Article(id=1322506440225436563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506406058635943, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.488, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1729785600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239706331, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1763136000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239706331, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239706331, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239706331, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506406058635943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='11', pageStart='1101', pageEnd='1210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1763136000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239698184, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239698184, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1192, endPage=1199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506440401597332, articleId=1322506440225436563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Accuracy Analysis and PWV Conversion of Three Tropospheric Delay Models in Antarctica, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the low accuracy of zenith tropospheric delay(ZTD) models and the scarcity of water vapor data in Antarctica, we use ZTD data from six global navigation satellite system(GNSS) stations in Antarctica, ECMWF reanalysis v5(ERA5) data, and radiosonde(RS) data from 2018 to 2021. First, the ZTD accuracy of UNB3m, EGNOS, and GPT3 models in Antarctica is analyzed. Then, the ZTD correction and PWV conversion models are constructed separately based on extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost). The results show that the average root mean square errors(RMSEs) of UNB3m-ZTD, EGNOS-ZTD, and GPT3-ZTD of six GNSS stations in Antarctica are 98.12 mm, 116.13 mm, and 24.31 mm, respectively. After correction using XGBoost, the average RMSEs of UNB3m-ZTD, EGNOS-ZTD, and GPT3-ZTD from 2020 to 2021 are 10.46 mm, 10.50 mm, and 10.60 mm, respectively, demonstrating higher accuracy and closeness between the models. The average RMSEs of PWV converted from the corrected UNB3m-ZTD, EGNOS-ZTD, and GPT3-ZTD using XGBoost are 1.71 mm, indicating high accuracy.

, authors=Huafeng MA1, 2, Li LI1, 2, *, Chuang MEI3, Zehua MENG1, 2, Zhijie ZHANG1, 2, Mingsong ZHANG4, authorsList=Huafeng MA, Li LI, Chuang MEI, Zehua MENG, Zhijie ZHANG, Mingsong ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li LI, authorNote=

MA Huafeng, postgraduate, majors in surveying data processing and GNSS meteorology, E-mail: .

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506443677348770, articleId=1322506440225436563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=三种对流层延迟模型在南极洲的精度分析及PWV转换, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对南极洲地区天顶对流层延迟(ZTD)模型精度较低及其水汽资料匮乏的问题, 本文利用2018-2021年南极洲6个全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)监测站的ZTD、第5代气候再分析资料(ERA5)和探空资料(RS), 分析UNB3m、EGNOS和GPT3模型在南极洲的ZTD精度, 并基于极限梯度提升(XGBoost)分别构建ZTD校正模型和PWV转换模型。结果表明, 南极洲6个GNSS监测站的UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD的RMSE分别为98.12 mm、116.13 mm和24.31 mm; 基于XGBoost校正后的2020-2021年UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD的平均RMSE分别为10.46 mm、10.50 mm和10.60 mm, 校正后三者精度较高且十分接近; 基于XGBoost将校正后的UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD转换为PWV的平均RMSE均为1.71 mm, 表现出较高的精度。

, authors=马华锋1, 2, 李黎1, 2, *, 梅闯3, 蒙泽华1, 2, 张志杰1, 2, 张明松4, authorsList=马华锋, 李黎, 梅闯, 蒙泽华, 张志杰, 张明松, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李黎, authorNote=

马华锋, 硕士生, 主要从事测量数据处理及GNSS气象学研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

李黎, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事GNSS精密定位及GNSS气象学研究, E-mail: gszl.lili.@gmail.com

LI Li, PhD, associate professor, majors in GNSS precise positioning and GNSS meteorology, E-mail: .

, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=PVzS0XAD4067e7G1ISDHUw==, magXml=xNuNEAYnkmyqYMLg8uAK5w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=p1TyVLT82HL5BCmlpX2Syg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=prbg6wsp56UYKd1yCj7q3Q==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322506444658815920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506440225436563, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2213021037@post.usts.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322506444939834291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506440225436563, authorId=1322506444658815920, language=EN, stringName=Huafeng MA, firstName=Huafeng, middleName=null, lastName=MA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 99 Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
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MA Huafeng, postgraduate, majors in surveying data processing and GNSS meteorology, E-mail: .

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MA Huafeng, postgraduate, majors in surveying data processing and GNSS meteorology, E-mail: .

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Accuracy statistics of UNB3m-ZTD, EGNOS-ZTD, and GPT3-ZTD of six GNSS stations from 2018 to 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GNSS站 RMSE/mm bias/mm
UNB3m-ZTD EGNOS-ZTD GPT3-ZTD UNB3m-ZTD EGNOS-ZTD GPT3-ZTD
CAS1 105.47 123.29 25.74 98.57 119.52 -2.23
MAW1 104.25 122.77 22.66 98.65 119.72 0.84
SCTB 94.61 109.15 24.19 88.59 103.37 -6.88
DAV1 97.16 118.49 22.04 91.23 115.21 -4.44
PALM 87.66 104.57 31.12 75.81 98.30 -1.31
SYOG 99.56 118.48 20.09 94.69 115.52 -1.86
平均值 98.12 116.13 24.31 91.26 111.94 -2.65
), ArticleFig(id=1322506452128871404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506440225436563, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2018—2020年6个GNSS站的UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD、GPT3-ZTD精度统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GNSS站 RMSE/mm bias/mm
UNB3m-ZTD EGNOS-ZTD GPT3-ZTD UNB3m-ZTD EGNOS-ZTD GPT3-ZTD
CAS1 105.47 123.29 25.74 98.57 119.52 -2.23
MAW1 104.25 122.77 22.66 98.65 119.72 0.84
SCTB 94.61 109.15 24.19 88.59 103.37 -6.88
DAV1 97.16 118.49 22.04 91.23 115.21 -4.44
PALM 87.66 104.57 31.12 75.81 98.30 -1.31
SYOG 99.56 118.48 20.09 94.69 115.52 -1.86
平均值 98.12 116.13 24.31 91.26 111.94 -2.65
), ArticleFig(id=1322506452221146093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506440225436563, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Accuracy statistics of UNB3m-ZTD, EGNOS-ZTD, and GPT3-ZTD before and after correction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GNSS站 RMSE/mm bias/mm
UNB3m-ZTD EGNOS-ZTD GPT3-ZTD UNB3m-ZTD EGNOS-ZTD GPT3-ZTD
校正前 CAS1 107.28 124.74 25.95 100.16 120.82 -0.93
MAW1 109.46 128.09 23.38 103.70 124.82 5.77
SCTB 97.86 113.09 22.11 91.62 106.71 -2.68
DAV1 102.61 122.53 21.94 96.57 119.05 -1.13
PALM 88.07 105.33 32.32 76.37 98.79 -0.85
SYOG 105.29 123.26 20.70 99.91 120.02 1.19
平均值 101.76 119.51 24.40 94.72 115.04 0.23
校正后 CAS1 11.08 11.07 10.95 -0.78 -0.79 -0.91
MAW1 10.70 10.70 10.57 -0.08 -0.09 -0.17
SCTB 6.83 6.83 6.86 0.86 0.86 0.65
DAV1 9.55 9.77 9.74 -1.18 -1.38 -1.33
PALM 15.10 15.10 15.73 -1.02 -1.02 -1.31
SYOG 9.50 9.50 9.74 1.53 1.53 1.82
平均值 10.46 10.50 10.60 -0.11 -0.15 -0.21
), ArticleFig(id=1322506452317615086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506440225436563, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

校正前后的UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD精度统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GNSS站 RMSE/mm bias/mm
UNB3m-ZTD EGNOS-ZTD GPT3-ZTD UNB3m-ZTD EGNOS-ZTD GPT3-ZTD
校正前 CAS1 107.28 124.74 25.95 100.16 120.82 -0.93
MAW1 109.46 128.09 23.38 103.70 124.82 5.77
SCTB 97.86 113.09 22.11 91.62 106.71 -2.68
DAV1 102.61 122.53 21.94 96.57 119.05 -1.13
PALM 88.07 105.33 32.32 76.37 98.79 -0.85
SYOG 105.29 123.26 20.70 99.91 120.02 1.19
平均值 101.76 119.51 24.40 94.72 115.04 0.23
校正后 CAS1 11.08 11.07 10.95 -0.78 -0.79 -0.91
MAW1 10.70 10.70 10.57 -0.08 -0.09 -0.17
SCTB 6.83 6.83 6.86 0.86 0.86 0.65
DAV1 9.55 9.77 9.74 -1.18 -1.38 -1.33
PALM 15.10 15.10 15.73 -1.02 -1.02 -1.31
SYOG 9.50 9.50 9.74 1.53 1.53 1.82
平均值 10.46 10.50 10.60 -0.11 -0.15 -0.21
), ArticleFig(id=1322506452401501167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506440225436563, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Statistics of PWV accuracy of six GNSS stations based on the conversion model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GNSS站 RMSE/mm bias/mm
UNB3m-ZTD EGNOS-ZTD GPT3-ZTD UNB3m-ZTD EGNOS-ZTD GPT3-ZTD
CAS1 1.82 1.83 1.81 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03
MAW1 1.74 1.75 1.82 -0.09 -0.09 -0.11
SCTB 1.25 1.25 1.24 0.20 0.19 0.19
DAV1 1.57 1.57 1.54 -0.11 -0.12 -0.06
PALM 2.44 2.42 2.39 0.10 0.10 0.12
SYOG 1.45 1.45 1.44 -0.03 -0.03 -0.01
平均值 1.71 1.71 1.71 0.01 0.00 0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1322506452472804336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506440225436563, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

6个GNSS站基于转换模型输出的PWV精度统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GNSS站 RMSE/mm bias/mm
UNB3m-ZTD EGNOS-ZTD GPT3-ZTD UNB3m-ZTD EGNOS-ZTD GPT3-ZTD
CAS1 1.82 1.83 1.81 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03
MAW1 1.74 1.75 1.82 -0.09 -0.09 -0.11
SCTB 1.25 1.25 1.24 0.20 0.19 0.19
DAV1 1.57 1.57 1.54 -0.11 -0.12 -0.06
PALM 2.44 2.42 2.39 0.10 0.10 0.12
SYOG 1.45 1.45 1.44 -0.03 -0.03 -0.01
平均值 1.71 1.71 1.71 0.01 0.00 0.02
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三种对流层延迟模型在南极洲的精度分析及PWV转换
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马华锋 1, 2 , 李黎 1, 2, * , 梅闯 3 , 蒙泽华 1, 2 , 张志杰 1, 2 , 张明松 4
大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(11): 1192-1199
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (11) : 1192 -1199
三种对流层延迟模型在南极洲的精度分析及PWV转换
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马华锋1, 2 , 李黎1, 2, * , 梅闯3, 蒙泽华1, 2, 张志杰1, 2, 张明松4
作者信息
  • 1 苏州科技大学地理科学与测绘工程学院, 苏州市学府路99号, 215009
  • 2 苏州科技大学北斗导航与环境感知研究中心, 苏州市学府路99号, 215009
  • 3 上海宝钢工程咨询有限公司, 上海市湄浦路361号, 201999
  • 4 广州英卓电子科技有限公司, 广州市翰景路1号, 510635
通讯作者:

李黎, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事GNSS精密定位及GNSS气象学研究, E-mail: gszl.lili.@gmail.com

LI Li, PhD, associate professor, majors in GNSS precise positioning and GNSS meteorology, E-mail: .

作者简介:

马华锋, 硕士生, 主要从事测量数据处理及GNSS气象学研究, E-mail:

Accuracy Analysis and PWV Conversion of Three Tropospheric Delay Models in Antarctica
Huafeng MA1, 2 , Li LI1, 2, * , Chuang MEI3, Zehua MENG1, 2, Zhijie ZHANG1, 2, Mingsong ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 99 Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
  • 2 Research Center of Beidou Navigation and Environmental Remote Sensing, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 99 Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
  • 3 Shanghai Baosteel Engineering Consulting Co Ltd, 361 Meipu Road, Shanghai 201999, China
  • 4 Guangzhou iM-Droid Electronic Technology Co Ltd, 1 Hanjing Road, Guangzhou 510635, China
  • MA Huafeng, postgraduate, majors in surveying data processing and GNSS meteorology, E-mail: .

出版时间: 2025-11-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.488
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针对南极洲地区天顶对流层延迟(ZTD)模型精度较低及其水汽资料匮乏的问题, 本文利用2018-2021年南极洲6个全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)监测站的ZTD、第5代气候再分析资料(ERA5)和探空资料(RS), 分析UNB3m、EGNOS和GPT3模型在南极洲的ZTD精度, 并基于极限梯度提升(XGBoost)分别构建ZTD校正模型和PWV转换模型。结果表明, 南极洲6个GNSS监测站的UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD的RMSE分别为98.12 mm、116.13 mm和24.31 mm; 基于XGBoost校正后的2020-2021年UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD的平均RMSE分别为10.46 mm、10.50 mm和10.60 mm, 校正后三者精度较高且十分接近; 基于XGBoost将校正后的UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD转换为PWV的平均RMSE均为1.71 mm, 表现出较高的精度。

南极洲  /  ZTD  /  PWV  /  XGBoost

To address the low accuracy of zenith tropospheric delay(ZTD) models and the scarcity of water vapor data in Antarctica, we use ZTD data from six global navigation satellite system(GNSS) stations in Antarctica, ECMWF reanalysis v5(ERA5) data, and radiosonde(RS) data from 2018 to 2021. First, the ZTD accuracy of UNB3m, EGNOS, and GPT3 models in Antarctica is analyzed. Then, the ZTD correction and PWV conversion models are constructed separately based on extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost). The results show that the average root mean square errors(RMSEs) of UNB3m-ZTD, EGNOS-ZTD, and GPT3-ZTD of six GNSS stations in Antarctica are 98.12 mm, 116.13 mm, and 24.31 mm, respectively. After correction using XGBoost, the average RMSEs of UNB3m-ZTD, EGNOS-ZTD, and GPT3-ZTD from 2020 to 2021 are 10.46 mm, 10.50 mm, and 10.60 mm, respectively, demonstrating higher accuracy and closeness between the models. The average RMSEs of PWV converted from the corrected UNB3m-ZTD, EGNOS-ZTD, and GPT3-ZTD using XGBoost are 1.71 mm, indicating high accuracy.

Antarctica  /  ZTD  /  PWV  /  XGBoost
马华锋, 李黎, 梅闯, 蒙泽华, 张志杰, 张明松. 三种对流层延迟模型在南极洲的精度分析及PWV转换. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (11) : 1192 -1199 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.488
Huafeng MA, Li LI, Chuang MEI, Zehua MENG, Zhijie ZHANG, Mingsong ZHANG. Accuracy Analysis and PWV Conversion of Three Tropospheric Delay Models in Antarctica[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (11) : 1192 -1199 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.488
天顶对流层延迟(ZTD)是全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)信号在传播过程中,因水汽影响而产生的对流层误差[1]。ZTD是反演大气可降水量(precipitable water vapor, PWV)的必要参数之一,连续高精度的ZTD是获得连续高精度PWV的关键[2-3]。因此,许多学者针对ZTD建立模型并对模型精度进行分析。最早出现的是依赖气象参数的Hopfield和Saastamoinen模型,但大部分GNSS站未配备气象监测器,无法获取实测的气象参数。为解决该问题,发展出不依赖气象参数的经验模型,如UNB3m模型、EGNOS模型和GPT3模型。这些模型只需输入GNSS站的经度(Lon)、纬度(Lat)、年积日(doy)和高程(Alt)信息即可获得ZTD数据。然而,这些模型获取的ZTD数据精度通常较低,并且在不同区域的精度表现不一致[4]。
机器学习因其卓越的学习能力,使得复杂建模成为可能。近些年,机器学习算法性能得到显著提升,许多学者基于机器学习算法建立ZTD模型,用来获取时序完整且高精度的ZTD数据。李金羽等[5]利用欧洲地区2020年30个GNSS站的GNSS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD数据,构建以GNSS-ZTD与GPT3-ZTD残差的年平均值、经度、纬度、高程、doy、小时数为输入,GNSS-ZTD与GPT3-ZTD偏差为输出的区域GPT3-ZTD校正模型。结果表明,校正后的GPT3-ZTD精度比UNB3m-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD分别提高55.0%和47.7%。Li等[6]首先利用ERA5资料分别通过模型法和积分法计算ZTD,将计算结果分别定义为ERA5s-ZTD和ERA5p-ZTD;然后利用2018年欧洲地区的GNSS-ZTD、ERA5s-ZTD和ERA5p-ZTD,基于最小二乘支持向量机建立3种区域ZTD模型。结果表明,将经度、纬度、高程和ERA5p-ZTD等作为输入参数的ZTD模型平均RMSE为9.0 mm,精度最高。
南极洲处于高纬度地区,常年被积雪覆盖,独特的地理位置导致其水汽资料匮乏。本文利用2018—2021年南极洲6个GNSS站的ZTD、ERA5和RS数据开展研究。首先,对UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD精度进行分析;然后,基于XGBoost模型建立UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD校正模型;最后,利用校正后的高精度UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD数据,建立PWV转换模型。
本文所用数据包括ZTD、ERA5和RS资料。1)GNSS-ZTD原始分辨率为5 min,来源于IGS网站(ftps://gdc.cddis.eosdis.nasa.gov/pub/),经处理后分辨率为1 h,GNSS站点分布见图 1。2)UNB3m和EGNOS模型均源于新布伦瑞克大学UNB3模型(https://gge.ext.unb.ca/),UNB3m模型解决了UNB3模型相对湿度超限的问题,将参数中的水汽压替换为相对湿度;EGNOS模型对UNB3模型进行了简化,并改进了ZTD估计方式[7-8],UNB3m和EGNOS模型的ZTD分辨率均为1 h。3)ERA5资料可提供1~1 000 hPa共37层的压力水平信息(https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets),包括相对湿度、气温、气压和位势等。4)RS资料来源于怀俄明大学(https://weather.uwyo.edu/),包括气温、气压、露点温度和位势高度等气象要素,时间分辨率为1 h,RS站点分布见图 1。GNSS-ZTD、UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD、GPT3-ZTD和ERA5资料的时间段均为2018—2021年,RS资料的时间段为2018—2019年。
极限梯度提升(XGBoost)是一种基于梯度提升树的集成学习算法,其将多个弱学习器按照权重组合成强学习器,具有训练速度快、预测精度高等优点[9]。XGBoost的核心原理是通过拟合上次的预测残差,不断生成新树,每棵树都会落入对应的叶子节点上,每个叶子节点对应一个权重,将每棵树对应的权重相加,即为该样本的预测值[10]。模型可表示为:
$\hat{y}_i=\sum\limits_{n=1}^N f_n\left(x_i\right), f_n \in F$
式中,$\hat{y}_i $为第i个样本预则值;N为回归树数量;fn为第n棵树模型;F为回归树空间。
本文使用均方根误差(RMSE)和偏差(bias)检验ZTD校正模型和PWV转换模型的精度[11]。
$\text { RMSE } =\sqrt{\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^N\left(x_{\text {model }, i}-x_{\text {true }, i}\right)^2}{N}}$
$\text { bias } =\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^N\left(x_{\text {model }, i}-x_{\text {true }, i}\right)}{N}$
式中,xmodel, i为第i个样本的模型输出值;xtrue, i为第i个样本的理论真值;N为样本个数。
利用ERA5资料1~1 000 hPa共37层的压力水平数据,可以获得GNSS站和RS站的气温、气压和加权平均温度(Tm)。具体步骤参考文献[12]。
图 2为2018—2019年89571站的ERA5气象要素与实测气象要素的精度对比。由图可知,ERA5-T与RS-T的RMSE和bias分别为2.24 K和0.83 K,ERA5-P与RS-P的RMSE和bias分别为1.18 hPa和-0.30 hPa,ERA5-Tm与RS-Tm的RMSE和bias分别为4.02 K和-3.86 K。可以看出,ERA5数据反演的气象要素在南极洲具有较高的精度,因此本文后续建立ZTD校正模型和PWV转换模型所需的气温、气压和Tm均来自ERA5资料。
本文将GNSS-ZTD作为真值,检验3种对流层模型的精度。图 3为2018—2020年CAS1、SCTB和PALM站的ZTD时序及其bias变化,可以看出,UNB3m、EGNOS、GPT3与GNSS的ZTD变化趋势大致相同,但UNB3m与EGNOS的ZTD数值较GNSS-ZTD大,GPT3-ZTD与GNSS-ZTD较为接近。UNB3m、EGNOS与GNSS的ZTD偏差大部分为正值;GPT3与GNSS的ZTD偏差大部分在±50 mm之间,且具有一定的季节性变化,在春冬两季偏差为正,夏秋两季偏差为负。
表 1为2018—2020年6个GNSS站的UNB3m、EGNOS、GPT3的ZTD精度统计。由表可知,UNB3m-ZTD的平均RMSE和bias分别为98.12 mm和91.26 mm,EGNOS-ZTD的平均RMSE和bias分别为116.13 mm和111.94 mm,GPT3-ZTD的平均RMSE和bias分别为24.31 mm和-2.65 mm。可以看出,GPT3-ZTD精度最高,EGNOS-ZTD精度最低。
本文使用皮尔逊相关系数(R)作为评估指标,搜寻并确定ZTD校正模型和PWV转换模型的输入因子:
$R=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^N\left(a_i-\bar{a}\right) \times\left(b_i-\bar{b}\right)}{\sqrt{\sum\limits_{i=1}^N\left(a_i-\bar{a}\right)^2 \times \sum\limits_{i=1}^N\left(b_i-\bar{b}\right)^2}}$
式中,ai为a变量的第i个观测值;${\bar a}$为a变量的平均值;bi为b变量的第i个观测值;${\bar b}$为b变量的平均值;N为样本个数。
图 4为2018—2020年CAS1站PWV、ZTD、气温、气压和doy之间的相关性分析。由图可知,GNSS-ZTD与气压的相关系数为0.83,表现出很强的线性正相关;GNSS-ZTD与UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD的相关系数分别为0.30、0.26和0.37,表现出弱线性正相关;GNSS-ZTD与气温的相关系数为0.42,表现出中等线性正相关;GNSS-ZTD与doy的相关系数为-0.15,表现出较弱的线性负相关。GNSS-PWV与GNSS-ZTD、UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD的相关系数分别为0.51、0.56、0.51和0.54,表现出中等线性正相关;GNSS-PWV与气温的相关系数为0.78,表现出较强的线性正相关;GNSS-PWV与doy的相关系数为-0.24,表现出弱线性负相关。GNSS-PWV与气压的相关系数为-0.06,表现出很弱的线性负相关,这与Li等[13]分析的中国区域GNSS-PWV与气压的相关系数-0.55相差较大,可能是由南极洲独特的地理位置和环境所造成的。
XGBoost模型具有较强的非线性拟合能力,能够有效拟合GNSS-ZTD与各因子之间的关系,因此本文基于XGBoost模型建立ZTD回归校正模型,以提升UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD精度。由图 4可知,GNSS-ZTD与气压具有很强的线性正相关,与气温和doy具有一定的相关性,且由图 3可知,ZTD具有一定的季节性变化。因此,建立如式(5)所示的回归校正模型,即模型的输入为UNB3m-ZTD/EGNOS-ZTD/GPT3-ZTD、气压、气温和doy,模型的输出为GNSS-ZTD。选取2018—2019年数据训练模型,2020—2021年数据测试模型精度。为提升XGBoost回归校正模型的泛化能力并防止过拟合,经过多次迭代,将模型的学习率设置为0.1,树的最大深度设置为5,目标函数设置为reg: squarederror,迭代次数为200。
$\text { GNSS-ZTD }=f\left(\text { ZTD}_{\text {model}}, P, T, \text { doy }\right)$
式中,f为XGBoost算法;ZTDmodel为UNB3m-ZTD/EGNOS-ZTD/GPT3-ZTD。
图 5为测试集CAS1站校正前后的UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD精度。由图可知,UNB3m-ZTD校正前后的RMSE分别为107.28 mm和11.08 mm,bias分别为100.16 mm和-0.78 mm;EGNOS-ZTD校正前后的RMSE分别为124.74 mm和11.07 mm,bias分别为120.82 mm和-0.79 mm;GPT3-ZTD校正前后的RMSE分别为25.95 mm和10.95 mm,bias分别为-0.93 mm和-0.91 mm。校正后的UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD的RMSE相比校正前分别降低89.67%、91.13%和57.80%。
表 2为测试集6个GNSS站校正前后的UNB3m、EGNOS和GPT3的ZTD精度统计。由表可知,校正前6个GNSS站的UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD的平均RMSE分别为101.76 mm、119.51 mm和24.40 mm,平均bias分别为94.72 mm、115.04 mm和0.23 mm。校正前的GPT3-ZTD精度优于UNB3m-ZTD和EGNOS-ZTD精度。校正后6个GNSS站的UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD的平均RMSE分别为10.46 mm、10.50 mm和10.60 mm,平均bias分别为-0.11 mm、-0.15 mm和-0.21 mm。校正后6个GNSS站的UNB3m-ZTD和EGNOS-ZTD精度基本一致,且优于GPT3-ZTD。校正后的UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD的平均RMSE相比校正前分别降低89.72%、91.21%和56.56%。
本文利用GNSS-ZTD结合ERA5资料计算的气压和Tm反演GNSS-PWV,具体方法参考文献[14]。
利用探空数据通过积分法获取PWV被认为是目前最准确的方法,通常将其结果作为真值来验证其他PWV数据的精度。89611站与CAS1站水平相距0.33 km,海拔高相差2.46 m;89571站与DAV1站水平相距0.79 km,海拔高相差5.24 m。因此,89611和89571站的RS-PWV可作为真值来验证CAS1和DAV1站的GNSS-PWV精度。图 6为2018—2019年GNSS-PWV与RS-PWV精度对比,由图可知,CAS1和DAV1站GNSS-PWV与RS-PWV的RMSE分别为1.30 mm和1.10 mm,bias分别为1.09 mm和0.80 mm,RMSE均在2 mm以内,表明利用GNSS-ZTD结合ERA5资料计算的气压和Tm反演GNSS-PWV在南极洲具有较高的精度。
XGBoost具有较强的非线性拟合能力,能够有效拟合PWV与各因子之间的关系,因此本文基于XGBoost建立PWV转换模型,将校正后精度较高的ZTD转换为PWV。
由图 4可知,GNSS-PWV与气温表现为较强的线性正相关,与ZTD表现为中等线性正相关,与doy表现为弱线性负相关。此外,PWV具有一定的季节性变化特征[15]。因此,建立如式(6)所示的PWV转换模型,即模型的输入为校正后的UNB3m-ZTD/EGNOS-ZTD/GPT3-ZTD、气温和doy,模型的输出为GNSS-PWV。选取校正模型测试集2020年数据训练PWV转换模型,2021年数据测试PWV转换模型精度。为提升XGBoost模型的泛化能力并防止过拟合,经过多次迭代,将PWV模型的学习率设置为0.1,树的最大深度设置为10,目标函数设置为reg: squarederror,迭代次数为300。
$\mathrm{PWV}=f\left(\mathrm{ZTD}_{\text {model }}, T, \text { doy }\right)$
式中,f为XGBoost模型;ZTDmodel为UNB3m-ZTD/EGNOS-ZTD/GPT3-ZTD。
表 3为6个GNSS站基于转换模型输出的PWV精度统计。由表可知,校正后的UNB3m-ZTD基于转换模型输出的PWV的平均RSME和bias分别为1.71 mm和0.01 mm;校正后的EGNOS-ZTD基于转换模型输出的PWV的平均RMSE和bias分别为1.71 mm和0.00 mm;校正后的GPT3-ZTD基于转换模型输出的PWV的平均RMSE和bias分别为1.71 mm和0.02 mm。RMSE均在2 mm以内,表明基于转换模型输出的PWV与GNSS-PWV十分接近,具有较高的精度。校正后的UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD基于转换模型输出的PWV的精度较为接近,原因为利用GNSS-ZTD校正UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD后三者的精度较为接近。
本文利用2018—2021年南极洲6个GNSS站的ZTD、ERA5和RS资料,首先分析UNB3m、EGNOS和GPT3的ZTD精度;然后基于XGBoost模型建立ZTD校正模型,提升UNB3m、EGNOS和GPT3的ZTD精度;最后利用校正后的高精度UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD建立PWV转换模型。得到以下结论:
1) 6个GNSS站的UNB3m-ZTD的平均RMSE和bias分别为98.12 mm和91.26 mm,EGNOS-ZTD的平均RMSE和bias分别为116.13 mm和111.94 mm,GPT3-ZTD的RMSE和bias分别为24.31 mm和-2.65 mm。GPT3-ZTD精度最高,EGNOS-ZTD精度最低。
2) 校正前6个GNSS站的UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD的平均RMSE分别为101.76 mm、119.51 mm和24.40 mm,平均bias分别为94.72 mm、115.04 mm和0.23 mm;校正后6个GNSS站的UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD的平均RMSE分别为10.46 mm、10.50 mm和10.60 mm,平均bias分别为-0.11 mm、-0.15 mm和-0.21 mm。校正后UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD的平均RMSE比校正前分别降低89.72%、91.21%和56.56%。
3) 6个GNSS站基于XGBoost将校正后高精度的UNB3m-ZTD、EGNOS-ZTD和GPT3-ZTD转换为PWV的平均RMSE均为1.71 mm,平均bias分别为0.01 mm、0.00 mm和0.02 mm,具有较高的精度。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42204014)
  • 江苏省科技计划(BK20230660)
  • 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院大地测量与地球动力学国家重点实验室开放基金(SKLGED2024-2-3)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(SJCX23_1718)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(SJCX24_1901)
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2025年第45卷第11期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.488
  • 接收时间:2024-10-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-11-15
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-10-25
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42204014)
国家自然科学基金(42204014)
Science and Technology Program of Jiangsu Province(BK20230660)
江苏省科技计划(BK20230660)
Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS(SKLGED2024-2-3)
中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院大地测量与地球动力学国家重点实验室开放基金(SKLGED2024-2-3)
Research and Practice Innovation Program for Graduate Students of Jiangsu Province(SJCX23_1718)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(SJCX23_1718)
Research and Practice Innovation Program for Graduate Students of Jiangsu Province(SJCX24_1901)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(SJCX24_1901)
作者信息
    1 苏州科技大学地理科学与测绘工程学院, 苏州市学府路99号, 215009
    2 苏州科技大学北斗导航与环境感知研究中心, 苏州市学府路99号, 215009
    3 上海宝钢工程咨询有限公司, 上海市湄浦路361号, 201999
    4 广州英卓电子科技有限公司, 广州市翰景路1号, 510635

通讯作者:

李黎, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事GNSS精密定位及GNSS气象学研究, E-mail: gszl.lili.@gmail.com

LI Li, PhD, associate professor, majors in GNSS precise positioning and GNSS meteorology, E-mail: .

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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