Article(id=1322506396353016411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506335908901129, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.493, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730304000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239695870, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1760457600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239695870, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239695870, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239695870, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506335908901129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='991', pageEnd='1100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760457600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239681460, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793244369709, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322525999896576487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506335908901129, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322525999896576488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506335908901129, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1037, endPage=1042, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506396684366428, articleId=1322506396353016411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Soil Moisture Retrieval Based on FY-3E GNOS Reflection Measurement, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on nearly one year of GNSS-R data from the GNSS occultation sounder Ⅱ(GNOS-Ⅱ) onboard the Fengyun-3E(FY-3E) satellite, this study conducted global soil moisture inversion modeling and evaluated the inversion results from different satellite systems and their combined observations. The results indicate that there are systematic biases in the reflectivity distributions calibrated by the reflected signals of BDS, GPS, and Galileo. However, the inversion results based on different systems have similar accuracy. The predicted soil moisture values show good consistency with the level 3 soil moisture products provided by the SMAP satellite, with a correlation coefficient of 0.855 and an unbiased root mean square error of 0.063 cm3/cm3. When combining different systems for inversion, the cumulative distribution function matching method was used to recalibrate the effective reflectivity of each satellite system's observations, which further improved the accuracy of surface soil moisture inversion.

, authors=Dai CHEN1, Zhounan DONG1, *, authorsList=Dai CHEN, Zhounan DONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhounan DONG, authorNote=

CHEN Dai, postgraduate, majors in GNSS reflectometry and applications, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506399712653929, articleId=1322506396353016411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于FY-3E GNOS反射测量的土壤湿度反演, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于风云三号E星(FY-3E)搭载的GNSS掩星探测仪-Ⅱ型(GNSS occultation sounder Ⅱ,GNOS-Ⅱ)近1 a的GNSS-R数据,开展全球土壤湿度的反演建模,评估不同卫星系统及其组合观测的反演结果。研究结果表明,BDS、GPS和Galileo反射信号标定的反射率分布存在系统性偏差,但基于不同系统的观测反演结果精度相似,其预测的土壤湿度与SMAP卫星提供的L3级土壤湿度产品表现出良好的一致性,相关系数达到0.855,无偏均方根误差为0.063 cm3/cm3。在组合不同系统进行反演时,采用累积分布函数匹配法对各卫星系统观测的有效反射率进行重标定,能够进一步提升地表土壤湿度反演的精度。

, authors=陈岱1, 董州楠1, *, authorsList=陈岱, 董州楠, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=董州楠, authorNote=

陈岱,硕士生,主要研究方向为全球卫星导航反射测量遥感与应用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

董州楠,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为全球卫星导航反射测量遥感与应用,E-mail:

DONG Zhounan, PhD, associate professor, majors in GNSS reflectometry and applications, E-mail:

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陈岱,硕士生,主要研究方向为全球卫星导航反射测量遥感与应用,E-mail:

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陈岱,硕士生,主要研究方向为全球卫星导航反射测量遥感与应用,E-mail:

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Keyword(id=1322506402589946498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506396353016411, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=土壤湿度), Keyword(id=1322506402669638275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506396353016411, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=组合系统)], refs=[Reference(id=1322506404880036504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506396353016411, doi=10.1029/2018RG000618, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=57, issue=2, pageStart=530, pageEnd=616, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=Babaeian E, Sadeghi M, Jones S B, journalName=Reviews of Geophysics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Babaeian E , Sadeghi M , Jones S B , et al. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506403651105418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506396353016411, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The probability density distribution of surface reflectance and the cumulative probability density distribution before and after fitting for three types of systems, figureFileSmall=KkGK7vZJyuVDpNPUwQ8EPQ==, figureFileBig=8RopZwZd47LOAJu1FDOubw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506403726602891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506396353016411, language=CN, label=图4, caption=3种系统的地表反射概率密度分布和拟合前后累积概率密度分布, figureFileSmall=KkGK7vZJyuVDpNPUwQ8EPQ==, figureFileBig=8RopZwZd47LOAJu1FDOubw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506403806294668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506396353016411, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Scatter plot of model-predicted surface soil moisture and SMAP reference soil moisture within the same grid, figureFileSmall=8EyKxtqWkxXtVoT21ORa0g==, figureFileBig=hiGSVUeBl2uWRevlBYC7vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506403890180749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506396353016411, language=CN, label=图5, caption=相同网格内模型预测地表土壤湿度和SMAP参考土壤湿度散点图

图中bias、MAD、RMSE和ubRMSE单位均为cm3/cm3

, figureFileSmall=8EyKxtqWkxXtVoT21ORa0g==, figureFileBig=hiGSVUeBl2uWRevlBYC7vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506403990844046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506396353016411, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison of average soil moisture inverted from the combination of three systems with the global average soil moisture of SMAP, figureFileSmall=qWDNhdoh6BKCpd8BCVOhOQ==, figureFileBig=BXv91QI+5QtuXtBcmgRwvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506404074730127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506396353016411, language=CN, label=图6, caption=3系统数据组合反演的平均土壤湿度与SMAP全球平均土壤湿度对比, figureFileSmall=qWDNhdoh6BKCpd8BCVOhOQ==, figureFileBig=BXv91QI+5QtuXtBcmgRwvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506404162810512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506396353016411, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison of evaluation indicators of inversion results for single systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星系统 bias/cm3·cm-3 MAD/cm3·cm-3 RMSE/cm3·cm-3 ubRMSE/cm3·cm-3 R
GPS 0.001 0.032 0.068 0.068 0.830
BDS 0.000 0.032 0.066 0.066 0.836
GAL 0.001 0.030 0.069 0.069 0.806
), ArticleFig(id=1322506404259279505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506396353016411, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单系统反演结果评价指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星系统 bias/cm3·cm-3 MAD/cm3·cm-3 RMSE/cm3·cm-3 ubRMSE/cm3·cm-3 R
GPS 0.001 0.032 0.068 0.068 0.830
BDS 0.000 0.032 0.066 0.066 0.836
GAL 0.001 0.030 0.069 0.069 0.806
), ArticleFig(id=1322506404343165586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506396353016411, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of evaluation indicators of inversion results for combined systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星系统 bias/cm3·cm-3 MAD/cm3·cm-3 RMSE/cm3·cm-3 ubRMSE/cm3·cm-3 R
GPS/BDS 0.000 0.031 0.063 0.063 0.855
GPS/GAL 0.001 0.032 0.065 0.065 0.842
BDS/GAL 0.001 0.032 0.064 0.064 0.844
GPS/BDS/GAL 0.000 0.031 0.063 0.063 0.855
), ArticleFig(id=1322506404422857363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506396353016411, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

组合系统反演结果评价指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星系统 bias/cm3·cm-3 MAD/cm3·cm-3 RMSE/cm3·cm-3 ubRMSE/cm3·cm-3 R
GPS/BDS 0.000 0.031 0.063 0.063 0.855
GPS/GAL 0.001 0.032 0.065 0.065 0.842
BDS/GAL 0.001 0.032 0.064 0.064 0.844
GPS/BDS/GAL 0.000 0.031 0.063 0.063 0.855
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大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(10): 1037-1042
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (10) : 1037 -1042
基于FY-3E GNOS反射测量的土壤湿度反演
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陈岱1 , 董州楠1, *
作者信息
  • 1 苏州科技大学地理科学与测绘工程学院,苏州市学府路99号, 215009
通讯作者:

董州楠,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为全球卫星导航反射测量遥感与应用,E-mail:

DONG Zhounan, PhD, associate professor, majors in GNSS reflectometry and applications, E-mail:

作者简介:

陈岱,硕士生,主要研究方向为全球卫星导航反射测量遥感与应用,E-mail:

Soil Moisture Retrieval Based on FY-3E GNOS Reflection Measurement
Dai CHEN1 , Zhounan DONG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 99 Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
  • CHEN Dai, postgraduate, majors in GNSS reflectometry and applications, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.493
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基于风云三号E星(FY-3E)搭载的GNSS掩星探测仪-Ⅱ型(GNSS occultation sounder Ⅱ,GNOS-Ⅱ)近1 a的GNSS-R数据,开展全球土壤湿度的反演建模,评估不同卫星系统及其组合观测的反演结果。研究结果表明,BDS、GPS和Galileo反射信号标定的反射率分布存在系统性偏差,但基于不同系统的观测反演结果精度相似,其预测的土壤湿度与SMAP卫星提供的L3级土壤湿度产品表现出良好的一致性,相关系数达到0.855,无偏均方根误差为0.063 cm3/cm3。在组合不同系统进行反演时,采用累积分布函数匹配法对各卫星系统观测的有效反射率进行重标定,能够进一步提升地表土壤湿度反演的精度。

FY-3E卫星  /  GNOS-Ⅱ  /  GNSS-R  /  SMAP卫星  /  土壤湿度  /  组合系统

Based on nearly one year of GNSS-R data from the GNSS occultation sounder Ⅱ(GNOS-Ⅱ) onboard the Fengyun-3E(FY-3E) satellite, this study conducted global soil moisture inversion modeling and evaluated the inversion results from different satellite systems and their combined observations. The results indicate that there are systematic biases in the reflectivity distributions calibrated by the reflected signals of BDS, GPS, and Galileo. However, the inversion results based on different systems have similar accuracy. The predicted soil moisture values show good consistency with the level 3 soil moisture products provided by the SMAP satellite, with a correlation coefficient of 0.855 and an unbiased root mean square error of 0.063 cm3/cm3. When combining different systems for inversion, the cumulative distribution function matching method was used to recalibrate the effective reflectivity of each satellite system's observations, which further improved the accuracy of surface soil moisture inversion.

FY-3E satellite  /  GNOS-Ⅱ  /  GNSS-R  /  SMAP satellite  /  soil moisture  /  combined systems
陈岱, 董州楠. 基于FY-3E GNOS反射测量的土壤湿度反演. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (10) : 1037 -1042 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.493
Dai CHEN, Zhounan DONG. Soil Moisture Retrieval Based on FY-3E GNOS Reflection Measurement[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (10) : 1037 -1042 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.493
土壤湿度作为基本的气候变量,在地球与环境科学的多个领域发挥着至关重要的作用。连续、可靠、高分辨率的土壤湿度监测具有重要意义[1]。星载全球导航卫星系统反射测量(GNSS-R)是一种新型对地遥感技术。过去20 a已成功发射了多颗GNSS-R实验验证卫星[2],这些卫星均搭载了反射测量接收机,验证了星载平台获取可靠GNSS反射信号的能力,并证实了其对海面风速和地表土壤湿度等地表物理参数的响应特性[2]。
Camps等[3]利用TDS-1卫星提供的延迟多普勒图(DDM)数据,揭示了土壤湿度与DDM峰值功率之间的高度相关性,为星载GNSS-R在土壤湿度反演中的应用提供了重要依据。Chew等[4]进一步研究发现,气旋全球导航卫星系统(CYGNSS)地表反射率与SMAP卫星提供的土壤湿度产品之间存在强线性关系,并由此建立了半经验线性土壤湿度反演模型。在此基础上,许多学者对星载GNSS-R土壤湿度反演的建模算法进行了深入研究。半经验反演模型通过回归GNSS-R观测量、相关地表参数和参考土壤湿度来建立反演模型[5-6]。此外,机器学习算法在土壤湿度反演中也取得了显著进展[7-8]。但现有研究主要集中于利用CYGNSS系统提供的观测数据,而CYGNSS仅能观测GPS的反射信号。
2021-07我国发射的风云三号E星(FY-3E)搭载GNOS-Ⅱ载荷,该载荷联合了GNSS无线电掩星和GNSS-R的观测能力(GNOS-R),具备同时获取BDS、GPS和Galileo(下文简写为GAL)反射信号的能力。本文利用FY-3E卫星的GNOS-R反射测量传感器生成的一级反射测量数据产品,获取BDS/GPS/GAL反射信号标定的地表反射率,并进行土壤湿度反演建模。通过对比分析基于不同GNSS系统反射信号的反演差异,分别建立基于不同单系统和组合系统观测数据的土壤湿度反演模型,并进行精度分析。
FY-3E GNOS-R观测区域为南北纬85°,平均每5 d可实现一次全球覆盖。图 1为2023-06-01—03期间GNOS-R获取的来自不同系统的反射信号所对应的地表镜面反射点。
本文使用国家卫星气象中心风云卫星遥感数据服务网发布的2023-02-15—11-30期间L1级GNOS-R数据产品, 选择与地表反射率和数据质量控制相关的参数。利用Natural Earth网站提供的10 m分辨率海岸线数据对海陆数据进行分离,剔除元数据标识的异常值[9]。为确保分析结果的准确性和可靠性,同时采用已有反演方法中的经验质量控制策略,包括限制镜面点方向的天线增益大于0 dB、DDM信噪比大于2 dB、镜面点信号入射角小于60°[10]。
SMAP卫星在2015-01-31升空,平均重访周期为2~3 d。本文使用的建模参考数据为SMAP L3第8版辐射计土壤湿度产品。该产品提供的土壤湿度数据以全球圆柱形36 km等面积可扩展地球网格2.0版(EASE-Grid 2.0)进行采样,地表土壤湿度的有效范围为0.0~0.5 cm3/cm3。该参考数据按照升降轨将土壤湿度及其他参数按天存储在同一文件中,方便用户使用。本文采用单天升降轨土壤湿度的平均值。
当前大多数基于星载GNSS-R的土壤湿度反演研究都采用相干散射假设,即认为GNSS信号主要在地表发生相干反射。基于该假设,在使用FY-3E GNOS-R进行土壤湿度反演时地表反射率为[5]:
$\varGamma(\theta)=\frac{(4 \mathsf{π})^2\left(P_r-N\right)\left(R_t+R_r\right)^2}{\lambda^2 P_t G_t G_r}$
式中,Γ为地表反射率;θ为入射角;Pr为DDM的峰值功率;N为本底噪声;Rt和Rr分别为发射机和接收机到镜面点的距离;PtGt为GNSS有效各向同性辐射功率;Gr为反射天线增益;λ为GNSS信号的波长。上述参数均可从FY-3E产品数据中获得。当GNSS信号穿过植被覆盖的地表时,植被的叶片和枝干会对信号产生吸收、散射和反射作用,从而削弱接收到的反射信号强度。因此,本文采用SMAP辐射计反演中的植被光学厚度参数,通过τ-ω模型[6]对GNSS信号在植被层双程传输过程中的消光效应进行修正。
土壤湿度反演建模与验证流程见图 2。以SMAP提供的L3级地表土壤湿度产品作为参考值,在数据预处理阶段,首先将GNOS-R观测标定的地表反射率进行散点统计栅格化,以匹配参考土壤湿度的时空分辨率,计算格网的均值,从而生成GNOS-R反射率影像。
需要注意的是,目前只有一颗搭载GNOS-R传感器的卫星,这导致单天对陆地地表的采样比较稀疏。为了进一步提高栅格化后GNOS-R反射率影像的数据质量,将3 d的GNOS-R数据叠加生成一幅反射率影像,并利用相应时间段的SMAP地表土壤湿度影像的平均值来建立训练数据对。
格网化过程中,当同一格网内像素散点数量少于3时,则标识该像素数据不可靠;若数量为3个及以上时,则取其均值作为该像素的地表反射率;最终获得3 d分辨率的GNOS-R地表反射率影像。图 3为2023年计算得到的年平均地表反射率影像,清晰地显示了不同干湿地表条件下反射率的空间差异。
基于2023-02-15—11-30建立的训练数据集,假设在单个像素对应的空间上,土壤湿度是唯一随时间变化的变量,而土壤表面粗糙度和土壤质地保持不变。在这种情况下,经植被影响修正的地表反射率与SMAP参考土壤湿度在同一网格单元内呈近似线性变化关系[11]。通过逐网格拟合有效反射率和参考土壤湿度之间的函数关系,可以建立基于GNOS-R反射测量的地表土壤湿度反演模型:
$\operatorname{SM}_{(i, j)}=a_{(i, j)} \cdot \varGamma_{(i, j)}+b_{(i, j)}$
式中,SM(i, j)为地表土壤湿度参考数据的时间序列或预测的地表土壤湿度;a(i, j)、b(i, j)为像元(i, j)位置上一元线性回归估计的模型参数;Γ(i, j)为栅格化后像元(i, j)处的有效反射率时间序列。
由于不同卫星系统间GNSS-R观测量存在差异,通过累积分布函数(CDF)匹配来调整目标数据集间的尺度差异,使其更接近参考数据集的分布特性[12]。另外,为充分利用现有数据集验证反演模型的表现,采用交叉验证(CV)法[13]取所有评价的均值作为最终的模型评价结果。
图 4展示了3种不同卫星导航系统标定得到的地表反射率的概率分布和拟合前后地表反射率的累积分布曲线。图 4(a)通过核密度估计(KDE)曲线描绘了基于3种系统的反射率分布。观测获得的3种不同GNSS系统的反射信号所对应的地表反射率分布均集中在-40~-10 dB之间。其中,GPS与GAL地表反射率分布特征较为接近,均值偏离较小,而BDS则表现出明显的差异。图 4(b)展示了3种系统标定有效反射率的累积概率密度分布,可以看出,三者之间存在一定的尺度差异,这将影响到组合多系统观测量建模的精度。
采用CDF匹配方法调整BDS和GAL的反射率数据集,使其分布与GPS数据集一致。计算3个系统地表反射率的CDF差异,采用5阶多项式拟合对应的差异调整BDS和GAL反射率数据集的CDF,使其尽可能与GPS反射率数据集的分布一致。该方法通过平滑差异并确保数据分布一致,从而在不同卫星系统之间实现反射率数据尺度范围的有效统一。调整前后3个系统对应的反射率CDF如图 4(b)所示。
基于GNOS-R观测数据,建立时间分辨率为3 d的地表反射率影像,并通过时域平均获得对应时间分辨率的SMAP地表土壤湿度数据。如图 2所示的流程,通过时空匹配的反射率和土壤湿度数据,在全球范围内逐像素拟合反射率时间序列和土壤湿度时间序列的一元线性函数,并采用十折CV法来评估逐像素反演模型的表现。利用GNOS-R的多系统观测能力,首先评估GPS、BDS和GAL单系统反射测量观测所建立的土壤湿度反演模型的性能。
表 1展示了基于3个系统的观测数据所建立模型的十折CV评价结果,可以看出,基于单系统观测数据建立的模型表现相对接近;3个系统的MAD和RMSE均保持在较低水平,表明模型具有较高的预测精度。其中,BDS表现出最低的RMSE(0.066 cm3/cm3),其次是GPS(0.068 cm3/cm3),GAL的RMSE略高(0.069 cm3/cm3)。值得注意的是,所有系统的无偏均方根误差(ubRMSE)与其对应的RMSE相等,这表明模型的误差主要来源于随机误差,而非系统偏差。
皮尔逊相关系数R显示,各系统的模型预测结果与参考值之间存在较强的线性相关性:BDS相关性最高(0.836),GPS次之(0.830),GAL相对较低(0.806)。尽管各反演模型在精度方面表现出相似性,但仍存在一定差异。这些差异可能源于2个因素:1)当GNSS信号穿透植被冠层时,由于不同系统信号频率、发射功率和入射方向等的差异,信号在植被中的衰减程度有所不同,从而影响地表反射率;2)3种系统匹配的地表反射率格网像素对的样本总数存在差异(GPS为7 095 036组,BDS为9 429 366组,GAL为2 386 387组),这直接影响了用于反演的数据量和数据质量。样本总数越多,模型越有可能学习到地表反射率的变化和多样性,从而提高反演的准确性和可靠性。
基于相同的建模方法,使用§3.1中经过尺度调整的反射率,分别对3种卫星系统的反射数据进行两两组合及3系统组合,验证多系统信号组合在土壤湿度反演中的性能。
表 2展示了基于组合卫星系统观测的反演评估结果。总体上,4种组合方案的模型表现差异较小。但与单系统相比,组合使用多卫星系统数据后,反演结果的RMSE和ubRMSE均有所降低,表明模型预测精度得到提升。其中,GPS/ BDS组合和GPS/BDS/GAL组合均达到最优表现(RMSE和ubRMSE均为0.063 cm3/cm3,R均为0.855),BDS/GAL组合次之(RMSE和ubRMSE均为0.064 cm3/cm3,R为0.844),GPS/GAL组合略低(RMSE和ubRMSE均为0.065 cm3/cm3,R为0.842)。研究表明,采用经过尺度调整的多卫星系统组合数据建立的土壤湿度反演模型相比单系统模型具有明显优势,能够显著提高反演精度。
为进一步对比各系统间的差异,选取基于不同卫星系统观测数据建立的预测模型中均包含预测值的并置网格进行比较。图 5展示了预测值和参考值的散点图及两者拟合的直线。由图可见,各模型预测值和参考值之间的相关性较高,散点总体沿1 ∶1对角线分布。线性函数拟合结果进一步验证了这一点,拟合直线的斜率接近1,截距接近0,进一步证实了预测值与参考值之间高度的一致性。
在单系统模型中,GAL的反演模型预测结果的精度略低于GPS和BDS。具体而言,GPS预测土壤湿度的RMSE为0.063 cm3/cm3,BDS为0.061 cm3/cm3,GAL为0.067 cm3/cm3,相关系数分别为0.814、0.822和0.795。然而,组合系统中,GAL通过与其他系统的互补提升了整体精度。双系统组合GPS/BDS的预测表现优于任一单系统,其预测土壤湿度的RMSE降低至0.059 cm3/cm3,R则提升至0.858。3系统组合的预测表现有进一步的提升,相较于最佳双系统组合的GPS/BDS,R提升至0.860,显示出更强的预测能力和更高的相关性。
时空分布特征是评估反演模型准确性和可靠性的重要依据。为进一步验证模型性能,选取精度最高且训练数据最充足的3系统组合反演结果,将其土壤湿度预测值与SMAP参考土壤湿度在全球尺度上进行比较,测试时段为2023-11-01—30。
图 6(a)和6(b)分别展示了SMAP参考土壤湿度和反演模型预测值的月均值,可以看出,在全球范围内,反演模型预测的土壤湿度与SMAP提供的土壤湿度高度一致,两者的相关性达到0.852。充分体现了该模型在捕捉全球土壤湿度变化方面的优越性,验证了其预测结果的可靠性。图 6(c)展示了反演模型预测结果与SMAP参考地表土壤湿度之间的月度偏差分布。由于对比的月度数据为11月的地表土壤湿度,北方高纬度地区的地表冻土显著影响了反演结果,导致这些区域出现较大的偏差,这种偏差与SMAP参考数据的固有误差密切相关。此外,高海拔地区(如青藏高原西南部)和刚果雨林由于接收机的DDM响应范围和高植被覆盖的影响,也表现出明显的偏差。这些现象表明,星载GNSS-R技术在这些特定区域的应用仍需进一步研究和优化。总体而言,反演模型的预测结果与参考数据偏差较小,验证了模型的有效性和可靠性。
随着FY-3E卫星的成功发射,利用星载GNSS-R获取多GNSS系统的反射数据来反演全球尺度的土壤湿度成为可能。本文基于FY-3E GNOS-R近1 a的多GNSS系统反射测量数据,以SMAP卫星提供的土壤湿度数据作为参考,并利用其提供的植被参数,对GNOS-R数据标定的地表反射率进行校正。通过逐格网拟合半经验线性模型,系统分析基于单系统和多系统观测建模反演全球地表土壤湿度的能力。
研究结果表明,不同系统标定的地表反射率分布存在差异,而采用CDF匹配方法能够有效统一3种系统的反射率尺度。单系统和组合系统的反演结果与SMAP的土壤湿度数据高度一致,GPS/BDS/GAL组合系统数据反演结果的相关系数达到0.855,ubRMSE为0.063 cm3/cm3。尽管GPS、BDS和GAL的反演精度相近,但组合系统的反演结果优于任何单系统。值得注意的是,组合双系统和组合3系统的反演精度并无显著差异。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42204014)
  • 2024年江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(SJCX24_1884)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.493
  • 接收时间:2024-10-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-31
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42204014)
国家自然科学基金(42204014)
Jiangsu Postgraduate Practice and Innovation Program(SJCX24_1884)
2024年江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(SJCX24_1884)
作者信息
    1 苏州科技大学地理科学与测绘工程学院,苏州市学府路99号, 215009

通讯作者:

董州楠,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为全球卫星导航反射测量遥感与应用,E-mail:

DONG Zhounan, PhD, associate professor, majors in GNSS reflectometry and applications, E-mail:

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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