Article(id=1322506337116860681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506335908901129, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.482, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1729612800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239681747, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1760457600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239681747, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239681747, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239681747, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506335908901129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='991', pageEnd='1100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760457600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239681460, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793244369709, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322525999896576487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506335908901129, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322525999896576488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506335908901129, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1020, endPage=1025, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506337641148683, articleId=1322506337116860681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Assessment of Different ZTD Mapping Functions for Precise Point Positioning, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on observation data from 77 GNSS stations worldwide, this study systematically evaluates the global applicability of four tropospheric delay mapping function models(GMF, NMF, VMF1, VMF3) and their impact on the accuracy of precise point positioning(PPP). The zenith tropospheric delay(ZTD) for each station was obtained using the PRIDE PPP-AR software. With the ZTD products released by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe(CODE) as a reference, a comparative analysis of model performance was conducted across geographical zones(low/medium/high latitudes, land/ocean, and altitude gradients). The results indicate that the existing tropospheric delay mapping function models exhibit poorer accuracy in low-latitude, low-altitude, and oceanic regions. The VMF series mapping function models perform better in addressing differences arising from changes in altitude and latitude, and both the GMF and VMF series models show significant correction effects for oceanic stations. In terms of positioning accuracy in the U direction, the GMF, VMF3, and NMF mapping function models perform best in low-latitude, medium-latitude, and high-latitude regions, respectively. Overall, the GMF and VMF series mapping function models demonstrate superior performance in global PPP data processing.

, authors=Yahao ZHANG1, Qiang WEN1, *, authorsList=Yahao ZHANG, Qiang WEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiang WEN, authorNote=

ZHANG Yahao, postgraduate, majors in precise point positioning, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506344410755349, articleId=1322506337116860681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=精密单点定位中对流层延迟不同映射模型分析, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于全球77个GNSS测站观测数据,系统评估4种对流层延迟映射函数模型(GMF、NMF、VMF1、VMF3)的全球适用性及其对精密单点定位(PPP)精度的影响。采用PRIDE PPP-AR软件处理获得各测站天顶对流层延迟(ZTD),以欧洲定轨中心(CODE)发布的ZTD产品为基准,结合地理分区(低/中/高纬度、陆地/海洋、海拔梯度)开展模型性能对比分析。结果表明,现有对流层延迟映射函数模型在低纬度、低海拔、海洋区域精度较差,VMF系列映射函数模型在应对海拔、纬度变化引起的差异时表现较好,GMF和VMF系列映射函数模型对海洋测站改正效果比较显著;U方向定位精度方面,GMF、VMF3、NMF映射函数模型分别在低纬度、中纬度、高纬度表现最好,GMF和VMF系列映射函数模型在全球范围内PPP数据处理中效果较优。

, authors=张亚豪1, 温强1, *, authorsList=张亚豪, 温强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=温强, authorNote=

张亚豪,硕士生,主要研究方向为精密单点定位,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

温强,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为精密单点定位,E-mail:

WEN Qiang, PhD, assistant researcher, majors in precise point positioning, E-mail:

, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=oGvdtOYQaVmjFyMipMN6ag==, magXml=JcmY+AO4X55ERD0jh4bSHw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=P4wpTRyjy/BrtEwfUAnWjQ==, pdfFileSize=4528519, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=9f7UTdnG5u2hPHAcstItCw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7MxbkvfNZBNYgP6aU+eWCA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322506344771465498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506337116860681, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zyhcas@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322506344859545884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506337116860681, authorId=1322506344771465498, language=EN, stringName=Yahao ZHANG, firstName=Yahao, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, 340 Xudong Street, Wuhan 430077, China, bio={"content":"

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GNSS对流层误差模型研究及其气象学应用[D]. 武汉: 武汉大学, 2021, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322506355211088214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506337116860681, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Feng Peng. Research on GNSS Tropospheric Error Model and Its Meteorological Application[D]. 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Parameter settings

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模型/参数 参数设置
PPP模型 无电离层组合模型
解算模式 静态
采样间隔 30 s
精密轨道和钟差产品 WHU精密轨道/钟差
参数估计方法 基于最小二乘的消元法
对流层延迟先验模型 Saastamoninen
对流层延迟残差 随机游走模型(STO)
截止高度角 7°
对流层映射函数 GMF/NMF/VMF1/VMF3
梯度估计间隔 12 h
), ArticleFig(id=1322506350643491128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506337116860681, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型/参数 参数设置
PPP模型 无电离层组合模型
解算模式 静态
采样间隔 30 s
精密轨道和钟差产品 WHU精密轨道/钟差
参数估计方法 基于最小二乘的消元法
对流层延迟先验模型 Saastamoninen
对流层延迟残差 随机游走模型(STO)
截止高度角 7°
对流层映射函数 GMF/NMF/VMF1/VMF3
梯度估计间隔 12 h
), ArticleFig(id=1322506350723182905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506337116860681, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Distribution of stations with large deviations (RMSE>8 mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站名 经度/(°) 纬度/(°) 大地高/m
CHPG -45.00 -22.68 566.66
JOG2 110.37 -7.76 174.78
USUD 138.36 36.13 1509.03
ACRG -0.21 5.64 83.79
IISC 77.57 13.02 844.12
), ArticleFig(id=1322506350794486074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506337116860681, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

偏差较大的测站分布(RMSE>8 mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站名 经度/(°) 纬度/(°) 大地高/m
CHPG -45.00 -22.68 566.66
JOG2 110.37 -7.76 174.78
USUD 138.36 36.13 1509.03
ACRG -0.21 5.64 83.79
IISC 77.57 13.02 844.12
), ArticleFig(id=1322506350937092411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506337116860681, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Statistics of tropospheric delay resultsat different altitudes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站名 海拔/mRMSE/mm
GMF NMF VMF1 VMF3
BOGT 2 576.7 4.96 4.85 4.55 4.59
NKLG 31.4 6.11 6.27 6.01 6.01
DGAR -64.7 5.05 5.32 4.83 4.79
TASH 439.7 6.12 6.42 4.14 5.24
EBRE 107.3 3.98 4.04 3.86 3.84
GODE 14.5 6.00 6.31 4.89 4.72
), ArticleFig(id=1322506351029367100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506337116860681, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同海拔对流层延迟结果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站名 海拔/mRMSE/mm
GMF NMF VMF1 VMF3
BOGT 2 576.7 4.96 4.85 4.55 4.59
NKLG 31.4 6.11 6.27 6.01 6.01
DGAR -64.7 5.05 5.32 4.83 4.79
TASH 439.7 6.12 6.42 4.14 5.24
EBRE 107.3 3.98 4.04 3.86 3.84
GODE 14.5 6.00 6.31 4.89 4.72
), ArticleFig(id=1322506351339745597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506337116860681, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Statistics of tropospheric delay results at different latitudes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纬度 测站数bias/mm RMSE/mm
GMF NMF VMF1 VMF3 GMF NMF VMF1 VMF3
|E|≤30° 29 -0.12 -0.39 -0.33 -0.11 5.80 5.82 5.80 5.72
30°<|E|≤60° 36 0.77 1.26 0.29 0.30 4.35 4.42 4.46 4.46
|E|>60° 12 0.67 0.98 0.66 0.60 3.60 3.91 3.67 3.67
0°<|E|≤90° 77 0.43 0.61 0.12 0.21 4.83 4.91 4.88 4.85
), ArticleFig(id=1322506351415243071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506337116860681, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同纬度对流层延迟结果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纬度 测站数bias/mm RMSE/mm
GMF NMF VMF1 VMF3 GMF NMF VMF1 VMF3
|E|≤30° 29 -0.12 -0.39 -0.33 -0.11 5.80 5.82 5.80 5.72
30°<|E|≤60° 36 0.77 1.26 0.29 0.30 4.35 4.42 4.46 4.46
|E|>60° 12 0.67 0.98 0.66 0.60 3.60 3.91 3.67 3.67
0°<|E|≤90° 77 0.43 0.61 0.12 0.21 4.83 4.91 4.88 4.85
), ArticleFig(id=1322506351507517760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506337116860681, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

RMSE statistics of different latitudes in U direction

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纬度 测站数RMSE/mm
GMF NMF VMF1 VMF3
|E|≤30° 29 5.04 5.39 5.46 5.32
30°<|E|≤60° 36 6.12 6.33 5.87 5.80
|E|>60° 12 5.37 5.32 5.88 5.80
0°<|E|≤90° 77 5.60 5.82 5.72 5.62
), ArticleFig(id=1322506351813701953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506337116860681, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同纬度U方向RMSE统计

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纬度 测站数RMSE/mm
GMF NMF VMF1 VMF3
|E|≤30° 29 5.04 5.39 5.46 5.32
30°<|E|≤60° 36 6.12 6.33 5.87 5.80
|E|>60° 12 5.37 5.32 5.88 5.80
0°<|E|≤90° 77 5.60 5.82 5.72 5.62
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精密单点定位中对流层延迟不同映射模型分析
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张亚豪 1 , 温强 1, *
大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(10): 1020-1025
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (10) : 1020 -1025
精密单点定位中对流层延迟不同映射模型分析
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张亚豪1 , 温强1, *
作者信息
  • 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院大地测量与地球动力学国家重点实验室,武汉市徐东大街340号,430077
通讯作者:

温强,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为精密单点定位,E-mail:

WEN Qiang, PhD, assistant researcher, majors in precise point positioning, E-mail:

作者简介:

张亚豪,硕士生,主要研究方向为精密单点定位,E-mail:

Assessment of Different ZTD Mapping Functions for Precise Point Positioning
Yahao ZHANG1 , Qiang WEN1, *
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, 340 Xudong Street, Wuhan 430077, China
  • ZHANG Yahao, postgraduate, majors in precise point positioning, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.482
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基于全球77个GNSS测站观测数据,系统评估4种对流层延迟映射函数模型(GMF、NMF、VMF1、VMF3)的全球适用性及其对精密单点定位(PPP)精度的影响。采用PRIDE PPP-AR软件处理获得各测站天顶对流层延迟(ZTD),以欧洲定轨中心(CODE)发布的ZTD产品为基准,结合地理分区(低/中/高纬度、陆地/海洋、海拔梯度)开展模型性能对比分析。结果表明,现有对流层延迟映射函数模型在低纬度、低海拔、海洋区域精度较差,VMF系列映射函数模型在应对海拔、纬度变化引起的差异时表现较好,GMF和VMF系列映射函数模型对海洋测站改正效果比较显著;U方向定位精度方面,GMF、VMF3、NMF映射函数模型分别在低纬度、中纬度、高纬度表现最好,GMF和VMF系列映射函数模型在全球范围内PPP数据处理中效果较优。

GNSS  /  精密单点定位  /  天顶对流层延迟  /  映射函数模型  /  全球适用性

Based on observation data from 77 GNSS stations worldwide, this study systematically evaluates the global applicability of four tropospheric delay mapping function models(GMF, NMF, VMF1, VMF3) and their impact on the accuracy of precise point positioning(PPP). The zenith tropospheric delay(ZTD) for each station was obtained using the PRIDE PPP-AR software. With the ZTD products released by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe(CODE) as a reference, a comparative analysis of model performance was conducted across geographical zones(low/medium/high latitudes, land/ocean, and altitude gradients). The results indicate that the existing tropospheric delay mapping function models exhibit poorer accuracy in low-latitude, low-altitude, and oceanic regions. The VMF series mapping function models perform better in addressing differences arising from changes in altitude and latitude, and both the GMF and VMF series models show significant correction effects for oceanic stations. In terms of positioning accuracy in the U direction, the GMF, VMF3, and NMF mapping function models perform best in low-latitude, medium-latitude, and high-latitude regions, respectively. Overall, the GMF and VMF series mapping function models demonstrate superior performance in global PPP data processing.

GNSS  /  precise point positioning  /  zenith tropospheric delay  /  mapping function model  /  global applicability
张亚豪, 温强. 精密单点定位中对流层延迟不同映射模型分析. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (10) : 1020 -1025 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.482
Yahao ZHANG, Qiang WEN. Assessment of Different ZTD Mapping Functions for Precise Point Positioning[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (10) : 1020 -1025 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.482
GNSS信号在传播过程中,受对流层延迟影响出现路径弯曲和速度衰减,使GNSS观测值中含有天顶对流层延迟(ZTD)。在精密单点定位(PPP)处理中通常是将模型估计的天顶静力学延迟(ZHD)作为先验值,将天顶湿延迟(ZWD)作为参数进行估计,并通过映射函数模型投影到信号传播路径上去。对流层延迟作为影响GNSS信号传播的关键因素之一,不仅对定位精度构成挑战,还蕴含了底层大气圈丰富的水汽信息。因此,高精度对流层延迟映射函数对于精密定位和GNSS大气水汽反演具有重要意义[1]。
映射函数模型由早期简略三角函数形式逐渐向高精度动态映射函数模型发展,目前应用较为广泛的映射函数模型有全球投影函数(GMF)、尼尔映射函数(NMF)、维也纳映射函数1(VMF1)、维也纳映射函数3(VMF3)等。对流层延迟映射函数模型存在系统误差,对不同模型进行性能评估有助于高精度映射函数模型的建立[2]。对流层延迟映射函数模型不仅对高度角具有敏感性,还受到水汽、温度等环境参数的影响,虽然已有研究集中探讨了单一环境因素对ZTD先验模型的影响,但针对多重环境因素对映射函数的评估研究相对较少[3-6]。本文以全球范围内77个测站的观测值数据为例,从不同海拔、纬度、地理位置的角度出发,聚焦多重环境因素对映射函数的使用效果,基于当前现有的大地测量数据处理框架,深入探究不同对流层映射函数模型在不同地理区域的适应性问题。
双频无电离层组合模型能够消除电离层延迟一阶项,由于高阶项对于定位影响较小,可以忽略不计,因此该方法可以极大削弱电离层延迟对于GNSS观测值的影响,是PPP中常用的一种组合形式[7],其表达式为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}L_{\mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{s}}=\frac{f_1^2}{f_1^2-f_2^2} L_{\mathrm{r}, 1}^{\mathrm{s}}-\frac{f_2^2}{f_1^2-f_2^2} L_{\mathrm{r}, 2}^{\mathrm{s}}= \\\;\;\;\;\rho_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{r}}+c\left(\mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{r}}-\mathrm{d} t^{\mathrm{s}}\right)+\text { Tropep }_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}+ \\\;\;\;\;\lambda_{\mathrm{IF}}\left(B_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}-B_{\mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{s}}\right)+N_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{s}}+\varepsilon_{L_{\mathrm{IF}}} \\P_{\mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{s}}=\frac{f_1^2}{f_1^2-f_2^2} P_{\mathrm{r}, 1}^{\mathrm{s}}-\frac{f_2^2}{f_1^2-f_2^2} P_{\mathrm{r}, 2}^{\mathrm{s}}= \\\;\;\;\;\rho_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}+\mathrm{c}\left(\mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{r}}-\mathrm{d} t^{\mathrm{s}}\right)+\text { Tropr }_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}+ \\\;\;\;\;b_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}-b_{\mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{s}}+\varepsilon_{P_{\mathrm{IF}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,s、r和IF分别为卫星、接收机和无电离层组合值;LIFs和PIFs分别为载波相位观测值和伪距观测值,单位m;ρrs为卫星s到接收机r的几何距离;c为光速;dtr、dts、Br, IF、BIFs分别为接收机钟差、卫星钟差、接收机和卫星的载波相位硬件延迟;Troprs为对流层斜路径延迟;Nr, IFs为无电离层组合模糊度;br, IF和bIFs分别为接收机端和卫星端的硬件延迟;εLIF和εPIF分别为载波相位和伪距的观测噪声。
对流层斜路径延迟可以表示为[8]:
$\text { Trop }_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}=M_h \cdot \mathrm{ZHD}+M_w \cdot \mathrm{ZWD}$
式中,ZHD和ZWD分别为天顶方向的静力学延迟和湿延迟;Mh和Mw分别为静力学延迟和湿延迟的映射函数。此时,天顶方向的对流层延迟可以表达为:
$\mathrm{ZTD}=\mathrm{ZHD}+\mathrm{ZWD}$
在GNSS数据解算过程中,通常是根据先验对流层模型得到天顶静力学延迟的初值,然后将天顶湿延迟作为待求参数进行估计,最后将ZHD和ZWD之和作为ZTD的估计结果。
GMF、NMF、VMF1、VMF3模型均是连分式映射函数模型[9-11],区别在于静力学延迟和湿延迟系数求取方面存在差异。具体计算公式为:
$M_i=\frac{1+\frac{a_i}{1+\frac{b_i}{1+c_i}}}{\sin e+\frac{a_i}{\sin e+\frac{b_i}{\sin e+c_i}}}+v h_i \quad(i=h, w)$
式中,Mi与式(2)中含义一致,分别为静力学延迟和湿延迟的映射函数模型;ai、bi、ci为映射函数前的系数。为方便表述,将静力学延迟系数和湿延迟系数分别记为Ah(ah、bh、ch)和Aw(aw、bw、cw)。e表示卫星高度角,vhw=0,vhh为静力学延迟异常值,具体计算公式为:
$v h_d=10^{-3}\left[\frac{1}{\sin e}-\frac{1+\frac{a h}{1+\frac{b h}{1+c h}}}{\sin e+\frac{a h}{\sin e+\frac{b h}{\sin e+c h}}}\right] h_r$
式中,hr为测站正高(单位m),ah=2.53×10-5,bh=5.49×10-3,ch=1.14×10-3。
选取全球高、中、低纬度77个测站作为实验站(图 1),测站时间跨度为2023-03-01—31,观测数据从武汉大学IGS分析中心网站中下载。PPP处理参数设置见表 1。
采用武汉大学开源软件PRIDE PPP-AR进行PPP处理[12],数据采样间隔为30 s,精密星历、钟差、相位偏差和姿态产品均采用武汉大学分析中心(WHU)提供的快速精密产品(ftp://igs.gnsswhu.cn/pub/whu/phasebias)。为了获取天顶对流层延迟,采用GPT3模型提供的大气参数,用Saastamoninen模型估算ZHD和ZWD先验值。对于ZWD残余误差,使用随机游走模型估计,然后分别使用4种映射函数模型将估计的ZHD和ZWD映射至斜路径方向参与PPP处理,最后将ZHD和ZWD先验值与估算得到的ZWD残差相加得到ZTD。以CODE发布的小时分辨率的ZTD产品作为参考真值[13],分析不同映射函数在不同地区的差异特征。
采用RMSE和bias进行精度比较:
$\operatorname{bias}=\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(x_i-\bar{x}\right)$
$\text { RMSE }=\sqrt{\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(x_i-y_i\right)^2}{n-1}}$
式中,n为样本数据的总量;x1, x2…xn和y1, y2…yn分别为观测值和真值; ${\bar x}$为观测值的平均值。
为探究不同地理环境下PPP-ZTD之间的估计差异,评估对流层映射函数模型的选择对ZTD估计结果的影响,以全球范围内77个MGEX测站观测数据为例,将采用不同模型得到的对流层延迟与CODE分析中心发布的ZTD产品进行比较,结果见图 1和表 2。
从图 1发现,所有模型估计ZTD的RMSE均在4.5 mm左右,且不同模型在不同地区的精度不同。在南极和亚洲的东北部NMF模型估计效果较差,相比于GMF和VMF系列映射函数模型存在2 mm左右的偏差。在欧洲和北美洲,4种映射函数模型估计效果相当,能够达到3 mm的偏差。表 2给出了图 1中RMSE>8 mm的一些测站的信息,结合图 1和表 2可以发现,偏差较大的测站存在于低纬度地区,集中在赤道左右,并且都处于沿海位置,初步推测这些测站估计ZTD性能较差是因为赤道地区上空气流变化频繁,无法准确估计对流层延迟。鉴于以上结果,本文将从海拔、纬度、海陆环境3个角度具体分析不同地理环境下不同映射函数模型的估计性能。
海拔的变化直接影响着大气的压力和温度,随着海拔的升高,大气变得稀薄,气压降低,湿度减少,温度降低,这些因素都影响着映射函数的精度。
选取在相近纬度下具有较大高差跨度的测站,并将其分为2组进行分析,第1组是位于赤道附近的BOGT(2 576.7 m)、NKLG(31.4 m)和DGAR(-64.7 m),第2组是位于40°N附近的GODE(14.5 m)、EBRE(107.3 m)和TASH(439.7 m)。统计分析时以VMF3得到的结果为基准,计算其与其他映射函数之间的差异,结果见图 2(y轴表示其他映射函数与VMF3估计对流层延迟的差异,单位mm,x轴表示处理GNSS数据的时间刻度,e1、e2分别表示设计的2组实验,图 4(d)由于数据缺失并未绘制完整)。表 3给出了实验测站相比于ZTD真值的RMSE。
由图 2可知,VMF3与VMF1模型之间相关性最好,差异在±2 mm之内,GMF模型的效果次之,NMF模型偏差稍大,但也能够达到±10 mm之内。在图 4(a)、4(c)、4(e)中,BOGT测站海拔最高,每种映射函数之间的符合程度最好,NKLG与DGAR测站海拔较为接近,所以产生的结果类似。在图 4(b)、4(d)、4(f)中,GODE作为地理位置最低的测站,不同映射函数之间对于对流层延迟的估计性能差异较大,达到10 mm。
从表 3可以发现,海拔较高的测站,如BOGT测站,4种模型结果相当。对于海拔较低的测站,如GODE测站,VMF系列模型效果明显优于GMF和NMF模型,表明VMF系列映射函数模型在应对海拔变化引起的环境差异时表现更优。
综上所述,测站之间海拔高度的差异会导致不同映射函数之间的改正量存在差异。当测站处于高海拔位置时,无论使用哪种映射函数,都具有较高的稳定性,且各组结果之间的差异较小;当测站所处的海拔越低,各组对流层映射函数得到的对流层延迟差异越大,此时VMF系列映射函数模型明显优于GMF和NMF映射函数模型。在4种对流层映射函数中,NMF与VMF3模型的差异普遍最大,极值差大于10 mm,而VMF1与VMF3模型差异最小,极值差小于3 mm。
为探究映射函数在不同纬度之间的变化关系,以CODE的ZTD产品作为参考真值计算得到RMSE,并按照测站所在的纬度进行分类统计,分析不同纬度下不同模型估计ZTD结果的准确性,结果见表 4。
从表 4可以发现,所有模型估计出ZTD的RMSE差异不大,均在4 mm左右,NMF模型估计效果较差,与GMF和VMF系列映射函数模型存在1 mm左右的偏差。此外,RMSE与纬度具有较强的相关性,低纬度测站RMSE较高,高纬度测站RMSE较低。图 3为不同映射函数模型估计的对流层延迟RMSE随纬度的变化情况,图中x轴表示纬度,y轴表示不同映射函数下估计ZTD的RMSE,不同颜色的点表示纬度的不同。
从图 3可以看出,在低纬度地区中,极值区域并不是出现在赤道附近,而是集中于南北纬20°附近,这是因为:1)该地区受到大气环流作用导致水汽变化频繁,对流层延迟估计误差变大;2)该纬度地区绝大部分位于海面上,测站较少,无法对映射函数模型进行准确建模。在低高纬度地区使用不同映射函数模型得到的RMSE结果较为相似,而在中纬度地区,VMF系列映射函数模型明显要优于NMF映射函数模型。说明即使是目前已经较成熟的VMF3映射函数模型对某些特殊地形或者复杂环境信号的对流层斜路径改正效果依旧不够准确,但是GMF、VMF1、VMF3这些模型已经能够满足全球区域大部分环境下的对流层延迟改正,并得到较为准确的结果。
选取位于30°S~30°N的海洋和陆地部分测站进行分析(将位于海岸线1 km之内的测站认为是海洋测站)。对不同映射函数得到的PPP-ZTD结果差异的RMSE进行统计和分析,结果见图 4。可以看出,陆地测站估计精度优于海洋测站,RMSE平均值分别约为4 mm和7 mm。位于海洋附近的测站的解算结果受映射函数的影响较大,如CZTG测站。NLIB测站位于美国艾奥瓦州,估计结果偏差较大,可能是因为艾奥瓦州在2023-03发生暴雨事件,水汽变化幅度较大,导致ZTD估计的结果误差较大。
综上可知,不同对流层映射函数模型在不同海拔、纬度、海陆环境下存在显著差异,且GMF和VMF系列映射函数模型在应对这些环境差异带来的影响时表现更好。
对全球区域77个测站2023-03-01—31(采样率为30 s)的观测数据分别采用4种对流层映射函数模型进行模糊度固定解解算,然后利用CODE提供的SINEX文件中的测站坐标(视为真值),将4种模型下解算的空间直角坐标(X,Y,Z)转换为站心坐标(N,E,U),最后通过RMSE指标对4种模型进行比较,结果见表 5。由于对流层延迟对测站U方向的影响较为显著,因此以U方向为主要研究方向。
表 5给出了每种模型在不同纬度下U方向的RMSE,可以发现,在低纬度地区,GMF映射函数模型表现更好,相比于其他模型存在0.3 mm左右的差异;在中纬度地区,VMF系列映射函数模型要明显优于NMF模型,大约存在0.5 mm左右的差异,在VMF系列映射函数模型中,VMF3模型表现更好;在高纬度地区,NMF映射函数模型表现效果最好。不同模型差异在亚mm级别,这也说明了不同模型之间稳定性基本一致。总体而言,GMF和VMF模型略优于NMF模型。
1) 海拔越高,测站上空对流层延迟越稳定,4种模型之间的改正效果越相近。VMF系列映射函数模型在低海拔地区表现效果比较好。随着纬度的降低,基于不同模型估计的ZTD精度降低,极值区域出现在南北纬20°附近。VMF系列映射函数模型在面对纬度变化导致的环境差异时表现效果比较好。海洋测站上空ZTD差异要明显大于陆地测站,此时GMF和VMF系列映射函数模型改正效果比较显著。
2) 使用1个月的数据进行测站坐标精度对比,重点分析U方向的均方根误差。不同地区不同映射函数模型表现各有差异,在低纬度地区,GMF模型表现最好,VMF3模型更加适用于中纬度地区;在高纬度地区,NMF模型表现最优。考虑到所有的实验测站,无论采用何种映射函数模型都可以达到mm级别的定位精度,GMF和VMF模型略优于NMF模型。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42025401)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.482
  • 接收时间:2024-10-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-23
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42025401)
国家自然科学基金(42025401)
作者信息
    中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院大地测量与地球动力学国家重点实验室,武汉市徐东大街340号,430077

通讯作者:

温强,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为精密单点定位,E-mail:

WEN Qiang, PhD, assistant researcher, majors in precise point positioning, E-mail:

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