Article(id=1322566781647041243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322566763112415546, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.569, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734451200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793254092847, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793254092847, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793254092847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793254092847, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322566763112415546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='138', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793254088427, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793254088427, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=94, endPage=105, 114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322566781839979228, articleId=1322566781647041243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Estimation Method of Maximum Magnitude and Return Period of Fault Zones Based on Seismic Moment Conservation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper reviews and summarizes traditional estimation methods, highlighting their reliance solelyon observed seismic activity data. If the return period of the maximum earthquake exceeds the data coverage period or seismic activity rates fluctuate over longer timescales, these methods become ineffective. Furthermore, in the absence of physical constraints, traditional approaches may predict unbounded growth in the maximum event magnitude as the temporal scope expands.To address these limitations, this study introduces a new model based on seismic moment conservation. This model integrates instrumental records, fault slip rates, fault geometry, and seismic activity patterns, assuming that seismicity follows the Gutenberg-Richter(G-R) law. By simulating missing large earthquakes and their aftershocks, it constructs a long-term seismic catalog and imposes physical constraints on the maximum magnitude using the seismic moment accumulation rate, effectively mitigating the reliance of traditional methods on observational periods.The model is applied to predict the Mmax and return period of the Aerjin fault zone, the Kunlun fault zone, and the Longmenshan fault zone. The results show high consistency with historical earthquake records, paleoearthquake data, and observed slip rates, validating the model's efficacy. This research offers a new perspective on maximum magnitude estimation and provides a valuable tool for seismic hazard assessment in regions with incomplete historical records.

, authors=Xuan CHEN1, Jing LIU1, Wenqian YAO1, *, Jing XU2, Shilong WANG1, Jinglei YANG1, authorsList=Xuan CHEN, Jing LIU, Wenqian YAO, Jing XU, Shilong WANG, Jinglei YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenqian YAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322566783433814761, articleId=1322566781647041243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于地震矩守恒的断裂带最大震级及复发周期估算方法, columnId=1281933709121138897, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地球动力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

梳理总结现有最大震级传统估算方法,指出这些方法仅基于观察到的地震活动数据,若最大地震的复发周期超出数据覆盖时期或地震活动率在更长时间尺度内波动,方法将失效。此外,传统方法在缺乏物理约束时,预测的最大事件震级可能随时间范围的扩大而无限增长。为克服这些局限,介绍一种基于地震矩守恒的新模型。模型综合考虑了仪器记录、断层滑动速率、断层几何特征和地震活动等规律,假设地震活动符合G-R定律,通过模拟缺失的大地震及其余震来构建长期地震目录,并利用地震矩积累速率对最大震级进行物理约束,从而有效避免传统方法对数据观察期的依赖。应用该模型对阿尔金断裂带、昆仑断裂带和龙门山断裂带的最大震级(Mmax)及复发周期进行预测,结果与历史地震记录、古地震数据和滑动速率观测高度一致,验证了该模型的有效性。该研究结果为最大震级的估算提供了全新视角,并为缺乏完整历史记录地区的地震风险评估提供了重要工具。

, authors=陈璇1, 刘静1, 姚文倩1, *, 徐晶2, 王世龙1, 杨婧蕾1, authorsList=陈璇, 刘静, 姚文倩, 徐晶, 王世龙, 杨婧蕾, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=姚文倩, authorNote=

陈璇, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为地震学与活动构造, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
姚文倩, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为活动构造和构造地貌学, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=JLumQ4U6G6QmvDg2caa7dQ==, magXml=K0l3DgxKN1TELLXh1yFZ3Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=weSDOcB8fDJrl6V4yebqiA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=xohf6LMCVInaItPRM1rfDw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322566783865828081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566781647041243, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1452198492@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322566783958102771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566781647041243, authorId=1322566783865828081, language=EN, stringName=Xuan CHEN, firstName=Xuan, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322566785631630068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566781647041243, authorId=1322566783865828081, language=CN, stringName=陈璇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 天津大学地球系统科学学院, 天津, 300072, bio={"content":"

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陈璇, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为地震学与活动构造, E-mail:

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基于地震矩守恒的断裂带最大震级及复发周期估算方法
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陈璇 1 , 刘静 1 , 姚文倩 1, * , 徐晶 2 , 王世龙 1 , 杨婧蕾 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地球动力学 2026,46(1): 94-105, 114
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地球动力学 2026 , 46 (1) : 94 -105, 114
基于地震矩守恒的断裂带最大震级及复发周期估算方法
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陈璇1 , 刘静1, 姚文倩1, * , 徐晶2, 王世龙1, 杨婧蕾1
作者信息
  • 1 天津大学地球系统科学学院, 天津, 300072
  • 2 中国地震局第二监测中心, 西安, 710054
通讯作者:
姚文倩, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为活动构造和构造地貌学, E-mail:
作者简介:

陈璇, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为地震学与活动构造, E-mail:

Estimation Method of Maximum Magnitude and Return Period of Fault Zones Based on Seismic Moment Conservation
Xuan CHEN1 , Jing LIU1, Wenqian YAO1, * , Jing XU2, Shilong WANG1, Jinglei YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2 The Second Monitoring and Application Center, CEA, Xi'an 710054, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.569
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梳理总结现有最大震级传统估算方法,指出这些方法仅基于观察到的地震活动数据,若最大地震的复发周期超出数据覆盖时期或地震活动率在更长时间尺度内波动,方法将失效。此外,传统方法在缺乏物理约束时,预测的最大事件震级可能随时间范围的扩大而无限增长。为克服这些局限,介绍一种基于地震矩守恒的新模型。模型综合考虑了仪器记录、断层滑动速率、断层几何特征和地震活动等规律,假设地震活动符合G-R定律,通过模拟缺失的大地震及其余震来构建长期地震目录,并利用地震矩积累速率对最大震级进行物理约束,从而有效避免传统方法对数据观察期的依赖。应用该模型对阿尔金断裂带、昆仑断裂带和龙门山断裂带的最大震级(Mmax)及复发周期进行预测,结果与历史地震记录、古地震数据和滑动速率观测高度一致,验证了该模型的有效性。该研究结果为最大震级的估算提供了全新视角,并为缺乏完整历史记录地区的地震风险评估提供了重要工具。

最大震级(Mmax)  /  复发周期  /  G-R定律  /  地震矩守恒  /  地震风险评估

This paper reviews and summarizes traditional estimation methods, highlighting their reliance solelyon observed seismic activity data. If the return period of the maximum earthquake exceeds the data coverage period or seismic activity rates fluctuate over longer timescales, these methods become ineffective. Furthermore, in the absence of physical constraints, traditional approaches may predict unbounded growth in the maximum event magnitude as the temporal scope expands.To address these limitations, this study introduces a new model based on seismic moment conservation. This model integrates instrumental records, fault slip rates, fault geometry, and seismic activity patterns, assuming that seismicity follows the Gutenberg-Richter(G-R) law. By simulating missing large earthquakes and their aftershocks, it constructs a long-term seismic catalog and imposes physical constraints on the maximum magnitude using the seismic moment accumulation rate, effectively mitigating the reliance of traditional methods on observational periods.The model is applied to predict the Mmax and return period of the Aerjin fault zone, the Kunlun fault zone, and the Longmenshan fault zone. The results show high consistency with historical earthquake records, paleoearthquake data, and observed slip rates, validating the model's efficacy. This research offers a new perspective on maximum magnitude estimation and provides a valuable tool for seismic hazard assessment in regions with incomplete historical records.

maximum magnitude(Mmax)  /  return period  /  G-R law  /  seismic moment conservation  /  seismic risk assessment
陈璇, 刘静, 姚文倩, 徐晶, 王世龙, 杨婧蕾. 基于地震矩守恒的断裂带最大震级及复发周期估算方法. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (1) : 94 -105, 114 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.569
Xuan CHEN, Jing LIU, Wenqian YAO, Jing XU, Shilong WANG, Jinglei YANG. Estimation Method of Maximum Magnitude and Return Period of Fault Zones Based on Seismic Moment Conservation[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (1) : 94 -105, 114 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.569
断裂带最大震级(Mmax)是指发震断裂历史上或未来有可能发生的最大地震的震级,是评估断层地震潜力的关键参数。最大震级的确定需综合考虑历史地震和仪器地震记录、发震构造的几何参数和长期滑动速率、断裂破裂模式和级联破裂可能性等多方面因素[1-2]。特定断层上或某一地区的最大震级和复发周期及在特定时间范围内地震发生的概率是评估地震风险的重要参数,将直接影响地震危险性预测、工程设计标准制定及应急响应规划[3-4]。
对最大震级的研究最初以经验关系为主,通过统计历史地震记录和断层规模的关系估算潜在地震的上限,其中历史地震记录是基于地面震动和建筑物损坏的震害记录。在这种情况下,通常假设指定一个断层或研究区域的先验震级-频率分布模型。然而,在缺少对最大震级物理约束的情况下,震级-频率分布是无限的,最大震级主要依赖于所考虑的时间段[5-6]。如果已知目标断层的滑动速率或构造应变量,则可依据地震矩对这些信息进行限定[7-8]。一般认为,地震活动遵循Gutenberg-Richter(G-R)定律[9],其数学形式为:
${\rm{lg}} \left(N\left(M>M_{\mathrm{w}}\right)\right)=a-b M_{\mathrm{w}}$
式中,N(M>MW)为大于某个震级MW的地震数量;a为y轴截距,是常数,表示震级为0时的地震频率,反映的是地震活动的总体水平,通常取决于研究区域的地震活动性;b为拟合线的斜率,通常被称为b值,反映小地震和大地震的相对比例,其大小与地震破裂过程和应力状态有关。式(1)描述了地震震级的大小与地震数量之间的幂律分布:震级越大,地震数量越少。这一模型为理解地震风险及预测大规模地震的频率提供了理论基础。然而,由于地震活动引起的应变在震间期内必须与断层活动产生的应变大致匹配,因此仍存在物理限制[10]。若已知断层的滑动速率,便可基于地震矩推导出具有更多约束条件的地震活动模型[7-8, 11-15]。大地测量观测数据表明,地震滑动通常发生在断层上震前被锁定的区域[11],这些数据可用来确定任何特定地震释放出的弹性应变积累速率。虽然该值可通过已知的断层面积和长期滑动速率进行估算,但前提是已知平均震间耦合(代表断层在震间期被锁定的比例)。若假设地震时释放弹性应变的速率和弹性应变积累速率之间达到平衡,就可避免最大震级分布无限的问题。
以往研究提出了多种方法来估算Mmax,这些方法可大致分为2类:经验关系式法和统计学分析方法。经验关系式法通常依赖历史记录或断层几何参数,计算简便,但适用性和精确性较为局限;统计学方法则通过分析地震目录或引入概率模型与物理原理,对Mmax进行更加精细的推算,但对数据的质量和计算的复杂度要求较高。这2类方法适用于不同的地震环境与数据条件,各有优劣。
利用经验估算最大震级的一种常见方法是直接使用历史地震记录中的最大震级加0.5[16-17]。该方法没有统计学基础,仅在历史目录足够长且能代表长期平均水平的情况下被视为一种合理假设。考虑到震级的不确定性和地震目录中事件数量有限的情况,加0.5可被视为一个安全系数。然而,如果历史地震记录有限,这种方法可能会造成Mmax被严重低估。在没有历史地震记录的情况下,也可基于断层长度与最大震级之间的经验标度关系,通过断层几何参数推算地震可能释放的能量。Wells等[18]基于全球244个历史地震数据(M>4.8)建立了矩震级(MW)与断层破裂长度、破裂面积及滑动量的经典标度关系式:
$M_{\mathrm{w}}=a+b \cdot {\rm{lg}}L$
式中,L为断层破裂长度;a和b为经验拟合参数,不同断层类型(正断层、逆断层、走滑断层)对应不同的参数值。该方法因经验性强、计算简单且适用范围广,被广泛应用于无历史地震记录的断层研究中。然而,该方法存在明显的局限性,尤其在复杂的断层体系中,单次地震可能触发断层系中多段破裂,从而显著超过该计算关系预测的震级。1992年Landers地震和2011年日本Tohoku-Oki地震均引发多个断层段的级联破裂,实际震级远超单段标度关系的预测值[19-20]。这种现象表明,断层的分段性对最大震级的估算有重要影响,如何科学地划分断层段,并考虑断层间级联破裂的可能性,是应用该方法解决重要问题的关键[21]。为应对这一问题,美国地质调查局(USGS)提出了断层“跳跃”假设,进一步扩展了传统断层标度关系法的适用范围。该假设认为,地震破裂可通过应力传递,从一个断层段跳跃至相邻的断层段,甚至跨越原本分离的断层系统,从而延长破裂路径,并释放更多能量。在这一假设中,破裂长度可扩展为多段断层的总长度Ltotal,即多个相邻断层段破裂长度的综合值。将其代入标度关系式(式(2)),能够更准确地反映复杂断层体系的地震潜力。尽管断层“跳跃”假设显著提升了Mmax的预测精度,但其应用依赖高分辨率的断层几何数据和地震动力学模拟技术,同时需要综合考虑断层间距、应力状态及破裂概率等多种因素。与传统断层长度标度关系法相比,该方法增加了模型的复杂性。
断层长度标度关系法假设断层长度与震级之间的关系具有全局适用性,但区域断层特性可能导致偏差。局部断层的滑动速率、应力积累情况及断层几何复杂性都会显著影响实际破裂行为,因此在应用中需结合具体地质条件对参数进行修正。尽管如此,Wells等[18]提出的公式仍是目前最常用的方法之一,为无历史地震记录断层的最大震级估算提供了重要依据。此外,该标度关系的建立主要依赖于M8.0以下地震数据,而M>8.0地震的样本几乎缺失,可能导致该公式在大震区间的外推估算能力有限。
传统统计学方法基于历史地震目录来估算最大震级,通过分析震级-频率分布或地震矩的累积与释放特性,推断未来可能发生的最大震级,适用于地震数据丰富的地区。其中,独立统计分析是一种直接计算Mmax的方法,该方法基于G-R关系、加权分布和极值统计模型,在特定的时间范围内或给定的置信区间内估算最大震级[22-24],计算简单,便于操作,主要依赖于现有的观测数据,在地震活动频繁、历史记录时间较长的地区(如加州、日本)被应用较多[25]。但该方法为纯统计学方法,无法捕捉断层的应力状态、岩石强度和构造环境等物理因素,预测精度受到一定限制。Bird等[26]提出一种基于地震矩守恒原则的计算方法,该方法假设地震释放的地震矩与断层累积的地震矩达到平衡,通过能量预算结合震级分布推算Mmax。该方法融入了物理约束,对长期趋势的预测更具可靠性,但对地震目录和地震矩积累速率的数据要求较高。
以上2种传统统计学方法中涉及的G-R分布有2种分布形式,包括双截断G-R分布和锥形G-R分布,属于扩展的震级-频率分布模型,可用于描述地震震级的概率分布边界。双截断G-R分布假设Mmax存在“硬极限”,即震级不会超过某一固定值[5, 22],这种方式对地震目录的震级范围进行严格约束,适用于有限观测记录的区域;而锥形G-R分布则认为Mmax为“软极限”,即震级在达到一定值后,其发生频率呈指数衰减,地震矩释放服从伽马分布[27-29],该模型在统计分布上更贴合实际观测结果,尤其适用于包含极端事件的地震目录。
地震学研究中还存在许多其他估算Mmax的方法。特征地震模型假定特定断层的地震事件集中分布于有限震级区间,能够定量反映断层的长期滑动速率特征及区域地震活动性规律[21]。该模型适用于构造活动相对稳定且具有明确断层滑动速率参数的地区,在地震危险性概率评估中表现出较好的适用性。然而,由于其对断层特征震级范围具有显著依赖性,当断层几何结构呈现空间异质性或构造活动性发生时序变异时,模型的预测精度将显著降低。
非参数估计方法通过高斯核密度估计直接基于观测数据推算最大震级,无需预设参数化概率分布假设[22]。该方法在震级分布模式不明确或数据统计特征复杂的场景中展现出较强的适应性。但需指出,其估计效能与地震目录时间跨度、极值事件样本数量存在强相关性,当最大震级样本量不足时,可能产生显著系统偏差。
基于随机变量极值理论的Mmax估算方法,通过分析震级分布的极值统计特性来推导极端地震事件的概率分布模型[30-31]。该方法基于地震事件的随机性假设,利用极值分布函数预测最大可能震级,特别适用于大地震复发周期较长的构造区域,为低概率-高后果地震风险分析提供理论框架。但需注意,该方法对中小地震的频度具有显著敏感性,在观测数据稀缺的条件下,模型的预测效能将受到显著制约。
需要着重指出的是,上述方法均建立在观测地震活动数据的统计特征基础之上,其有效性严格依赖于数据对构造活动长期趋势的表征能力。若实际地震活动率或震级-频率分布在超出观测时间尺度的周期内呈现显著时序非平稳性,或最大震级的复发周期显著超出地震目录覆盖的时间范围,基于历史数据的统计推断将产生系统性偏差。尤其当缺乏断层物理约束时,模型推算的Mmax可能随评估时间窗的扩展而呈发散趋势[5-6]。
通过对现有方法的系统分析可知,经验关系式法与统计分析法虽为地震危险性评估提供了重要理论基础,但在应用中仍然面临诸多挑战。经验关系式法因其基于断层几何参数和经验关系,能够快速评估Mmax,但在复杂断层体系中,单纯依赖断层长度与震级的标度关系难以准确捕捉断层级联破裂带来的能量释放特征。统计学方法通过震级-频率分布和概率模型对Mmax进行精细推算,但其高度依赖历史地震记录,对断层几何和应力状态等地质信息的物理约束考虑不足。这些传统方法在地震活动频繁、数据记录详尽的区域表现出一定的适用性,但对于数据有限或地震目录时间跨度不足的地区,其预测结果的精度和可靠性受到限制。
在此背景下,基于地震矩守恒的最大震级评估方法应运而生。新方法的出现克服了上述传统方法的局限性,为评估复杂断层体系中的最大震级及其复发周期提供了新的视角。
在全球许多地区,将仪器记录的地震活动率通过G-R定律外推至更高震级时,往往会低估大地震的发生频率,这与历史记录中观测到的结果存在明显不一致[32]。如在美国加州,基于仪器记录的预测显示6级和7级地震的发生率仅为历史记录的一半[33],而在日本,许多断层的仪器观测地震活动水平也显著低于历史数据[34]。造成这种震级不匹配的主要原因在于地震活动率是随时间变化的,而当前的仪器记录可能正处于地震活动水平较低的时期。此外,由于仪器地震目录记录时间较短,大地震后的余震常被遗漏,从而低估了小地震的平均发生频率[35-36]。这些问题使得传统的外推方法在估算最大震级时存在明显的局限性,促使科研工作者提出了特征地震模型,同时认为G-R定律并不适用于整个震级范围。
为解决这一矛盾,一些研究假设地震活动率并非恒定不变,地震活动率受大地震的复发周期和大地震余震的影响而发生变化,补全未记录的余震会显著增加小地震的平均发生率,使整体地震目录更符合G-R定律[35-36]。以此建立一种基于地震矩守恒评估最大震级的模型[37]:
1) 假设地震活动率随时间变化,当前地震目录缺失部分历史大地震及其余震。尽管这些余震本身释放的地震矩不多,但其存在显著提高了小地震的平均发生率。
2) 模拟缺失的大地震及其余震,同时假设整体地震目录遵循G-R定律。余震的震级分布也满足G-R定律,且根据Bath定律(主震与最大余震的震级差为1.2)进行合理的余震预测。
3) 在完成模拟目录后,计算该目录的地震矩累积速率,并与地震矩增长曲线进行比较,从而确定该断层的最大震级和大地震的复发时间。
通过以上方法,本文模型能够更好地解决传统方法因数据不足而产生的误差,同时弥补历史和仪器记录对大地震及余震遗漏的不足。
这里假设一个双重截断的G-R定律分布,其中Mmax为“硬上限”,下限是地震仪记录的完备震级(因为较小的地震事件并未被全部记录)。通过限定地震矩守恒,也就是由断层震间期加载导致的地震矩亏损与断层上地震和无震滑移所释放的地震矩之和相等,再根据G-R定律将较大地震及其模拟的余震添加到整个断层历史的平均地震目录中,从而模拟这个断层上的平均地震目录,然后找到使地震矩平衡的该目录最大震级。这种方法的优点在于仅需要地震仪器记录和地震矩亏损的累积速率的估计。图 1以圣安德烈斯断层为例演示了该方法的计算步骤,图中深蓝色粗直线表示地震矩积累速率线,表示消耗整个地震矩积累所需发生的最大震级地震的频率:
$N={\rm{lg}} \frac{\dot{M}_{\mathrm{or}}}{10^{\alpha-b M}-1}-\beta-{\rm{lg}} b-{\rm{lg}} 3-b M$
式中,N为地震频率;$ {\dot{M}_{\mathrm{or}}}$为地震矩亏损的累积速率;α=3/2;β=9;b为G-R关系中的参数,通常接近1。图 1中深蓝色粗直线的斜率大约为-3/2,假定地震活动遵循G-R定律,地震模型在图中也将形成一条直线;如果b值小于3/2,那么这2条线将在地震活动模型的最大震级处相交。$ {\dot{M}_{\mathrm{or}}}$可通过可用的震间闭锁模型计算,或假设一个平均闭锁深度,代表从地表到地震发生深度底部的范围内实际发生滑动的部分,具体计算公式为:
$\dot{M}_{\mathrm{or}}=\mu L W \bar{u}$
式中,μ为刚性模量,假设大陆断层为33 GPa,俯冲带为50 GPa;L为断层长度;W为断层耦合宽度;ū为断层上的平均滑移速率。断层的耦合宽度仅是地震带深度的一部分,因为在震间期,地震带深度范围内会发生一些无震滑移。脆塑性转换带深度大约在8~15 km[38],在没有无震滑移的情况下,大陆岩石圈的有效地震深度(由地震矩释放的深度分布确定)大约为4.6~19.6 km[26],针对大陆走滑断层取默认的耦合宽度为12.5±2.5 km。对于俯冲带,可根据板间地震分布估算板块边界发震区的下倾闭锁深度。在地震带内,假设45%的耦合,该值为全球俯冲带的粗略平均估值[11]。
图 1中的浅蓝色曲线为仪器记录目录,这里显示的是1996-2016年圣安德烈斯断层体系(SAFS)中非聚集地震事件;黑色虚线表示b值为1的G-R定律,基于地震目录统计的震级-频度关系应落在虚线上,以与震级为7、8和9的最大震级相交;黄线为添加2轮迭代后最终预测的地震活动的震级-频度关系曲线;棕色细线为每轮添加缺失地震事件后的震级-频度关系曲线,显示的是多轮迭代过程中添加缺失地震事件后的中间结果,图 1(b)中棕色细线表示从MW9.0一直到完备震级MW4.4,随着迭代次数的增加,这些线条会越来越接近并最终维持在稳定值。通过添加2轮缺失的地震事件,此时再添加地震事件后,地震活动频率的变化不再明显,也就是说地震活动率达到了稳态。图 1(d)中深蓝色粗直线与黄色线的交点,显示了模型预测的最终结果,即圣安德烈斯断层的预测最大震级为MW8.1。
上述方法的一个主要不确定性来源于地震和无震滑移分别释放的地震矩累积比例,该比例需要一个完整地震周期的地震矩来确定,截至目前仅有少数几个地区可计算出该值。无震滑移事件可能表现为大地震后的余滑或自发的慢滑事件,基于已有案例[11]可以假设无震滑移平均释放0%~20%的震间地震矩亏损。
本文使用一种迭代过程来求解Mmax。在这个过程中,预先考虑由大地震事件释放的地震矩,包括其余震和余滑的贡献,如果大地震事件在仪器记录开始后未发生,将不会在地震活动目录中表示出来。这里采用数值蒙特卡罗程序生成地震目录,在每个示例中生成100 000个目录,可采用任何形式输入不确定性参数,并通过模型传递获得Mmax和复发时间的不确定性。
由于本文关注的是地震释放的地震矩,因此相关震级标定涉及矩震级MW。地震活动通常遵循G-R定律,其中b值在1左右。全球地震仪器记录的地震活动给出了0.93~0.98的b值范围[39],而大陆走滑断层的平均b值约为0.98[26];不同学者给出加利福尼亚的地震活动b值分别为0.9[40]、0.95[41]、1.02±0.11[42]、1.03±0.12[36]和1.05[43];从历史地震记载和仪器地震目录中确定的b值也约为1[44-46]。这些区域b值接近于从个别地震序列中获得的b值,如Landers地震余震序列的b值为1.09±0.9[47]。然而,根据所研究区域、构造背景、使用的地震目录、确定截止震级和b值研究方法的不同及历史地震震级的误差[23],得到的b值会有显著差异。日本是另一个b值分布较为广泛,但总体上趋向于1的地区[48-50]。Satake[50]利用92 a历史数据分析得出0.88的b值,而2011年日本9级大地震的余震b值范围在0.9~1.2之间[49]。可以看出,b值在空间和时间上是可以变化的[51]。鉴于在仪器记录完善地区观测到的变化及需要大量数据点来约束b值的要求(在98%的置信水平下,需2 000次地震事件来将b值计算精确到0.05[42]),在数据稀少地区(区域较小或地震活动较低的情况下)约束b值一直都存在挑战。
在建立地震活动模型时,假设使用通用b值为1±0.025,并基于现有的地震活动数据进行模型构建。为平衡地震矩预算,按照需要添加了大地震及其余震,同时确保最终的地震活动模型遵循规定b值的G-R分布。该模型假设各余震序列遵循G-R定律分布,并符合Bath定律[52],即最大余震的震级比主震低1.2±0.1。如果使用随机过程生成余震目录,Bath定律会自然显现[53]。但由于该方法未使用随机程序来建模余震,因此需要强制施加这一规律。1.2这一震级数值是全球平均值,与平均余震发生率有关,在不同区域可能会有所变化。在加利福尼亚地区,震级大于MW5.5地震的最大余震平均比主震低1.16[54],这一结果与全球范围内的Bath定律一致。总体而言,通过将Bath定律纳入余震模型,可确保模型在地震活动频率和震级分布上保持一致性,从而更好地模拟和预测大地震及其余震的行为。该假设为地震危险性分析提供了理论支持,尤其在缺乏详细随机模型的情况下,仍能提供合理的余震预测。
尽管该方法提出的余震模型是通用的,但与实际案例中的余震数据相比匹配性较高(图 2)。对于2011年日本Tohoku-Oki地震,最大余震的震级比主震低1.1,b值为0.9~1.2[49];对于2015年尼泊尔Gorkha地震,第1次余震序列的最大余震比主震低1.1级,但第2次较大余震仅比主震低0.5级。使用最大似然法计算余震序列的b值为1.08,MW>5.0地震约发生了31次,MW>4.5地震约发生了105次,而模型预测对应值分别为43次和142次。对于2005年克什米尔地震,最大余震比主震低1.2级,余震目录的b值为1.09±0.07[55]。该地震余震发生率较高,其中MW>5.0地震发生了48次,MW>4.5地震发生了198次,而模型预测分别为27次和90次。通过对这些震例进行比较,验证了该余震模型在不同区域和条件下的有效性和可靠性,特别是为数据稀缺地区提供了一个简便而有效的余震预测工具。
在构建评估最大震级的地震活动模型时,仪器记录数据的选择是关键。首先,要求使用完整且均匀的地震目录,即所包含的数据在某些关键特征或属性方面具有一定程度的相似性或一致性,不存在显著的异质性或差异过大的情况。可选用由美国地质调查局(USGS)发布的1996年至今全球仪器地震目录,该目录覆盖20 a时间,能够确保震级范围包括较低震级(MW4.0~5.0)的完整性。其次,研究区域需足够大,以确保符合G-R定律,且地震发生率在所覆盖的时间范围内保持恒定。选择的区域应具有先验均匀性质,适合用于建模分析,特别是选择完整的已知断层作为研究对象。对于大陆走滑断层,通常选取距断层10 km内的地震活动数据;对于震中定位误差较大的断层,可扩大至20 km范围;对于俯冲带,选择地震带宽度内的仪器记录数据,但不考虑震源深度的影响。此外,为确保模型代表震间期的地震活动,需排除近期大震及其余震的影响,必要时需移除大震及其余震或截断地震目录。通过这些数据选择要求,可以确保模型对地震活动的准确评估,更好地模拟和预测最大震级。
在模型构建过程中,假设b值、地震孕震深度及最小完备震级(Mc)均具有高斯不确定性,而无震滑移释放的地震矩比例(0%~20%)则采用均匀分布进行建模。以圣安德烈斯断层系统(SAFS)为例,研究期间SAFS没有发生MW6.0以上地震, 如果直接外推仪器记录数据(假设遵循G-R定律,b值约为1),则由仪器记录地震活动得到的G-R关系线将与代表地震矩平衡的线在约MW9.0处相交。如前文所述,这个交点并不是Mmax,因为简单外推的G-R定律相对应的地震活动模型缺少了最大观测地震之后伴随的所有余震活动。模型构建步骤如下:
1) 初步估算最大震级。首先选取一个大于预期最大震级的初始试验值,如根据简单外推仪器地震活动得到初步估计,图 1(b)和1(c)中初始设定Mmax=9.0。确定仪器目录中的地震发生率截止震级(使用最大曲率法,通过ZMAP实现)[56],并根据G-R定律向高震级外推,补充对应于缺失的MW9.0地震数量,同时模拟并加入相关余震。此过程增加了小震的总体发生率,进而略微提高了仪器记录目录的完整性。随后,以更新后的目录再次外推,估算缺失的MW8.9地震数量;若采用更小的步长,则需要更多迭代,但最终结果将收敛至相同值。继续补充余震,进一步提升目录的完整性。以上步骤以0.1震级步长向下推进,直至最小完备震级,本文为MW4.4,如图 1(b)所示。
2) 逐步补充地震活动。在MW9.0~4.4范围内补充地震后,仪器目录内的地震活动率整体上移。然而,由于初步添加的MW9.0地震数量有限,尚不足以满足对整个震级范围地震活动率外推的预测,因此需要再次重复上述补充与外推过程,如图 1(c)所示。每次迭代所需的调整幅度逐步减小,直到增加量接近最小。
3) 确定最终最大震级。完成上述步骤后,得到一个代表长期平均地震活动(即时间尺度远大于Mmax的复发周期)的模型,其初始最大震级设定为MW9.0。然而,最终外推的地震活动曲线与最大地震的地震矩相交,表明无需通过更大规模事件来满足地震矩平衡要求。因此,初始设定的Mmax=9.0并不合理,需要下调初始试验值。通过不断调整初值,直至所预测的最大震级与地震矩平衡条件一致,如图 1(d)所示,调整后的初始猜测与最终预测的最大震级为MW8.1。
通过上述步骤,确保了基于仪器目录估算的震间期地震活动与长期地震活动模型之间的一致性。需要注意的是,该方法并不能保证观测到的实际地震活动严格遵循模型所假定的形式,这可以在事后通过生成与观测所覆盖时长相同的随机地震目录来进行验证。
阿尔金断裂带是一条大型左旋走滑活动断层,位于青藏高原西北缘,全长超过1 200 km。虽然仪器记录中没有观测到大地震,但地质调查发现,该断层2 500万年以来的总错断量约为475 km,且发生过大规模破裂[57](图 3)。目前通过大地测量得到的滑动速率约为9~12 mm/a,通过古地震数据得到的速率约为10 mm/a[58-59],不同观测手段得到的不同时间尺度的滑动速率相似,也是当前较公认的阿尔金断裂带滑动速率[58, 60],锁定深度约为15 km[58]。根据上述参数设定,通过模型估算,该断层的最大震级平均值为MW8.0±0.3,复发周期约为900 a,范围400~2 000 a,具体见图 3(b),图中蓝色粗直线表示为消耗所有地震矩积累所需发生的最大震级地震的频率;浅绿色直线表示最终平均模型目录的结果;椭圆为模拟结果落在不同区域内的概率,这些概率综合考虑了b值、地震矩积累速率及最大余震的不确定性。古地震学调查显示,在过去2.2~3.0 ka中,阿尔金断裂带中段曾发生2~3次地震,复发周期为700~1 100 a,震级约在7.0~7.8[57, 61],这与模型预测的结果一致。结果表明,与传统方法相比,基于地震矩守恒的模型在数据较为有限的情况下表现出较高的预测精度。传统统计学方法通常依赖于较为完整的历史地震记录和震级-频率分布,但在阿尔金断裂带这类数据不完整区域,传统方法无法准确估算最大震级及复发周期。基于地震矩守恒的模型能够弥补这一不足,通过模拟历史数据缺失的大地震及其余震,为断裂带最大震级及复发周期估算提供了一种新的有效工具。
昆仑断裂带是位于青藏高原北部的一条大型走滑断层,其滑动速率相对稳定,约为11.7±1.5 mm/a[62],采用默认的闭锁深度12.5±2.5 km。根据上述条件,通过模型模拟发现,昆仑断裂带最大震级地震在1-σ置信水平下约为8±0.3,其复发周期为1 000 a,下限为450 a,上限为2 000 a(图 4,图例同图 3)。目前所知的昆仑断裂上最大地震发生在2001年(MW7.8),破裂长度为450 km。昆仑断裂带目前尚无古地震研究,但从最小阶地位移和平均滑移速率来看[62],该断层大约每800~1 000 a就可能发生1次MW8.0地震,表明基于地震矩守恒的模型能够有效推算出与传统地貌学方法所得结论相符的最大震级和复发周期。
在实际应用中,与传统经验关系式法相比,该模型能更加准确地预测在历史记录缺乏或不完整的情况下可能发生的最大震级。传统方法依赖于对断层几何和历史地震数据的分析,而在昆仑断裂带,尽管历史地震记录有限,模型仍能提供有力的预测支持。通过与现有数据进行对比可以看出,基于地震矩守恒的模型在没有大规模地震记录的情况下能较好地估算地震活动,具有较大优势。
龙门山断裂带位于中国四川省,是一个大型逆冲断层,全长约为500 km。断裂带横跨四川盆地与青藏高原之间,连接川西地区和西藏地区,是中国地震活动最为显著的区域之一。对于龙门山断裂带最大震级的评估,本文仅考虑南段3个主要活动逆断层,即武隆断裂(WLF)、宝兴断裂(BXF)和山前隐伏断层(RFBT),因为已有古地震研究揭示了这些断层在全新世的活动性。基于断层滑动速率约1 mm/a[63]、闭锁深度18 km、长度50~100 km[64],推算出地震矩积累速率$ {\dot{M}_{\mathrm{or}}}$为(8.04±2.09)×1017 Nm/a。将其代入式(3),将地震的复发周期与地震矩相关联,其中α和b为给定断层或断层组合的常数,α=1(即假设100%的地震矩是通过震中震释放的)。
考虑到中国使用不同的经验公式和观测仪器,可通过最小二乘回归将中国地震目录中报告的区域面波震级(MS)转换为标量地震矩(M0)[65]:
$\begin{gathered}{\rm{lg}} M_0=7.596\ 7( \pm 0.804\ 9)+ \\1.607\ 3( \pm 0.124\ 3) M_{\mathrm{S}}\end{gathered}$
然后使用公式[14, 66]:
$M_{\mathrm{w}}=(2 / 3) {\rm{lg}} M_0-6$
将标量地震矩转换为矩震级。
首先,对1970-2015年重新定位的仪器目录(2.0≤MW≤5.5)进行测试后发现,矩震级MW的地震频率N遵循G-R分布(图 5),可通过函数lgN=3.93-0.91MW来表示,从而得出b值为0.91;易桂喜等[67]分析了1997-2004年龙门山断裂带南段的地震活动性,得出b值为0.924±0.023。基于这2个估算,假设b≈0.9,并使用龙门山断裂带南段3个可用的地震活动目录数据[68-70]来评估该地区可能的最大地震震级。G-R定律与最大震级地震的频率(图 5中红星)交点定义了龙门山断裂带南段可能发生的最大矩震级(Mmax=7.7)和预测的最大地震复发周期(约1 400 a),估算结果与Wang等[65]通过破裂面积(针对18 km深度以上的茂汶逆冲断层及其分支断层)与矩震级之间的经验关系定义的茂汶逆冲断层及其分支断层地震规模相似。
图 5显示龙门山断裂带南段可能缺失MW≥5.5(尤其是MW>6.6)地震,这可能是因为该区历史地震目录不完整[69, 70-71],类似于尼泊尔喜马拉雅地区[7-8, 11],但仍有一些MW>7.0地震记录。Chen等[71]建议,1327年天全地震的震级在7½~7¾之间,这是基于与1786年南康定MS7¾地震的破坏区和最大感知距离比较得出的。使用最大震级地震的频率、地震矩积累和G-R定律(b=0.9)之间的关系,确定MW7.3~7.5地震的平均重现周期为约1 000 a(图 5)。因此,推测龙门山断裂带南段可能发生比芦山地震(MW6.6)规模更大且更具破坏性的事件(即震级可达MW7.7),平均频率为每1 000~1 400 a发生1次。如果该区域多个断层段同时破裂,将有可能形成长达50~100 km的破裂,破裂面面积可达数千km2,类似于2008年汶川MW7.9地震,且与1906年玛纳斯MW7.7[72]、1999年集集MW7.6[73]、2005年克什米尔MW7.6[74]和2015年尼泊尔MW7.8地震[75]的逆冲断层破裂规模相当。值得注意的是,历史地震目录中的地震烈度、震级和震中坐标存在较大的不确定性,如发生在唐宋朝(公元960-1279年)的M≈8.0地震[76]。此外,M≥7.0历史地震可能发生在邻近地区,但被感知并记录为发生在龙门山断裂带南段上的地震。总体来看,该方法预测的最大地震震级及复发周期与以往研究结果具有较高的一致性。
研究表明,在具有历史地震数据的地区,本文介绍的模型[37]能够很好地预测平均地震目录。然而,历史目录中的误差较难测量和量化,且随着回溯时间的延长,这些误差愈加显著。通过震动报告和标度定律准确测量地震震级难度较大,即使震级明确,复发周期的可变性也使其较难掌握,需大量数据点来获得可靠的概率密度函数[77]。由于Mmax具有最长的复发周期,因此最可能在历史记录中被遗漏。
该模型的主要优点在于可适用于无历史数据的地区,无需人工分段或参数的预先假定,且考虑不确定性的过程相对简单。然而,模型在b值误差与地震平均频率的不确定性之间存在权衡。小地震的频率估算相对准确,但其距离Mmax较远,基于此进行外推会带来较大不确定性;而对于大地震,尽管频率较不明确,但b值的不确定性引起的误差较小,外推范围会更短。以主喜马拉雅逆冲断层(实线)和圣安德烈斯断层(虚线)为例(图 6),当b值从0.9增至1.1时,Mmax值约增加1~1.5。
本文介绍模型的局限性在于过于依赖简化的理论假设,忽略了复杂断层几何、区域应力场非均匀性、下地壳和地幔的黏弹性效应及断层间耦合作用的影响,可能导致模型在实际应用中的适用性和精度受限。首先,模型认为地震活动遵循G-R定律直到Mmax,这一假设的理论基础在于G-R定律广泛适用于描述地震频率-震级分布的关系,但其在复杂地质背景下的适用性仍存争议。在某些复杂断裂带,由于应力释放模式的差异,地震频率分布可能偏离线性关系。
尽管可以通过引入区域化参数或替代假设改进模型的适用性,但这会涉及更多的参数,而这些参数在数据稀缺地区可能并不明确。当前模型假设的局限性还体现在缺乏对背景地质条件的动态适应能力上。未来研究需进一步探讨如何通过对G-R定律适用性的深入分析和区域化调整,提升模型的预测能力。此外,b值的不确定性会导致结果的不确定性,尤其对于震级较大的地震,确定哪些地震位于断层上及断层上的地震矩积累速率,可能较为困难。尽管其他方法也面临这个问题,但随着未来更多全球定位系统(GPS)站点的引入,数据肯定会变得更好。
地震矩积累速率假设模型也存在多方面的缺点,如对断层几何复杂性的简化可能导致估算偏差,特别是在复杂断裂网络中;应力场的分布和变化被简化为均匀的或线性变化,但实际应力场往往受区域构造背景和局部特征影响;滑动速率估计的不确定性也会影响模型精度,特别是在短时间尺度的预测中;此外,模型忽略了下地壳和地幔的黏弹性效应及主震-余震序列和断层间耦合作用的复杂相互影响。
为改进模型,应整合多源数据(如GPS、InSAR、高分辨率DEM),提升断层几何和滑动速率的刻画能力;引入三维断层几何和黏弹性效应,提高模型对实际地质条件的适应性;结合数值模拟技术动态分析非均匀应力场的时空演化;加强断层相互作用的研究,改进地震矩释放模式的描述;在长期风险评估与短期预测间找到平衡,从而实现更全面的地震灾害预警。这些改进将显著提升模型的适用性和预测精度,更好地服务于地震灾害风险评估与减灾工作。
模型的另一个缺点是无法直接将历史数据的复发周期纳入其中,因为历史数据通常与仪器记录的趋势不同。然而,历史数据仍可用来验证模型,特别是在震级较小时,其准确性往往较高。无震滑移比例作为模型的另一个未知因素,在本文研究中设定为0%~20%,对于大陆地震,无震滑移比例通常较小(如戈尔卡地震小于10%),但有时也很显著(如克什米尔地震约为56%)[78]。在俯冲带,无震滑移的变化范围较大,如智利MW8.8地震后余滑为20%~30%[79],而秘鲁海沟余滑达50%~70%[80]。无震滑移比例增大将会释放掉更多的力矩积累,从而减少断层上以地震形式释放的能量,这意味着实际发生的大地震可能较少或震级较小。然而,如果模型假设的无震滑移比例较小,则会低估这种释放,导致模型预测的地震活动水平(如地震频率或震级)偏高。
本文介绍模型给出的估计基于一些初步假设,未来可通过改进模型参数进行进一步优化。对于已有Mmax估算或古地震数据的地区,模型预测的结果通常与预期值一致;而在缺乏历史数据的地区,Mmax估算则相对稀缺,这使得该模型在这些地区显得尤其重要。新方法的优势在于,仅需地震仪器记录和地震矩亏损的累积速率估计,便能为历史数据缺乏的地区提供有效的预测支持,有效减少了传统方法因数据不足带来的误差,弥补了历史记录和仪器记录在大地震及其余震方面记录的不足。这些缺乏完整历史地震数据地区的脆弱性主要源于对大震的认识和准备不足,而该模型有助于提升其地震防范意识和应对能力。
  • 天津市自然科学基金(23JCYBJC01380)
  • 国家自然科学基金(W2411033)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42104061)
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2026年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.569
  • 接收时间:2024-12-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-18
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天津市自然科学基金(23JCYBJC01380)
国家自然科学基金(W2411033)
国家自然科学基金(42104061)
作者信息
    1 天津大学地球系统科学学院, 天津, 300072
    2 中国地震局第二监测中心, 西安, 710054

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姚文倩, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为活动构造和构造地貌学, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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