Article(id=1322506645964440246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506501562937604, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736611200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239755383, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239755383, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239755383, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239755383, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506501562937604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1211', pageEnd='1316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765728000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239720954, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239720954, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1246, endPage=1252, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506646283207351, articleId=1322506645964440246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Machine Learning Methods for Line-of-Sight/Non-Line-of-Sight Classification of GNSS Signals Received by Smartphones, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Existing research on GNSS signal classification primarily targets professional-grade receivers, distinguishing between line-of-sight(LOS) and non-line-of-sight(NLOS) signals through the extraction of signal features to achieve high-accuracy positioning. However, the signal features and classification methods used in these studies may not be applicable to the signal characteristics of low-cost GNSS chips in smartphones. This paper proposes a machine learning-based method for classifying smartphone GNSS reception signals into LOS and NLOS. The method combines five key indicators: carrier-to-noise ratio, elevation angle, pseudorange residuals, normalized pseudorange residuals, and pseudorange residual percentage. It also integrates deep learning-based zenith view semantic segmentation and satellite calibration techniques to construct an accurate training dataset. Evaluations of various machine learning models in typical urban scenarios show that the proposed method achieves an average classification accuracy of 85.8% across different smartphone models.
, authors=Xianglong JIA
1, Chenyu WANG
2, Pai WANG
3, *, authorsList=Xianglong JIA, Chenyu WANG, Pai WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Pai WANG, authorNote=
JIA Xianglong, postgraduate, majors in smartphone GNSS signal classification and environmental perception, E-mail: jiaxianglong@sjtu.edu.cn
, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=
All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506648376165062, articleId=1322506645964440246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=面向智能手机GNSS接收信号视距/非视距分类的机器学习方法, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
现有的GNSS接收信号分类研究主要针对专业级接收机,通过提取信号特征将其区分为视距(LOS)和非视距(NLOS)信号,以实现高精度定位。然而,这些研究中所采用的信号特征和分类方法并不一定适用于智能手机中低成本GNSS芯片的信号特性。本文提出一种基于机器学习的智能手机GNSS接收信号LOS/NLOS分类方法。该方法结合了载噪比、仰角、伪距残差、归一化伪距残差以及伪距残差百分比5个关键指标,并融合基于深度学习的天顶视图语义分割和卫星标定技术,构建精确的训练数据集。在典型城市场景下对多种机器学习模型进行评估,结果表明,所提出的方法在不同型号智能手机上的平均分类准确率达到85.8%。
, authors=贾祥龙
1, 王辰宇
2, 王牌
3, *, authorsList=贾祥龙, 王辰宇, 王牌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王牌, authorNote=
, correspAuthorsNote=
王牌,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为GNSS信号处理与多源融合定位,E-mail:paiwang@whu.edu.cn
WANG Pai, PhD, researcher, majors in GNSS signal processing and multi-source integrated positioning, E-mail: paiwang@whu.edu.cn
, copyrightStatement=
版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=p0JF3WZzzVkGMQaN2CTIqg==, magXml=N88Bzm2BNMxOUd5ss5rNrg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=7QtYEmI0tuA92cV+Ij4jvg==, pdfFileSize=5619023, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=jQbGu74Ojd9hC5Zndu1MIg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=IxlnWQnUT7FBakL7YNfJNA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322506650611729105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=jiaxianglong@sjtu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322506650758529747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, authorId=1322506650611729105, language=EN, stringName=Xianglong JIA, firstName=Xianglong, middleName=null, lastName=JIA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, address=1 Institute for Sensing and Navigation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China, bio={"content":"
JIA Xianglong, postgraduate, majors in smartphone GNSS signal classification and environmental perception, E-mail: jiaxianglong@sjtu.edu.cn
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1, address=1 上海交通大学感知与导航研究所, 上海市东川路800号, 200240, bio={"content":"
贾祥龙,硕士生,主要研究方向为智能手机GNSS接收信号分类和环境感知,E-mail:jiaxianglong@sjtu.edu.cn
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贾祥龙,硕士生,主要研究方向为智能手机GNSS接收信号分类和环境感知,E-mail:jiaxianglong@sjtu.edu.cn
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2, address=2 School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 10 West-Huangjiahu Road, Wuhan 430065, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322506651177960155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, authorId=1322506650980827863, language=CN, stringName=王辰宇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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GNSS signal features of smartphone, figureFileSmall=+dEm3yhtsABhSq02eKszng==, figureFileBig=jQbGu74Ojd9hC5Zndu1MIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506652511748844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
智能手机GNSS接收信号特征, figureFileSmall=+dEm3yhtsABhSq02eKszng==, figureFileBig=jQbGu74Ojd9hC5Zndu1MIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506652721464045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
GNSS LOS/NLOS calibration based on fisheye images, figureFileSmall=9fY6i9ixn+z8m+a8L+OhZg==, figureFileBig=z8nvbo7xlacDQ3fRQoHvTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506652801155822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
基于鱼眼图像的GNSS LOS/NLOS标定, figureFileSmall=9fY6i9ixn+z8m+a8L+OhZg==, figureFileBig=z8nvbo7xlacDQ3fRQoHvTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506654466294512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Deeplabv3+net based on spatial attention mechanism, figureFileSmall=bWClzkr8qncVkNMEoh7zkg==, figureFileBig=RmiABI8h0HUknHaz/gNnMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506654537597681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
基于空间注意力机制的Deeplabv3+网络, figureFileSmall=bWClzkr8qncVkNMEoh7zkg==, figureFileBig=RmiABI8h0HUknHaz/gNnMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506654613095154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Comparison of segmentation performance under complex zenith view fisheye images, figureFileSmall=de7R65CsNVZHeSvywNgNew==, figureFileBig=nVPKMUp5WEccEi4b4Tj/3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506654709564147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
复杂天顶视图鱼眼图像的分割效果对比, figureFileSmall=de7R65CsNVZHeSvywNgNew==, figureFileBig=nVPKMUp5WEccEi4b4Tj/3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506654919279348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Experimental site and data acquisition setup, figureFileSmall=b9TvS+VkHjnombLJuB7wDA==, figureFileBig=F3cOrZvWV+YyVBmZ11HtlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506655024136949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
实验场地及数据采集设置, figureFileSmall=b9TvS+VkHjnombLJuB7wDA==, figureFileBig=F3cOrZvWV+YyVBmZ11HtlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506655460344566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Positioning error of the Xiaomi 12S Pro for three solutions at S1 station, figureFileSmall=92zQpHJ4w1TbS3OC2UqfwQ==, figureFileBig=FP9gXWjz7lzVqB/40rOmSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506655808471799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
3种方案下小米12S Pro在S1站的定位误差, figureFileSmall=92zQpHJ4w1TbS3OC2UqfwQ==, figureFileBig=FP9gXWjz7lzVqB/40rOmSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506656194347768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
LOS/NLOS classification accuracy rate of three types of smartphone data at four experimental sites, figureFileSmall=Qx5sQH5um5vZvaFI3oaJow==, figureFileBig=7+ACFXy6+cvrLo5NmUK2dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506656613778169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
3种智能手机数据在4个实验站点的视距/非视距分类准确率, figureFileSmall=Qx5sQH5um5vZvaFI3oaJow==, figureFileBig=7+ACFXy6+cvrLo5NmUK2dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506657037402874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=
Field contents of raw GNSS measurements in Android API
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 字段 | 描述 |
| Cn0DbHz | 载波噪声谱密度比范围为[0, 63](dB-Hz) |
| TimeNanos | GNSS接收机内部硬件时钟值(ns) |
| TimeOffsetNanos | 测量时的时间偏移量(ns) |
| FullBiasNanos | GPS接收机内部的TimeNanos与真实GPS时间的差值(ns) |
| BiasNanos | GNSS接收机时钟的亚纳秒偏差(ns) |
| ReceivedSvTimeNanos | 测量时接收到的GNSS卫星时间 |
| PseudorangeRateMetersPerSecond | 伪距变化率,即多普勒观测值(m/s) |
), ArticleFig(id=1322506657431667452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
原始GNSS测量在Android API中的字段内容
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| 字段 | 描述 |
| Cn0DbHz | 载波噪声谱密度比范围为[0, 63](dB-Hz) |
| TimeNanos | GNSS接收机内部硬件时钟值(ns) |
| TimeOffsetNanos | 测量时的时间偏移量(ns) |
| FullBiasNanos | GPS接收机内部的TimeNanos与真实GPS时间的差值(ns) |
| BiasNanos | GNSS接收机时钟的亚纳秒偏差(ns) |
| ReceivedSvTimeNanos | 测量时接收到的GNSS卫星时间 |
| PseudorangeRateMetersPerSecond | 伪距变化率,即多普勒观测值(m/s) |
), ArticleFig(id=1322506659101000446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=
Performance comparison of different models
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| 模型 | mIoU/% | mPA/% |
| LiteSeg | 95.7 | 96.4 |
| Deeplabv3+ | 96.8 | 98.4 |
| 本文方法 | 98.1 | 99.0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322506659214246657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
不同模型性能对比
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| 模型 | mIoU/% | mPA/% |
| LiteSeg | 95.7 | 96.4 |
| Deeplabv3+ | 96.8 | 98.4 |
| 本文方法 | 98.1 | 99.0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322506659281355523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=
The total amount of data collected in the experiment
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| 信号类型 | 小米12S Pro | 华为P40 | vivo IQOO Z1 |
| 视距 | 439 764 | 232 425 | 282 945 |
| 非视距 | 367 404 | 304 573 | 367 412 |
| 总计 | 807 168 | 536 998 | 650 357 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322506659520430852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
实验采集的数据总量
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| 信号类型 | 小米12S Pro | 华为P40 | vivo IQOO Z1 |
| 视距 | 439 764 | 232 425 | 282 945 |
| 非视距 | 367 404 | 304 573 | 367 412 |
| 总计 | 807 168 | 536 998 | 650 357 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322506659629482757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=
Comparison of classification accuracy of five machine learning models
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| 模型 | 分类准确率/% |
| S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 |
| SVM | 85.4 | 90.7 | 82.1 | 82.3 |
| RF | 83.1 | 90.2 | 81.3 | 75.3 |
| XGBoost | 81.5 | 87.3 | 75.1 | 77.5 |
| KNN | 82.2 | 85.9 | 79.7 | 84.7 |
| DNN | 81.4 | 88.6 | 76.4 | 82.9 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322506659977609990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
5种机器学习模型分类准确率对比
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| 模型 | 分类准确率/% |
| S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 |
| SVM | 85.4 | 90.7 | 82.1 | 82.3 |
| RF | 83.1 | 90.2 | 81.3 | 75.3 |
| XGBoost | 81.5 | 87.3 | 75.1 | 77.5 |
| KNN | 82.2 | 85.9 | 79.7 | 84.7 |
| DNN | 81.4 | 88.6 | 76.4 | 82.9 |
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