Article(id=1322566763972252413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322566763112415546, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.02.038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1739721600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793254088633, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793254088633, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793254088633, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793254088633, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322566763112415546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='138', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793254088427, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793254088427, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=55, endPage=62, 85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322566764140024574, articleId=1322566763972252413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Antarctic Heat Flow Prediction Model Based on Stacking Algorithm for Ensemble Learning, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Heat flow (HF) refers to the heat energy transmitted from the Earth's interior to the surface. It can reveal various processes occurring in the deep Earth and information about energy balance. In the Antarctic region, understanding heat flow is of great significance for simulating the dynamic changes of ice sheets. This study employs the Stacking algorithm in machine learning to construct a heat flow prediction model for Antarctica. The model integrates 13 types of geological and geophysical features related to heat flow as observational input data and incorporates six machine learning algorithms commonly used for regression prediction problems, namely GBDT, XGBoost, RF, LightGBM, ET, and MLP, to predict the distribution characteristics of heat flow. The experimental results show that the prediction accuracy of the Stacking model is superior to that of several benchmark models. The new Antarctic heat flow distribution prediction map obtained through this model is more in line with the actual distribution of heat flow in Antarctica compared with the large-scale estimated heat flow distribution maps drawn by traditional methods, demonstrating more excellent performance.

, authors=Yiheng CAI1, Xiaoqing ZHANG1, Shinan LANG1, *, Xiangbin CUI2, Yanliang HE1, Heng ZHANG1, authorsList=Yiheng CAI, Xiaoqing ZHANG, Shinan LANG, Xiangbin CUI, Yanliang HE, Heng ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shinan LANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322566766140707595, articleId=1322566763972252413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于集成学习Stacking算法的南极热流预测模型, columnId=1281933709121138897, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地球动力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大地热流(heat flow, HF)是指地球内部传递至地表的热能,它能够揭示地球深部的各种作用过程及能量平衡信息。在南极洲地区,掌握热流情况对于模拟冰盖动态变化具有极其重要的意义。本研究运用机器学习中的Stacking堆叠算法,构建一个南极洲热流预测模型。该模型整合13种与热流相关的地质及地球物理特征的观测输入数据,并集成GBDT、XGBoost、RF、LightGBM、ET和MLP等6种常用于解决回归预测问题的机器学习算法,对热流的分布特征进行预测。实验结果表明,采用Stacking模型的预测精度优于多种基准模型。通过该模型得到的新的南极热流分布预测图,与其他传统方法所绘制的大规模估计热流分布图相比,更加契合南极洲热流的实际分布情况,展现出更为卓越的性能。

, authors=蔡轶珩1, 张晓晴1, 稂时楠1, *, 崔祥斌2, 何彦良1, 张恒1, authorsList=蔡轶珩, 张晓晴, 稂时楠, 崔祥斌, 何彦良, 张恒, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=稂时楠, authorNote=

蔡轶珩, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为冰雷达图像分析、冰下地形生成, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
稂时楠, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为智能信号处理与应用、雷达理论与技术, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=DNot2UagEA9nBaNOsSoUAA==, magXml=jFAsZT30DkCaic8tHs4OMQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=7qV9AK1lYd5+tiSzhbplWQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=blAfG/8ZUAdv+eHxRObNHw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322566768061698835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763972252413, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=caiyiheng@bjut.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322566768153973525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763972252413, authorId=1322566768061698835, language=EN, stringName=Yiheng CAI, firstName=Yiheng, middleName=null, lastName=CAI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322566768300774166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763972252413, authorId=1322566768061698835, language=CN, stringName=蔡轶珩, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 北京工业大学信息科学技术学院, 北京, 100124, bio={"content":"

蔡轶珩, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为冰雷达图像分析、冰下地形生成, E-mail:

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蔡轶珩, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为冰雷达图像分析、冰下地形生成, E-mail:

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Boulder: Geological Society of America, 2001, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566783039558523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763972252413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Erickson N, Mueller J, Shirkov A, et al. AutoGluon-Tabular: Robust and Accurate AutoML for Structured Data[EB/OL]. arXiv: 2003.06505, https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.06505v1, 2020-03-13, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566783115055996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763972252413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=404, issue=6774, pageStart=145, pageEnd=150, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=41, authorNames=Cande S C, Stock J M, Muller R D, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Cande S C , Stock J M , Muller R D , et al. Cenozoic Motion between East and West Antarctica[J]. Nature, 2000, 404 (6774): 145- 150, articleTitle=Cenozoic Motion between East and West Antarctica, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566783182164861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763972252413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=9, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=42, authorNames=Granot R, Dyment J, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Granot R , Dyment J . Late Cenozoic Unification of East and West Antarctica[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9 (1), articleTitle=Late Cenozoic Unification of East and West Antarctica, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566783249273726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763972252413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=80, issue=null, pageStart=50, pageEnd=122, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=43, authorNames=Goodge J W, journalName=Gondwana Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Goodge J W . Geological and Tectonic Evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains, from Ancient Craton to Recent Enigma[J]. 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The features covered by the dataset and the sources of the data

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特征特征描述数据来源
热流单位时间内通过地球表面单位面积的热量全球数据:http://heatflow.org/
南极数据:https://github.com/RicardaDziadek/Antarctic-GHF-DB
莫霍面深度地表到莫霍面(地壳与地幔的分界面)的距离全球数据:参考文献[23]
南极数据:http://www.seismolab.org和 https://www.bas.ac.uk/project/goceantarctica/
LAB深度地壳到岩石圈与软流圈的分界面的距离全球数据:https://www.juanafonso.com/software
南极数据:http://www.seismolab.org和 https://www.bas.ac.uk/project/goceantarctica/
地形表面高程全球数据:http://ddfe.curtin.edu.au/models/Earth2014/
南极数据:http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0756
磁化率岩石矿物等在外磁场中被磁化的能力,无量纲全球数据:参考文献[29]
构造单元不同构造演化历史的地质区域全球数据:参考文献[30]
重力平均曲率重力场二阶导数全球数据:https://www.3dearth.uni-kiel.de
垂直磁场分量地磁场在垂直方向的分量全球数据:https://www.3dearth.uni-kiel.de/en/public-data-products
到洋脊的距离—全球数据:参考文献[32]
到海沟的距离—全球数据:参考文献[32]
到转换断层的距离—全球数据:参考文献[32]
到年轻裂谷的距离—全球数据:参考文献[33]
到火山的距离—全球数据:https://volcano.si.edu/gvp_votw.cfm
居里深度地壳岩石中铁磁性矿物的温度达到居里温度的深度全球数据:参考文献[8]
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数据集涵盖特征及数据来源

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特征特征描述数据来源
热流单位时间内通过地球表面单位面积的热量全球数据:http://heatflow.org/
南极数据:https://github.com/RicardaDziadek/Antarctic-GHF-DB
莫霍面深度地表到莫霍面(地壳与地幔的分界面)的距离全球数据:参考文献[23]
南极数据:http://www.seismolab.org和 https://www.bas.ac.uk/project/goceantarctica/
LAB深度地壳到岩石圈与软流圈的分界面的距离全球数据:https://www.juanafonso.com/software
南极数据:http://www.seismolab.org和 https://www.bas.ac.uk/project/goceantarctica/
地形表面高程全球数据:http://ddfe.curtin.edu.au/models/Earth2014/
南极数据:http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0756
磁化率岩石矿物等在外磁场中被磁化的能力,无量纲全球数据:参考文献[29]
构造单元不同构造演化历史的地质区域全球数据:参考文献[30]
重力平均曲率重力场二阶导数全球数据:https://www.3dearth.uni-kiel.de
垂直磁场分量地磁场在垂直方向的分量全球数据:https://www.3dearth.uni-kiel.de/en/public-data-products
到洋脊的距离—全球数据:参考文献[32]
到海沟的距离—全球数据:参考文献[32]
到转换断层的距离—全球数据:参考文献[32]
到年轻裂谷的距离—全球数据:参考文献[33]
到火山的距离—全球数据:https://volcano.si.edu/gvp_votw.cfm
居里深度地壳岩石中铁磁性矿物的温度达到居里温度的深度全球数据:参考文献[8]
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Comparison of validation sets for various methods

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模型R2MAE/mW·m-2RMSEnorm
XGBoost0.45112.4800.094
AutoGluon0.47812.2030.096
本文0.50911.7460.090
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各类方法验证集效果比较

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模型R2MAE/mW·m-2RMSEnorm
XGBoost0.45112.4800.094
AutoGluon0.47812.2030.096
本文0.50911.7460.090
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Prediction effect after adding ICD data

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是否有新特征R2MAE/mW·m-2RMSEnorm
无0.489 612.0940.092
有0.508 911.7460.090
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加入ICD数据后的预测效果

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是否有新特征R2MAE/mW·m-2RMSEnorm
无0.489 612.0940.092
有0.508 911.7460.090
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Results of ablation experiments on various base learners

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GBDTXGBoostLightGBMRFETMLPR2
√0.446
√√0.473
√√√0.486
√√√√0.498
√√√√√0.506
√√√√√√0.509
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各类基学习器消融实验结果

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GBDTXGBoostLightGBMRFETMLPR2
√0.446
√√0.473
√√√0.486
√√√√0.498
√√√√√0.506
√√√√√√0.509
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Prediction of HF value ranges using various methods

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方法最小值/mW·m-2最大值/mW·m-2平均值/mW·m-2
Martos等[5]42.6240.567.0
Shen等[6]40.185.455.8
Lösing等[8]29.3156.863.3
本文30.7144.663.9
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各类方法预测南极洲HF数值范围

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方法最小值/mW·m-2最大值/mW·m-2平均值/mW·m-2
Martos等[5]42.6240.567.0
Shen等[6]40.185.455.8
Lösing等[8]29.3156.863.3
本文30.7144.663.9
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基于集成学习Stacking算法的南极热流预测模型
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蔡轶珩 1 , 张晓晴 1 , 稂时楠 1, * , 崔祥斌 2 , 何彦良 1 , 张恒 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地球动力学 2026,46(1): 55-62, 85
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地球动力学 2026 , 46 (1) : 55 -62, 85
基于集成学习Stacking算法的南极热流预测模型
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蔡轶珩1 , 张晓晴1, 稂时楠1, * , 崔祥斌2, 何彦良1, 张恒1
作者信息
  • 1 北京工业大学信息科学技术学院, 北京, 100124
  • 2 中国极地研究中心, 上海, 200136
通讯作者:
稂时楠, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为智能信号处理与应用、雷达理论与技术, E-mail:
作者简介:

蔡轶珩, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为冰雷达图像分析、冰下地形生成, E-mail:

Antarctic Heat Flow Prediction Model Based on Stacking Algorithm for Ensemble Learning
Yiheng CAI1 , Xiaoqing ZHANG1, Shinan LANG1, * , Xiangbin CUI2, Yanliang HE1, Heng ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 2 Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.02.038
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大地热流(heat flow, HF)是指地球内部传递至地表的热能,它能够揭示地球深部的各种作用过程及能量平衡信息。在南极洲地区,掌握热流情况对于模拟冰盖动态变化具有极其重要的意义。本研究运用机器学习中的Stacking堆叠算法,构建一个南极洲热流预测模型。该模型整合13种与热流相关的地质及地球物理特征的观测输入数据,并集成GBDT、XGBoost、RF、LightGBM、ET和MLP等6种常用于解决回归预测问题的机器学习算法,对热流的分布特征进行预测。实验结果表明,采用Stacking模型的预测精度优于多种基准模型。通过该模型得到的新的南极热流分布预测图,与其他传统方法所绘制的大规模估计热流分布图相比,更加契合南极洲热流的实际分布情况,展现出更为卓越的性能。

集成学习  /  Stacking算法  /  大地热流  /  南极洲

Heat flow (HF) refers to the heat energy transmitted from the Earth's interior to the surface. It can reveal various processes occurring in the deep Earth and information about energy balance. In the Antarctic region, understanding heat flow is of great significance for simulating the dynamic changes of ice sheets. This study employs the Stacking algorithm in machine learning to construct a heat flow prediction model for Antarctica. The model integrates 13 types of geological and geophysical features related to heat flow as observational input data and incorporates six machine learning algorithms commonly used for regression prediction problems, namely GBDT, XGBoost, RF, LightGBM, ET, and MLP, to predict the distribution characteristics of heat flow. The experimental results show that the prediction accuracy of the Stacking model is superior to that of several benchmark models. The new Antarctic heat flow distribution prediction map obtained through this model is more in line with the actual distribution of heat flow in Antarctica compared with the large-scale estimated heat flow distribution maps drawn by traditional methods, demonstrating more excellent performance.

ensemble learning  /  Stacking algorithm  /  heat flow  /  Antarctica
蔡轶珩, 张晓晴, 稂时楠, 崔祥斌, 何彦良, 张恒. 基于集成学习Stacking算法的南极热流预测模型. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (1) : 55 -62, 85 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.02.038
Yiheng CAI, Xiaoqing ZHANG, Shinan LANG, Xiangbin CUI, Yanliang HE, Heng ZHANG. Antarctic Heat Flow Prediction Model Based on Stacking Algorithm for Ensemble Learning[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (1) : 55 -62, 85 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.02.038
大地热流,亦称热流密度或热流,是指在单位时间内,地球内部的壳幔热量通过单位面积的地球表面向大气层散发的热量[1]。这一参数对于地热资源的勘探与开发有着极为重要的意义,并且为地球动力学领域的研究提供了关键的限制条件[2]。尤其是在极地地区,热流更是成为了解冰动力学机制的关键参数,对于研究冰盖基底融化和滑动现象具有重要意义。
传统获取热流的方法是通过现场钻井测量地温和岩石热导率,再计算得出热流值。然而,由于南极洲地处高纬度,拥有独特的冰冻地貌,采用该方法成本高昂,难以在南极大陆广泛应用。为了建立覆盖南极大陆的热流模型,研究人员开始探索使用地球物理或地质数据的间接方法。这些方法目前主要分为两大类:一类是基于地球物理数据的推导估计建模,另一类则是利用机器学习或统计相关性方法。
目前热流(HF)的地球物理推导主要依赖于地震波、磁性数据等[3]。例如,An等[4]利用地震学数据推导上地幔温度以计算HF;Martos等[5]通过磁性数据确定居里等温线深度来推算HF;Shen等[6]将上地幔结构与美国大陆已知的HF关联,提出基于VS(上地幔S波速度)经验推断预测HF。这些研究虽然在HF估计方面取得了重要进展,绘制出南极的HF估计图,但由于数据源的分辨率较低、模型存在缺陷等原因,最终得到的结果在数值准确性上仍存在不足。并且它们通常只依靠单一输入,忽视了其他地质特征对HF的潜在影响,这也是限制预测精度提升的重要原因。
随着机器学习技术的不断成熟与普及,研究人员开始将其应用于热流预测。Rezvanbehbahani等[7]首次将基于梯度提升回归树的机器学习模型应用于格陵兰岛热流的预测,建立了多种地质构造特征与HF之间的相关关系。随后,Lösing等[8]改进了地质特征的选择,并扩展数据集,使用XGBoost模型预测南极洲的热流分布,揭示了更细致的热流变化信息。
尽管机器学习在地球科学领域的应用日益增多,但在热流预测方面所用方法仍较为有限,常采用单一学习器,精度仍有提升空间。集成学习Stacking算法通过多个阶段的模型协调融合,能够结合不同模型的优点,提高预测的准确性和鲁棒性。目前Stacking算法广泛应用于地震预测[9]、滑坡风险评估[10]等场景中。
因此,本研究提出了一种基于集成学习Stacking算法的南极洲热流预测模型。该模型融合包含居里深度倒数在内的多源地质与地球物理数据,并集成决策树、LightGBM等多种基学习器,最终得到了新的南极热流预测图,并通过对比分析验证其优越性。
预测热流属于回归分析,即通过建立模型,利用一组特征变量来预测一个连续的结果变量。由于地质特征与热流之间存在强烈的非线性关系,单一模型往往难以充分捕捉数据的多维度特性。因此,通过堆叠不同模型,可以有效提高模型的鲁棒性以及整体预测的准确性。本研究基于集成学习Stacking算法构建了预测模型。
Stacking是一种分层集成学习算法[11]。其核心机制在于通过多阶段的模型协同,实现模型优势的互补融合。多个基学习器在原始数据上独立进行学习训练,并生成对样本的预测结果。这些预测结果组成一个新的特征矩阵,作为元学习器的输入。元学习器基于该特征矩阵进行训练,动态调整基学习器的权重,以达到全局最优组合,从而输出最终的预测结果。这种分层结构不仅实现了模型优势的协同,还具备良好的稳定性,在提升预测精度方面具有显著优势。
如图 1所示,该模型主要由输入特征、学习器选择、十折交叉验证3个部分构成。本研究选取多个与热流密切相关的地质物理参数作为输入特征,具体内容将在§2展开介绍。
学习器选择部分综合考虑各机器学习模型的优势,选择梯度提升决策树(GBDT)、极限梯度提升树(XGBoost)、轻量梯度提升机(LightGBM)、随机森林(RF)、极限随机树(ET)以及多层感知机(MLP)。
GBDT[12]作为基于决策树的模型,在决策过程中能够根据不同特征的条件判断选择最佳分割点。通过残差迭代和拟合回归树,GBDT能够有效模拟地质数据与HF之间的非线性关系。XGBoost模型[13]引入了正则化机制,通过优化对预测影响较小的地质特征的权重来控制模型复杂度,从而有效降低模型过拟合的风险。LightGBM[14]采用直方图算法,将HF预测中连续的地质特征数据进行离散化处理,这可以减少每次迭代需要考虑的节点数量,从而加速模型的训练。RF[15]通过引入随机性,在每次分裂时随机选择一个特征子集进行分裂,增加了对特征差异的泛化能力,避免模型对预测HF影响较大的少数特征过度依赖。ET[16](极端随机树)采用极端随机化策略,在树节点分裂时随机选择特征和分裂点,增强了模型对异常值和噪声的鲁棒性。对于多源地质数据中可能包含的异常值,ET有助于降低其对模型性能的负面影响。MLP[17]通过多层神经元和激活函数的组合,能够近似任何连续函数,并提供与基于树的方法不同的视角,学习高维数据的深层次关系。MLP能够捕捉地质特征间的复杂交互效应,从多个角度理解数据,从而进一步提升HF预测的准确性。
在GBDT优秀的拟合能力基础上,结合XGBoost调整模型权重分配的特点,有效减少了模型过拟合现象。同时,LightGBM的数据离散化处理能够提升模型的训练效率,而RF和ET的随机性策略增强了模型的泛化能力。此外,MLP可以从神经网络的视角学习特征,充分挖掘特征之间的潜在信息。
为了平衡第1层基学习器的复杂性、减少过拟合风险,Stacking的第2层模型采用线性回归(LR)进行最终预测。同时,采用十折交叉验证策略来提高模型的泛化能力和数据使用效率。该方法将训练数据分为10个子集,每次使用其中9个进行模型训练,剩余1个进行模型测试。重复10次后,取平均性能作为模型评估的标准。这种方法可以减少单次划分可能带来的偶然性和偏差,使模型在面临新的数据时能够维持较高的预测准确度。
基于地球结构及构造运动[18],通过研究地球物理场,如磁场、重力场等,能够深入洞察地球内部的热状态,进而为热流(HF)的预测提供有力依据。在HF预测领域,Rezvanbehbahani等[7]和Lösing等[8]从多角度展开研究,选取地形、莫霍面深度等特征作为输入变量。这些研究综合考虑地壳厚度、重力场、磁场以及构造板块等多方面对热流的影响,为特征选择提供了有益的参考。然而,重要的温度界面——居里点,在以往的研究中未得到充分重视。经过综合考量,本研究最终选取莫霍面深度、LAB(岩石圈-软流圈边界)深度、地形、磁化率、构造单元、重力平均曲率、垂直磁场分量、居里深度的倒数、到洋脊的距离、到海沟的距离、到转换断层的距离、到年轻裂谷的距离、到火山的距离等13个特征,力求全面涵盖与HF相关的物理过程。
地壳厚度是决定热量传递效率的基础性因素。在岩石圈内部,尤其是地壳部分,热量主要通过热传导的方式进行传递。莫霍面深度和LAB深度反映了地壳和岩石圈的厚度,直接决定了从地幔热源到地表的热流路径长度,进而对热量传递效率产生直接影响。
地幔对流以及地质活动不仅影响HF的分布,还会引起磁场的变化,二者之间存在着内在的联系。由于磁场信号具有方向性,研究中通常选取垂直磁场分量作为分析对象。另一方面,岩石的磁化率会随温度的变化而改变,较高的地温会导致磁化率降低。因此,通过磁化率数据可以间接推测地壳的热结构状态。
地球重力场异常反映了地壳密度的不均匀性,这与地质结构的复杂性以及地壳热状态的变化密切相关。重力平均曲率能够描述重力异常的空间变化,从而反映地壳的地质结构。地壳密度的不均匀性可能会改变热传导的效率,进而间接影响HF的分布。
构造板块的地质年代反映了其经历的地质演化阶段,对HF的背景值有着重要影响。较为古老的构造单元通常经历了长期的地质演化,地质结构较为稳定,相应的HF背景值往往较低;而年轻的构造单元由于地壳运动频繁、地幔热活动强烈,其HF背景值通常较高。因此,根据地质历史阶段对构造单元进行分类,为HF的预测提供了重要的参考依据。
HF既受控于地球深部构造,也受到地表因素的影响。地形起伏会显著干扰热量的传递与分布,使得热流从地形突起处向低洼处汇聚,从而影响热流的局部分布模式。此外,根据板块构造理论,板块运动活跃区域通常与HF高值相关联。因此,本研究在特征选择时,纳入了到洋脊、海沟、裂谷、火山以及转换断层带等板块边界相关地质特征的距离作为预测变量,以捕捉板块动力学对HF分布的潜在影响。
除了上述特征外,诸多研究表明,居里点深度与热流之间存在着紧密的关联[19-20]。当下地幔温度超过居里温度(通常为磁铁矿的580℃)[21]时,岩石的磁性会消失。居里点深度较浅,即距地表较近时,传至地表的HF通常更高。鉴于热流和居里点深度常常呈现反比趋势,本研究选择将居里深度的倒数(inverse curie depth,ICD)纳入特征选择,作为输入变量之一。
南极洲位于南极洲板块,地理范围覆盖南纬60°以南的广阔区域,气候严寒,冰雪覆盖。如图 2所示,其冰下地形高差显著,地质构造复杂,东南极为前寒武纪克拉通[22],而西南极则受新生代裂谷活动主导,发育西南极裂谷系统,地壳厚度仅20~25 km,与东南极克拉通(厚度40 km)形成鲜明对比。横贯南极山脉作为两大地质单元的分界线,沿东经160°~西经30°延伸,海拔高度在4 000 m以上。活跃的火山活动集中于裂谷带,如罗斯岛的埃里伯斯活火山和玛丽伯德地的西德利火山。
本研究采用由Lösing等[8]整理的当前地质特征较为完整的数据集。如表 1所示,该数据集涵盖了全球范围内的热流测量值、对应经纬度以及多种与热流相关的地质特征[3, 23-33],并在部分特征中采用了更详尽的局部数据集替代全球数据集中的南极部分。
在数据预处理阶段,对数据集进行了仔细的数据清洗,确保建模过程的准确性和可靠性。例如,筛选出地形高程在-1 000~3 000 m的数据行,以将数据限制在大陆范围内。以热流为例,最终用于学习的数据具体分布如图 3所示。此外,数据集被划分为训练集和验证集,分别占总数据的80%和20%,以评估模型的训练效果和泛化能力。
本实验作为回归预测问题,采用决定系数R2、平均绝对误差MAE以及归一化RMSE等评估指标。决定系数R2反映模型的拟合程度,后几个指标则度量预测值与真实值之间的差异。
设yi为实际观测值,$ \hat{y}_i$为预测值,$ \bar{y}_i$为观测值均值,m为数据点个数。
1) 决定系数R2计算公式为:
$R^2=1-\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^m\left(y_i-\hat{y}_i\right)^2}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^m\left(\bar{y}_i-y_i\right)^2}$
式中,R2的取值范围为[0, 1],其数值越大,表示模型拟合效果越好。
2) 平均绝对误差MAE计算公式为:
$\mathrm{MAE}=\frac{1}{m} \sum\limits_{i=1}^m\left|\left(y_i-\hat{y}_i\right)\right| $
3) 归一化RMSE计算公式为:
$\mathrm{RMSE}_{\text {norm }}=\frac{\frac{1}{m} \sqrt{\sum\limits_{i=1}^m\left(y_i-\hat{y}_i\right)^2}}{y_{\text {max }}-y_{\text {min }}}$
为了验证本方法在热流预测方面的优势,本研究设计并实施了3组实验。首先,在验证集上对本文提出的模型与其他机器学习模型进行了对比测试,以评估模型的性能差异。其次,通过消融实验分析了新特征的加入以及各基学习器对预测结果的影响,从而深入理解模型的改进效果。最后,在南极洲区域生成HF预测结果,并与过往的南极洲HF研究结果进行比较,以此来评估模型预测结果的可靠性和准确性。
为证明本文研究模型相较于其他方法的优越性以及其在预测性能上的提升,将该模型与XGBoost和AutoGluon模型进行对比实验。XGBoost是首个应用在预测南极洲HF的机器学习模型。AutoGluon是亚马逊团队推出的前沿开源AutoML框架[34],可以自动进行模型选择和超参数优化,在多个回归问题中均取得了领先地位。
表 2的数据结果显示,本研究方法在多个评价指标上均取得了最佳的预测效果。具体而言,在决定系数R2上,本研究方法能够达到0.5以上,相较于XGBoost和AutoGluon方法,这一结果表明模型具有较高的拟合优度。在MAE和归一化RMSE指标上,该方法也展现出了更低的误差值,这进一步证明了预测值与真实值之间的误差显著减小,预测结果更加接近真实值。这一优异的预测性能得益于Stacking模型的独特优势。Stacking模型通过结合各个算法的多样性,使得每个基学习器能够捕捉到数据的不同方面。元学习器在此基础上学习如何整合这些预测结果并减小误差,从而显著提高了预测的稳定性和准确性。
为探究本文提出的新输入特征加入以及各基学习器对模型预测性能的影响,进行了相关消融实验。表 3展示了在预测热流时,是否包含ICD特征数据对预测效果的影响。结果显示,当整体模型相同的情况下,若引入ICD这一特征,决定系数R2提升到0.508 9,MAE降低至11.746 mW·m-2,预测效果明显提升。
为验证本文所提出的Stacking集成模型中各基学习器加入的有效性,将选择的各基学习器逐渐加入到集成模型中,评估其性能。结果如表 4所示,各学习器的加入都有助于提高整体模型的预测能力,包含所有学习器的组合预测性能最优。在GBDT训练的基础上,加入XGBoost构成集成模型,预测性能具有明显提升,提升了2.7%,超越了单一模型;除XGBoost外,RF的加入对于整体预测精度的提升程度也较为显著;而ET模型及MLP的加入使得决定系数R2提升至0.5以上,相较于最初单一GBDT模型提升了6.3%。
本研究最终将模型应用在南极洲地区,预测了南极的热流分布,如图 4所示。以横贯南极山脉为重要地质分界线,东、西南极洲热流分布呈现显著差异,这些差异与各自的地质构造特征和演化历史密切相关。东南极洲的热流普遍较低且相对稳定,大部分地区的热流值集中在40~60 mW/m2之间,低于70 mW/m2,反映出东南极洲克拉通地区的低热特征,较厚的岩石圈进一步抑制了热流的表现;而西南极洲地质构造复杂,形成的热流相较于东南极洲普遍较高,高热流区主要集中在南极半岛、罗斯海以及西南极裂谷系统,热流值可达80 mW/m2及以上,其空间格局与新生代裂谷系统及火山弧空间分布较为吻合,反映了该区域地壳的不稳定性和活跃的地质背景。
为展现本文提出的模型在预测南极洲区域HF数值及分布细节的合理性,与以往南极洲HF的研究进行比较。所对比方法分别为Martos等[5]、Shen等[6]以及Lösing等[8]的方法。
表 5描述了各类方法预测南极洲HF数值范围及均值。由表可知,Martos等[5]预测的南极HF范围跨度极大,在4种方法中最为宽泛,平均值达到67.0 mW/m2。这种宽泛的范围可能源于其所依据的磁数据,在火山活动区等磁异常区域会使得居里深度反演值较真实值偏低,HF推算值出现较大波动。Shen等[6]估计得到的HF推测的南极HF数值范围较窄,最高估计的HF数值未超过90 mW/m2,平均值在4种方法中最低,仅有55.8 mW/m2。这是由于该方法仅基于单一地震剪切波速输入的相似性推导,整体数值偏低。Lösing等[8]生成的HF范围跨度适中,没有出现较高的异常值,平均值为63.3 mW/m2。表明机器学习算法通过多源特征输入生成预测的热流较为合理。
与Martos等[5]的方法相比,本文方法通过引入机器学习算法并结合居里深度倒数等多源地质特征,有效降低了单一数据源误差的影响。与Shen等[6]的方法相比,本文方法实现了多特征融合,构建了更为全面的热流预测模型。此外,与Lösing等[8]的方法相比,本文方法采用集成策略并引入居里深度倒数作为额外输入特征,能更充分地捕捉地质数据中的复杂特征。本文方法最终预测的HF平均值为63.9 mW/m2,更接近全球已知平均水平64 mW/m2[8]。
图 5展示了各方法在南极洲的HF预测分布,其中圆圈处为该点真实测量值,右上角标注了预测值与实测值之间的平均绝对误差MAE。通过观察可知,所有研究普遍认为南极洲西部的热流数值较高,而东部热流较低[35-36],但在预测数据和分布上存在着一定差异。
Martos等[5]预测的HF(图 5(a))在南极洲大部分地区高于真实测量值,MAE为32.4 mW/m2。在多个地区出现极高的数值,且高值区相对聚集,形成了几个较为明显的“热点”。这种偏差可能与模型构建中固定岩石热参数以及仅通过磁数据推测HF的局限性有关。Shen等[6]估计得到的HF(图 5(b))分布相对均匀,整体显示出较低的HF值,多数地区低于真实测量值,MAE为30.9 mW/m2。这归因于该方法关注大尺度结构,过于平滑的数据结果掩盖了真实的热流差异,未能充分考虑局部异常。Lösing等[8]模型生成的HF(图 5(c))在整体上表现出较为合理的分布,大多数预测值与真实测量点之间的差值较小,平均绝对误差约为12 mW/m2。此方法不再局限于单源的输入数据,考虑到了多个地质特征与HF之间的关联性,但模型精度有限,少部分地区仍有较大误差。本文方法预测的HF(图 5(d))在整体分布上与方法3相似,但与实测值的吻合度更高,预测结果与真实测量值之间的偏差进一步缩小,平均绝对误差达到11.4 mW/m2,高值和低值区域的分布更为自然。
为了更细致地对比不同南极HF图的具体表现,重点关注了横贯南极山脉地区(图 4及图 5中黑框区域)。该地区位于东、西南极的分界线,处于板块作用的关键部位,地壳变形、断裂等地质活动频发[37],地形复杂,地势起伏剧烈,造就了较高的HF。图 6(圆圈处代表该点实测值)呈现了各HF模型在该地区的分布对比。
从对比结果中可以发现,Martos等[5]估计的HF(图 6(a))范围有较大波动,跨度为40~120 mW/ m2,与实际测量点相差较大。Shen等[6]得到的HF(图 6(b))分布较为平滑,主要集中在60~80 mW/ m2,对于实际较高的HF地区拟合程度有待提高。Lösing等[8]在该地生成的HF(图 6(c))则更多以60~70 mW/ m2为主,低于实际测量值。与上述3种方法相比,本研究方法生成的HF(图 6(d))在中部地区数值较高,达到80 mW/ m2以上,并沿山脉向两侧逐渐递减,呈现较为自然的过渡,与实际测量值拟合较好。进一步分析横贯南极山脉地区的地质情况,在横贯南极山脉中部地区,莫霍面深度和LAB深度较低,说明该地地壳厚度较薄,从地幔热源到地表的热流路径较短。此外,该地区构造单元地质历史较短且靠近年轻裂谷,表明该地区地质活动较为活跃。其距离维多利亚地等地区的火山活动带大约100~250 km,火山活动可能对该地区的地热流产生显著影响。通过本研究的模型,可以合理探究多种地质条件的共同影响作用,为了解该地区热流(HF)的分布及其潜在形成机制提供科学指导。
本文构建了一种基于集成学习Stacking算法的南极洲热流预测模型。该模型融合GBDT、XGBoost、RF、LightGBM、ET等多种机器学习模型,并引入神经网络MLP模型共同作为基学习器,充分发挥不同模型的优势。此外,本研究创新性地提出新的预测热流模型的输入数据组合,将居里深度的倒数分量纳入到输入特征,为模型提供更全面且有效的数据信息,有助于更精准地刻画地质特征与热流之间的复杂关系。
实验结果表明,新特征的加入显著提升了模型的预测性能,在多个评估指标上均取得明显进步。Stacking模型通过整合多种学习器的优势,能够全面捕捉地质特征与热流之间的复杂非线性关系,从而实现更为准确的回归预测。将该模型应用于南极洲地区,生成了新的南极洲热流预测图。与以往的南极洲热流预测方法相比,本文提出的模型预测结果不仅更接近全球已知平均热流水平,而且在实际分布细节上展现出了更高的准确性。
本研究为南极洲热流探测开辟了一条新的研究途径,为模拟南极冰盖的动态变化提供了关键信息,具有重要的科学价值和实际应用前景。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42376253)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42576289)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFB3908003)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.02.038
  • 接收时间:2025-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-17
基金
国家自然科学基金(42376253)
国家自然科学基金(42576289)
国家重点研发计划(2024YFB3908003)
作者信息
    1 北京工业大学信息科学技术学院, 北京, 100124
    2 中国极地研究中心, 上海, 200136

通讯作者:

稂时楠, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为智能信号处理与应用、雷达理论与技术, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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