异质性与断层破裂的动态过程密切相关,高频数据捕捉到的瞬时位移包含地震波引起的振动分量,而低频数据仅反映震后永久形变。此外,XZZF测站的高频GNSS数据在地震后10 s~6 h内因信号失锁导致数据中断,恢复后受多路径噪声和卫星几何构型影响,数据质量显著下降,导致其高、低频GNSS获取的同震位移量级差异显著。进行数据质量控制可以有效避免因数据完整率、信噪比、多路径及周跳等因素引起的解算结果精度下降,恒星日滤波则可削弱多路径效应对解算结果的影响,后续研究中应考虑在高频GNSS数据处理前把控GNSS数据质量,并优化数据处理算法与策略。
超高频GNSS数据获取的同震位移波形如图 6所示。XZZF站(震中距53 km)的超高频波形显示,地震波到达后0.2 s即出现第1个位移峰值(东向185 mm、北向120 mm),主震后2.3 s达到最大振幅(东向220 mm、北向155 mm),较高频数据提前0.8 s捕捉到初始破裂信号。近场XZAR站的超高频波形在震后0.5~1.0 s间识别出3个次级波峰,对应断层滑动的局部应力调整过程,而高频数据因时间平均效应仅呈现单一主峰。位移峰值统计显示,超高频数据获取的近场最大振幅较高频数据平均高出42%,但远场站点(>300 km)差异小于10%。波形持续时间分析表明,超高频数据记录的完整振动周期为高频数据的1.8倍,这与理论地震波衰减模型吻合[23]。研究发现,超高频数据在震后10 s内的位移时间序列中检测到明显的高频噪声(>10 Hz),这可能与接收机钟差修正不彻底相关[24],在后续研究中需优化钟差模型参数。
为量化不同频率数据的动态响应特性,对GNSS高频和超高频同震波形进行频谱分析,通过去除数据线性趋势项,采用快速傅里叶变换结合Welch功率谱密度(PSD)进行估算。结果显示,近场测站(如XZZF,震中距53 km)的频谱(图 7)显示主能量集中于0.5~5 Hz,其中东西向分量在2.3 Hz处出现显著峰值,与断层破裂的初始脉冲对应;南北向分量在2.3 Hz和5.5 Hz处呈现双峰结构,可能反映断层滑动方向的变化或次级破裂事件。超高频数据进一步扩展了高频段能量检测范围,XZZF站频谱在10~15 Hz仍存在微弱信号,可能与浅层小尺度破裂或地表松散沉积物的非线性响应有关[22]。
远场测站(如XZRK,震中距320 km)的频谱(图 8)以低频成分(0.1~1 Hz)为主,能量集中在Rayleigh波频段(0.3 Hz),且东西向与南北向频谱形态相似,表明远场位移主要由面波主导。对比高频与超高频频谱发现,超高频数据在5~20 Hz范围内记录了更多细节,如XZAR测站(图 9)在12 Hz处出现短暂尖峰,可能对应断层破裂前沿的微尺度应力释放过程。此外,XZZB测站(图 10)和XZDX测站(图 11)的水平分量频谱显示能量分布集中于低频段。
整体而言,超高频数据在0~25 Hz频段内能量显著,而高频数据有效频段限于0~5 Hz,表明超高频数据在捕捉地震波高频成分(>5 Hz)方面具有不可替代性。超高频数据在>5 Hz频段(如10~20 Hz)的PSD值比高频数据高1~2个数量级,表明其在高频地震波(如S波尾波、散射波)分析中具有不可替代性。然而,超高频数据因采样率限制,在大于5 Hz频段出现频谱混叠,导致超高频信号能量被折叠至低频段,与Li等[7]的模拟结果一致。
频谱分析还表明,超高频数据在>10 Hz频段存在显著背景噪声(PSD≈10-3 mm2/Hz),可能源于接收机钟跳或多路径效应。相比之下,高频数据的信噪比(SNR)在0.1~2 Hz频段较优(SNR>10 dB),但在>5 Hz频段SNR降至3 dB以下,限制了其对高频破裂细节的解析。总体而言,超高频GNSS数据能够更完整地记录地震波的高频成分,为断层滑动时空演化(如破裂速度跃变、滑动脉冲突变)提供关键观测约束。然而,其噪声抑制与数据可靠性仍需通过硬件(如抗多路径天线)和算法(如动态模糊度固定)进行进一步提升。
本文综合利用多频GNSS观测数据,通过PPP技术进行数据处理,获取了2025年定日MW6.8地震的静态同震形变场与动态同震波形,揭示了此次地震的同震位移特征。主要结论如下:
1) 利用低频GNSS(30 s)获取了静态同震位移场,震中距最近的XZZF测站观测到最大西向位移达40 mm,反映了震中区受南北向挤压与正断层拉张机制的构造活动特征。远场站点(>300 km)位移量级<5 mm,表明地震辐射能量衰减较快。
2) 高频GNSS(1 Hz)动态波形捕捉到近场显著位移峰值(如XZZF站东西向28.83 mm),但受动态效应及信号失锁影响,其静态位移估计与低频结果偏差达12.5 mm,表明了高频数据在瞬时地震位移监测中的敏感性和局限性。
3) 超高频GNSS(50 Hz)首次记录到远场Love波与Rayleigh波的分离,表明超高频数据在提取高频地震波成分(>5 Hz)及瞬时破裂细节方面具有不可替代性。
4) 频谱分析进一步验证了多频数据的协同优势:近场测站(XZZF)能量集中于0.5~5 Hz,与断层初始破裂和浅层滑动相关;远场测站(XZRK)以低频面波(0.1~1 Hz)为主导,反映能量传播的频散特性。此外,超高频数据在10~15 Hz频段仍检测到微弱信号,可能指示浅层小尺度破裂或松散沉积物的非线性响应,但高频噪声(>10 Hz)需通过算法优化进一步抑制。
本文研究成果有助于深化对定日地震孕震机制和震源过程的认识,同时为未来地震监测技术发展提供参考。后续需进一步优化超高频GNSS数据处理方法,如钟差模型与噪声抑制,以提升高频有效信号的可靠性。
  • 中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务费专项(CEAIEF20240404)
  • 中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务费专项(CEAIEF20240201)
  • 中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务费专项(CEAIEF20250402)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42374009)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42304008)
  • 外校部亚洲合作资金(599243601)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.04.137
  • 接收时间:2025-04-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-23
基金
中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务费专项(CEAIEF20240404)
中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务费专项(CEAIEF20240201)
中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务费专项(CEAIEF20250402)
国家自然科学基金(42374009)
国家自然科学基金(42304008)
外校部亚洲合作资金(599243601)
作者信息
    1 中国地震局地球物理研究所, 北京, 100081
    2 中国地震局地震预测研究所, 北京, 100036
    3 地震预测与风险评估应急管理部重点实验室, 北京, 100036

通讯作者:

孟国杰, 博士, 研究员, 主要从事空间大地测量数据解析、现今地壳运动与形变、构造活动与地震以及地震预测方法研究, E-mail:
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