Article(id=1281933703555301476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1281909275651969257, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.315, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1758038400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783566412104, onlineDateStr=2026-07-09, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783566412104, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783566412104, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783566412104, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281909275651969257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='662', pageEnd='789', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783560588038, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783566454347, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281933881221812905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1281909275651969257, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281933881221812906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1281909275651969257, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=685, endPage=694, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281933703731462245, articleId=1281933703555301476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=On-Orbit Performance Assessment of Onboard Atomic Clocks for Galileo Eccentric-Orbit Satellites, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, 1 216 consecutive days of ESA precise clock products (January 2022 to April 2025) were analyzed by combining clock-fit parameters, frequency-stability metrics, and spectral analysis to assess the long-term behavior of the onboard clocks. Results show that E14 experienced three phase jumps and two frequency jumps during this period, more frequently than nominal circular-orbit satellites. Following the frequency jump in April 2024, its frequency drift and fitting accuracy deteriorated markedly: residual peaks exceeded 10 ns, and an anomalous periodicity of about 0.63 h emerged with increasing amplitude and no evident secondary component. The frequency stability simultaneously worsened, showing oscillatory behavior near 100 s. After another frequency jump in March 2025, both residuals and stability improved, with stability reaching 2.50×10-13, 6.52×10-14, and 9.70×10-14 at 100 s, 1 000 s, and 10 000 s, respectively. No dominant periodic term was observed afterward, but the drift exhibited a systematic bias, and a "dip" feature appeared near 4 000 s. In contrast, the co-orbital E18 satellite maintained stable performance throughout the same period, with fitting residuals confined within ±0.2 ns, no significant high-frequency periodic components, and frequency stability comparable to that of nominal MEO satellites, showing no anomalous behavior.

, authors=Yunlong BAI1, Le WANG1, 2, 3, *, Guanwen HUANG1, 2, 4, Shichao XIE1, 5, Wei XIE6, Yu CAO1, Lihong FAN6, authorsList=Yunlong BAI, Le WANG, Guanwen HUANG, Shichao XIE, Wei XIE, Yu CAO, Lihong FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Le WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281933708118704253, articleId=1281933703555301476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=伽利略偏心轨道卫星星载原子钟在轨性能评估分析, columnId=1281909276545356011, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用2022-01-2025-04连续1 216 d的ESA精密钟差产品, 结合钟差拟合参数、频率稳定度与频谱分析, 对星载原子钟开展长时序分析。结果表明, 在此期间E14发生3次相位跳变和2次频率跳变, 次数高于正常圆轨道卫星。2024-04频率跳变后, 其频漂和拟合精度下降, 残差峰值超10 ns, 并出现约0.63 h异常周期, 振幅不断增大且无显著次级周期, 同时频率稳定度下降, 在100 s附近表现出振荡; 2025-03再次频率跳变后, 残差和稳定度明显改善, 100 s、1 000 s、10 000 s的稳定度分别提升至2.50×10-13、6.52×10-14和9.70×10-14, 但无显著主导周期, 频漂存在系统性偏差, 且频率稳定度在4 000 s附近呈"凹陷"特征。相比之下, 同一轨道面的E18卫星钟在轨运行稳定, 拟合残差稳定在±0.2 ns, 无显著的高频周期项, 稳定度与正常圆轨道相近, 未出现异常现象。

, authors=白云龙1, 王乐1, 2, 3, *, 黄观文1, 2, 4, 解世超1, 5, 谢威6, 曹钰1, 范丽红6, authorsList=白云龙, 王乐, 黄观文, 解世超, 谢威, 曹钰, 范丽红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王乐, authorNote=

白云龙, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS精密钟差, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王乐, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为卫星精密数据处理及完好性技术, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5vcwVZJIM1TXNUmE/G5MkQ==, magXml=DtfC2+aMH2EkdGTidvPmkQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=/1ArJS/yhICT1EbOSr9+fQ==, pdfFileSize=2777728, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=evRHER/UXJtuath2Wg/RGg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=g3lmRDPVRJBcpFEpxYv58g==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1281933708886261905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933703555301476, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=baiyunlong@chd.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1281933708991119507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933703555301476, authorId=1281933708886261905, language=EN, stringName=Yunlong BAI, firstName=Yunlong, middleName=null, lastName=BAI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1281933709079199892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933703555301476, authorId=1281933708886261905, language=CN, stringName=白云龙, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安, 710054, bio={"content":"

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Partial orbital parameters of the three chosen FOC Galileo satellites

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PRN 系统编号 原子钟类型 轨道面 α/km e i/(°) T/h 发射日期 状态
E14 GSAT0202 氢钟Ext0227 977.6 0.162 49.850 12.97 2014-08-22 不可用
E18 GSAT0201 Ext01
E21 GSAT0215 A03 29 599.8 0.0 56.000 14.08 2017-12-12 可用
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3颗选定FOC Galileo卫星的部分参数信息

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PRN 系统编号 原子钟类型 轨道面 α/km e i/(°) T/h 发射日期 状态
E14 GSAT0202 氢钟Ext0227 977.6 0.162 49.850 12.97 2014-08-22 不可用
E18 GSAT0201 Ext01
E21 GSAT0215 A03 29 599.8 0.0 56.000 14.08 2017-12-12 可用
), ArticleFig(id=1281933716800913628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933703555301476, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of the frequency stability of the three selected Galileo satellite clocks

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PRN时段1(2024-04—2025-03) 时段2(2025-03—04)
τ=100 s τ=1 000 s τ=10 000 s τ=100 s τ=1 000 s τ=10 000 s
E14 1.45×10-12 2.13×10-12 9.67×10-14 2.50×10-13 6.52×10-14 9.70×10-14
E18 6.26×10-14 1.83×10-14 2.69×10-14 5.79×10-14 2.33×10-14 1.87×10-14
E21 8.61×10-14 1.82×10-14 1.17×10-14 8.45×10-14 1.75×10-14 1.12×10-14
), ArticleFig(id=1281933716884799709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933703555301476, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

所选3颗Galileo卫星钟的频率稳定度比较

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PRN时段1(2024-04—2025-03) 时段2(2025-03—04)
τ=100 s τ=1 000 s τ=10 000 s τ=100 s τ=1 000 s τ=10 000 s
E14 1.45×10-12 2.13×10-12 9.67×10-14 2.50×10-13 6.52×10-14 9.70×10-14
E18 6.26×10-14 1.83×10-14 2.69×10-14 5.79×10-14 2.33×10-14 1.87×10-14
E21 8.61×10-14 1.82×10-14 1.17×10-14 8.45×10-14 1.75×10-14 1.12×10-14
), ArticleFig(id=1281933716972880094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933703555301476, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Statistical results of kinematic PPP for the five selected stations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站S1 S2
收敛时间/min E/cm N/cm U/cm 收敛时间/min E/cm N/cm U/cm
BAMF 217.50 2.37 4.20 17.87 221.00 2.22 4.23 17.88
CHWK 57.00 4.08 1.81 14.70 79.00 3.80 5.05 14.13
HOLB 243.50 4.32 1.25 22.78 242.00 4.79 1.10 22.77
NANO 234.50 5.20 0.90 23.20 234.50 5.25 0.90 23.18
WILL 31.00 5.00 2.28 21.84 234.00 2.67 1.89 20.73
平均值 156.70 4.19 2.09 20.08 202.10 3.75 2.63 19.74
), ArticleFig(id=1281933717056766175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933703555301476, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

所选5个测站的动态PPP结果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站S1 S2
收敛时间/min E/cm N/cm U/cm 收敛时间/min E/cm N/cm U/cm
BAMF 217.50 2.37 4.20 17.87 221.00 2.22 4.23 17.88
CHWK 57.00 4.08 1.81 14.70 79.00 3.80 5.05 14.13
HOLB 243.50 4.32 1.25 22.78 242.00 4.79 1.10 22.77
NANO 234.50 5.20 0.90 23.20 234.50 5.25 0.90 23.18
WILL 31.00 5.00 2.28 21.84 234.00 2.67 1.89 20.73
平均值 156.70 4.19 2.09 20.08 202.10 3.75 2.63 19.74
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伽利略偏心轨道卫星星载原子钟在轨性能评估分析
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白云龙 1 , 王乐 1, 2, 3, * , 黄观文 1, 2, 4 , 解世超 1, 5 , 谢威 6 , 曹钰 1 , 范丽红 6
大地测量与地球动力学 | 大地测量学 2026,46(6): 685-694
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大地测量与地球动力学 |大地测量学 2026 , 46 (6) : 685 -694
伽利略偏心轨道卫星星载原子钟在轨性能评估分析
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白云龙, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS精密钟差, E-mail:

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白云龙, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS精密钟差, E-mail:

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白云龙1 , 王乐1, 2, 3, * , 黄观文1, 2, 4, 解世超1, 5, 谢威6, 曹钰1, 范丽红6
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安, 710054
  • 2 智能北斗陕西省高校工程研究中心, 西安, 710054
  • 3 陕西省黄河科学研究院, 西安, 710054
  • 4 自然资源部生态地质与灾害防控重点实验室, 西安, 710054
  • 5 河海大学地球科学与工程学院, 南京, 211100
  • 6 中国科学院国家授时中心, 西安, 710600
通讯作者:
王乐, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为卫星精密数据处理及完好性技术, E-mail:
作者简介:

白云龙, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS精密钟差, E-mail:

On-Orbit Performance Assessment of Onboard Atomic Clocks for Galileo Eccentric-Orbit Satellites
Yunlong BAI1 , Le WANG1, 2, 3, * , Guanwen HUANG1, 2, 4, Shichao XIE1, 5, Wei XIE6, Yu CAO1, Lihong FAN6
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 Engineering Research Center of Intelligent BDS, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 3 Shaanxi Yellow River Science Research Institute, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, MNR, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 5 School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
  • 6 National Time Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.315
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利用2022-01-2025-04连续1 216 d的ESA精密钟差产品, 结合钟差拟合参数、频率稳定度与频谱分析, 对星载原子钟开展长时序分析。结果表明, 在此期间E14发生3次相位跳变和2次频率跳变, 次数高于正常圆轨道卫星。2024-04频率跳变后, 其频漂和拟合精度下降, 残差峰值超10 ns, 并出现约0.63 h异常周期, 振幅不断增大且无显著次级周期, 同时频率稳定度下降, 在100 s附近表现出振荡; 2025-03再次频率跳变后, 残差和稳定度明显改善, 100 s、1 000 s、10 000 s的稳定度分别提升至2.50×10-13、6.52×10-14和9.70×10-14, 但无显著主导周期, 频漂存在系统性偏差, 且频率稳定度在4 000 s附近呈"凹陷"特征。相比之下, 同一轨道面的E18卫星钟在轨运行稳定, 拟合残差稳定在±0.2 ns, 无显著的高频周期项, 稳定度与正常圆轨道相近, 未出现异常现象。

Galileo  /  偏心轨道  /  E14  /  E18  /  钟差多项式拟合  /  频谱分析

In this study, 1 216 consecutive days of ESA precise clock products (January 2022 to April 2025) were analyzed by combining clock-fit parameters, frequency-stability metrics, and spectral analysis to assess the long-term behavior of the onboard clocks. Results show that E14 experienced three phase jumps and two frequency jumps during this period, more frequently than nominal circular-orbit satellites. Following the frequency jump in April 2024, its frequency drift and fitting accuracy deteriorated markedly: residual peaks exceeded 10 ns, and an anomalous periodicity of about 0.63 h emerged with increasing amplitude and no evident secondary component. The frequency stability simultaneously worsened, showing oscillatory behavior near 100 s. After another frequency jump in March 2025, both residuals and stability improved, with stability reaching 2.50×10-13, 6.52×10-14, and 9.70×10-14 at 100 s, 1 000 s, and 10 000 s, respectively. No dominant periodic term was observed afterward, but the drift exhibited a systematic bias, and a "dip" feature appeared near 4 000 s. In contrast, the co-orbital E18 satellite maintained stable performance throughout the same period, with fitting residuals confined within ±0.2 ns, no significant high-frequency periodic components, and frequency stability comparable to that of nominal MEO satellites, showing no anomalous behavior.

Galileo  /  eccentric-orbit  /  E14  /  E18  /  clock offset polynomial fitting  /  spectrum analysis
白云龙, 王乐, 黄观文, 解世超, 谢威, 曹钰, 范丽红. 伽利略偏心轨道卫星星载原子钟在轨性能评估分析. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (6) : 685 -694 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.315
Yunlong BAI, Le WANG, Guanwen HUANG, Shichao XIE, Wei XIE, Yu CAO, Lihong FAN. On-Orbit Performance Assessment of Onboard Atomic Clocks for Galileo Eccentric-Orbit Satellites[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (6) : 685 -694 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.315
Galileo系统的建设由欧洲空间局(ESA)和欧盟委员会(EC)联合发起,规划部署由24颗工作卫星与6颗备用卫星组成的30颗中圆地球轨道(MEO)卫星星座[1]。2024-09随着最后2颗第一代Galileo卫星成功入轨,系统整体稳健性进一步提升。而作为Galileo系统进入全面运行能力(FOC)阶段的首批卫星E14(GSAT0202)和E18(GSAT0201),于2014-08-22被送入偏离计划的轨道[2],为确保2颗卫星在轨安全,ESA联合多家机构制定了补救措施,借助剩余燃料进行分阶段多次变轨,将轨道偏心率由0.23降至0.16,修正后卫星姿态和电源稳定,导航和搜救载荷得以开通测试。短期测试后,2颗卫星一度作为备用卫星纳入可用序列,但根据2021-02-16发布的Galileo用户公告(NAGU),出于高精度用户兼容性与系统一致性考量,其健康标识度被设为“不可用(not usable)”,不再纳入Galileo开放服务卫星序列中。这一决定可能与早期研究指出两者卫星钟差异常导致实时动态定位(RTK)中每日存在周期性误差有关[3]
目前,这2颗卫星仍在运行并持续播发导航信号,但不参与定位解算。这并不意味着卫星闲置,一方面,其搜救载荷仍持续为国际COSPAS-SARSAT系统提供遇险信号中继服务[4];另一方面,2颗卫星也为Galileo系统提供了珍贵的冗余资源和在轨测试平台[5],在未来地面监控与技术保障能力进一步完善后,会被重新激活并纳入导航定位服务。此外,E14与E18卫星提供了独特的在轨观测条件,有学者选用其作为典型样本,探讨长期轨道摄动特性及相对论引力红移效应[6-8];另有学者专注于研究偏心轨道卫星对GNSS整体性能的影响,包括定位精度、信号空间测距误差(SISRE)与几何精度因子(DOP)分析[5, 9]。这些研究普遍指出,2颗卫星在精密定位服务中具备潜在的优势,但在实时服务中则需谨慎对待其可能引入的卫星星历误差[10]。也有学者就2颗偏心轨道卫星的精密定轨技术、钟差建模、导航信号质量评估及完好性监测等方面开展研究[11-14],验证被标记为“不可用”卫星在适当处理下安全且有效融入多星座组合定位服务的可行性与潜力,并给出轨道修正建议[15]
星载原子钟作为Galileo卫星导航系统的核心载荷,其性能优劣直接决定系统定位、导航与授时(PNT)服务水平[16],其中1 ns的卫星钟差将引起约0.3 m的测距误差[17]。在对四大全球卫星导航系统星载原子钟的性能评估中发现,多颗卫星的钟差拟合残差存在周期性波动,其中E14卫星最为显著,而目前尚无对该异常现象的系统分析与机理解释的研究。鉴于E14和E18卫星长期星地数据完备,且具有特殊性和代表性,本文聚焦于E14和E18卫星钟差的异常周期波动,对2颗偏心轨道卫星的星载原子钟开展长期性能评估与分析,揭示其时序性能与异常特征,为Galileo地面控制系统制定监测与重新启用策略提供参考依据。
高精度卫星钟差产品能够客观、精准地反映卫星钟差的实际性能[18-19]。目前,多家国际分析中心均提供Galileo卫星钟差产品[20-21],本文选用ESA发布的事后精密钟差产品,该产品数据连续性好,精度稳定,采样间隔30 s,覆盖2022-01-01—2025-04-30共1 216 d。同时,为对比E14、E18卫星与正常的圆轨道卫星,选取一颗配备氢原子钟(PHM)的圆轨道卫星作为对照。鉴于圆轨道搭载PHM的卫星钟整体表现较为稳定且差异较小,本文以E21为典型对照样本,作为圆轨道PHM卫星钟性能的参照基准。表 1列出了3颗选定Galileo卫星的参数信息。
星载原子钟在复杂太空环境中易受多种外界因素的影响,如光照、温度、磁场等[22],导致钟差数据出现异常,从而影响性能评价的客观性。为抑制异常值,本文采用中位数绝对偏差(MAD)方法对数据进行预处理[23]。为客观评价所选Galileo卫星钟的运行性能及物理特征,选用二次多项式模型对卫星钟差序列进行拟合,具体表达式[24-25]为:
$x_i=a_0+a_1\left(t_i-t_0\right)+a_2\left(t_i-t_0\right)^2+\varepsilon_i$
式中,tit0为观测历元和参考历元;a0a1a2为通过序贯最小二乘方法得到的相位、频率和频漂指标;xi为卫星钟差数据;εi为钟差拟合模型的拟合残差。模型拟合精度通过均方根误差(RMS)来衡量:
$\mathrm{RMS}=\sqrt{\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^N\left(\varepsilon_i\right)^2}{N}}$
式中,N为单日钟差数据的历元数量;εi为对应的拟合残差。
Galileo卫星钟差产品一般采用轨道确定与时间同步联合解算(ODTS)获得,因此钟差序列往往与轨道周期存在较强的耦合关系,从而呈周期性波动。已有研究表明,卫星钟差中的主要周期项并非星载原子钟自身引起[26],因此有必要进行周期项探测。针对钟差数据的离散特征,本文采用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)进行周期项分析:
$X_k=\sum\limits_{n=0}^{N-1} x_n \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{i} \frac{2 \pi}{N} k n}$
式中,xn为消除趋势后的钟差拟合残差序列;N为数据点数;$\mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{i} \frac{2 \pi}{N} k n} $个频率分量对应的频谱幅值。
频率稳定度反映原子钟频率输出受噪声等因素影响的波动程度[27]。对于频漂较小的氢钟,频率稳定度通常使用重叠阿伦方差(AVAR)进行估计,相比于经典阿伦方差,重叠阿伦方差能更有效地提高稳定度估计的置信水平,其计算公式[28]为:
$\begin{gathered}\sigma_y(\tau)= \\\sqrt{\frac{1}{2(N-2 m) \tau^2} \sum_{i=1}^{N-2 m}\left(x_{i+2 m}-2 x_{i+m}+x_i\right)^2}\end{gathered}$
式中,σy(τ)为频率稳定度;N为数据点数;τ=0为平滑时间,其中m为平滑因子,τ0为采样间隔,τ0=30 s。本文取m为4、34和334,即τ为120 s、1 020 s和10 020 s来表征单日内的100 s、1 000 s和10 000 s稳定度。
本文所选3颗Galileo卫星钟的在轨性能评估流程如图 1所示。
相位表示原子钟输出时间相对于系统参考时间的瞬时偏差,是钟差最基本的表征量。图 2为3颗Galileo卫星钟的相位序列,期间E14、E18和E21卫星钟分别发生3次、3次和1次相位跳变。理论上,搭载氢原子钟的Galileo卫星相位应呈现近似线性趋势。然而,E14卫星钟自2024-04发生相位跳变后出现明显的非线性趋势,且在2025-03初相位序列呈现显著下降趋势;E18卫星钟的相位序列变化稳定,整体呈线性上升趋势。一般而言,Galileo卫星钟相位跳变通常源于2类因素:1)星载原子钟长期运行导致硬件老化,钟差误差累积至一定程度时,地面运控站进行主动时间同步修正;2)星载主原子钟与热备原子钟之间发生切换,每颗Galileo卫星通常装载4台原子钟(2台PHM与2台Rb),主备钟切换时可能会导致明显的相位跳变[19]
综合分析Galileo星座所有卫星钟的相位跳变次数发现,2颗偏心轨道卫星平均跳变次数为3次,明显高于圆轨道卫星的平均值1.21次,这种现象可能是偏心轨道卫星运行环境更为复杂、卫星服役时间较长导致硬件老化所致。根据NAGU内容显示,2024-04-06 Galileo星座服务曾出现精度下降的情况,其中受影响卫星中包括E14卫星,且星座整体服务性能一度跌至服务定义文件所规定的最低水平,约1 h后恢复正常,结合本文相位序列分析,E14的相位跳变时间与该事件高度一致。
频率是相邻历元相位差归一化得到的相对频率偏移,用于反映钟速的瞬时变化。图 3为所选3颗Galileo卫星钟的频率序列,期间E14、E18和E21卫星钟分别发生了2次、3次和1次频率跳变。Galileo卫星钟的频率跳变通常源于2个方面:一是地面运控站为维持钟差输出精度实施的调频操作;二是卫星主备原子钟切换,由于不同原子钟性能参数存在差异,切换过程会导致频率斜率显著变化[28]
理论上,PHM原子钟的频漂不显著,频率序列斜率应接近0,一旦显著偏离则需重点关注。由图 3可见,E14卫星在2024-04前频率序列稳定,斜率接近0,且频率跳变前后斜率无明显变化,推测源于地面调频操作。然而,2024-04起其频率序列呈持续增大的非线性变化趋势,斜率明显偏离0;2025-03初其频率再次显著跳变,数值与斜率均发生明显变化,此次事件可能与主备原子钟切换有关;而E18卫星钟的频率跳变前后变化稳定,可能为地面运控站的调频操作。
频漂反映卫星钟输出频率的长期稳定性,是衡量星载原子钟老化状态的重要指标。图 4显示,E18和E21卫星钟的频漂RMS分别为2.74×10-17 s和1.41×10-17 s。理论上PHM原子钟的频漂并不显著,但评估期间E14卫星钟的频漂RMS高达3.49×10-16 s,较轨道环境相似的E18高近1个量级。图 4中RMS1、RMS2分别表示E14卫星钟2024-04前、后的RMS统计值,可以看出,E14卫星钟2024-04前频漂较稳定,与E21相近,但2024-04后频漂显著增大并持续恶化;2025-03频率跳变后,频漂相比之前明显偏离0值且呈现系统性偏差。由此推测,2024-04后E14卫星钟所装载的PHM原子钟大概率发生异常,2025-03的频率跳变可能为主备原子钟切换导致。
拟合残差与拟合精度可有效表征星载原子钟的噪声水平,对于提升卫星钟差预报的可靠性与精度具有重要意义[23]图 5显示,E14卫星钟2024-04前拟合残差稳定在±0.3 ns以内,之后迅速增大,2025年峰值超过±10 ns;相比之下,轨道环境相似的E18残差稳定在±0.2 ns以内,表明E14卫星钟的异常可能不源于轨道环境,更可能由原子钟自身老化或故障所致。然而,2025-03初该异常现象明显改善,综合前述分析推测此时可能存在星载原子钟的切换操作。
整体而言,Galileo星座卫星钟精度表现优异,绝大多数搭载PHM原子钟的卫星拟合精度稳定在0.3 ns以内,体现了系统大规模、常态化采用高精度PHM原子钟所具备的性能优势。图 6中正方形与三角形分别代表2024-04前与后的钟差平均拟合精度,可以看出, E14卫星钟拟合精度在频率跳变后显著改善至0.48 ns,较跳变前提升约66%。
为分析所选3颗Galileo卫星钟的周期特征,本文基于1 216 d精密钟差数据进行预处理与去趋势处理,并采用8 d滑动窗口进行频谱分析[26], 图 7为2024年起连续486 d的钟差拟合残差频谱结果。在2024-04—2025-03期间,E14卫星钟存在一个特殊的周期波动,周期约为0.63 h,其振幅总体呈现上升趋势,峰值接近6 ns。同时,E14卫星钟的低频长周期振幅亦呈现增强趋势,并在0.025 Hz与0.030 Hz频段伴随高频噪声,峰值虽小但逐渐升高。值得注意的是,该异常在2025-03后消失,未再观测到明显的异常波动。相比之下,E18卫星钟虽轨道环境相似,却未出现类似的特殊周期波动,仅在300 d之后有部分振幅不超过0.6 ns的低频噪声;圆轨道的E21卫星钟表现稳定,未出现明显的异常高频噪声,振幅控制在0.12 ns以内,体现出优良的钟差拟合精度。
图 8为3颗Galileo卫星钟在1 216 d观测期内振幅最大的前3个主导周期(周期1、周期2、周期3)。其中,主导周期通过对钟差残差序列进行快速傅里叶变换,并在正频率范围内按谱幅大小排序,选取幅度最高的3个频率分量来确定。除E14和E18外,其余Galileo卫星均为典型MEO卫星,2类卫星的轨道周期见表 1。分析表明,无异常时E14卫星钟的主周期为6.5 h和13 h,其中6.5 h最显著。但2024-04起E14出现新的0.63 h周期项,并取代原有主周期成为第一主导周期,且无明显的第二、第三主导周期,推测与其星载原子钟异常有关。相比之下,E18卫星钟主周期同样为6.5 h和13 h,但以13 h最显著;E21卫星钟主周期为7 h和14 h,7 h为第一主周期。总体上,主周期通常与轨道周期的1/2或1倍一致,这主要源于ESA精密钟差产品采用ODTS方法计算,使钟差与轨道周期存在耦合关系[25]。E14卫星钟的0.63 h异常周期项,可能源于星载原子钟出现异常,目前尚无明确成因。值得注意的是,该异常在2025-03频率跳变后消失,可能得益于星载原子钟的切换。同时,异常期间E14卫星钟的6.5 h和13 h周期项并未消失,其谱峰功率呈上升趋势。此外,E14卫星钟的异常起始时间与IGS2024年度技术报告所示一致,二者均指向性能衰退来自星载原子钟本身而非轨道异常[30]
图 9为通过重叠阿伦方差方法计算得到的长时序频率稳定度变化[29],涵盖100 s、1 000 s和10 000 s三种时间尺度,相关稳定度统计均值见表 2。结合图 3频率分析结果可知,E14卫星钟在2024-04前虽发生过频率跳变,但属于地面运控站的常规调频操作,对100 s、1 000 s和10 000 s稳定度影响不显著。然而在2024-04—2025-02其频率稳定度明显恶化,100 s和1 000 s稳定度分别上升至约4.0×10-12和7.0×10-12,主要受0.63 h周期项振幅持续增大的影响。虽然10 000 s稳定度受该噪声影响较小,但仍呈小幅上升趋势。相比之下,E18与E21卫星钟频率稳定度整体较为平稳,其中圆轨道的E21卫星钟在10 000 s稳定度表现更优,而E18卫星钟在10 000 s比1 000 s稳定度波动范围更大。统计结果显示,E14卫星钟的平均稳定度分别为1.45×10-12、2.13×10-12和9.67×10-14,在星座中仅优于已退役的E01。但值得注意的是,2025-03频率跳变后,E14卫星钟的上述异常现象消失,稳定性显著改善并趋于平稳,平均稳定度分别为2.50×10-13、6.52×10-14、9.70×10-14,但仍低于E18和E21。
除长时序稳定度外,本文还开展了单天尺度的频率稳定度分析。图 10(a)10(b)分别为2025-03-04和03-08的重叠阿伦方差结果。由图 10(a)可见,尽管E14与E18卫星均搭载PHM原子钟,但其频率稳定性差异显著,E14卫星钟的稳定度数值比E18高出近2个数量级,并在100 s后开始呈现明显的周期性振荡,这与其0.63 h周期波动紧密相关。相比之下,E18卫星钟600 s之前的稳定度表现甚至优于正常圆轨道卫星E21,而在更长时间尺度上,E21卫星钟表现更稳定;E18卫星钟在1 000 s附近还出现“凸起”特征,其1 000 s稳定度为2.84×10-14。由图 10(b)可见,E14卫星钟在2025-03频率跳变后稳定性显著改善,周期性振荡消失,整体稳定度提高约1个数量级。值得注意的是,其在4 000 s附近呈现“凹陷”现象,且之后稳定度随平滑时间增加逐渐变差。
图 11为2种不同策略下的Galileo单系统动态PPP结果,策略S1为在解算中纳入经特殊处理后的E14与E18卫星,策略S2为Galileo单系统定位策略(无E14和E18卫星),其中特殊处理指在定位解算中不依据卫星健康度标志屏蔽E14与E18,使其与其他Galileo卫星共同参与解算。为确保对比一致性,收敛起始时间设定在E14卫星过境开始时,选取IGS的5个测站,实验日期为2025-03-11,即E14卫星在频率跳变后0.63 h异常周期消失后的时期。
综合图 11表 3可知,在策略S1下,各测站的动态PPP收敛时间整体较S2更短,部分测站在2种策略下差异不大,但仍有多站在S1下实现更早收敛,其中WILL站的改善最为突出,主要源于其N方向收敛明显加快,从而显著缩短了整体收敛时间。与此同时,5个测站平均统计结果显示,策略S1的收敛起始时刻可见, 卫星数由7颗增至8颗,PDOP从1.87降至1.61,几何强度提升约14%,说明在纳入2颗偏心轨道卫星后,初始几何构型得到了一定的改善。总体来看,在适当处理后引入2颗偏心轨道卫星能够改善Galileo单系统PPP的几何构型,使收敛过程更为平滑可靠。虽然最终收敛精度在2种策略间差异有限,但结果明确表明, E14与E18卫星的加入具备有效融入定位服务的可行性与潜力。需要指出的是,2颗偏心轨道卫星当前仍面临一定的问题[3],但随着Galileo系统运营策略的不断调整及接收机厂商在软硬件层面的优化,其重新启用的时间有望进一步加快。
本文基于ESA发布的事后精密钟差产品,对伽利略E14和E18卫星星载原子钟开展了长时序性能评估与异常特征分析,得出以下结论:
1) E14卫星钟在2024-04相位跳变后,相位与频率序列均呈现非线性上升趋势,伴随频漂与拟合残差波动范围显著扩大,拟合精度下降。2025-03频率跳变后,其异常现象消失,钟差特性显著改善,可能与星载原子钟切换有关。但其频漂序列中仍存在系统性偏移,可能与地面主控操作或原子钟异常有关。相比之下,E18卫星钟在轨运行期间整体表现稳定,各项指标略低于正常圆轨道卫星。
2) E14卫星钟在2024-04后出现约0.63 h的异常周期波动,振幅随时间增大且无显著次级、三级周期。该异常在2025-03频率跳变后消失,此后100 s和1 000 s稳定度显著改善,10 000 s稳定度变化不大;亚天尺度下周期性振荡消除,但在4 000 s附近出现“凹陷”特征。相比之下,E18卫星钟在整个分析时段频率稳定度表现良好,未出现类似异常。同时,在经过适当处理后,2颗偏心轨道卫星仍体现出重新融入定位服务体系的应用潜力。
3) 整体来看,Galileo系统得益于大规模装载高精度PHM原子钟,在轨精度与稳定性表现突出。除E14卫星钟和部分Rb型原子钟外,其余卫星钟差拟合精度平均为0.084 ns,10 000 s稳定度处于10-14量级,体现出优异的时频性能。Galileo卫星钟的主周期通常与其轨道周期的1/2或1倍一致,主要源于ODTS方法解算中钟差与轨道周期的耦合效应。
值得关注的是,E14卫星钟的异常周期成因目前尚不明确,考虑到2颗偏心轨道卫星在PNT服务中的潜力,未来有必要结合多层面深入探讨,并为其他系统原子钟异常机理研究提供借鉴。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42374025)
  • 长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102265503)
  • 长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102261301)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.315
  • 接收时间:2025-09-17
  • 首发时间:2026-07-09
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-17
基金
国家自然科学基金(42374025)
长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102265503)
长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102261301)
作者信息
    1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安, 710054
    2 智能北斗陕西省高校工程研究中心, 西安, 710054
    3 陕西省黄河科学研究院, 西安, 710054
    4 自然资源部生态地质与灾害防控重点实验室, 西安, 710054
    5 河海大学地球科学与工程学院, 南京, 211100
    6 中国科学院国家授时中心, 西安, 710600

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王乐, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为卫星精密数据处理及完好性技术, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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