Article(id=1322506621146743384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506501562937604, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.554, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733587200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239749466, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239749466, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239749466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239749466, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506501562937604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1211', pageEnd='1316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765728000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239720954, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239720954, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1234, endPage=1239, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506621419373145, articleId=1322506621146743384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=An Improved Zero-Speed Interval Detection Algorithm for Inertial Pedestrian Navigation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In inertial pedestrian navigation, traditional fixed-threshold detection methods often significantly increase the positioning error of pedestrians due to false positives and false negatives. To address this issue, this paper proposes an improved zero-velocity interval detection algorithm. The algorithm first constructs an adaptive threshold detection model based on the generalized likelihood ratio test(GLRT). It then uses the threshold values obtained from multi-constraint detection to eliminate false positives in the adaptive detection process, thereby improving the detection accuracy of zero-velocity intervals. To verify the performance of the algorithm, two experimental scenarios were designed: constant-speed and fast walking along L-shaped and rectangular routes. The experimental results show that compared with acceleration magnitude variance(AMV) detection and GLRT detection, the proposed algorithm is not only simple to implement but also reduces the root mean square error(RMSE) of reference points by more than 40%, significantly enhancing the accuracy of inertial pedestrian navigation.

, authors=Tao ZHENG1, Yan PENG2, Mingyue LIU1, *, authorsList=Tao ZHENG, Yan PENG, Mingyue LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mingyue LIU, authorNote=

ZHENG Tao, PhD, lecturer, majors in multi-source fusion positioning, GNSS inertial guidance combined navigation and positioning, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506628314808934, articleId=1322506621146743384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=一种改进的惯性行人导航零速区间检测算法, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在惯性行人导航中,传统固定阈值检测方法常因误检和漏检问题导致行人定位误差显著增大。针对此问题,提出一种改进的零速区间检测算法。该算法首先基于广义似然比检测(GLRT)构建自适应阈值检测模型;然后利用多重约束检测所获取的阈值,剔除自适应检测中的误检信息,从而提高零速区间的检测精度。为验证算法性能,设计2种实验场景:L形和矩形路线下的常速行走与快速行走。实验结果表明,与加速度幅值方差检测(AMV)和GLRT算法相比,本文算法不仅简单易实现,且参考点的RMSE降低40%以上,显著提升了惯性行人导航的精度。

, authors=郑涛1, 彭艳2, 刘明岳1, *, authorsList=郑涛, 彭艳, 刘明岳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘明岳, authorNote=

郑涛,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为多源融合定位、GNSS惯导组合导航定位,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

刘明岳,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为视觉SLAM、多源融合导航定位与制图,E-mail:

LIU Mingyue, PhD, lecturer, majors in visual SLAM, multi-source fusion navigation and localization and mapping, E-mail:

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articleId=1322506621146743384, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison of RMSE values for three L-shaped walking trajectories

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实验序号 行走速度 AMV/m GLRT/m 本文算法/m
1 常速 4.26 2.21 1.04
快速 9.57 6.79 3.37
2 常速 4.04 1.87 0.89
快速 6.41 5.15 2.37
3 常速 3.78 1.91 1.11
快速 6.77 4.18 2.44
), ArticleFig(id=1322506639052227222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506621146743384, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3次L形行走轨迹RMSE值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验序号 行走速度 AMV/m GLRT/m 本文算法/m
1 常速 4.26 2.21 1.04
快速 9.57 6.79 3.37
2 常速 4.04 1.87 0.89
快速 6.41 5.15 2.37
3 常速 3.78 1.91 1.11
快速 6.77 4.18 2.44
), ArticleFig(id=1322506639144501911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506621146743384, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of RMSE values for three closed-loop rectangular walking trajectories

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验序号 行走速度 AMV/m GLRT/m 本文算法/m
1 常速 2.46 1.96 1.32
快速 4.05 2.79 1.61
2 常速 2.19 1.88 0.97
快速 3.99 2.74 1.68
3 常速 2.42 1.72 0.85
快速 4.02 2.96 1.66
), ArticleFig(id=1322506639396160152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506621146743384, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

3次闭环矩形行走轨迹RMSE值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验序号 行走速度 AMV/m GLRT/m 本文算法/m
1 常速 2.46 1.96 1.32
快速 4.05 2.79 1.61
2 常速 2.19 1.88 0.97
快速 3.99 2.74 1.68
3 常速 2.42 1.72 0.85
快速 4.02 2.96 1.66
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一种改进的惯性行人导航零速区间检测算法
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郑涛 1 , 彭艳 2 , 刘明岳 1, *
大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(12): 1234-1239
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (12) : 1234 -1239
一种改进的惯性行人导航零速区间检测算法
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郑涛1 , 彭艳2, 刘明岳1, *
作者信息
  • 1 辽宁工程技术大学测绘与地理科学学院, 辽宁省阜新市玉龙路88号, 123000
  • 2 浙江省测绘科学技术研究院, 杭州市地信路2号, 310012
通讯作者:

刘明岳,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为视觉SLAM、多源融合导航定位与制图,E-mail:

LIU Mingyue, PhD, lecturer, majors in visual SLAM, multi-source fusion navigation and localization and mapping, E-mail:

作者简介:

郑涛,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为多源融合定位、GNSS惯导组合导航定位,E-mail:

An Improved Zero-Speed Interval Detection Algorithm for Inertial Pedestrian Navigation
Tao ZHENG1 , Yan PENG2, Mingyue LIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, 88 Yulong Road, Fuxin 123000, China
  • 2 Zhejiang Institute of Surveying and Mapping Science and Technology, 2 Dixin Road, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • ZHENG Tao, PhD, lecturer, majors in multi-source fusion positioning, GNSS inertial guidance combined navigation and positioning, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.554
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在惯性行人导航中,传统固定阈值检测方法常因误检和漏检问题导致行人定位误差显著增大。针对此问题,提出一种改进的零速区间检测算法。该算法首先基于广义似然比检测(GLRT)构建自适应阈值检测模型;然后利用多重约束检测所获取的阈值,剔除自适应检测中的误检信息,从而提高零速区间的检测精度。为验证算法性能,设计2种实验场景:L形和矩形路线下的常速行走与快速行走。实验结果表明,与加速度幅值方差检测(AMV)和GLRT算法相比,本文算法不仅简单易实现,且参考点的RMSE降低40%以上,显著提升了惯性行人导航的精度。

惯性行人导航  /  零速区间检测  /  自适应阈值  /  多重约束  /  室内定位

In inertial pedestrian navigation, traditional fixed-threshold detection methods often significantly increase the positioning error of pedestrians due to false positives and false negatives. To address this issue, this paper proposes an improved zero-velocity interval detection algorithm. The algorithm first constructs an adaptive threshold detection model based on the generalized likelihood ratio test(GLRT). It then uses the threshold values obtained from multi-constraint detection to eliminate false positives in the adaptive detection process, thereby improving the detection accuracy of zero-velocity intervals. To verify the performance of the algorithm, two experimental scenarios were designed: constant-speed and fast walking along L-shaped and rectangular routes. The experimental results show that compared with acceleration magnitude variance(AMV) detection and GLRT detection, the proposed algorithm is not only simple to implement but also reduces the root mean square error(RMSE) of reference points by more than 40%, significantly enhancing the accuracy of inertial pedestrian navigation.

inertial pedestrian navigation  /  zero-speed interval detection  /  adaptive threshold  /  multiple constraints  /  indoor positioning
郑涛, 彭艳, 刘明岳. 一种改进的惯性行人导航零速区间检测算法. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (12) : 1234 -1239 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.554
Tao ZHENG, Yan PENG, Mingyue LIU. An Improved Zero-Speed Interval Detection Algorithm for Inertial Pedestrian Navigation[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (12) : 1234 -1239 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.554
全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system, GNSS)凭借其全天候、高精度以及全球覆盖的显著优势,已被广泛应用于室外行人定位[1]。然而,在室内环境中,由于信号受到遮挡,GNSS难以正常工作。为了满足室内行人定位的需求,目前常用的定位方法包括蓝牙[2]、超宽带(ultra-wide band, UWB)[3]、Wi-Fi[4]以及惯性导航[5]等。但这些基于无线电通信的定位技术存在一些局限性:一方面,它们需要提前布置相关设备;另一方面,室内环境的复杂性和不确定性使得定位过程面临诸多挑战。
惯性导航系统(inertial navigation system, INS)因其抗干扰能力强、能够在全区域内工作等特性,成为室内定位领域的热门选择[5]。但INS在定位过程中随着时间的推移,误差会逐渐增大。为有效解决这一问题,在惯性行人定位中,通常采用零速修正(zero velocity update,ZUPT)方法[6-9]。ZUPT方法的关键在于零速检测,而目前常见的零速检测方法包括加速度幅值(accelerometer magnitude, AM)检测[10]、角速率能量(angular rate energy, ARE)检测[11-12]、加速度幅值方差(acceleration magnitude variance, AMV)检测[13]、组合判断法[14]和广义似然比检测(generalized likelihood ratio test, GLRT)[15]等。这些方法主要依据加速度和角速度信息,将行人的步态划分为站立和摆动2个阶段,并通过设定固定阈值来判断零速区间。然而,实践表明,采用固定阈值的方法在零速区间检测中存在明显的不足。如果阈值设置过高,容易导致误检;而阈值设置过低,则可能引发漏检。
针对固定阈值在零速区间检测中存在的漏检和误检问题,本文提出一种改进的零速区间检测算法。该算法首先基于广义似然比检测,统计某点邻域的局部最小值、平均值和最大值,并据此建立自适应阈值模型,从而显著提高零速区间检测的精度。在此基础上,进一步通过多重约束检测求解出剔除阈值,以剔除自适应阈值检测过程中可能出现的误检信息。本文提出的零速区间检测算法模型结构简洁,易于实现,且具有较高的鲁棒性,能够有效应对室内复杂环境下的定位需求。
惯性行人导航将惯性传感器输出的加速度和角速度通过一系列计算,包括姿态更新、速度更新和位置更新,获得行人的姿态与位置。微机电系统(MEMS)输出的加速度和角速度信息通过四元数微分方程进行更新。
$\left[\begin{array}{l}\dot{q}_{0} \\\dot{q}_{1} \\\dot{q}_{2} \\\dot{q}_{3}\end{array}\right]=\frac{1}{2}\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0 & -\omega_{x} & -\omega_{y} & -\omega_{z} \\\omega_{x} & 0 & \omega_{z} & -\omega_{y} \\\omega_{y} & -\omega_{z} & 0 & \omega_{x} \\\omega_{z} & \omega_{y} & -\omega_{x} & 0\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l}q_{0} \\q_{1} \\q_{2} \\q_{3}\end{array}\right]$
式中,$\left[\begin{array}{llll}q_{0} & q_{1} & q_{2} & q_{3}\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$ 为四元数;$\omega_{x}、\omega_{y}、\omega_{z}$ 分别为$x、y、z$ 轴的角速度。
导航坐标系(n系)下的加速度要去除重力等有害信息,然后进行积分得到速度信息,对求得的速度进行积分得到位置信息:
$\boldsymbol{V}_{t}=\boldsymbol{V}_{t-1}+\left(\boldsymbol{C}_{b}^{n} \boldsymbol{a}^{b}+\boldsymbol{g}^{n}\right) \Delta t $
式中,$\boldsymbol{C}_{b}^{n}$ 为由载体坐标系($b$ 系)转向$n$ 系的四元数形式的姿态转换矩阵;$\boldsymbol{V}_{t-1}$ 为$t-1$ 时刻的速度,$\boldsymbol{V}_{t}$ 为$t$ 时刻的速度;$\boldsymbol{a}^{b}$ 为载体坐标系下的加速度;$\boldsymbol{g}^{n}$ 为导航坐标系下的重力信息;$\Delta t$ 为时间间隔。
根据速度计算出位置:
$\boldsymbol{P}_{t}=\boldsymbol{P}_{t-1}+\left(\boldsymbol{V}_{t}+\boldsymbol{V}_{t-1}\right) \Delta t / 2$
式中,$\boldsymbol{P}_{t-1}$ 和$\boldsymbol{P}_{t}$ 分别为$t-1$ 和$t$ 时刻的位置。
GLRT是目前较为常用且有效的零速检测方法,它利用行人站立相位和摆动相位的概率分布来判断行人脚部的状态。图 1为行人行走过程中脚部的状态变化和GLRT统计量T的关系。
从脚跟离地到脚趾着地(图 1中1-2)期间为摆动区间(非零速区间),从脚趾着地到脚跟离地(图 1中2-1)为站立区间(零速区间)。
GLRT统计量的表达式为:
$\begin{gather*}T(i)=\frac{1}{N} \sum\limits_{k=i}^{i+N-1} \\\left(\frac{1}{\sigma_{a}^{2}}\left\|\boldsymbol{y}_{k}^{a}-g \frac{\overline{\boldsymbol{y}}_{k}^{a}}{\left\|\overline{\boldsymbol{y}}_{k}^{a}\right\|}\right\|^{2}+\frac{1}{\sigma_{\omega}^{2}}\left\|\boldsymbol{y}_{k}^{\omega}\right\|^{2}\right) \end{gather*}$
式中,N为滑动窗口的大小,本文设置为5;‖·‖表示二范数;$\boldsymbol{y}_{k}^{a}$ 和$\boldsymbol{y}_{k}^{\omega}$ 分别为$k$ 时刻对应的三轴加速度和三轴角速度;$\overline{\boldsymbol{y}}_{k}^{a}$ 为时间窗口中加速度计输出的平均矢量;$\left\|\overline{\boldsymbol{y}}_{k}^{a}\right\|$ 为时间窗口中加速度计输出的平均值;$\sigma_{a}、\sigma_{\omega}$ 分别为加速度、角速度的中误差,由观测值统计得到,分别为0.06 m/s2、4×10-8 rad/s。
通过比较GLRT值与设定阈值来判断零速区间:
$D(i)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}1, T(i)<T_{g} \\0, \text { 其他 }\end{array}\right.$
式中,Tg为检测阈值,若GLRT统计量T(i)小于检测阈值,认为此时为零速区间,逻辑函数D(i)的值为1;否则为非零速区间,逻辑函数D(i)的值为0。
由于固定阈值检测零速区间的结果并不准确,因此需要自适应地调整阈值,提高零速检测精度。由于零速度点总是存在于步态统计量的最小谷值点周围[16],本文根据步态强度(即GLRT统计量的局部峰值、谷值和均值)设计自适应阈值模型,通过滑动窗口算法来求取统计量的局部峰值、谷值和均值:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}T_{k}=\{T(i)\}_{i=k}^{k+w} \\T_{g}=\min \left(T_{k}\right)+\frac{\min \left(T_{k}\right) \times \max \left(T_{k}\right)}{\operatorname{mean}\left(T_{k}\right)} \times \alpha\end{array}\right.$
式中,T(i)为GLRT统计量;Tk为滑动窗口内T(i)的集合;Tg为自适应阈值;α为调整参数,本文设置为20。
惯性行人定位大多数使用低成本、低精度的MEMS传感器。行人行走时脚部的动态变化较大,低精度的MEMS受噪声的影响,即使设计自适应阈值模型也可能会存在误检的情况。本文设计的自适应阈值模型比步态统计量局部的谷值略大,说明用自适应阈值永远大于局部统计量最小值,确保每个真实的零速区间能被检测到,避免漏检。本文主要针对误检信息的剔除展开研究和实验,对行人慢速行走、常速行走、快速行走、跑步、上楼梯、下楼梯共6组不同角速度数据进行分析(以X轴为例)。图 2(a)~2(f)依次为行人在慢速行走、正常行走、快速行走、跑步、上楼梯及下楼梯等环境下的角速度变化,图中虚线为不同状态对应的零速区间。由图中角速度变化结果可知,在慢速行走、正常行走、快速行走、跑步中,跑步的零速区间最短。由于本文研究的是行人行走的情况,所以用跑步的零速区间长度的最小值作为剔除错误检测的阈值,对误检信息进行剔除。
采用多重约束方法求取跑步状态的零速区间长度,即角速度模值检测、加速度模值检测、角速率能量同时满足相应的判断条件。C1、C2、C3采用逻辑“与”来判断零速区间。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}C_{1}: \sqrt{\omega_{x}^{2}+\omega_{y}^{2}+\omega_{z}^{2}}<\mathrm{th}_{a} \\C_{2}: \mathrm{th}_{b}<\sqrt{a_{x}^{2}+a_{y}^{2}+a_{z}^{2}}<\mathrm{th}_{c} \\C_{3}: \frac{1}{W} \sum\limits_{n=i}^{i+w-1}\left(\omega_{n}-\bar{\omega}_{n}\right)^{2}<\mathrm{th}_{d}\end{array}\right.$
式中,tha为角速度模值检测的检测阈值,设置为2 rad/s;thb、thc为加速度模值检测的检测阈值,设置为0.1 m/s2、1 m/s2;thd为角速率能量的检测阈值,设置为0.5 (rad/s)2。
用A表示零速区间的逻辑值函数,p表示跑步时单个步态周期零速区间开始位置,q表示结束位置。p、q可由式(8)计算得出:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}A(p-1)=0 \& \& A(p)=1 \\A(q)=1 \& \& A(q+1)=0\end{array}\right.$
每个零速区间的长度为:
$L(n)=q(n)-p(n), n \in[1, 2, \cdots, N]$
式中,n为跑步状态的零速区间检测序列。
取跑步过程中所有零速区间中长度最小的值作为剔除错误检测的阈值:
$\lambda=\min [L(n)] $
式中,λ为剔除错误检测的阈值。MEMS IMU的采样频率为100 Hz,通过计算取λ=15。
通过式(8)和式(9)计算自适应阈值检测后的行走状态零速区间长度,然后将求取的零速区间长度与阈值λ进行比较。若零速区间长度小于λ,则此零速区间为错误检测信息,通过广义似然比统计量的大小与自适应阈值的关系将其剔除;否则为真实的零速区间。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}T>T_{g}, l(n)<\lambda \\T<T_{g}, \text { 其他 }\end{array}\right.$
式中,l(n)为行走状态时自适应阈值检测的零速区间长度。
当行人定位系统检测到零速区间时,采用ZUPT和零角速度修正(zero angular rate update, ZARU) 方法,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波(extened Kalman filter, EKF)对行人定位误差进行修正。EKF状态向量表示为:
$\boldsymbol{X}=\left[\begin{array}{lllll}\delta \boldsymbol{\psi} & \delta \boldsymbol{V} & \delta \boldsymbol{P} & \nabla^{b} & \boldsymbol{\varepsilon}^{b} \end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$
式中,$\boldsymbol{X}$ 为一个15维的状态向量;$\delta \boldsymbol{\psi}$ 为姿态误差;$\delta \boldsymbol{V}$ 为速度误差;$\delta \boldsymbol{P}$ 为位置误差;$\nabla^{b}$ 为加速度误差;$\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}^{b}$ 为角速度误差。
滤波状态方程为:
$\boldsymbol{X}_{k+1}=\boldsymbol{F} \boldsymbol{X}_{k}+\boldsymbol{W}_{k} $
式中,$\boldsymbol{F}$为15×15的状态转移矩阵:
$\begin{gathered}\boldsymbol{F}= \\{\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}\boldsymbol{I}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & -\Delta t \cdot \boldsymbol{C}_b^n \\\Delta t \cdot f^n & \boldsymbol{I}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \Delta t \cdot \boldsymbol{C}_b^n & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} \\\mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \Delta t \cdot \boldsymbol{I}_{3 \times 3} & \boldsymbol{I}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} \\\mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \boldsymbol{I}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} \\\mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \boldsymbol{I}_{3 \times 3}\end{array}\right]}\end{gathered}$
误差协方差矩阵为:
$\boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k-1}=\boldsymbol{F}_{k} \boldsymbol{P}_{k-1} \boldsymbol{F}_{k}+\boldsymbol{Q}_{k} $
观测方程为:
$\boldsymbol{Z}_{k}=\boldsymbol{H} \boldsymbol{X}_{k}+\boldsymbol{V}_{k} $
式中,Zk为观测值;H为观测矩阵;Vk为观测噪声。
Kk为卡尔曼滤波增益:
$\boldsymbol{K}_{k}=\boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k-1} \boldsymbol{H}_{k}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{H}_{k} \boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k-1} \boldsymbol{H}_{k}^{\mathrm{T}}+\boldsymbol{R}_{k}\right)^{-1} $
误差协方差矩阵更新:
$\boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k}=\left(\boldsymbol{I}-\boldsymbol{K}_{k} \boldsymbol{H}_{k}\right) \boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k-1} $
同时进行ZUPT和ZARU,观测误差为:
$\boldsymbol{Z}_{k}=\left[\begin{array}{ll}\delta \boldsymbol{V}_{k}-0 & \boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_{k}^{b}-0\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}=\left[\begin{array}{ll}\boldsymbol{V}_{k} & \boldsymbol{\omega}_{k} \end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$
观测矩阵H为:
$\boldsymbol{H}=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}\mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \boldsymbol{I}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} \\\mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{0}_{3 \times 3} & \boldsymbol{I}_{3 \times 3}\end{array}\right]$
采用MEMS IMU进行惯性行人导航实验。图 3为惯性传感器的安装位置,MEMS IMU加速度计测量范围为±16g,陀螺仪测量范围为±2 000°/s。采样频率为100 Hz。
为验证本文算法的有效性,将其与传统的行人定位算法GLRT和AMV进行比较。分别设计L形行走实验和闭环矩形行走实验,进行常速行走和快速行走实验各3次。L形行走实验场地选在足球场,闭环矩形行走实验场地选在篮球场(图 4)。L形行走实验场地红色标志为行走起点,蓝色标志为行走终点,两段长度分别为19.7 m、19.4 m。闭环矩形行走实验场地长为15 m,宽为14 m,实验者按顺序从1号点行至4号点,最终回到1号点,形成闭环矩形。
本文选取L形行走轨迹的除原点外的2个端点作为参考点,选取矩形的4个端点作为参考点,采用RMSE进行行人定位精度比较。
$\text { RMSE }=\sqrt{\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M}\left(x_{i}, y_{i}\right)^{2}-\left(x_{i}^{r}, y_{i}^{r}\right)^{2}}{M}} $
式中,$\left(x_{i}, y_{i}\right)$ 为解算方法在参考点$\left(x_{i}^{r}, y_{i}^{r}\right)$ 时的位置坐标;$M$ 为参考点个数。
可视化展示第1次L形行走实验,如图 5所示。3次L形实验中,2种运动状态参考点的RMSE值如表 1所示。
从图 5和表 1可以看出,在L形实验中,本文所提算法在常速行走和快速行走情况下的定位精度要优于AMV和GLRT算法,解算的轨迹更接近参考轨迹。与AMV和GLRT算法相比,常速行走情况下,本文算法解算的参考点RMSE均值分别降低了74.73%和49.08%;快速行走情况下,本文算法解算的参考点RMSE均值分别降低了63.93%和48.66%。
可视化展示第1次闭环矩形行走实验,如图 6所示。3次闭环矩形实验中,2种运动状态参考点的RMSE值如表 2所示。
从图 6和表 2可以看出,在闭环矩形实验中,本文所提算法在常速行走和快速行走情况下的定位精度也都优于AMV和GLRT算法,解算的轨迹更接近参考轨迹。与AMV和GLRT算法相比,在正常行走状态下,本文算法参考点的RMSE均值分别降低了55.64%和43.88%;在快速行走状态下,虽然本文算法解算的轨迹与参考轨迹不是很接近,但是相比于AMV和GLRT算法,本文算法解算的轨迹还是更接近参考轨迹,解算的RMSE均值分别降低了58.95%和41.63%。
本文提出一种改进的零速检测算法。在GLRT算法的基础上,建立自适应阈值检测模型,同时对自适应阈值检测结果的错误检测信息进行剔除。设计的L形和矩形行人轨迹实验结果说明,在行人常速行走和快速行走状态下,所提算法解算的参考点RMSE值比AMV算法和传统的GLRT算法降低了40%以上,证明本文提出的算法零速区间检测效果优于AMV算法和传统的GLRT算法。并且本文所提出的算法简单、易于实现、成本低廉,只使用单一MEMS即可提升行人导航精度,更适用于人们日常步态行走,这对惯性行人导航研究具有重要意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42401488)
  • 辽宁省博士启动基金(2023-BS-202)
  • 辽宁省教育厅基金(JYTQN2023202)
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2025年第45卷第12期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.554
  • 接收时间:2024-12-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-08
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42401488)
国家自然科学基金(42401488)
Foundation for Doctors of Liaoning Province(2023-BS-202)
辽宁省博士启动基金(2023-BS-202)
Foundation of Education Department of Liaoning Province(JYTQN2023202)
辽宁省教育厅基金(JYTQN2023202)
作者信息
    1 辽宁工程技术大学测绘与地理科学学院, 辽宁省阜新市玉龙路88号, 123000
    2 浙江省测绘科学技术研究院, 杭州市地信路2号, 310012

通讯作者:

刘明岳,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为视觉SLAM、多源融合导航定位与制图,E-mail:

LIU Mingyue, PhD, lecturer, majors in visual SLAM, multi-source fusion navigation and localization and mapping, E-mail:

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.554
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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