Article(id=1322506453118734684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506335908901129, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.09.447, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1727280000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239709405, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1760457600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239709405, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239709405, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239709405, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506335908901129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='991', pageEnd='1100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760457600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239681460, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793244369709, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322525999896576487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506335908901129, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322525999896576488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506335908901129, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1006, endPage=1012, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506453315866973, articleId=1322506453118734684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Crustal Strain and Vertical Movement Characteristics of the Northeastern Margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Based on Continuous GNSS Observations, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on continuous GNSS observation data, a relatively comprehensive three-dimensional GNSS velocity field for the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau was established by fully considering random noise and regional environmental loading. This study characterizes crustal strain and vertical motion patterns in the research area. Results show that the region is dominated by compressive strain, with significant differences in principal strain rates between its southwestern and northeastern sectors. Notable distributions of maximum shear strain and principal strain are observed along the east Kunlun fault and Xianshuihe fault. Vertical uplift predominates across the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang plateau, suggesting that vertical tectonic forces may originate from intra-block compressional shortening or obstruction of deep lithospheric material flow. However, significant surface subsidence near the Lanzhou area is likely attributed to collapsible loess and soil erosion. Finally, estimates based on an incompressible Earth model indicate minimal vertical deformation caused by horizontal compression, implying that large-scale uplift in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang plateau may primarily result from vertical tectonic factors such as lower crustal flow and lithospheric convective thinning, rather than horizontal crustal shortening.

, authors=Tao ZHANG1, Zhen TIAN1, 2, 3, *, Guofeng JI4, Jianyong LI1, Xin YU1, authorsList=Tao ZHANG, Zhen TIAN, Guofeng JI, Jianyong LI, Xin YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhen TIAN, authorNote=

HANG Tao, postgraduate, majors in GNSS crustal deformation monitoring, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506454746124652, articleId=1322506453118734684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于连续GNSS观测的青藏高原东北缘地壳应变与垂向运动特征研究, columnId=1322506197874356701, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地壳运动, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于连续GNSS观测数据,在充分考虑随机噪声与区域环境负载的前提下建立青藏高原东北缘地区现今较为完备的GNSS三维速度场,并刻划研究区地壳应变与垂向运动特征。结果显示,研究区整体以压缩应变为主,且西南部和东北部的主应变率差异明显;最大剪切应变与主应变在东昆仑断裂和鲜水河断裂分布显著。青藏高原东北缘以垂直抬升为主,意味着垂向构造力源可能来自于块体内部的挤压缩短,或是岩石圈深部物质流动受阻等;而在兰州附近地区表现出明显的地表沉降,推测可能是湿陷性黄土、水土流失等因素引起。最后,基于不可压缩的地球模型估计得到研究区岩石圈在水平挤压环境下所引起的垂向形变较小,意味着青藏高原东北缘的大范围隆升可能主要由下地壳流、岩石圈对流减薄等垂向构造因素引起,而非地壳的水平挤压缩短。

, authors=张陶1, 田镇1, 2, 3, *, 计国锋4, 黎建勇1, 于鑫1, authorsList=张陶, 田镇, 计国锋, 黎建勇, 于鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=田镇, authorNote=

张陶,硕士生,主要从事GNSS地壳形变监测研究,E-mail:

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田镇,博士,高级工程师,主要从事InSAR/GPS等多源数据融合的地壳形变监测与模拟研究,E-mail:

TIAN Zhen, PhD, senior engineer, majors in InSAR/GPS and other data sources for crustal deformation monitoring and modelling, E-mail:

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图(a)中黑色箭头表示本文估计得到速度场,蓝色箭头表示Wang等[8]的速度场;图(b)中黑色箭头表示本文估计得到速度场,蓝色和红色箭头分别表示Liang等[10]和Pan等[17]的速度场

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基于连续GNSS观测的青藏高原东北缘地壳应变与垂向运动特征研究
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张陶 1 , 田镇 1, 2, 3, * , 计国锋 4 , 黎建勇 1 , 于鑫 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地壳运动 2025,45(10): 1006-1012
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地壳运动 2025 , 45 (10) : 1006 -1012
基于连续GNSS观测的青藏高原东北缘地壳应变与垂向运动特征研究
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张陶1 , 田镇1, 2, 3, * , 计国锋4, 黎建勇1, 于鑫1
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安市雁塔路126 号, 710054
  • 2 黄土科学全国重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路126 号, 710054
  • 3 陕西省影像大地测量共性技术研发平台, 西安市浐灞三路789 号, 710016
  • 4 千寻位置网络有限公司, 上海市国权北路1688 弄38 号, 200438
通讯作者:

田镇,博士,高级工程师,主要从事InSAR/GPS等多源数据融合的地壳形变监测与模拟研究,E-mail:

TIAN Zhen, PhD, senior engineer, majors in InSAR/GPS and other data sources for crustal deformation monitoring and modelling, E-mail:

作者简介:

张陶,硕士生,主要从事GNSS地壳形变监测研究,E-mail:

Crustal Strain and Vertical Movement Characteristics of the Northeastern Margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Based on Continuous GNSS Observations
Tao ZHANG1 , Zhen TIAN1, 2, 3, * , Guofeng JI4, Jianyong LI1, Xin YU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geology and Geomatics, Chang'an University, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 3 Generic Technical Development Platform of Shaanxi Province for Imaging Geodesy, 789 Third-Chanba Road, Xi'an 710016, China
  • 4 Qianxun Spatial Intelligence Inc, 38 Lane 1688 North-Guoquan Road, Shanghai 200438, China
  • HANG Tao, postgraduate, majors in GNSS crustal deformation monitoring, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.09.447
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基于连续GNSS观测数据,在充分考虑随机噪声与区域环境负载的前提下建立青藏高原东北缘地区现今较为完备的GNSS三维速度场,并刻划研究区地壳应变与垂向运动特征。结果显示,研究区整体以压缩应变为主,且西南部和东北部的主应变率差异明显;最大剪切应变与主应变在东昆仑断裂和鲜水河断裂分布显著。青藏高原东北缘以垂直抬升为主,意味着垂向构造力源可能来自于块体内部的挤压缩短,或是岩石圈深部物质流动受阻等;而在兰州附近地区表现出明显的地表沉降,推测可能是湿陷性黄土、水土流失等因素引起。最后,基于不可压缩的地球模型估计得到研究区岩石圈在水平挤压环境下所引起的垂向形变较小,意味着青藏高原东北缘的大范围隆升可能主要由下地壳流、岩石圈对流减薄等垂向构造因素引起,而非地壳的水平挤压缩短。

三维速度场  /  垂向形变  /  GNSS成像  /  水平应变  /  青藏高原东北缘

Based on continuous GNSS observation data, a relatively comprehensive three-dimensional GNSS velocity field for the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau was established by fully considering random noise and regional environmental loading. This study characterizes crustal strain and vertical motion patterns in the research area. Results show that the region is dominated by compressive strain, with significant differences in principal strain rates between its southwestern and northeastern sectors. Notable distributions of maximum shear strain and principal strain are observed along the east Kunlun fault and Xianshuihe fault. Vertical uplift predominates across the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang plateau, suggesting that vertical tectonic forces may originate from intra-block compressional shortening or obstruction of deep lithospheric material flow. However, significant surface subsidence near the Lanzhou area is likely attributed to collapsible loess and soil erosion. Finally, estimates based on an incompressible Earth model indicate minimal vertical deformation caused by horizontal compression, implying that large-scale uplift in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang plateau may primarily result from vertical tectonic factors such as lower crustal flow and lithospheric convective thinning, rather than horizontal crustal shortening.

3D velocity field  /  vertical deformation  /  GNSS imaging  /  horizontal strain  /  northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang plateau
张陶, 田镇, 计国锋, 黎建勇, 于鑫. 基于连续GNSS观测的青藏高原东北缘地壳应变与垂向运动特征研究. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (10) : 1006 -1012 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.09.447
Tao ZHANG, Zhen TIAN, Guofeng JI, Jianyong LI, Xin YU. Crustal Strain and Vertical Movement Characteristics of the Northeastern Margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Based on Continuous GNSS Observations[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (10) : 1006 -1012 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.09.447
青藏高原东北缘是印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞导致青藏高原扩张的前沿,也是青藏高原的重要边界[1],其内部构造活动复杂且剧烈,地质灾害频发[2]。因此,青藏高原东北缘地壳运动特征的厘定有助于理解高原现今整体的隆升机制与动力过程[3]。近年来,以GNSS、InSAR、卫星重力等为代表的空间大地测量技术不仅为较为直观定量地展示区域地壳形变的总体态势提供了有力支撑,也为研究青藏高原东北缘现今的构造形变机制提供了重要证据[4-6]。
目前,涵盖整个青藏高原地区的水平GNSS速度场在一定程度上较好地反映了青藏高原现今的一阶地壳形变特征[7-9];针对区域的垂向变形,Liang等[10]利用青藏高原周围726个GNSS测站数据处理得到垂向速度场,结果显示,青藏高原东北缘以垂直隆升为主。水准数据与GNSS数据联合处理的结果则发现,研究区在甘孜-玉树-鲜水河断裂南部地表出现明显沉降,这可能是下地壳流和重力坍塌导致的结果[11]。前人研究结果虽揭示了青藏高原东北缘地区整体的地壳形变特征,但由于已公布的连续GNSS台站仍较为匮乏,垂向形变信号的分辨率依然有限,进一步制约了对青藏高原东北缘形变机制与运动态势的深入认识,且GNSS垂向信号的信噪比更低、非构造信号的干扰更大、涉及的地球物理效应也更复杂[12-13]。基于此,本文充分收集了青藏高原东北缘更为全面的GNSS连续观测数据,并结合已有成果,在充分考虑随机噪声与区域环境负载的前提下,建立研究区较为完备的GNSS三维速度场,进一步获取高分辨率地壳运动图像,试图揭示青藏高原东北缘现今地壳形变特征。
为监测青藏高原东北缘地区地壳形变,中国地震局等单位在中国大陆地区建立了系统的GNSS监测网,即中国大陆构造环境监测网络(CMONOC),其中研究区有15个观测站点,时间序列数据可由中国地震局GNSS数据产品服务平台开放获取。本文在此基础上收集了千寻位置网络有限公司在研究区布设的47个CORS站静态观测数据,空间范围为32°~38°N、94°~103°E,起止时间为2016-11—2022-11,接收机为千寻位置网络有限公司研发的高精度GNSS接收机,观测天线为HXCCGX601A型3D扼流圈天线,测点布设位置大部分位于稳定建筑物顶部,极少数位于土层之上,天线高直接量取至天线相位中心参考点,数据的采样间隔为30 s。测站分布见图 1,本文采用Bernese 5.2软件进行统一的数据解算,以获取测站的坐标时间序列。
本文首先采用Bernese 5.2软件的精密单点定位和双差模式实现测站的数据解算:以精密单点定位的坐标作为双差处理的先验坐标,形成一组独立的双差基线,并采用国际地球自转服务(IERS)推荐的通用模型。此外,FES2004海洋潮汐载荷修正、大气S1/S2潮汐载荷修正及IGS发布的卫星和接收器绝对相位中心修正也被应用于观测方程的制定。对流层延迟先验值通过使用GMF函数进行建模,以1 h间隔进行估计。对原始观测结果进行处理,通过无电离层线性组合消除一阶电离层延迟,并按照Petrie等[14]的建议对高阶项进行修正。在位置参数的最小二乘估计中固定卫星轨道和地球自转参数,以解决相位模糊性的问题,并充分考虑GNSS站之间的几何相关性。最后,通过Helmert转换参数施加最小约束,将单天解转换至ITRF2014参考框架[15]。经对比,千寻数据和陆态网时间序列在时间与空间上有着较好的一致性,因此本文直接对研究数据进行后续处理。
在获取GNSS测站的单天解后,进一步采用Hector软件[16]分析时间序列,以估计测站的三维速度场。首先对时间序列中由粗差和跳变引起的异常值进行探测与剔除,同时结合观测时间序列中包含的同震位移数据,进一步考虑研究区域观测时段内的MW≥6.0地震(图 1)[7, 13, 17-18],并根据地震发生的时间仔细查看站点时间序列,发现九寨沟地震和马尔康地震未导致数据发生明显偏移,而对于玛多地震和门源地震,直接剔除地震发生后偏移超过10 mm的数据。
此外,连续GNSS时间序列中往往包含线性构造信号、环境负载等因素导致的周期性信号及观测噪声等。研究表明,白噪声加闪烁噪声(WN+FN)是研究区域GNSS观测中最为常见的噪声组合模型[3]。因此,采用此模型针对本文时间序列的噪声进行建模。
水文负荷(HYDL)、非潮汐大气负荷(NTAL)和非潮汐海洋负荷(NTOL)等环境负荷变化会引起地壳的弹性形变,这是造成地表非线性变化的主要因素[19]。因此,本文采用德国地学研究中心(GFZ)提供的环境产品来识别时间序列分量中的负荷信号[19-20],统一3种环境负载产品的时间分辨率,并将其叠加作为总的环境负载改正数据[20]。由于研究区内水平向时序数据的周期性信号较弱,本文重点针对垂向地表负载效应进行建模,并予以剔除。以GSLQ、GSWW、QHDL测站的垂向时间序列为例,采用最小二乘方法初步估计并剔除观测数据中的线性趋势[20],并与GFZ提供的环境负载数据进行对比,发现两者有较好的一致性(图 2),表明GFZ提供的产品数据能够较好地反映研究区的环境负载效应。
从GNSS垂向时间序列中扣除GFZ环境负载产品(NTAL+HYDL+NTOL)的影响后,估计环境负载改正前后时序数据均方根(RMS)的减少率。RMS减少率大于0,说明GNSS坐标时间序列经环境负载改正后RMS值减小。RMS减少率数值越大,改正效果越好;反之,环境负载改正效果较差[20]。结果显示,所有站点时间序列的RMS值都有所降低(图 3),平均降低8.27%,说明环境负载改正较好地提升了时间序列建模的精度。
针对本文环境负载与噪声模型进行改正后,进一步基于最小二乘方法估计得到青藏高原东北缘地区连续观测站的三维速度场。结果显示,本文水平速度场结果与Wang等[8]的研究结果基本一致,大部分公共站点的速度场差异小于2 mm/a。将水平速度场的参考基准转化至相对稳定的欧亚板块(旋转欧拉矢量与Wang等[8]的一致),并与Wang等[8]的速度场结果进行融合。另外,将垂向速度场结果与Liang等[10]和Pan等[17]的结果进行对比,发现本文结果与Pan等[17]的站点结果基本一致,与Liang等[10]的结果仍有部分站点的速度值差异超过2 mm/a。考虑本文与Pan等[17]的研究测站均为连续观测,而Liang等[10]的研究测站大部分为流动观测,因此移除Liang等[10]成果中差异较大的部分站点(≥2 mm/a),最终获取研究区目前较为完备、精细的GNSS三维速度场(图 4)。
速度场结果显示,印度板块挤压欧亚板块导致青藏高原东北缘的地壳速度从南向北递减,速度矢量方向由西向东顺时针旋转(图 4(a))。青藏高原东北缘大部分地区垂直运动表现为隆起,最大隆升速率不超过5 mm/a,海原断裂西部隆升速率约为2~3 mm/a;此外,还有部分地区处于沉降状态(图 4(b))。
GNSS数据直接获得的速度场通常会因参考基准的不同产生较大差异,然而应变率往往不受参考系的影响,可以更好地表征地壳变形和应变积累[3]。因此,本文采用Savage等[21]通过偏微分计算的研究区域应变率场,区域最大剪切应变率、面膨胀率、最大/最小主应变率见图 5。
地壳应变图像显示,几条大型走滑断裂带的剪应变速率值较高(图 5(a), 如东昆仑断裂和鲜水河断裂),表明断裂活动程度较高;而其他区域的剪应变率则不明显。研究区整体以压缩应变为主,压缩最大值主要集中于东南部和海原断裂北部(图 5(b))。主应变方向自西向东呈顺时针旋转,跨过东昆仑断裂后,应变率矢量逐渐减小(图 5(c))。
相对于水平方向,青藏高原东北缘地区的垂向速度场成果仍较为有限(图 4)。本文采用GNSS成像技术[12],以更加直观地展示研究区垂向地壳形变特征,该方法的稳健性和空间相关性均强于传统的插值方法。针对青藏高原、美国加州与内华达州等地区的研究均表明,在有限的垂向速度场前提下,GNSS成像技术能够充分顾及周缘地壳的运动特征、合理剔除或削弱离群点信号,较为直观地展示出区域现今的垂向形变特征[12, 17, 22]。
GNSS成像技术的主要过程包括构建空间结构函数(SSF)和顾及空间结构的中值空间滤波[12, 17]。本文将滤波速度作为输入数据,划分研究区域网格,使用Delaunay三角测量法将各个网格点与相邻站点之间进行连接,并建立空间结构关系;然后采用MSF将每个网格点的速度用相邻站点速度的加权中位数替换,生成研究区垂向地壳运动图像和不确定性分布,具体见图 6。结果表明,青藏高原东北缘大部分地区处于隆升状态,巴颜喀拉块体西部地区尤为明显,最大隆升速率不超过5 mm/a,而在兰州、陇南附近的沉降较为明显。
结合已有研究,本文建立了青藏高原东北缘高分辨率的GNSS水平速度场(图 4),结果显示,由于受鄂尔多斯块体的阻碍,青藏高原东北缘自东向西速度场的EW向分量逐渐增大,自南向北速度场的NS向分量逐渐减小,整体呈顺时针旋转。这与青藏高原整体运动趋势一致,揭示研究区域横向扩张受阻,导致地壳缩短[22]。
在青藏高原东北缘,东昆仑断裂和鲜水河断裂剪切应变较为明显(图 5(a)),表明区域断裂的走滑运动显著,也侧面反映了东昆仑断裂作为青藏高原横向挤出的通道,在调节区域地壳运动与形变过程中起着重要作用[1]。同时,川滇块体与鄂尔多斯块体内部的剪应变不明显(图 5(a)),这意味着上述块体内部构造活动较弱,整体相对稳定[22]。另一方面,由于青藏高原的横向扩张受鄂尔多斯块体与川滇块体的阻碍,青藏高原东北缘地区以压缩应变为主(图 5(b)),而甘孜-玉树-鲜水河断裂南部地区的面膨胀率为正,表明该区地壳正经历局部扩张变形(图 5(b)),这与青藏高原内部受重力作用导致地壳变薄的假设[1, 22]一致。整体来看,研究区自西向东主压应变方向从NE-SW向转变为近EW向,其量值也随向北和向东的延伸逐渐减弱(图 5(c)),这可能是区域东部地壳受鄂尔多斯块体与川滇块体的阻挡而造成的;南部巴颜喀拉块体和羌塘块体内部主应变率较为明显,这可能意味着上述两个块体内部正经历着弥散式的地壳变形[23]。
为建立可靠的垂向速度场,本文去除了环境负载效应对GNSS坐标时间序列的影响。结果显示,在扣除环境负载效应后,几乎所有站点时间序列的建模精度都有所上升(图 3),表明环境负载改正能较好地削弱区域垂向GNSS观测的非线性变化[20]。此外,研究区约6%站点的速度差异大于0.5 mm/a,最大差异为QHHN测站,达3.8 mm/a,这可能是因为非潮汐大气负载(NTAL)的值较大。
基于GNSS成像技术获取的垂向形变场结果显示,青藏高原东北缘大部分区域处于抬升状态(图 6(a)),这可能是由于该区域整体构造以挤压变形为主,导致弹性地壳在挤压应力下形成整体隆升[4, 6, 17];也可能是由区域深部岩石圈物质在向西流动过程中受鄂尔多斯块体或四川盆地的阻碍引起[4]。值得注意的是,在巴颜喀拉块体中西部,GNSS测站的分布较为稀疏,但几乎所有站点均表现为抬升(图 4(b)),在一定程度上说明该区域地壳隆升是其主要特征之一。但考虑到研究区大部分测站的速度不确定度约为0.5 mm/a(图 6(b)),未来仍有必要增加台站密度,以进行更深入的分析。
而在兰州、陇南地区,GNSS垂向地壳运动图像显示出明显的地表沉降。实际上,该区GNSS观测结果主要来自于参考文献[10, 17](图 4),且该地区的站点均布设于基岩之上,一定程度上反映了该区的地壳变化特征。其中,兰州地区部分InSAR观测结果同样显示该地区沉降明显,推测可能与湿陷性黄土、水土流失和降水量匮乏有关[24-25];陇南地区虽也显示出一定的地表沉降,但沉降量较小(图 6(a)),未来还需结合其他大地测量结果进行深入分析。
假设青藏高原东北缘岩石圈是由不可压缩的地壳和上地幔组成,可计算由水平构造运动引起的垂向形变,并以此评估剩余垂向构造运动的影响[26]。在不可压缩的地球模型中,当岩石圈受水平挤压时,会在垂向产生相应的形变,其与面膨胀率、泊松比和岩石圈-软流圈深度(DLAB)有关。将基于上述估计的面膨胀率(图 5)与区域泊松比、岩石圈-软流圈深度(DLAB)相乘,即可得到区域由水平构造运动产生的垂向形变,其中DLAB可由LITHO1.0模型获取[27],对于不可压缩的地球模型,设置泊松比为0.5[28-29]。
在水平构造驱动下,青藏高原东北缘地壳整体呈微弱抬升状态,所有站点的垂向形变不超过1 mm/a,说明研究区大范围的抬升不是由水平构造挤压造成的,可能来源于垂向构造运动[30]。主要形成机制包括:1)下地壳流。在青藏高原东北缘中部和南部地区,青藏高原内部物质东向扩展受四川盆地的阻挡,中下地壳物质以塑性流变的方式在巴颜喀拉块体之下堆积,导致该区长期以垂直隆升运动为主[4]。2)岩石圈对流。青藏高原东北缘的垂向变形特征可能与多次岩石圈对流减薄有关,不同期次岩石圈的拆离可能导致区域地表出现差异隆升[31]。3)重力均衡调整。青藏高原东北缘在阿拉善与鄂尔多斯块体的阻挡作用下出现重力均衡调整,也可能导致地壳增厚和区域隆升同时发生[31-32]。4)底侵作用。幔源地壳物质增生到大陆地壳底部的过程中,使青藏高原东北缘西部的地壳平均厚度比东部厚,地幔高密度物质容易在此堆积,并与地壳产生底侵作用,从而导致研究区西部比东部隆升速率大[33]。由于本文结果仅反映地表或上地壳的运动特征,且仅基于简单的不可压缩地球模型推测出青藏高原东北缘地壳抬升的动力源主要来自于垂向构造,无法判断具体的构造机制,未来需结合其他技术手段(InSAR、重力观测等)进行综合分析和研究[26]。
作为青藏高原隆升和变形的前缘,构建青藏高原东北缘现今精细的三维地壳运动特征模型,是理解青藏高原构造机制与隆升过程的关键。本文基于连续GNSS观测数据获取研究区GNSS三维速度场,探讨其地壳应变与垂向运动特征。结果显示,东昆仑和鲜水河断裂的最大剪切应变和主应变分布明显,意味着该区断裂活动强烈;区域整体以压缩应变为主,主应变率在西南部和东北部差异显著,主要是由于高原的横向扩张受鄂尔多斯块体与川滇块体的阻碍。青藏高原东北缘大部分区域处于隆升状态,而在兰州附近出现下沉,推测其局部沉降可能与湿陷性黄土、水土流失等因素有关。研究区由水平构造运动引起的垂向形变量级较低,说明其大范围地壳隆升可能受下地壳流、岩石圈对流减薄等垂直构造因素影响。
  • 地球深部探测与矿产资源勘查国家科技重大专项(2024ZD1000500)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2022M710012)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2023T160557)
  • 地震动力学国家重点实验室基金(LED2022B02)
  • 陕西省地学大数据与地质灾害防治创新团队项目(2022)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.09.447
  • 接收时间:2024-09-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-26
基金
Deep Earth Probe and Mineral Resources Exploration—National Science and Technology Major Project(2024ZD1000500)
地球深部探测与矿产资源勘查国家科技重大专项(2024ZD1000500)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M710012)
中国博士后科学基金(2022M710012)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023T160557)
中国博士后科学基金(2023T160557)
State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics(LED2022B02)
地震动力学国家重点实验室基金(LED2022B02)
Geoscience Big Data and Geohazard Prevention Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province(2022)
陕西省地学大数据与地质灾害防治创新团队项目(2022)
作者信息
    1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安市雁塔路126 号, 710054
    2 黄土科学全国重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路126 号, 710054
    3 陕西省影像大地测量共性技术研发平台, 西安市浐灞三路789 号, 710016
    4 千寻位置网络有限公司, 上海市国权北路1688 弄38 号, 200438

通讯作者:

田镇,博士,高级工程师,主要从事InSAR/GPS等多源数据融合的地壳形变监测与模拟研究,E-mail:

TIAN Zhen, PhD, senior engineer, majors in InSAR/GPS and other data sources for crustal deformation monitoring and modelling, E-mail:

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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