Article(id=1322506355982840151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506335908901129, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.09.442, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1726761600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239686246, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1760457600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239686246, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239686246, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239686246, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506335908901129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='991', pageEnd='1100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760457600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239681460, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793244369709, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322525999896576487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506335908901129, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322525999896576488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506335908901129, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1049, endPage=1056, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506356427436376, articleId=1322506355982840151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=A Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Algorithm Based on Variance Inflation Model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the limitations of traditional RAIM algorithms, including abnormal fault detection and insensitivity to small faults, we introduce the concept of variance inflation from robust estimation into receiver autonomous integrity monitoring(RAIM). A RAIM algorithm combing variance inflation model is proposed, with an improved fault handling process. Integrity determination is performed using the user's protection level based on positioning uncertainty, and multi-constellation simulations and real-world tests in complex environments are conducted. The simulation results show that the proposed method can accurately detect a significant fault of 30 meters and effectively mitigate the impact of a small 5-meter fault on positioning results, successfully restoring the positioning error level to the state before the fault is introduced. The real-world test results show that the proposed method achieves horizontal and vertical availability rates of 95.38% and 98.74%, respectively, which are 11.63% and 5.06% higher than traditional RAIM algorithms. In terms of positioning accuracy, compared to traditional RAIM algorithms, the proposed method improves precision in E, N, U directions by 23.03%, 11.68%, and 26.79%, respectively.

, authors=Jian WANG1, Le WANG1, 2, 3, *, Guanwen HUANG1, 2, 4, Ziwei WANG1, Weicong YANG1, authorsList=Jian WANG, Le WANG, Guanwen HUANG, Ziwei WANG, Weicong YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Le WANG, authorNote=

WANG Jian, postgraduate, majors in GNSS integrity monitoring, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506362781806959, articleId=1322506355982840151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=一种联合方差膨胀模型的接收机自主完好性监测算法, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对传统接收机自主完好性监测(RAIM)算法存在故障识别异常及对微小故障不敏感的局限性,将稳健估计中的方差膨胀思想引入RAIM中,提出一种联合方差膨胀模型的RAIM算法,同时设计改进的故障处理流程,利用位置不确定性的用户保护水平进行完好性判定,最后进行多星座仿真实验与复杂环境实测实验。仿真实验结果表明,本文方法可以准确识别所添加的30 m显著故障,并且能有效应对添加的5 m微小故障对定位结果的影响,成功将定位误差水平恢复至未添加故障时的状态。真实场景实验结果表明,本文方法的水平与垂直方向可用性分别为95.38%和98.74%,相较于传统RAIM算法分别提升11.63%和5.06%;在定位精度方面,E、N、U方向定位精度较传统RAIM算法分别提升23.03%、11.68%和26.79%。

, authors=王建1, 王乐1, 2, 3, *, 黄观文1, 2, 4, 王紫薇1, 杨维聪1, authorsList=王建, 王乐, 黄观文, 王紫薇, 杨维聪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王乐, authorNote=

王建, 硕士生,主要研究方向为GNSS完好性监测, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

王乐,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为精密定位定轨与完好性分析, E-mail:

WANG Le, PhD, senior engineer, majors in precise positioning and orbit determination and integrity analysis, E-mail:

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Td为故障探测检验量的阈值

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Statistics of integrity monitoring performance in single-fault simulation experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RMSE/m PL/m
E N U 3D HPL VPL
方案1 0.64 0.89 3.26 3.44 - -
方案2 0.34 0.79 1.82 2.01 - -
方案3 0.34 0.79 1.81 2.00 8.75 14.35
方案4 0.41 0.74 1.63 1.84 9.32 15.64
), ArticleFig(id=1322506369257812409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506355982840151, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单故障仿真实验完好性监测性能统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RMSE/m PL/m
E N U 3D HPL VPL
方案1 0.64 0.89 3.26 3.44 - -
方案2 0.34 0.79 1.82 2.01 - -
方案3 0.34 0.79 1.81 2.00 8.75 14.35
方案4 0.41 0.74 1.63 1.84 9.32 15.64
), ArticleFig(id=1322506369354281402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506355982840151, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Statistics of integrity monitoring performance in dual-fault simulation experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RMSE/m PL/m
E N U 3D HPL VPL
方案1 0.65 0.81 2.29 2.52 - -
方案2 0.34 0.79 1.82 2.01 - -
方案3 0.34 0.79 2.04 2.21 8.50 14.15
方案4 0.32 0.77 1.68 1.88 8.94 15.06
), ArticleFig(id=1322506369433973179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506355982840151, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

双故障仿真实验完好性监测性能统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RMSE/m PL/m
E N U 3D HPL VPL
方案1 0.65 0.81 2.29 2.52 - -
方案2 0.34 0.79 1.82 2.01 - -
方案3 0.34 0.79 2.04 2.21 8.50 14.15
方案4 0.32 0.77 1.68 1.88 8.94 15.06
), ArticleFig(id=1322506369505276348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506355982840151, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Statistics of positioning errors at C3 station

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
STD/m RMSE/m
E N U 3D E N U 3D
方案2 4.56 4.61 9.66 11.63 4.56 8.15 13.88 16.73
方案3 1.51 3.42 5.38 6.55 1.52 6.08 8.36 10.45
方案4 1.17 3.20 4.45 5.60 1.17 5.37 6.12 8.23
), ArticleFig(id=1322506369572385213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506355982840151, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

C3测站定位误差统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
STD/m RMSE/m
E N U 3D E N U 3D
方案2 4.56 4.61 9.66 11.63 4.56 8.15 13.88 16.73
方案3 1.51 3.42 5.38 6.55 1.52 6.08 8.36 10.45
方案4 1.17 3.20 4.45 5.60 1.17 5.37 6.12 8.23
), ArticleFig(id=1322506371229135295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506355982840151, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Statistics of integrity monitoring performance at C3 station

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可用性/% 不可用历元数 MI历元数 HMI历元数 平均PL/m
水平 垂直 水平 垂直 水平 垂直 水平 垂直 水平 垂直
方案3 83.75 93.68 49 49 401 126 0 0 9.22 16.27
方案4 95.38 98.74 2 2 126 31 0 2 10.01 17.71
), ArticleFig(id=1322506371338187200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506355982840151, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

C3测站完好性监测性能统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可用性/% 不可用历元数 MI历元数 HMI历元数 平均PL/m
水平 垂直 水平 垂直 水平 垂直 水平 垂直 水平 垂直
方案3 83.75 93.68 49 49 401 126 0 0 9.22 16.27
方案4 95.38 98.74 2 2 126 31 0 2 10.01 17.71
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一种联合方差膨胀模型的接收机自主完好性监测算法
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王建 1 , 王乐 1, 2, 3, * , 黄观文 1, 2, 4 , 王紫薇 1 , 杨维聪 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(10): 1049-1056
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (10) : 1049 -1056
一种联合方差膨胀模型的接收机自主完好性监测算法
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王建1 , 王乐1, 2, 3, * , 黄观文1, 2, 4, 王紫薇1, 杨维聪1
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院,西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
  • 2 智能北斗陕西省高校工程研究中心,西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
  • 3 陕西省黄河科学研究院,西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
  • 4 自然资源部生态地质与灾害防控重点实验室,西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
通讯作者:

王乐,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为精密定位定轨与完好性分析, E-mail:

WANG Le, PhD, senior engineer, majors in precise positioning and orbit determination and integrity analysis, E-mail:

作者简介:

王建, 硕士生,主要研究方向为GNSS完好性监测, E-mail:

A Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Algorithm Based on Variance Inflation Model
Jian WANG1 , Le WANG1, 2, 3, * , Guanwen HUANG1, 2, 4, Ziwei WANG1, Weicong YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 Engineering Research Center of Intelligent BDS, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 3 Academy of Yellow River Sciences of Shaanxi Province, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, MNR, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • WANG Jian, postgraduate, majors in GNSS integrity monitoring, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.09.442
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针对传统接收机自主完好性监测(RAIM)算法存在故障识别异常及对微小故障不敏感的局限性,将稳健估计中的方差膨胀思想引入RAIM中,提出一种联合方差膨胀模型的RAIM算法,同时设计改进的故障处理流程,利用位置不确定性的用户保护水平进行完好性判定,最后进行多星座仿真实验与复杂环境实测实验。仿真实验结果表明,本文方法可以准确识别所添加的30 m显著故障,并且能有效应对添加的5 m微小故障对定位结果的影响,成功将定位误差水平恢复至未添加故障时的状态。真实场景实验结果表明,本文方法的水平与垂直方向可用性分别为95.38%和98.74%,相较于传统RAIM算法分别提升11.63%和5.06%;在定位精度方面,E、N、U方向定位精度较传统RAIM算法分别提升23.03%、11.68%和26.79%。

接收机自主完好性监测  /  方差膨胀  /  故障处理  /  保护水平  /  可用性

To address the limitations of traditional RAIM algorithms, including abnormal fault detection and insensitivity to small faults, we introduce the concept of variance inflation from robust estimation into receiver autonomous integrity monitoring(RAIM). A RAIM algorithm combing variance inflation model is proposed, with an improved fault handling process. Integrity determination is performed using the user's protection level based on positioning uncertainty, and multi-constellation simulations and real-world tests in complex environments are conducted. The simulation results show that the proposed method can accurately detect a significant fault of 30 meters and effectively mitigate the impact of a small 5-meter fault on positioning results, successfully restoring the positioning error level to the state before the fault is introduced. The real-world test results show that the proposed method achieves horizontal and vertical availability rates of 95.38% and 98.74%, respectively, which are 11.63% and 5.06% higher than traditional RAIM algorithms. In terms of positioning accuracy, compared to traditional RAIM algorithms, the proposed method improves precision in E, N, U directions by 23.03%, 11.68%, and 26.79%, respectively.

receiver autonomous integrity monitoring(RAIM)  /  variance inflation  /  fault handling  /  protection level  /  availability
王建, 王乐, 黄观文, 王紫薇, 杨维聪. 一种联合方差膨胀模型的接收机自主完好性监测算法. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (10) : 1049 -1056 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.09.442
Jian WANG, Le WANG, Guanwen HUANG, Ziwei WANG, Weicong YANG. A Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Algorithm Based on Variance Inflation Model[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (10) : 1049 -1056 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.09.442
GNSS信号固有的脆弱性使得GNSS观测值极易受到硬件故障和多项误差的影响[1-2],进而影响定位结果的可靠性。因此,有必要在接收机端进行完好性监测,即在保障GNSS定位精度的同时,通过概率风险对其所提供的信息的正确性进行度量[2]。
接收机自主完好性监测(RAIM)利用冗余观测量实现对故障的处理[3]。为提升完好性监测算法处理故障观测值的能力,王尔申等[4]根据卫星的伪距残差特性提出一种加权RAIM算法;陈兵等[5]从伪距残差分量之间的相关性方面提出一种基于奇异值分解的RAIM算法;舒宝等[6]从卫星特性斜率的角度提升故障检测性能。针对多故障处理,张倩倩等[7]基于独立分量分析提出一种卫星多故障探测和识别的算法;吴有龙等[8]提出一种基于惯性辅助的GNSS多粗差探测方法。为降低告警频率,赵昂等[9]提出基于验后方差重构用户保护水平的方法。针对微小故障,沙海等[10]提出历元累积的RAIM算法;黄国荣等[11]提出新息累积外推法以提升故障检验率。为保障RAIM算法的性能,Yang等[12]提出一种基于多星座和稳健估计的RAIM算法,并使用真实发生故障的GNSS数据验证算法性能;Zhu等[13]提出基于丹麦法的RAIM算法。
但上述研究未考虑最小二乘均衡误差的模型特性,在微小故障场景下存在缺陷:故障被分摊引发漏检或分配失衡引发误检。误检会恶化卫星的几何构型,漏检会导致故障被吸收而使定位解出现偏差[14]。本文将方差膨胀思想引入RAIM算法来改进故障处理流程,然后基于位置不确定性的用户保护水平进行完好性判定,最后使用多星座的仿真数据与复杂环境数据来验证算法的有效性。
在伪距单点定位模型中,观测方程可表示为:
$\boldsymbol{L}=\boldsymbol{A} \boldsymbol{x}+\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}$
式中,L为伪距观测值与近似计算伪距差值向量;A为n×(m+3)阶观测矩阵,n为卫星个数,m为星座个数;x为解向量[dx, dy, dz, dt1, …, dtm]T;ε为伪距噪声、未充分建模误差及潜在故障,称为量测误差。根据加权最小二乘原理,伪距残差v可表示为:
$\boldsymbol{v}=\boldsymbol{L}-\hat{\boldsymbol{L}}=\left(\boldsymbol{I}-\boldsymbol{A}\left(\boldsymbol{A}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P A}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{A}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P}\right) \boldsymbol{\varepsilon}=\boldsymbol{R} \boldsymbol{\varepsilon}$
式中,P为观测权阵;R为平差因子。伪距残差对应的协方差矩阵Qv可表示为:
$\boldsymbol{Q}_\boldsymbol{v}=\boldsymbol{R} \boldsymbol{P}^{-1}$
此时的验后单位权中误差$\hat{\sigma}$可表示为:
$\hat{\sigma}=\sqrt{\boldsymbol{v}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P} \boldsymbol{v} /(n-m-3)}$
假设在无故障情况下εi~N(0, 1),则$\hat{\sigma}^2$~χ2(n-m-3)。若当前历元观测值中存在故障,则$\hat{\sigma}^2$~χ2(n-m-3, λ),λ为非中心化偏移参数。故障处理算法中采用验后单位权中误差$\hat{\sigma}$作为故障探测检验量,探测所需的检验阈值σT可表示为:
$\sigma_T=\sqrt{T^2 /(n-m-3)}$
式中,T2为χ2(n-m-3)分布的上侧分位数[6]。如果$\hat{\sigma}$>σT,表明存在故障卫星,需要进行故障识别。
通过残差向量及协方差矩阵可构建如下识别检验统计量[15]:
$T_i=\frac{\left|v_i\right|}{\sqrt{Q_{v_{i i}}}}$
式中,vi为第i颗卫星的伪距残差;Qvii为vi对应的协方差阵元素。在无故障假设下,Ti服从正态分布,在考虑误警率Pfa平均分配的情况下,故障识别检验阈值Td可表示为:
$2 \times \int\nolimits_{T_d}^{\infty} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \mathsf{π}}} \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{x^2}{2}} \mathrm{~d} x=\frac{P_{\mathrm{fa}}}{n}$
若Ti>Td,表明当前历元第i颗卫星观测值中存在故障。
伪距残差的大小不仅取决于量测误差ε,还受平差因子R的影响。平差因子可反映量测误差通过卫星几何构型对伪距残差影响的程度。因此,式(2)可详细表示为:
$\boldsymbol{v}_0+\boldsymbol{v}_1+\boldsymbol{v}^{\prime}=\boldsymbol{R}\left(\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_0+\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_1+\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}^{\prime}\right)$
式中,v0为伪距噪声ε0对应的残差;v1为未充分建模误差ε1对应的残差;v′为潜在故障ε′对应的残差,只有当第i颗卫星存在故障时才有$\varepsilon_i^{\prime} \neq 0$。为更加简要清晰地表述故障与残差之间的关系,本文不考虑未充分建模误差的影响,即ε1=0, v1=0。
由式(8)可知,卫星i的观测故障$\varepsilon_i^{\prime}$将会对所有可视卫星的观测值残差噪声产生影响,具体公式如下:
$v_j^{\prime}=r_{j i} \varepsilon_i^{\prime}$
式中,$\varepsilon_i^{\prime}$为第i颗卫星体现在观测值上的故障;$v_i^{\prime}$为$\varepsilon_i^{\prime}$对第j颗卫星造成的残差污染量;rji表示R 中第j行第i列的元素。可以看出,故障将污染所有残差,污染程度取决于平差因子。正是这种均衡故障的作用,使得遇到非显著故障时,易出现漏检或可探测但不可识别事件。一般情况下rji < rii(j≠i),$\varepsilon_i^{\prime}$通过rii作用得到的$v_i^{\prime}$比其他$v_i^{\prime}$(j≠i)大,此时$\max \left\{\left|v_i^{\prime}\right|\right\}, i=1, 2, \cdots, n$, 对应的Ti通常也最大[16]。本文在剔除不可识别事件中max{Ti}的同时,引入方差膨胀模型。
方差膨胀模型将传统RAIM算法中接受与拒绝的二元选择扩展为完全接受、适当接受及拒绝,这不仅可提供一种应对漏检情况的有效手段,同时也能避免因盲目剔除卫星而对卫星星座构型产生不利影响。本文采用IGG选权迭代法构造随机模型,具体表达式为[17-18]:
$\bar{p}_i=w_i p_i=\left\{\begin{array}{l}p_i, \left|\hat{v}_i\right| \leqslant k_0 \sigma \\p_i \frac{k \sigma}{\left|\bar{v}_i\right|}, k_0 \sigma <\left|\bar{v}_i\right| \leqslant k_1 \sigma \\0, \left|\bar{v}_i\right|>k_1 \sigma\end{array}\right.$
式中,i为第i颗卫星;$\bar{p}_i$为经方差膨胀后的权重;wi为方差膨胀因子;pi为先验权重;$\bar{v}_i$为标准化残差;$\bar{v}_i=v_i / \sigma_{v_i}, v_i$为伪距残差,$\sigma_{v_i}$为vi的标准差;k、k0和k1为权函数的调和系数,结合导航误差特性和已有文献经验,本文设置k=k0=1.0, k1=2.5。具体算法流程见图 1。
用户保护水平(PL)为给定完好性风险下的定位误差(PE)上限,当PL超出预设的告警门限(AL)时,则判定系统不可用,并向用户告警。本文通过精度因子变化法(δDOPmax)计算先验保护水平,并基于位置不确定性计算用户后验保护水平[9, 19]。将地心地固坐标系下位置参数的方差-协方差矩阵QXYZ转换为站心坐标系下的QENU矩阵:
$\boldsymbol{Q}_{\mathrm{ENU}}=\boldsymbol{C}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{Q}_{X Y Z} \boldsymbol{C}$
式中,C为坐标转换矩阵[9]。基于位置不确定性的保护水平可表示为:
$\mathrm{HPL}=K_h \sqrt{\left(q_{\mathrm{E}}^2+q_{\mathrm{N}}^2\right)}$
$\mathrm{VPL}=K_v \sqrt{q_{\mathrm{U}}^2}$
式中,HPL、VPL分别为水平与垂直方向的保护水平;Kh、Kv分别表示水平与垂直方向的漏检膨胀因子[20],表达式为:
$K_h=\text { RayleighCDF }{ }^{-1}\left(1-P_{\mathrm{md}}\right)$
$K_v=\varPhi^{-1}\left(1-\frac{P_{\mathrm{md}}}{2}\right)$
式中,RayleighCDF-1(·)表示逆瑞利累积分布函数;Φ-1(·)表示逆标准正态累积分布函数;Pmd为漏警率。
为验证本文方法的可行性,设计以下4种方案,其中方案1和方案2为对照方案。
方案1:含仿真故障情况下未进行故障处理的加权最小二乘解算;
方案2:无仿真故障情况下的加权最小二乘解算;
方案3:传统接收机自主完好性监测算法;
方案4:联合方差膨胀模型的接收机自主完好性监测算法。
实验采用榆林市JX02测站2024年doy99真实数据,并向17:30-18:30时段中的C05、G10卫星分别添加30 m与5 m的伪距偏差进行C05单故障、C05和G10双故障仿真实验。处理策略为:GPS/BDS双系统,卫星截止高度角为10°;误警率Pfa取0.05,漏警率Pmd取10-5,告警门限AL取40 m。JX02测站在观测历元内GPS/BDS卫星数均大于7颗,满足双系统下接收机自主完好性故障探测与识别的基本条件。图 2为JX02测站单故障下的定位误差序列。
由图 2可知,方案1在故障仿真期间定位误差出现了较大的阶跃偏差,其中E和U方向尤为明显;随着卫星构型的变化,C05故障对N方向的影响也逐渐变得显著。表 1为完好性监测性能统计,结合图 2可知,方案3、4均能有效处理C05故障卫星,并将定位误差水平恢复至无添加故障时的状态,且方案4能较好地解决定位误差的“跳点”问题。在定位精度当面,方案4较方案3表现更优,3D定位中误差为1.84 m;在保护水平方面,方案4的HPL/VPL分别为9.32 m和15.64 m,相较于方案3略显保守。
斯坦福图在完好性监测领域常被用来表示系统的完好性性能,根据PE、PL与AL三者之间的大小关系,可将斯坦福图划分为正常运行、不可用、误导信息(MI)、危险误导信息(HMI)4类。图 3为JX02测站单故障下的完好性斯坦福图,可以看出,方案3、4均能达到100%的可用性。
图 4为JX02测站双故障下的定位误差序列。由于卫星之间的相互耦合,方案1的定位偏差并不是随着故障的增加而增加,而是一种更加复杂的影响。结合2种算法在C05单故障实验中的表现,传统的方案3在双故障实验中并未消除G10卫星5 m的微小故障,而方案4则可以很好地解决微小故障对定位结果的影响。
图 5为JX02测站双故障完好性斯坦福图,表 2为相应的完好性监测性能统计表。由图 5可知,尽管方案3、4在双故障下均表现为100%的可用性,但方案3监测结果总体呈现“短宽”形态,与表 2中较大的定位误差共同说明传统RAIM算法在处理微小故障时存在不足。方案4相对于无故障的方案2精度略有提升,主要得益于引入的方差膨胀模型通过重加权对可疑观测数据进行降权,进而解决了异常历元中的跳点问题。此外,双故障下方案4的HPL、VPL分别为8.94 m、15.06 m,相较于方案3分别高5.21%、6.42%,造成方案4保护水平保守的原因主要为可疑数据的降权使用。
为研究本文算法在复杂遮蔽环境下的真实性能,选择位于泸定县的C3测站(图 6(a))进行实测实验,实验策略与仿真实验相同。C3测站位于多山峡谷的边坡之上,地势陡峭,周围植被茂盛,加之峡谷底部的大渡河加剧了信号的遮挡和反射,从而增加了定位误差和不确定性。图 6(b)为C3测站的可见卫星数,可以看出,可见卫星数在复杂环境下波动频繁,尤其在第364和398个历元时降到5颗,此外满足双系统下故障探测基本条件的历元数为2 768个。
在故障处理流程中,理想情况是经过处理后当前历元无论是在故障探测还是在故障识别中均处于无故障状态。但传统RAIM算法无法处理故障识别异常的情况,在无法识别出故障卫星时直接判定为不可用,体现在故障探测检验量上则表现为高于故障探测阈值。图 7为2种算法经过故障处理后的故障探测检验量,可以看出,经过故障处理后,2种算法的故障探测检验量的总体趋势一致,但方案3的故障探测检验量明显高于方案4,且在47个观测历元中存在故障卫星识别异常的现象。
图 8为C3测站定位误差序列,可以看出,未进行故障处理的方案2存在大量“跳点”,方案3、4的定位误差较小且相对接近,表明这2种算法在处理数据异常方面具有良好的性能。方案2的误差波动最大,尤其在E、U方向,多次出现大幅的误差波动;方案3、4的误差波动较小,误差曲线较为平滑。从误差范围和波动性来看,方案4在3个方向上的表现明显优于方案3,尤其在U方向上更为显著,表明方案4在故障处理时更加稳健。
表 3为3种方案E、N、U及3D方向的内外符合精度。可以看出,方案3、4均能有效剔除观测数据中的故障,从而提升定位精度,2种方案C3测站3D方向的标准差与均方根误差分别为6.55 m、10.45 m与5.60 m、8.23 m,相较于方案2分别提升43.68%、37.54%与51.85%、50.81%。此外,方案4在E、N、U方向的均方根误差相较于方案2分别提升74.34%、34.11%、55.91%,相较于方案3分别提升23.03%、11.68%、26.79%。
图 9为C3测站PL、PE经验累积概率分布。从图 9(a)可以看出,方案3、4均在较低保护水平下达到高累积概率;方案4给出的用户保护水平略显保守,这与仿真实验中的结论一致。由图 9(b)和9(c)可知,在相同的累积概率下,方案4具有更小的定位误差,在垂直方向上更为明显。
略显保守的保护水平并非方案4可用性提升的主要原因,这在图 10中有很好的体现。在遮蔽环境下,方案3监测结果的“短宽”形态更加明显,方案4中10.01 m与17.71 m的保护水平与方案3的保护水平也基本处于同一区间。表 4为包括可见卫星数不足和故障识别异常在内的共计2 770个历元的统计信息。可以看出,方案4的水平与垂直方向可用性分别为95.38%、98.74%,相较于方案3分别提升11.63%、5.06%,大幅降低了误导事件发生的概率,解决了方案3中因识别异常造成系统不可用的问题;但在垂直方向上存在将识别异常的历元处理后变成危险误导事件的现象,这可能是由于该历元中存在故障的观测数据占据主导地位,从而导致故障处理失真。
针对传统RAIM算法面对非显著故障时无法探测或识别具体故障,从而导致定位结果产生偏差和不可用的问题,提出一种联合方差膨胀模型的接收机自主完好性监测算法。通过仿真故障数据与复杂环境实测数据进行实验,结果表明,新算法通过方差膨胀模型对量测值进行分类,能克服因故障识别异常造成的不可用问题;对故障处理流程进行改进能够较好地解决无法探测的微小故障对定位精度的影响;结合基于位置不确定性的用户保护水平能够有效提升用户的可用性并降低误导事件发生的概率。本文方法较传统RAIM算法更为有效,可为接收机自主完好性监测提供一种新思路。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42374025)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划(2021LLRH-06)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划(2022ZDLSF07-12)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划(2022KW-09)
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2025年第45卷第10期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.09.442
  • 接收时间:2024-09-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-20
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42374025)
国家自然科学基金(42374025)
Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2021LLRH-06)
陕西省重点研发计划(2021LLRH-06)
Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2022ZDLSF07-12)
陕西省重点研发计划(2022ZDLSF07-12)
Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2022KW-09)
陕西省重点研发计划(2022KW-09)
作者信息
    1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院,西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
    2 智能北斗陕西省高校工程研究中心,西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
    3 陕西省黄河科学研究院,西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
    4 自然资源部生态地质与灾害防控重点实验室,西安市雁塔路126号, 710054

通讯作者:

王乐,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为精密定位定轨与完好性分析, E-mail:

WANG Le, PhD, senior engineer, majors in precise positioning and orbit determination and integrity analysis, E-mail:

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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