Article(id=1322506690910602146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506567065383670, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.08.383, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723392000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239766099, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239766099, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239766099, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239766099, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506567065383670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='661', pageEnd='770', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752508800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239736572, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239736572, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=746, endPage=753, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506691132900259, articleId=1322506690910602146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Establishment of High Precision Ocean Tide Loading Correction Model for Precise Leveling in China and Its Impact on Leveling Data, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problems of single data structure and low resolution of ocean tide model in"specifications for the first and second order leveling", four recent high-resolution global ocean tide models are corrected using the high precision China offshore model, and the influence of four offshore correction ocean tide models on precise leveling and the effect of ocean tide loading correction are calculated and analyzed. The results show that the DTU10 offshore correction model is the most practical and accurate ocean tide loading correction model for precise leveling in China's coastal area, and the influence of ocean tide loading on leveling height difference above 400 km from the coast is negligible (the correction of ocean tide loading per kilometer is not more than 0.005 mm).

, authors=Tao ZHANG1, Wenli WANG1, *, Jianwen WANG1, Xinying MA1, authorsList=Tao ZHANG, Wenli WANG, Jianwen WANG, Xinying MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenli WANG, authorNote=

ZHANG Tao, engineer, majors in geodetic data processing, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506692722541482, articleId=1322506690910602146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=我国精密水准测量高精度海潮负荷改正模型的建立及其对水准测量结果的影响研究, columnId=1322506242858271689, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地球物理解释, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对《国家一、二等水准测量规范》中海潮模型数据结构单一、分辨率较低等问题,借助高精度中国近海模型对目前4个较新的高分辨率全球海潮模型进行近海修正,计算分析4个近海修正海潮模型对精密水准测量结果的影响与海潮负荷改正效果。结果表明,经近海修正的DTU10模型是我国沿海地区精密水准测量中实用性最好、精度最佳的海潮负荷改正模型,海潮负荷对距沿海400 km以上的水准测量高差影响很小(每千米海潮负荷改正量不超过0.005 mm),可以忽略不计。

, authors=张涛1, 王文利1, *, 王建文1, 马新莹1, authorsList=张涛, 王文利, 王建文, 马新莹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王文利, authorNote=

张涛,工程师,主要从事大地测量数据处理研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

王文利,正研级高级工程师,主要从事大地测量数据处理研究,E-mail:

WANG Wenli, professor, majors in geodetic data processing, E-mail:

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Effect of the Sea-Tide Load along the Coast of China on Earth Tilt Tide Observations[J]. Crustal Deformation and Earthquake, 1988, 8 (3): 269- 281, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322506702767898638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1987, volume=7, issue=3, pageStart=34, pageEnd=43, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=40, authorNames=孙和平, journalName=地震, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙和平. 倾斜和应变固体潮中的海潮负荷改正[J]. 地震, 1987, 7 (3): 34- 43, articleTitle=倾斜和应变固体潮中的海潮负荷改正, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322506702839201807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1987, volume=7, issue=3, pageStart=34, pageEnd=43, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=41, authorNames=Sun Heping, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Sun Heping . Correction of Sea-Tide Load in the Tilt and Strain Earth Tide[J]. Earthquake, 1987, 7 (3): 34- 43, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322506702910504976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1985, volume=28, issue=3, pageStart=282, pageEnd=290, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=42, authorNames=许厚泽, 毛伟建, journalName=地球物理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许厚泽, 毛伟建. 不同地球模型对负荷潮汐改正的影响[J]. 地球物理学报, 1985, 28 (3): 282- 290, articleTitle=不同地球模型对负荷潮汐改正的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322506702986002449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1985, volume=28, issue=3, pageStart=282, pageEnd=290, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=43, authorNames=Xu Houze, Mao Weijian, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Xu Houze , Mao Weijian . The Effect of Different Earth Models on the Load Tide Corrections[J]. Journal of Geophysics, 1985, 28 (3): 282- 290, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322506703195717650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡景. 卫星高度计数据提取海洋潮汐信息及气候变化研究[D]. 青岛: 中国海洋大学, 2007, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322506703275409428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hu Jing. Studies about Tidal Harmonic Analysis and Climate Changes from Altimetric Data[D]. Qingdao: Ocean University of China, 2007, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322506703355101205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周江存. 利用最近海潮模型研究地球物理场中的负荷效应问题[D]. 武汉: 中国科学院测量与地球物理研究所, 2002, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322506703455764502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou Jiangcun. On Studying the Load Effects in the Geophysical Fields with the Latest Ocean Tidal Models[D]. Wuhan: Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, CAS, 2002, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322506703652896791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐晓庆. 中国近海和中国及邻近大陆海潮负荷效应的计算[D]. 青岛: 国家海洋局第一海洋研究所, 2011, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322506703761948696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu Xiaoqing. The Computation of Ocean Tidal Loading Effects in the Seas Adjacent to China and over the Continent of and near China[D]. Qingdao: First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 2011, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322506698607150050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, awardId=41574003, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(41574003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322506698665870307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, awardId=41574003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41574003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322506698728784868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, awardId=41774004, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(41774004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322506698812670949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, awardId=41774004, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41774004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322506692965811115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322506692978394028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, companyId=1322506692965811115, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Geodetic Data Processing Center, MNR, 334 East-Youyi Road, Xi'an 710054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322506692986782637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, companyId=1322506692965811115, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 自然资源部大地测量数据处理中心, 西安市友谊东路334号, 710054)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322506696526775246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Distribution of 14 stations in China's coastal areas, figureFileSmall=xPBf8qqjzpOpTvVmYBgo0A==, figureFileBig=yvJCImp94R70QDirEi6Dpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506696656798671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=CN, label=图1, caption=中国沿海14个测站分布, figureFileSmall=xPBf8qqjzpOpTvVmYBgo0A==, figureFileBig=yvJCImp94R70QDirEi6Dpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506696967177168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Distribution of trial leveling route, figureFileSmall=n4qnyydgShYD1s4i+aBJgQ==, figureFileBig=3Aczr0U82xnZzXR5xMpzBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506697038480337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=CN, label=图2, caption=试算水准路线分布, figureFileSmall=n4qnyydgShYD1s4i+aBJgQ==, figureFileBig=3Aczr0U82xnZzXR5xMpzBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506697130755026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Distribution of stations, figureFileSmall=eIJlzkTOBJQNlqHi/E2bTA==, figureFileBig=f4Q4g5mJtsjcXqp9fBONtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506697231418323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=CN, label=图3, caption=测站分布, figureFileSmall=eIJlzkTOBJQNlqHi/E2bTA==, figureFileBig=f4Q4g5mJtsjcXqp9fBONtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506697353053140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Amplitude and phase of four subtides of each model at Qingdao level site

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海潮模型 振幅/ms 相位/(°) 振幅/ms 相位/(°) 振幅/ms 相位/(°) 振幅/ms 相位/(°) 振幅/ms 相位/(°) 振幅/ms 相位/(°) 振幅/ms 相位/(°) 振幅/ms 相位/(°)
M2南北 M2南北 M2东西 M2东西 S2南北 S2南北 S2东西 S2东西 K1南北 K1南北 K1东西 K1东西 O1南北 O1南北 O1东西 O1东西
QQ-DTU10 71.84 26.74 44.96 -129.53 13.95 -26.73 8.96 89.96 13.30 90.53 8.62 9.07 11.45 -132.15 7.50 61.52
QQ-EOT11 72.11 24.04 45.16 -133.11 12.88 -50.17 8.32 75.80 14.62 86.41 9.49 6.87 11.45 -133.98 7.51 58.97
QQ-FES04 69.77 26.73 44.32 -131.14 13.91 -58.78 9.01 65.33 13.39 87.43 8.69 12.24 11.09 -130.87 7.31 65.55
QQ-HAMTI 68.16 22.24 45.29 -130.77 13.56 -61.71 9.18 69.91 13.78 121.55 9.14 7.85 11.54 -133.22 7.63 62.33
JH-DUT10 67.92 27.99 42.33 -122.22 20.20 -1.46 14.05 -152.29 14.88 129.66 9.53 13.85 11.44 -126.61 7.47 66.92
JH-EOT11 67.92 28.02 42.34 -122.19 20.20 -1.40 14.05 -152.26 14.87 129.71 9.53 13.81 11.45 -126.59 7.47 66.87
JH-FES04 67.93 28.01 42.34 -122.23 20.20 -1.51 14.04 -152.25 14.87 129.61 9.52 13.78 11.43 -126.58 7.46 66.85
JH-HAMTI 67.93 28.01 42.34 -122.20 20.19 -1.49 14.04 -152.23 14.88 129.63 9.55 13.87 11.44 -126.59 7.48 66.85
), ArticleFig(id=1322506697470493653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

青岛水准原点各模型4个分潮的振幅与相位

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海潮模型 振幅/ms 相位/(°) 振幅/ms 相位/(°) 振幅/ms 相位/(°) 振幅/ms 相位/(°) 振幅/ms 相位/(°) 振幅/ms 相位/(°) 振幅/ms 相位/(°) 振幅/ms 相位/(°)
M2南北 M2南北 M2东西 M2东西 S2南北 S2南北 S2东西 S2东西 K1南北 K1南北 K1东西 K1东西 O1南北 O1南北 O1东西 O1东西
QQ-DTU10 71.84 26.74 44.96 -129.53 13.95 -26.73 8.96 89.96 13.30 90.53 8.62 9.07 11.45 -132.15 7.50 61.52
QQ-EOT11 72.11 24.04 45.16 -133.11 12.88 -50.17 8.32 75.80 14.62 86.41 9.49 6.87 11.45 -133.98 7.51 58.97
QQ-FES04 69.77 26.73 44.32 -131.14 13.91 -58.78 9.01 65.33 13.39 87.43 8.69 12.24 11.09 -130.87 7.31 65.55
QQ-HAMTI 68.16 22.24 45.29 -130.77 13.56 -61.71 9.18 69.91 13.78 121.55 9.14 7.85 11.54 -133.22 7.63 62.33
JH-DUT10 67.92 27.99 42.33 -122.22 20.20 -1.46 14.05 -152.29 14.88 129.66 9.53 13.85 11.44 -126.61 7.47 66.92
JH-EOT11 67.92 28.02 42.34 -122.19 20.20 -1.40 14.05 -152.26 14.87 129.71 9.53 13.81 11.45 -126.59 7.47 66.87
JH-FES04 67.93 28.01 42.34 -122.23 20.20 -1.51 14.04 -152.25 14.87 129.61 9.52 13.78 11.43 -126.58 7.46 66.85
JH-HAMTI 67.93 28.01 42.34 -122.20 20.19 -1.49 14.04 -152.23 14.88 129.63 9.55 13.87 11.44 -126.59 7.48 66.85
), ArticleFig(id=1322506697596322774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Initial phase angle and angular frequency of each subtide

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分潮波 初相角xp/rad 角频率ωp/(°·h-1)
M2 xM2=2H-2S 28.984 104 21
S2 xS2=0 30.000 000 00
N2 xN2=2H-3S+P 28.439 729 52
K2 xK2=2H 30.082 137 27
K1 xK1=H+90° 15.041 068 63
O1 xO1=H-2S-90° 13.943 035 57
P1 xP1=-H-90° 14.958 931 36
Q1 xQ1=H-3S+P-90° 13.398 660 88
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各分潮的初相角与角频率

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分潮波 初相角xp/rad 角频率ωp/(°·h-1)
M2 xM2=2H-2S 28.984 104 21
S2 xS2=0 30.000 000 00
N2 xN2=2H-3S+P 28.439 729 52
K2 xK2=2H 30.082 137 27
K1 xK1=H+90° 15.041 068 63
O1 xO1=H-2S-90° 13.943 035 57
P1 xP1=-H-90° 14.958 931 36
Q1 xQ1=H-3S+P-90° 13.398 660 88
), ArticleFig(id=1322506697776677849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Influence of tilting loading caused by ocean tide model before and after offshore correction at 14 stations in China's coastal areas

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海区 测站 南北分量ξ/ms 东西分量η/ms 南北分量ξ/ms 东西分量η/ms 南北分量ξ/ms 东西分量η/ms 南北分量ξ/ms 东西分量η/ms
JH-DUT10/QQ-DUT10 JH-DUT10/QQ-DUT10 JH-EOT11/QQ-EOT11 JH-EOT11/QQ-EOT11 JH-FES04/QQ-FES04 JH-FES04/QQ-FES04 JH-HAMTI/QQ-HAMTI JH-HAMTI/QQ-HAMTI
渤海 塘沽区 9.30/7.51 -13.17/-10.80 9.28/5.67 -13.14/-8.29 9.31/2.00 -13.16/-2.99 9.30/6.04 -13.10/-9.14
北京市 0.52/0.43 -0.96/-0.96 0.51/0.38 -0.97/-0.92 0.54/0.26 -0.96/-0.62 0.53/0.49 -0.94/-1.01
大同市 0.25/0.25 -0.68/-0.69 0.24/0.25 -0.67/-0.68 0.26/0.29 -0.68/-0.64 0.26/0.29 -0.66/-0.70
黄海 青岛市 88.63/90.26 -44.86/-56.05 88.61/90.72 -44.86/-53.32 88.67/88.94 -44.83/-51.45 88.66/83.59 -44.82/-51.76
威海市 63.78/64.52 -14.79/-15.68 63.77/62.68 -14.80/-14.76 63.80/59.96 -14.76/-13.58 63.79/59.06 -14.75/-14.44
连云港市 -6.02/-4.54 2.15/-0.02 -6.01/-3.13 2.37/0.30 -6.01/-2.99 2.44/-0.39 -6.02/-3.75 2.39/-1.18
合肥市 0.24/0.34 -0.04/0.06 0.23/0.33 -0.03/-0.01 0.26/0.36 -0.04/-0.32 0.26/0.29 0.00/-0.22
东海 温州市 -23.44/-19.45 26.87/21.80 -23.44/-21.35 26.86/25.01 -23.40/-20.97 26.85/25.16 -23.41/-20.38 26.92/24.66
福州市 -15.85/-15.24 18.04/18.95 -15.85/-14.90 18.04/19.35 -15.82/-13.30 18.02/17.32 -15.82/-11.66 18.07/16.94
宁波市 5.79/5.57 34.10/12.68 5.79/5.14 34.08/12.15 5.83/3.19 34.09/11.46 5.81/0.81 34.13/20.86
南昌市 -0.30/-0.19 -0.76/-0.74 -0.30/-0.22 -0.75/-0.74 -0.27/-0.15 -0.77/-0.89 -0.27/-0.17 -0.73/-0.82
南海 深圳市 -7.07/-7.24 -2.57/9.19 -7.07/-7.15 -2.57/6.12 -7.04/-7.50 -2.58/5.80 -7.03/-5.82 -2.55/6.32
广州市 -3.47/-2.95 -1.34/-1.42 -3.47/-3.20 -1.33/-1.53 -3.44/-3.38 -1.36/-1.72 -3.43/-2.87 -1.32/-1.70
桂林市 -0.67/-0.56 -1.06/-1.10 -0.68/-0.62 -1.05/-1.10 -0.65/-0.60 -1.08/-0.77 -0.63/-0.54 -1.04/-1.05
), ArticleFig(id=1322506697852175323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中国沿海14个测站近海修正前后海潮模型引起的地倾斜负荷影响

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海区 测站 南北分量ξ/ms 东西分量η/ms 南北分量ξ/ms 东西分量η/ms 南北分量ξ/ms 东西分量η/ms 南北分量ξ/ms 东西分量η/ms
JH-DUT10/QQ-DUT10 JH-DUT10/QQ-DUT10 JH-EOT11/QQ-EOT11 JH-EOT11/QQ-EOT11 JH-FES04/QQ-FES04 JH-FES04/QQ-FES04 JH-HAMTI/QQ-HAMTI JH-HAMTI/QQ-HAMTI
渤海 塘沽区 9.30/7.51 -13.17/-10.80 9.28/5.67 -13.14/-8.29 9.31/2.00 -13.16/-2.99 9.30/6.04 -13.10/-9.14
北京市 0.52/0.43 -0.96/-0.96 0.51/0.38 -0.97/-0.92 0.54/0.26 -0.96/-0.62 0.53/0.49 -0.94/-1.01
大同市 0.25/0.25 -0.68/-0.69 0.24/0.25 -0.67/-0.68 0.26/0.29 -0.68/-0.64 0.26/0.29 -0.66/-0.70
黄海 青岛市 88.63/90.26 -44.86/-56.05 88.61/90.72 -44.86/-53.32 88.67/88.94 -44.83/-51.45 88.66/83.59 -44.82/-51.76
威海市 63.78/64.52 -14.79/-15.68 63.77/62.68 -14.80/-14.76 63.80/59.96 -14.76/-13.58 63.79/59.06 -14.75/-14.44
连云港市 -6.02/-4.54 2.15/-0.02 -6.01/-3.13 2.37/0.30 -6.01/-2.99 2.44/-0.39 -6.02/-3.75 2.39/-1.18
合肥市 0.24/0.34 -0.04/0.06 0.23/0.33 -0.03/-0.01 0.26/0.36 -0.04/-0.32 0.26/0.29 0.00/-0.22
东海 温州市 -23.44/-19.45 26.87/21.80 -23.44/-21.35 26.86/25.01 -23.40/-20.97 26.85/25.16 -23.41/-20.38 26.92/24.66
福州市 -15.85/-15.24 18.04/18.95 -15.85/-14.90 18.04/19.35 -15.82/-13.30 18.02/17.32 -15.82/-11.66 18.07/16.94
宁波市 5.79/5.57 34.10/12.68 5.79/5.14 34.08/12.15 5.83/3.19 34.09/11.46 5.81/0.81 34.13/20.86
南昌市 -0.30/-0.19 -0.76/-0.74 -0.30/-0.22 -0.75/-0.74 -0.27/-0.15 -0.77/-0.89 -0.27/-0.17 -0.73/-0.82
南海 深圳市 -7.07/-7.24 -2.57/9.19 -7.07/-7.15 -2.57/6.12 -7.04/-7.50 -2.58/5.80 -7.03/-5.82 -2.55/6.32
广州市 -3.47/-2.95 -1.34/-1.42 -3.47/-3.20 -1.33/-1.53 -3.44/-3.38 -1.36/-1.72 -3.43/-2.87 -1.32/-1.70
桂林市 -0.67/-0.56 -1.06/-1.10 -0.68/-0.62 -1.05/-1.10 -0.65/-0.60 -1.08/-0.77 -0.63/-0.54 -1.04/-1.05
), ArticleFig(id=1322506697940255708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Offshore effects of ocean tide models at 14 stations in China's coastal areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区 测站 DTU10 EOT11 FES04 HAMTI
南北分量Δξ/ms 东西分量Δη/ms 南北分量Δξ/ms 东西分量Δη/ms 南北分量Δξ/ms 东西分量Δη/ms 南北分量Δξ/ms 东西分量Δη/ms
渤海 塘沽区 1.78 -2.37 3.61 -4.85 7.30 -10.17 3.27 -3.96
北京市 0.09 0.01 0.14 -0.04 0.27 -0.34 0.04 0.06
大同市 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.02 -0.04 -0.03 0.04
黄海 青岛市 -1.63 11.19 -2.10 8.45 -0.27 6.62 5.07 6.94
威海市 -0.74 0.89 1.09 -0.04 3.84 -1.18 4.72 -0.31
连云港市 -1.48 2.16 -2.88 2.07 -3.02 2.84 -2.27 3.57
合肥市 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.02 -0.09 0.28 -0.04 0.22
东海 温州市 -4.00 5.07 -2.09 1.84 -2.43 1.70 -3.03 2.26
福州市 -0.61 -0.91 -0.95 -1.31 -2.52 0.71 -4.15 1.14
宁波市 0.22 21.42 0.65 21.94 2.64 22.64 5.00 13.27
南昌市 -0.11 -0.02 -0.08 -0.01 -0.12 0.12 -0.10 0.09
南海 深圳市 0.17 -11.75 0.08 -8.69 0.46 -8.38 -1.21 -8.87
广州市 -0.52 0.08 -0.28 0.19 -0.06 0.36 -0.56 0.38
桂林市 -0.11 0.04 -0.06 0.05 -0.05 -0.31 -0.09 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1322506698191913949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

中国沿海14个测站各海潮模型近海影响

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海区 测站 DTU10 EOT11 FES04 HAMTI
南北分量Δξ/ms 东西分量Δη/ms 南北分量Δξ/ms 东西分量Δη/ms 南北分量Δξ/ms 东西分量Δη/ms 南北分量Δξ/ms 东西分量Δη/ms
渤海 塘沽区 1.78 -2.37 3.61 -4.85 7.30 -10.17 3.27 -3.96
北京市 0.09 0.01 0.14 -0.04 0.27 -0.34 0.04 0.06
大同市 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.02 -0.04 -0.03 0.04
黄海 青岛市 -1.63 11.19 -2.10 8.45 -0.27 6.62 5.07 6.94
威海市 -0.74 0.89 1.09 -0.04 3.84 -1.18 4.72 -0.31
连云港市 -1.48 2.16 -2.88 2.07 -3.02 2.84 -2.27 3.57
合肥市 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.02 -0.09 0.28 -0.04 0.22
东海 温州市 -4.00 5.07 -2.09 1.84 -2.43 1.70 -3.03 2.26
福州市 -0.61 -0.91 -0.95 -1.31 -2.52 0.71 -4.15 1.14
宁波市 0.22 21.42 0.65 21.94 2.64 22.64 5.00 13.27
南昌市 -0.11 -0.02 -0.08 -0.01 -0.12 0.12 -0.10 0.09
南海 深圳市 0.17 -11.75 0.08 -8.69 0.46 -8.38 -1.21 -8.87
广州市 -0.52 0.08 -0.28 0.19 -0.06 0.36 -0.56 0.38
桂林市 -0.11 0.04 -0.06 0.05 -0.05 -0.31 -0.09 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1322506698263217118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Influence of ocean tide models on leveling ring closure error and total median error per kilometer leveling

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环号N 环长F/km 原环闭合差W0/mm 经过各模型海潮负荷改正的环闭合差W/mm 限差/mm 海潮改正/mm
CSR4.0+CS JH-DTU10 JH-EOT11 JH-FES04 JH-HAMTI JH-DTU10
1 1 228.2 -62.37 -59.22 -68.60 -68.62 -68.59 -68.60 70.09 -6.23
2 1 369.5 -20.61 -20.40 -21.31 -21.34 -21.31 -21.32 74.01 -0.70
3 1 364.7 -28.25 -28.03 -28.83 -28.81 -28.84 -28.83 73.88 -0.58
4 1 562.8 4.31 3.88 4.76 4.80 4.77 4.82 79.06 0.45
5 1 541.2 -25.75 -27.27 -22.95 -23.00 -22.96 -23.02 78.52 2.80
6 1 302.4 33.51 35.46 33.03 33.05 33.04 33.03 72.18 -0.48
7 1 483.3 -48.63 -49.87 -41.96 -42.01 -42.00 -42.05 77.03 6.67
8 1 190.2 30.35 28.09 28.07 28.08 28.06 28.09 69.00 -2.28
9 1 645.2 -19.07 -20.16 -17.14 -17.16 -17.13 -17.18 81.12 1.93
10 1 571.2 -12.78 -9.75 -12.22 -12.20 -12.23 -12.17 79.28 0.56
11 1 465.8 -2.26 0.23 -2.78 -2.68 -2.66 -2.64 76.57 -0.52
12 1 490.1 57.75 58.69 57.83 57.79 57.75 57.76 77.20 0.08
13 940.2 16.44 17.63 17.27 17.30 17.27 17.28 61.33 0.83
14 1 642.5 9.10 9.68 10.12 10.13 10.07 10.15 81.06 1.02
15 1 241.6 7.62 7.09 7.89 7.80 7.87 7.92 70.47 0.27
16 1 463.3 31.99 31.23 31.73 32.06 32.04 31.70 76.51 -0.26
17 1 339.7 1.11 2.17 1.17 1.08 0.96 0.90 73.20 0.06
18 1 255.6 -38.81 -38.51 -38.72 -38.69 -38.77 -39.20 70.87 0.09
19 1 679.9 11.27 11.54 11.12 11.06 11.05 11.11 81.97 -0.15
20 1 555.5 2.06 2.11 2.18 2.19 2.18 2.18 78.88 0.12
21 1 422.4 -30.88 -31.23 -31.38 -31.41 -31.39 -31.43 75.43 -0.50
22 1 199.9 -52.30 -52.30 -52.51 -52.51 -52.38 -52.57 69.28 -0.21
23 1 374.3 39.78 39.63 39.64 39.65 39.66 39.67 74.14 -0.14
24 1 379.6 -28.26 -26.82 -29.57 -29.58 -29.55 -29.55 74.29 -1.31
25 1 505.2 11.68 10.50 11.71 11.68 11.69 11.68 77.59 0.03
26 1 592.0 -3.57 -2.86 -3.21 -3.20 -3.19 -3.23 79.80 0.36
27 1 785.0 34.26 35.10 34.16 34.14 34.15 34.13 84.50 -0.10
28 1 510.7 -54.92 -58.24 -52.43 -52.47 -52.48 -52.49 77.74 2.49
29 1 220.7 31.13 31.76 29.77 29.79 29.81 29.80 69.88 -1.36
30 1 739.0 70.02 71.40 72.01 72.02 72.02 72.03 83.40 1.99
31 1 185.7 -25.37 -25.14 -25.15 -25.13 -25.12 -25.15 68.87 0.22
32 1 149.7 15.75 15.34 17.10 17.07 17.09 17.03 67.81 1.35
33 1 729.5 -28.17 -27.18 -28.23 -28.24 -28.31 -28.28 83.17 -0.06
34 1 581.7 15.94 16.55 15.82 15.78 15.79 15.82 79.54 -0.12
35 1 636.6 -9.92 -11.78 -9.76 -9.79 -9.77 -9.77 80.91 0.16
36 1 579.6 -17.51 -17.95 -17.38 -17.39 -17.40 -17.41 79.49 0.13
环闭合差减小个数 17 18 18 18 18
每千米水准测量全中误差/mm(Mw=$ \pm \sqrt{W W / F N}$ ±0.842 3 ±0.840 4 ±0.840 8 ±0.840 5 ±0.841 2
), ArticleFig(id=1322506698359686111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各海潮模型对水准环闭合差和每千米水准测量的全中误差影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环号N 环长F/km 原环闭合差W0/mm 经过各模型海潮负荷改正的环闭合差W/mm 限差/mm 海潮改正/mm
CSR4.0+CS JH-DTU10 JH-EOT11 JH-FES04 JH-HAMTI JH-DTU10
1 1 228.2 -62.37 -59.22 -68.60 -68.62 -68.59 -68.60 70.09 -6.23
2 1 369.5 -20.61 -20.40 -21.31 -21.34 -21.31 -21.32 74.01 -0.70
3 1 364.7 -28.25 -28.03 -28.83 -28.81 -28.84 -28.83 73.88 -0.58
4 1 562.8 4.31 3.88 4.76 4.80 4.77 4.82 79.06 0.45
5 1 541.2 -25.75 -27.27 -22.95 -23.00 -22.96 -23.02 78.52 2.80
6 1 302.4 33.51 35.46 33.03 33.05 33.04 33.03 72.18 -0.48
7 1 483.3 -48.63 -49.87 -41.96 -42.01 -42.00 -42.05 77.03 6.67
8 1 190.2 30.35 28.09 28.07 28.08 28.06 28.09 69.00 -2.28
9 1 645.2 -19.07 -20.16 -17.14 -17.16 -17.13 -17.18 81.12 1.93
10 1 571.2 -12.78 -9.75 -12.22 -12.20 -12.23 -12.17 79.28 0.56
11 1 465.8 -2.26 0.23 -2.78 -2.68 -2.66 -2.64 76.57 -0.52
12 1 490.1 57.75 58.69 57.83 57.79 57.75 57.76 77.20 0.08
13 940.2 16.44 17.63 17.27 17.30 17.27 17.28 61.33 0.83
14 1 642.5 9.10 9.68 10.12 10.13 10.07 10.15 81.06 1.02
15 1 241.6 7.62 7.09 7.89 7.80 7.87 7.92 70.47 0.27
16 1 463.3 31.99 31.23 31.73 32.06 32.04 31.70 76.51 -0.26
17 1 339.7 1.11 2.17 1.17 1.08 0.96 0.90 73.20 0.06
18 1 255.6 -38.81 -38.51 -38.72 -38.69 -38.77 -39.20 70.87 0.09
19 1 679.9 11.27 11.54 11.12 11.06 11.05 11.11 81.97 -0.15
20 1 555.5 2.06 2.11 2.18 2.19 2.18 2.18 78.88 0.12
21 1 422.4 -30.88 -31.23 -31.38 -31.41 -31.39 -31.43 75.43 -0.50
22 1 199.9 -52.30 -52.30 -52.51 -52.51 -52.38 -52.57 69.28 -0.21
23 1 374.3 39.78 39.63 39.64 39.65 39.66 39.67 74.14 -0.14
24 1 379.6 -28.26 -26.82 -29.57 -29.58 -29.55 -29.55 74.29 -1.31
25 1 505.2 11.68 10.50 11.71 11.68 11.69 11.68 77.59 0.03
26 1 592.0 -3.57 -2.86 -3.21 -3.20 -3.19 -3.23 79.80 0.36
27 1 785.0 34.26 35.10 34.16 34.14 34.15 34.13 84.50 -0.10
28 1 510.7 -54.92 -58.24 -52.43 -52.47 -52.48 -52.49 77.74 2.49
29 1 220.7 31.13 31.76 29.77 29.79 29.81 29.80 69.88 -1.36
30 1 739.0 70.02 71.40 72.01 72.02 72.02 72.03 83.40 1.99
31 1 185.7 -25.37 -25.14 -25.15 -25.13 -25.12 -25.15 68.87 0.22
32 1 149.7 15.75 15.34 17.10 17.07 17.09 17.03 67.81 1.35
33 1 729.5 -28.17 -27.18 -28.23 -28.24 -28.31 -28.28 83.17 -0.06
34 1 581.7 15.94 16.55 15.82 15.78 15.79 15.82 79.54 -0.12
35 1 636.6 -9.92 -11.78 -9.76 -9.79 -9.77 -9.77 80.91 0.16
36 1 579.6 -17.51 -17.95 -17.38 -17.39 -17.40 -17.41 79.49 0.13
环闭合差减小个数 17 18 18 18 18
每千米水准测量全中误差/mm(Mw=$ \pm \sqrt{W W / F N}$ ±0.842 3 ±0.840 4 ±0.840 8 ±0.840 5 ±0.841 2
), ArticleFig(id=1322506698430989280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Ocean tide loading correction at each station

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测站点名 距海岸线距离/km 海潮负荷改正/mm
渤海 黄海 东海 南海
1 0 -0.121 0.027 0.053 0.007
2 50 -0.012 0.006 0.036 0.013
3 100 -0.001 0.003 0.025 0.006
4 150 -0.001 0.001 0.019 0.005
5 200 0.000 0.000 0.011 0.005
6 250 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.005
7 300 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.005
8 350 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.005
9 400 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.004
10 450 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.004
11 500 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.004
), ArticleFig(id=1322506698506486753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506690910602146, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各测站的海潮负荷改正

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测站点名 距海岸线距离/km 海潮负荷改正/mm
渤海 黄海 东海 南海
1 0 -0.121 0.027 0.053 0.007
2 50 -0.012 0.006 0.036 0.013
3 100 -0.001 0.003 0.025 0.006
4 150 -0.001 0.001 0.019 0.005
5 200 0.000 0.000 0.011 0.005
6 250 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.005
7 300 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.005
8 350 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.005
9 400 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.004
10 450 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.004
11 500 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.004
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我国精密水准测量高精度海潮负荷改正模型的建立及其对水准测量结果的影响研究
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张涛 1 , 王文利 1, * , 王建文 1 , 马新莹 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地球物理解释 2025,45(7): 746-753
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地球物理解释 2025 , 45 (7) : 746 -753
我国精密水准测量高精度海潮负荷改正模型的建立及其对水准测量结果的影响研究
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张涛1 , 王文利1, * , 王建文1, 马新莹1
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部大地测量数据处理中心, 西安市友谊东路334号, 710054
通讯作者:

王文利,正研级高级工程师,主要从事大地测量数据处理研究,E-mail:

WANG Wenli, professor, majors in geodetic data processing, E-mail:

作者简介:

张涛,工程师,主要从事大地测量数据处理研究,E-mail:

Establishment of High Precision Ocean Tide Loading Correction Model for Precise Leveling in China and Its Impact on Leveling Data
Tao ZHANG1 , Wenli WANG1, * , Jianwen WANG1, Xinying MA1
Affiliations
  • 1 Geodetic Data Processing Center, MNR, 334 East-Youyi Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • ZHANG Tao, engineer, majors in geodetic data processing, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.08.383
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针对《国家一、二等水准测量规范》中海潮模型数据结构单一、分辨率较低等问题,借助高精度中国近海模型对目前4个较新的高分辨率全球海潮模型进行近海修正,计算分析4个近海修正海潮模型对精密水准测量结果的影响与海潮负荷改正效果。结果表明,经近海修正的DTU10模型是我国沿海地区精密水准测量中实用性最好、精度最佳的海潮负荷改正模型,海潮负荷对距沿海400 km以上的水准测量高差影响很小(每千米海潮负荷改正量不超过0.005 mm),可以忽略不计。

海潮负荷  /  精密水准测量  /  海潮模型  /  近海修正  /  水准测量高差

Aiming at the problems of single data structure and low resolution of ocean tide model in"specifications for the first and second order leveling", four recent high-resolution global ocean tide models are corrected using the high precision China offshore model, and the influence of four offshore correction ocean tide models on precise leveling and the effect of ocean tide loading correction are calculated and analyzed. The results show that the DTU10 offshore correction model is the most practical and accurate ocean tide loading correction model for precise leveling in China's coastal area, and the influence of ocean tide loading on leveling height difference above 400 km from the coast is negligible (the correction of ocean tide loading per kilometer is not more than 0.005 mm).

ocean tide loading  /  precise leveling measurement  /  ocean tide model  /  offshore correction  /  leveling height difference
张涛, 王文利, 王建文, 马新莹. 我国精密水准测量高精度海潮负荷改正模型的建立及其对水准测量结果的影响研究. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (7) : 746 -753 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.08.383
Tao ZHANG, Wenli WANG, Jianwen WANG, Xinying MA. Establishment of High Precision Ocean Tide Loading Correction Model for Precise Leveling in China and Its Impact on Leveling Data[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (7) : 746 -753 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.08.383
在引潮力作用下,海水会产生潮汐现象,导致海水质量重新分布而使固体地球产生周期性形变,这种形变通常称为海潮负荷效应[1-2]。海潮负荷效应会影响精密水准测量,导致观测中的水准仪垂直轴产生微小倾斜,使前后视读数产生误差,进而影响水准测量高差。随着人们对观测结果精度要求的不断提高,减小海潮负荷对观测结果的影响势在必行[3]。为了提高精密水准测量结果的可靠性与精度,《国家一、二等水准测量规范》已明确要求:一、二等水准测量高差需加入海潮负荷改正(CSR4.0+CS或精度更高的海潮模型)。
我国从20世纪90年代开始,一直采用自研的近海海潮模型对CSR4.0全球海潮模型加以修正而形成的CSR4.0+China Sea模型(简称CSR4.0+CS模型)[4]。但CSR4.0模型由美国Texas大学空间研究中心早期建立,空间分辨率为0.5°×0.5°,仅使用T/P卫星测高数据,数据结构单一,且该模型的分辨率相比于目前最新发布的全球海潮模型较低;同时,China Sea模型只包含4个海潮潮波,而海潮负荷改正中起主要作用的潮波有8个。因此,需要寻求较新、分辨率较高、数据源较多的海潮模型代替CSR4.0+CS海潮模型进行精密水准测量海潮负荷改正。
随着验潮站数据的积累和现代卫星测高技术的发展,国际上相继发布FES2004、DTU10、EOT11a、HAMTIDE11a等高分辨率、高精度的全球海潮模型[5-8]。大量研究表明[9-12],上述全球海潮模型在深海区域具有很高精度且精度相当,但在近海区域,受特殊海岸线和复杂海底地形的影响,利用卫星测高技术得到的全球海潮模型在近海区域的精度较差,且中国近海是全球海潮模型适用性最差的区域之一[13]。而验潮站长时间、高精度的观测数据,能更好地反映近海海水潮汐的变化。基于目前已积累的大量最新全球海潮模型与高精度的近海模型,可联合中国近海海潮模型与全球海潮模型建立我国高精度、适应性较好的精密水准测量海潮负荷改正模型,计算海潮负荷对精密水准测量结果的影响,提高精密水准测量数据处理结果的可靠性并进行下一步推广。
本文通过收集、整理国内外最新研制的海潮模型,对各种海潮模型在我国沿海地区的适用性进行研究;在联合中国近海海潮模型与全球海潮模型对精密水准测量结果进行分析的基础上,利用近海潮汐资料对海潮模型进行修正,研究建立适合于我国精密水准测量的高精度海潮负荷改正模型;并通过试算分析,研究海潮负荷对精密水准测量结果的影响规律,为我国现代化测绘基准建设项目中的高精度水准测量数据处理提供服务。
近年来随着卫星测高技术的发展和多源测高数据的积累,国际上相继发布多种高分辨率、高精度的全球海潮模型,目前应用较为广泛的有以下4种:1)FES2004模型[5, 8],基于CEF-MO流体动力模型,融合多种数据源的全球海潮模型。由于考虑了大量验潮站观测数据,该模型能显著提升近海和大陆架区域全球海潮模型精度。2)DTU10模型[5, 8],以FES2004为参考模型而建立的经验改正模型。3)EOT11a模型[5, 8],在FES2004模型基础上,通过对多种测高卫星数据进行调和分析建立的经验改正模型。4)HAMTIDE11a模型[5, 8, 11],基于广义反演方法同化长达15 a的T/P、Jason-1测高卫星数据建立的正压同化全球海潮模型。该模型分辨率提高到0.125°×0.125°,精度达到cm级,可为研究海潮负荷影响提供更丰富的背景资料。
目前中国近海区域海潮模型主要包括以下3种:1)Osu.Chinasea.2010模型[8, 11-12],基于流体动力学方程同化T/P测高数据构建的中国近海区域海潮模型,该模型分辨率为2′×2′,区域范围为99°~129°E、1°~41°N。2)NAO.99Jb模型[8, 11-12],通过混合同化技术将日本国立天文台5 a的T/P测高数据与日本和韩国沿岸的验潮站数据同化到流体动力学数值模型构建的日本近海区域海潮模型,该模型分辨率为5′×5′,区域范围为110°~165°E,20°~65°N。3)自然资源部第一海洋研究所构建的中国近海区域海潮模型,在117°30′~131°20′E、23°50′~4l°N范围内为分辨率为10′×10′的由T/P测高数据构建的经验海潮模型,在99°~121°15′E、2°~25°15′N范围内为分辨率为15′×15′的流体动力学数值模型。该模型只包含4个分潮波(M2、S2、K1、O1),整体而言,模型的分辨率和构建方法不统一[8, 11-12]。
近海潮汐对于沿海地区的负荷影响显著,而全球海潮模型往往无法很好地顾及所有近海潮汐。研究表明,利用近海海潮资料替换全球海潮模型中的相应区域,能够有效消除这一不利因素[14-16]。因此,可以利用较准确的近海海潮模型资料对全球海潮模型进行局部修正,建立适合于我国精密水准测量的高精度海潮负荷改正模型。考虑到Osu.Chinasea.2010为一个分辨率较高的中国近海区域海潮模型,且模型范围涵盖中国沿海区域,因此本文选用Osu.Chinasea.2010作为近海海潮模型对全球海潮模型进行局部修正。
利用含有8个潮波(M2、S2、N2、K2、K1、O1、P1、Q1)的中国近海海潮模型Osu.Chinasea.2010,分别对4个全球海潮模型DTU10、EOT11a、FES2004、HAMTIDE11a(本文简称QQ-DTU10、QQ-EOT11、QQ-FES04、QQ-HAMTI)的中国近海区域进行修正(替换),形成我国4个经近海修正的海潮模型(本文简称JH-DTU10、JH-EOT11、JH-FES04、JH-HAMTI)。
当考虑近海潮汐效应时,海潮负荷影响可以由负荷格林函数与负荷质量作褶积积分求得[12]:
1) 全球海潮模型负荷[3]:
$\begin{gathered}L(\varphi, \lambda, t)= \\\rho_\omega R^2 \iint\limits_{S_G} H\left(\varphi^{\prime}, \lambda^{\prime}, t\right) G(\theta, A) \sin \varphi \mathrm{d} \varphi \mathrm{~d} A\end{gathered}$
2) 将全球海潮模型中的相应区域用近海潮汐模型代替后的海潮模型负荷[3]:
$\begin{gathered}L^{\prime}(\varphi, \lambda, t)= \\\rho_\omega R^2 \iint\limits_{S_G-S_L} H\left(\varphi^{\prime}, \lambda^{\prime}, t\right) G(\theta, A) \sin \varphi \mathrm{d} \varphi \mathrm{~d} A+ \\\rho_\omega R^2 \iint\limits_{S_L} H_L\left(\varphi^{\prime}, \lambda^{\prime}, t\right) G(\theta, A) \sin \varphi \mathrm{d} \varphi \mathrm{~d} A\end{gathered}$
3) 近海效应[3]:
$\delta L=L^{\prime}(\varphi, \lambda, t)-L(\varphi, \lambda, t)$
式中,SG为全球区域内积分;SL为近海局部区域内积分;L′(φ, λ, t)为考虑近海潮汐模型的海潮负荷;L(φ, λ, t)为不考虑近海潮汐模型的海潮负荷;ρω为海水密度;R为地球半径;(φ, λ)、(φ′, λ′) 分别为测站点、负荷点的球面坐标;θ为测站点和负荷点间的球面角,按cosθ=sinφsinφ′+cosφcosφ′cos(λ-λ′)计算;A为测站点到负荷点的方位角;HL(φ′, λ′, t)为近海区域SL的瞬时潮高值;H(φ′, λ′, t)为(φ′, λ′)处的瞬时潮高值;G(θ, A)为位移负荷格林函数和方位角的组合。
基于近海修正前的海潮模型(QQ-DTU10、QQ-EOT11、QQ-FES04、QQ-HAMTI)与近海修正后的海潮模型(JH-DTU10、JH-EOT11、JH-FES04、JH-HAMTI),利用SPOTL软件计算出青岛水准原点4个主要分潮(M2、S2、K1、O1)的振幅与相位,统计结果见表 1。
从表 1可以看出,修正前的海潮模型4个主要分潮(M2、S2、K1、O1)的振幅与相位存在明显差异(振幅最大差异为3.95 ms、相位最大差异为35.14°),但近海修正后的海潮模型4个主要分潮的振幅与相位基本无差异(振幅最大差异为0.03 ms、相位最大差异为0.10°),说明修正效果明显。
水准测量一测段往返测海潮负荷改正为:
$\delta=(\xi \cos A+\eta \sin A) S$
式中,A为水准路线方位角;S为水准点间距;ξ、η分别为地倾斜南北、东西分量,表达式为[17-20]:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\xi=\sum\limits_{p=1}^8\left[\xi^p \cos \left(\omega_p t+x_p+\alpha_{p_{\xi}}\right)\right] \\\eta=\sum\limits_{p=1}^8\left[\eta^p \cos \left(\omega_p t+x_p+\alpha_{p_\eta}\right)\right]\end{array}\right.$
式中,p为分潮序数;t为观测时刻的世界时;ξp、ηp分别为南北、东西方向地倾斜因子(振幅);αpξ、αpη分别为与ξ、η相对应的分潮相位;ωp为分潮的角频率,按表 2取值;xp为分潮的初相角,按表 2进行计算[18-23]。
海潮负荷效应会使水准测量垂线发生偏离,导致水准仪水平视线发生倾斜变化,使水准测量高差产生误差。不同海潮模型引起的地倾斜负荷影响不同,本文在渤海、黄海、东海、南海选取14个中国沿海测站(图 1),分别利用全球海潮模型(QQ-DTU10、QQ-EOT11、QQ-FES04、QQ-HAMTI)与近海修正模型(JH-DTU10、JH-EOT11、JH-FES04、JH-HAMTI),计算14个测站2022-09-01 10:00的地倾斜负荷影响,计算结果见表 3。
从表 3可以看出:
1) 全球海潮模型与近海修正模型的地倾斜负荷影响量,在渤海与东海区域,南北分量小于东西
分量;在黄海与南海区域,南北分量大于东西分量。
2) 各近海修正模型在14个测站的地倾斜影响南北分量与东西分量差异均很小(南北分量最大差异为0.06 ms、东西分量最大差异为0.30 ms),各全球海潮模型在各测站的地倾斜影响南北分量与东西分量差异均较大(南北分量最大差异为7.13 ms、东西分量最大差异为9.40 ms)。
3) 在内陆地区,各海潮模型地倾斜负荷影响量级较小,在近海区域,各海潮模型地倾斜负荷影响量级较大,地倾斜负荷影响量随测站离海岸线距离的减小而增大, 即测站离海洋越近负荷影响越明显, 离海洋越远负荷影响越微弱(如渤海海区的塘沽区、北京市、大同市,南海海区的深圳市、广州市、桂林市等)。
利用选取的中国沿海14个测站计算2022-09-01 10:00各海潮模型近海效应影响,结果见表 4。
从表 4可以看出,各海潮模型近海效应影响量随测站离海岸线距离的减小而增大,最大影响量达22.64 ms(宁波市),因此有必要利用高精度的近海模型资料对全球海潮模型进行局部改正再计算海潮负荷影响。
不同海潮模型之间存在差别,因此需要对不同海潮模型的适用性进行研究,以便选出最合适的海潮模型[24]。海潮负荷对精密水准测量影响的综合表现为影响水准测量高差,而衡量水准测量精度的指标是用水准环闭合差计算的每千米水准测量全中误差,因此可根据各近海修正海潮模型对水准环闭合差的改善程度和每千米水准测量的全中误差影响量来选择最佳海潮模型。
本文选用2012—2015年布测于我国沿海的107条国家一等水准路线,形成36个水准闭合环(图 2),分别使用5个近海修正模型(CSR4.0+CS、JH-DTU10、JH-EOT11、JH-FES04、JH-HAMTI)计算水准路线测段往返测高差的海潮负荷改正,统计各海潮模型对36个水准环闭合差的改善程度和每千米水准测量的全中误差影响量。
从表 5可以看出:
1) 各近海修正海潮模型对水准环闭合差有改善但效果不显著,一般在7 mm以内(以JH-DTU10模型为例),在计算36个水准闭合环过程中,加入海潮负荷改正后环闭合差绝对值减小的环个数除JH-CSR40模型为17个,其他模型均为18个。
2) 在东海近海区域,海潮负荷改正对水准环闭合差改善效果显著。
3) 从各近海修正海潮模型对每千米水准测量的全中误差影响量来看,JH-DTU10模型最小, JH-FES04次之,CSR4.0+CS最大。
4) 从各近海修正海潮模型对水准环闭合差的改善程度和每千米水准测量的全中误差影响量来看,JH-DTU10模型是我国精密水准测量的最佳海潮负荷改正模型。
研究表明[25],海潮负荷大小与台站地理位置强相关,台站越接近海洋海潮负荷影响越明显,离海洋越远影响越小。本文在渤海、黄海、东海、南海沿海向内陆方向按50 km递增各选择11个测站点(图 3),路线长度取1 km、路线方位角取45°,计算2022-09-01 10:00 JH-DTU10模型对各测站的海潮负荷改正,计算结果统计见表 6。
由表 6可见,海潮负荷改正量随测站离海岸线距离的减小而增大,距海岸线400 km以外的测站,每千米海潮负荷改正量最大不超过0.005 mm(水准测量规范要求改正量一般取2位小数)。若2个水准点(测站)最大间距取10 km(普通水准点间距4~8 km、荒漠地区10 km左右),则各测站的海潮负荷改正量最大不超过0.05 mm。水准测量正常高一般取至1 mm,因此距海岸线400 km以上的水准路线,测站的海潮负荷改正量很小,可以忽略不计。对精密水准测量来说,只需计算距海岸线400 km以内(约2排一等水准环)的水准路线的海潮负荷改正。
本文利用高精度中国近海模型对4个较新的全球海潮模型进行局部修正,计算分析各近海修正海潮模型对精密水准测量结果的影响与海潮负荷改正效果,得出以下结论:
1) 全球海潮模型与近海修正模型的地倾斜负荷影响量,在渤海与东海区域,南北分量小于东西分量;在黄海与南海区域,南北分量大于东西分量。
2) 近海修正模型的地倾斜影响南北分量与东西分量差异均很小,全球海潮模型的地倾斜影响南北分量与东西分量差异均较大。
3) 各近海修正海潮模型的地倾斜负荷影响量与近海影响量随测站离海岸线距离的减小而增大,因此有必要利用高精度近海模型资料对全球海潮模型进行局部改正再计算海潮负荷影响。
4) 各近海修正海潮模型对我国东海近海区域的水准环闭合差改善效果明显,对我国渤海、黄海、南海近海区域的水准环闭合差有改善但效果不显著。
5) 从各近海修正海潮模型对水准环闭合差的改善程度和每千米水准测量的全中误差影响量来看,经近海修正的DTU10模型是我国精密水准测量的最佳海潮负荷改正模型。
6) 海潮负荷改正量随测站离海岸线距离的减小而增大,海潮负荷对距海岸线400 km以上的水准测量高差影响很小(海潮负荷每千米改正量不超过0.005 mm),可以忽略不计。对精密水准测量来说,可只计算距海岸线400 km以内(约2排一等水准环)的水准路线的海潮负荷改正。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41574003)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41774004)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.08.383
  • 接收时间:2024-08-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-12
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41574003)
国家自然科学基金(41574003)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41774004)
国家自然科学基金(41774004)
作者信息
    1 自然资源部大地测量数据处理中心, 西安市友谊东路334号, 710054

通讯作者:

王文利,正研级高级工程师,主要从事大地测量数据处理研究,E-mail:

WANG Wenli, professor, majors in geodetic data processing, E-mail:

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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