Article(id=1322570915259470152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322570898712937423, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.462, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767110400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793255078376, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793255078376, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793255078376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793255078376, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322570898712937423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='522', pageEnd='661', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793255074432, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793255074432, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=618, endPage=627, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322570916836528458, articleId=1322570915259470152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Three-Dimensional Deformation Monitoring of Mining Areas Combining SBAS-InSAR and Offset-Tracking Technologies, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Conventional SBAS-InSAR methods are limited by their inability to capture the full dimensionality of deformation, making it difficult to effectively represent three-dimensional (3D) surface displacements in mining areas. To address this issue, this study proposes a 3D deformation inversion method that integrates ascending and descending SAR data by combining SBAS-InSAR with Offset-Tracking techniques. Using the Liuhuanggou coal mine as a case study, experiments were conducted to derive the 3D surface deformation field. The inversion results were systematically analyzed in terms of subsidence magnitude, affected area, and spatial distribution. Furthermore, leveling data were employed to compare the accuracy of the proposed 3D deformation inversion method with conventional ascending and descending SBAS-InSAR 2D deformation results. This comparison aimed to evaluate the advantages of the 3D decomposition approach over existing 2D methods. The findings indicate that the 3D inversion method aligns more closely with actual leveling data and achieves higher inversion accuracy than the 2D approach. The proposed method enhances the monitoring precision of SBAS-InSAR to a certain extent and expands its measurement dimensionality, thereby providing a novel and effective technical reference for surface deformation monitoring in mining areas.

, authors=Min JI1, 2, 3, Keke CHE1, Zhaomin ZHANG4, 5, Fengke DOU5, Mengtong MA1, *, authorsList=Min JI, Keke CHE, Zhaomin ZHANG, Fengke DOU, Mengtong MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mengtong MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322570919038538082, articleId=1322570915259470152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=联合SBAS-InSAR与Offset-Tracking技术的矿区三维形变监测, columnId=1322566785874908034, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=特色栏目: 地震大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对常规SBAS-InSAR方法形变监测维度不足, 难以有效反映矿区地表三维形变的问题, 在SBAS-InSAR技术的基础上, 联合Offset-Tracking技术, 构建一种融合升降轨SAR数据的三维形变解算方法。以硫磺沟煤矿为例, 进行矿区地表三维形变解算实验, 得到三维形变反演结果, 并对沉降量级、影响范围及空间分布进行系统分析。引入水准数据, 将三维形变反演结果与传统升降轨SBAS-InSAR二维形变结果进行精度对比验证, 分析三维分解方法相对于现有二维分解方法的优势, 发现三维解算方法较二维方法更加贴合实际水准数据, 反演精度更高。结果表明, 构建的三维解算方法在一定程度上提高了SBAS-InSAR的监测精度, 拓展了SBAS-InSAR技术的监测维度, 为矿区地表形变监测提供了一种新型有效的技术参考。

, authors=季民1, 2, 3, 车可可1, 张兆民4, 5, 窦凤珂5, 马梦彤1, *, authorsList=季民, 车可可, 张兆民, 窦凤珂, 马梦彤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马梦彤, authorNote=

季民, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为矿山环境监测与评估、自然资源监测与评价, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
马梦彤, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为InSAR形变监测, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=JhQ1HvLssZCOJr9lmRzXPw==, magXml=6F54EFMEgljF/GCAZOEJ8A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=gT8NCfsky5tR/2I7Jlgi6g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=afZomxkqE5A8Wdg3aRQ0WQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322570921450262900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570915259470152, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=jamesjimin@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322570921571897720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570915259470152, authorId=1322570921450262900, language=EN, stringName=Min JI, firstName=Min, middleName=null, lastName=JI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1 College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
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季民, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为矿山环境监测与评估、自然资源监测与评价, E-mail:

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季民, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为矿山环境监测与评估、自然资源监测与评价, E-mail:

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Geocarto International, 2022, 37 (27): 16370- 16397, articleTitle=Accuracy Verification and Correction of Ascending and Descending SBAS-and MSBAS-InSAR in Monitoring Mining Surface Subsidence, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322570939959726516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570915259470152, awardId=2024CXPT101, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省重点研发计划(2024CXPT101), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322570919353110883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570915259470152, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322570919361499492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570915259470152, companyId=1322570919353110883, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China), 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Sentinel-1 data and SBAS-InSAR processing parameters

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参数 升轨数据 降轨数据 备注
影像数量 27景 24景 总计51景
时间跨度 2020-05—2021-12 间隔12 d
垂直基线阈值 150 m 控制地形相位误差
时间基线阈值 12~48 d 控制时间去相干
有效干涉对数量 182对 156对 基于基线阈值筛选
), ArticleFig(id=1322570939557073329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570915259470152, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Sentinel-1数据及SBAS-InSAR处理参数

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参数 升轨数据 降轨数据 备注
影像数量 27景 24景 总计51景
时间跨度 2020-05—2021-12 间隔12 d
垂直基线阈值 150 m 控制地形相位误差
时间基线阈值 12~48 d 控制时间去相干
有效干涉对数量 182对 156对 基于基线阈值筛选
), ArticleFig(id=1322570939640959410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322570915259470152, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

RMSE between vertical subsidence values and leveling data

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H1~H67 T1~T30 平均值
升轨/mm 8.000 0 6.000 0 7.000 0
降轨/mm 11.000 0 4.900 0 7.950 0
二维分解垂直向/mm 7.642 4 5.440 2 6.541 3
三维分解垂直向/mm 7.000 0 5.000 0 6.000 0
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垂向沉降值和水准数据之间的RMSE

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H1~H67 T1~T30 平均值
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降轨/mm 11.000 0 4.900 0 7.950 0
二维分解垂直向/mm 7.642 4 5.440 2 6.541 3
三维分解垂直向/mm 7.000 0 5.000 0 6.000 0
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联合SBAS-InSAR与Offset-Tracking技术的矿区三维形变监测
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季民 1, 2, 3 , 车可可 1 , 张兆民 4, 5 , 窦凤珂 5 , 马梦彤 1, *
大地测量与地球动力学 | 特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026,46(5): 618-627
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大地测量与地球动力学 |特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026 , 46 (5) : 618 -627
联合SBAS-InSAR与Offset-Tracking技术的矿区三维形变监测
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3 北斗导航智能空间信息技术及应用山东省工程研究中心, 青岛, 266590, bio={"content":"

季民, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为矿山环境监测与评估、自然资源监测与评价, E-mail:

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季民, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为矿山环境监测与评估、自然资源监测与评价, E-mail:

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季民1, 2, 3 , 车可可1, 张兆民4, 5, 窦凤珂5, 马梦彤1, *
作者信息
  • 1 山东科技大学测绘与空间信息学院, 青岛, 266590
  • 2 山东省矿井上下导航与监测重点实验室, 青岛, 266590
  • 3 北斗导航智能空间信息技术及应用山东省工程研究中心, 青岛, 266590
  • 4 山东建筑大学测绘地理信息学院, 济南, 250101
  • 5 山东省煤田地质规划勘察研究院, 济南, 250104
通讯作者:
马梦彤, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为InSAR形变监测, E-mail:
作者简介:

季民, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为矿山环境监测与评估、自然资源监测与评价, E-mail:

Three-Dimensional Deformation Monitoring of Mining Areas Combining SBAS-InSAR and Offset-Tracking Technologies
Min JI1, 2, 3 , Keke CHE1, Zhaomin ZHANG4, 5, Fengke DOU5, Mengtong MA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 2 Shandong Key Laboratory of Mine Surface and Underground Navigation and Monitoring, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 3 Beidou Navigation Intelligent Space Information Technology Application, Shandong Engineering Research Center, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 4 School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
  • 5 Shandong Provincial Research Institute of Coal Geology Planning and Exploration, Jinan 250104, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.462
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针对常规SBAS-InSAR方法形变监测维度不足, 难以有效反映矿区地表三维形变的问题, 在SBAS-InSAR技术的基础上, 联合Offset-Tracking技术, 构建一种融合升降轨SAR数据的三维形变解算方法。以硫磺沟煤矿为例, 进行矿区地表三维形变解算实验, 得到三维形变反演结果, 并对沉降量级、影响范围及空间分布进行系统分析。引入水准数据, 将三维形变反演结果与传统升降轨SBAS-InSAR二维形变结果进行精度对比验证, 分析三维分解方法相对于现有二维分解方法的优势, 发现三维解算方法较二维方法更加贴合实际水准数据, 反演精度更高。结果表明, 构建的三维解算方法在一定程度上提高了SBAS-InSAR的监测精度, 拓展了SBAS-InSAR技术的监测维度, 为矿区地表形变监测提供了一种新型有效的技术参考。

三维形变监测  /  矿区形变  /  SBAS-InSAR  /  Offset-Tracking  /  硫磺沟煤矿

Conventional SBAS-InSAR methods are limited by their inability to capture the full dimensionality of deformation, making it difficult to effectively represent three-dimensional (3D) surface displacements in mining areas. To address this issue, this study proposes a 3D deformation inversion method that integrates ascending and descending SAR data by combining SBAS-InSAR with Offset-Tracking techniques. Using the Liuhuanggou coal mine as a case study, experiments were conducted to derive the 3D surface deformation field. The inversion results were systematically analyzed in terms of subsidence magnitude, affected area, and spatial distribution. Furthermore, leveling data were employed to compare the accuracy of the proposed 3D deformation inversion method with conventional ascending and descending SBAS-InSAR 2D deformation results. This comparison aimed to evaluate the advantages of the 3D decomposition approach over existing 2D methods. The findings indicate that the 3D inversion method aligns more closely with actual leveling data and achieves higher inversion accuracy than the 2D approach. The proposed method enhances the monitoring precision of SBAS-InSAR to a certain extent and expands its measurement dimensionality, thereby providing a novel and effective technical reference for surface deformation monitoring in mining areas.

three-dimensional deformation monitoring  /  mine area deformation  /  SBAS-InSAR  /  Offset-Tracking  /  Liuhuanggou coal mine
季民, 车可可, 张兆民, 窦凤珂, 马梦彤. 联合SBAS-InSAR与Offset-Tracking技术的矿区三维形变监测. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (5) : 618 -627 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.462
Min JI, Keke CHE, Zhaomin ZHANG, Fengke DOU, Mengtong MA. Three-Dimensional Deformation Monitoring of Mining Areas Combining SBAS-InSAR and Offset-Tracking Technologies[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (5) : 618 -627 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.462
大规模开采矿产资源在推动经济增长的同时,易引发地表形变与塌陷等灾害,威胁矿区设施与生态安全[1-2]。实现精准、高效的地表形变监测,掌握其时空演变规律,对保障矿区安全、优化开采及灾害防控具有重要意义[3-5]。
传统监测手段(如水准测量、GPS)精度虽高,但存在效率低、空间覆盖有限、成本较高等问题,难以满足矿区大范围、持续监测的需求[6]。合成孔径雷达干涉(interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR)测量技术,特别是短基线集合成孔径雷达干涉(small baseline subset InSAR,SBAS-InSAR)测量方法,为大范围沉降监测与预测提供了有效途径[7-8]。该技术由Berardino等[9]在2002年提出,目前应用主要分为2类:一是基于单一升轨或降轨数据,获取视线向(LOS)一维形变,如芮昌龙等[10]利用降轨Sentinel-1A数据监测云南小龙潭矿区,识别出边坡灾害集中区。但该应用方式存在观测维度缺失、形变中心定位偏差等问题[11-12]。二是结合升降轨数据解算二维形变,可分离垂直与东西向位移,校正沉降中心。闫高翔[13]与于冰等[14]分别针对滑坡与采矿区开展二维形变分析,验证了该方法的有效性。但该应用方式在大梯度形变区易出现失相干问题,影响监测精度。
由于矿区形变具有三维特征,一维或二维监测难以完整反映真实形变,可能导致趋势误判。现有三维研究多依赖多源数据融合,如周泊辰[15]结合TerraSAR-X与Sentinel-1A数据探测南水北调段三维异常,但在仅有升、降轨数据时适用性受限。为此,本研究拟融合SBAS-InSAR与偏移量追踪(Offset-Tracking)技术,基于升、降轨数据解算三维时序形变,对结果特征与精度进行评估。
硫磺沟煤矿地处准噶尔盆地南缘,头屯河西岸,具体范围见图 1。矿区呈不规则带状展布,东西延伸1.0~5.1 km,南北跨度0.7~1.8 km,总面积约6.28 km2。矿区区位优势显著:东距乌鲁木齐市49 km,北距昌吉市50 km,东北方向24 km处为乌鲁木齐西站,18 km处毗邻新疆八一钢铁集团公司。
研究区地形特征表现为北高南低,海拔1 200~1 500 m,最大高差达300 m。区域山脉主体沿NE-SW方向延伸。气候属典型大陆性干旱类型,年均气温7.2 ℃,降水193.6 mm(集中于夏季),蒸发量1 755 mm,无霜期164 d,相较于冬、夏两季,春、秋季节持续时间更长,冬季温和少雪。
影像数据采用欧洲空间局(ESA)提供的Sentinel-1升轨与降轨SLC数据,时间覆盖2020-05—2021-12,共计51景影像,所用影像间隔为12 d,较短的观测周期可有效减弱时间去相关等因素对干涉相位的影响。
辅助数据采用地理空间信息云服务平台提供的分辨率为30 m的ASTER GDEM产品及与影像日期对应的精密轨道文件,以消除地形相位及轨道误差对沉降结果的影响。
除上述数据外,本研究还整合了其他外部数据以支持分析验证,如研究区矢量数据(来源于新疆维吾尔自治区地理信息公共服务平台)及水准数据(来源于矿区实测)。
SBAS-InSAR技术利用多个时间相近、基线较短的SAR影像进行干涉处理,主要针对分布式散射体(distributed scatterers,DS),如农田、沙漠、植被覆盖区等,适用于地表覆盖较复杂、缺乏稳定散射体的地区,能够较好地抑制时空失相干影响,其广泛应用于各类形变监测当中,如滑坡、矿区形变[16-17]等。该方法通过构建多个干涉对,并限制其时间与空间基线长度,以降低因基线过长引起的时空去相关,从而提高形变提取的相干性和稳定性[18-19]。
Offset-Tracking技术通过在2期影像上设定特定的搜索窗口,并利用互相关算法估算地表形变与轨道误差共同作用下的总位移量[20]。该方法主要包括2种实现路径:基于影像强度的强度追踪法与基于相位相干性的相干性追踪法[21]。前者依赖影像的幅度信息,对相干性要求较低,适用于失相干严重或地表特征变化显著的区域;后者依赖相位稳定性,在高相干区域具备更高精度。鉴于本研究区存在明显的形变梯度及较强的时空去相关现象,故选用基于影像强度的强度追踪算法,以提高在低相干条件下的形变提取能力,为后续形变分析提供稳定可靠的输入数据。结合卫星轨道数据,可有效分离出轨道偏移成分,进而准确提取由地表形变引起的像素位移[22]。偏移量的提取通常包括以下几个步骤:首先采用粗配准方法对主影像与从影像进行初始偏移估算;随后引入亚像素级配准算法以进一步提升匹配精度;在此基础上,结合系统偏移修正与双向位移分量的解算策略,逐步优化匹配结果,最终实现高精度的地表位移提取。
三维形变反演的目的是从遥感数据中提取地表在垂直向、东西向和南北向的形变分量。三维反演需要考虑多个方向的位移分量,并且它们之间存在一定的耦合关系。升轨和降轨的SAR数据提供了LOS向和方位向(azimuth)上的形变信息。图 2反映了地表三维形变分量与升轨SAR卫星的LOS向及方位向形变的几何关系,θ为雷达局部入射角,φ为卫星飞行航向角,DLOS为LOS向形变,DU、DE、DN分别是UD、EW、NS方向的形变分量。LOS向形变DLOS与地表三维形变分量的关系见式(1),方位向形变Daz可表示为地表水平位移(包括NS向形变DN和EW向形变DE)的函数, 见式(2)。
$D_{\mathrm{LOS}}=D_{\mathrm{U}} \sin \theta+D_{\mathrm{N}} \sin \varphi \sin \theta-D_{\mathrm{E}} \cos \varphi \sin \theta$
$D_{\mathrm{az}}=D_{\mathrm{N}} \sin \varphi-D_{\mathrm{E}} \cos \varphi$
由式(1)与(2)可知,LOS向上的形变量实质上是三维地表位移在LOS向的投影结果。然而,在实际反演中,仅依据LOS形变数据难以直接推导出三维位移,除非地表垂直于LOS方向的位移分量可忽略不计。
理论上,任意1对干涉对可分别构建1个LOS向观测方程,然而由于存在3个待解变量,因此至少需引入3个独立的观测方程以求解三维形变分量(图 3)。为实现该目标,在升轨与降轨SBAS-InSAR成果的基础上融合Offset-Tracking结果,引入多个视角的观测信息,构建三向线性方程组,并采用加权最小二乘法进行反演计算,从而获取高精度的三维地表形变场。考虑到多源数据在空间分辨率与覆盖区域方面存在差异,本文进一步引入双线性插值与克里金插值相结合的方法,对数据栅格进行归一化处理,确保观测方程输入的一致性。在此基础上,结合式(1)与式(2),建立联合反演模型(式(3)),其中U、r及D可分别通过式(4)~(6)进行参数表示与代入。
$\boldsymbol{D}=\boldsymbol{U} \cdot \boldsymbol{r}$
$\boldsymbol{U}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\cos \theta^{\mathrm{A}} & -\cos \left(\varphi^{\mathrm{A}}-\frac{3 \mathsf{π}}{2}\right) \sin \theta^{\mathrm{A}} & -\sin \left(\varphi^{\mathrm{A}}-\frac{3 \mathsf{π}}{2}\right) \sin \theta^{\mathrm{A}} \\\cos \theta^{\mathrm{D}} & -\cos \left(\varphi^{\mathrm{D}}-\frac{3 \mathsf{π}}{2}\right) \sin \theta^{\mathrm{D}} & -\sin \left(\varphi^{\mathrm{D}}-\frac{3 \mathsf{π}}{2}\right) \sin \theta^{\mathrm{D}} \\0 & \sin \left(\varphi^{\mathrm{A}}-\frac{3 \mathsf{π}}{2}\right) & -\cos \left(\varphi^{\mathrm{A}}-\frac{3 \mathsf{π}}{2}\right) \\0 & \sin \left(\varphi^{\mathrm{D}}-\frac{3 \mathsf{π}}{2}\right) & -\cos \left(\varphi^{\mathrm{D}}-\frac{3 \mathsf{π}}{2}\right)\end{array}\right]$
$\boldsymbol{r}=\left[\begin{array}{lll}D_{\mathrm{U}} & D_{\mathrm{N}} & D_{\mathrm{E}}\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$
$\boldsymbol{D}=\left[\begin{array}{lll}D_{\mathrm{LOS}}^{\mathrm{A}} & D_{\mathrm{LOS}}^{\mathrm{D}} & D_{\mathrm{az}}^{\mathrm{A}}\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$
式中,U为形变观测矩阵;r为待求解的三维形变分量向量;D为多源观测值向量;θA为升轨SAR影像的入射角;φA为升轨SAR影像的轨道方位角;θD为降轨SAR影像的入射角;φD为降轨SAR影像的轨道方位角;DU为UD方向的形变分量;DN为NS方向的形变分量;DE为EW方向的形变分量;DLOSA为升轨LOS向形变;DLOSD为降轨LOS向形变;DazA为方位向形变。
当观测向量包含3个观测值时,可通过构建线性观测方程直接求解地表的三维形变分量。若观测维度增加至4个或以上,即存在冗余观测条件,可进一步引入误差控制模型。此时可构建如式(7)所示的误差方程,并通过加权最小二乘法求解(式(8)),以提升反演结果的稳健性与精度,最终获取地表三维形变场。
$\boldsymbol{v}=\boldsymbol{U} \cdot \boldsymbol{r}-\boldsymbol{D} $
$\boldsymbol{r}=\left(\boldsymbol{U}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P} \boldsymbol{U}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{U}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P} \boldsymbol{D}$
式中,v为误差向量;P为权重矩阵,其构建方式取决于观测数据的权设定策略。若采用等权处理,则 P取为单位阵;若存在观测精度差异,可引入差异化加权机制,权值可依据抗差最小二乘法或根据形变量图像的方差分布进行定权设置。为进一步提高模型在噪声背景下的稳定性,本文引入融合精度评估与信噪比(SNR)信息的混合型权重构建方法,结合Welch功率谱分析确定各向权值,步骤如式(9)~(11)。
Welch功率谱密度估计:
$\hat{P}_i(f)=\frac{1}{L \cdot\|\boldsymbol{w}\|^2}\left|\sum\limits_{n=0}^{L-1} d_i(n) \cdot \boldsymbol{w}(n) \mathrm{e}^{-2 \mathsf{π} \mathrm{j} f n}\right|^2$
信噪比(SNR)计算:
$\mathrm{SNR}_i=\frac{\sum\limits_{f \in \text { 信号频段 }} \hat{P}_i(f)}{\sum\limits_{f \in \text { 噪声频段 }} \hat{P}_i(f)}$
权值归一化:
$w_i=\frac{\mathrm{SNR}_i}{\sum\limits_{k=1}^M \mathrm{SNR}_k}, \boldsymbol{P}=\operatorname{diag}\left(w_1, w_2, \cdots, w_M\right)$
式中,$ \hat{P}_i(f)$为第i个观测方向的Welch功率谱密度估计值,表示该方向形变信号在频率f处的能量分布;L为时间序列分段长度;||w||2为窗函数的能量(平方和);w(n)为汉明窗函数;di(n)为第i个观测方向的形变时间序列;e-2πjfn为离散傅里叶变换的复指数基函数,n为样本索引;SNRi为第i个观测方向的信噪比;wi为第i个观测方向的归一化权值,M为观测方向的总数。
在求解过程中,考虑到三维形变反演存在病态问题的可能性,采用截断奇异值分解(SVD)与自适应Tikhonov正则化相结合的鲁棒优化策略,以提升解算结果的稳定性与抗干扰能力,步骤如式(12)~(14)。
观测矩阵奇异值分解:
$\boldsymbol{A}=\boldsymbol{Q} \varSigma \boldsymbol{V}^{\mathrm{T}}, \varSigma=\operatorname{diag}\left(\sigma_1, \sigma_2, \cdots, \sigma_n\right)$
截断奇异值分解:
$\boldsymbol{A}_k=\boldsymbol{Q}_k \varSigma_k \boldsymbol{V}_k^{\mathrm{T}}$
自适应Tikhonov正则化解:
$\boldsymbol{r}_k=\boldsymbol{V}_k\left(\varSigma_k^2+\lambda^2 \boldsymbol{I}\right)^{-1} \varSigma_k \boldsymbol{Q}_k^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{S}$
式中, A、Q、V、∑分别为由投影矩阵与权重矩阵构建的观测矩阵、左奇异向量的正交矩阵、右奇异向量的正交矩阵、奇异值对角矩阵;Ak为截断后的观测矩阵;Qk、Vk分别为前k个奇异值对应的左、右奇异向量子矩阵;∑k为前k个奇异值构成的对角子矩阵;rk为正则化后的三维形变分量解; λ为自适应正则化参数; S为多源观测形变向量。此外,在数据预处理阶段,可使用3×3~7×7的可变窗口尺度中值滤波方法自适应去除高频噪声。
通过对Sentinel-1A升降轨影像进行SBAS-InSAR处理,得到研究区的时序形变场与LOS向的沉降速率结果(图 4)。2张图均显示沉降中心呈近似椭圆状展布,稳定发育于区域中西部,从沉降核心区向外围影响范围逐渐缩小,反映出沉降的空间分布具有明显的梯度性与局部聚集性。
通过对Sentinel-1A升降轨影像进行Offset-Tracking处理,得到研究区的时序形变场与方位向的形变结果(图 5)。由升降轨数据反演得到的方位向形变场,其高梯度形变区在空间上与SBAS-InSAR探测到的主要沉降中心具有显著的相关性,这一特征从几何上验证了Offset-Tracking所提取水平位移信号的可靠性。将结果纳入到模型中参与三维形变反演,以提高反演结果的可靠性与精度。
依据前述方法,联合升轨与降轨SBAS-InSAR技术获取的LOS向形变数据及Offset-Tracking技术提取的方位向形变数据,构建加权最小二乘(WLS)解算模型,对昌吉市硫磺沟矿区2020-05—2021-12的地表三维形变场进行反演。图 6为矿区三维分解后的年平均形变速率分布,分别对应垂直、东西与南北3个方向。
图 6中垂直向与水平向形变的空间分布存在明显差异,这是矿区形变机制、InSAR观测几何特性、地质力学各向异性及反演解算精度共同作用的结果。垂直向形变直接对应采空区顶板垮落,沉降中心与采空区范围高度重合;水平向形变源于周边岩体向采空区的滑动挤压,高值区集中在采空区边缘。InSAR投影效应、地质各向异性及反演精度差异进一步加剧了这种分布分异。
综合来看,矿区形变以垂向沉降为主,并伴有一定程度的东西向水平形变,南北向变形相对较小。沉降中心区域主要集中在工作面西侧,与单轨SBAS-InSAR结果保持一致。
1) 最大形变量分析。三维形变分解结果显示,各方向形变量级差异显著,呈现出以垂向沉降为主、东西向扩张为辅的典型形变模式。其中,垂向形变占绝对主导,最大年均沉降速率达-267 mm/a; 东西向次之,最大年均形变速率达156 mm/a; 南北向形变最小,最大年均形变速率仅43 mm/a。该形变结果的差异与升降轨InSAR的观测特性高度相关:由于对东西向运动具有较高敏感度,可以准确捕捉到水平拉张信号;对南北向运动的敏感度较低,导致该方向的形变解算结果存在较大不确定性。因此,本研究区的三维形变主要表现为垂向与东西向的协同活动,南北向并不构成主导的形变方向。
2) 沉降范围分析。通过对比升降轨SBAS-InSAR与二维、三维解算方法所得的累积沉降30 mm等值线(图 7)可知,不同方法在沉降范围识别上差异显著。单轨监测结果呈现明显不一致:升、降轨识别的超阈值沉降区面积分别为2.19 km2与1.15 km2,该差异主要源于雷达侧视成像几何导致东西向形变在LOS向投影符号相反[23-24],从而引起沉降等值线的空间偏移。相比之下,基于数据融合的二维与三维解算结果则表现出良好的一致性,其对应沉降区域面积分别为2.01 km2与1.94 km2,空间分布与边界轮廓高度吻合,且沉降中心均位于升、降轨结果之间的中间区域,有效校正了几何畸变。综上,融合解算技术显著缓解了因成像角度差异导致的形变场偏移,提升了沉降边界识别的准确性;三维与二维结果的相互验证,进一步体现了三维反演在形变分析中的可靠性与技术优势。
3) 沉降剖面分析。由于LOS向模糊效应[25-26]的影响,升轨与降轨数据在形变区东西两侧可能呈现出显著不同的沉降梯度分布。为更直观地展示这种差异,沿升轨与降轨的LOS向分别选取2条剖面线进行分析,其具体位置见图 8。
基于图 8中的剖面位置,对三维分解方法得到的累积沉降结果进行沉降量提取,并叠加到升轨、降轨及二维垂直向的剖面图上进行对比,结果见图 9。
由图 9可知,多维解算结果的沉降中心处于升轨与降轨SBAS结果的中间区域,且沉降漏斗两侧的对称性更优。结合图 9(a)深集中、图 9(b)宽平缓的沉降剖面形态,升降轨原始观测受LOS向模糊效应影响,漏斗两侧坡度差异悬殊、对称性差,曲线存在畸变与波动。二维分解虽初步改善了形态,但梯度差异与残留误差仍较为明显。三维分解后,漏斗两侧坡度趋于一致,对称性显著提升,曲线平滑连续,有效削弱了LOS模糊误差,还原了矿区真实沉降特征。综合来看,三维分解方法能更好地减小梯度差异,为矿区沉降监测提供更可靠的依据。
为评估三维分解方法在地表沉降监测中的精度表现,考量三维分解方法相对于现有二维分解方法的优势,引入矿区实测的水准测量数据作为参考基准,对二维形变反演结果和三维形变反演结果进行统计对比分析,以H系列测点(H1~H67)和T系列测点(T1~T30)作为验证对象,对比分析数据间的误差情况与形变量特征。图 10为水准点与2种分解方法获取的累积沉降图的空间对应关系情况。
受限于实测数据,本文仅验证垂向形变精度。东西、南北向水平位移的验证需结合GNSS或测距仪数据,此为后续研究重点。
假定水准测量结果为真值,以均方根误差(RMSE)和绝对误差为评价指标,进一步分析三维分解方式所获数据与其他数据之间的误差情况与形变量特征。
由表 2可知,相较于升轨数据,二维分解在H1~H67观测点上RMSE降低4.47%,在T1~T30点上降低9.33%,整体误差水平下降6.55%;与降轨结果相比,H1~H67区域误差减小24.11%,T1~T30区域误差减小1.22%,总体精度提升幅度为17.72%。相较于升轨结果,三维分解在H1~H67观测点上的RMSE降低12.50%;在T1~T30观测点上的RMSE降低16.67%,整体误差水平下降14.29%。与降轨数据相比,三维分解在H1~H67区域误差下降36.36%,在T1~T30区域误差增大2.04%,整体精度提升24.53%。
由图 11可知,与升轨和降轨SBAS-InSAR结果相比,二维形变分解方法在垂直向形变量的拟合精度上表现更优。而在三维分解模型下,其垂直向形变量与水准实测数据的拟合精度进一步改善。此外,将三维分解结果与二维分解结果直接对比可发现,前者在整体拟合水平上进一步优化,RMSE从6.541 3 mm降至6.000 0 mm,精度提升约7.69%。由此可见,三维分解策略在提升垂直向解算精度方面具备更强优势,有效增强了对矿区地表沉降的监测能力。
另外,图 11中水准观测曲线起伏显著,而InSAR三维反演曲线相对平滑。这种差异源于测量与数据处理特性而非方法误差:一是采样尺度不同,水准为离散单点测量,InSAR为面状栅格观测;二是数据处理差异,InSAR经滤波、正则化等平滑处理,水准为原始观测值;三是测量原理不同,水准易受局部误差影响,因此,InSAR结果更具区域平滑性。
本文聚焦于硫磺沟矿区地表沉降的时空演化特征,综合利用SBAS-InSAR与Offset-Tracking技术开展了形变监测与分解反演研究。在现有融合升、降轨数据进行二维解算方法的基础上,引入Offset-Tracking技术,构建了一种三维形变分解方法。该方法融合了LOS向与方位向(azimuth)观测值的多维解算模型,对形变数据进行分解与三维重构。
对反演结果在沉降量级、影响范围及空间分布上的差异进行系统分析,结果表明,本文方法可以有效解决单轨结果中显著的沉降中心偏移与边界模糊问题,相较于传统的升降轨二维垂直解算,也能更完整地刻画沉降场的空间结构与细节,显著提升了反演的准确性与可靠性。
利用水准测量数据进行的精度验证表明,二维与三维分解方法在垂向沉降监测方面均表现出较高的精度。其中,三维分解模型在误差控制上优于二维分解方法,具有更低的RMSE和更优的形变量拟合效果,垂向RMSE降低7.69%。这验证了该方法在高精度矿区形变监测中的实用价值与适用性,为后续沉降趋势预测与灾害风险防控提供了可靠的数据基础。
这里指出,Offset-Tracking技术在低相干区域(如植被覆盖区)的方位向位移监测精度会显著下降,未来可探索相位优化算法, 以提升其在复杂场景的适用性。
  • 山东省重点研发计划(2024CXPT101)
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Wang Gongxian , Zhao Fu . Landslide Disaster and Its Prevention and Control Technology in Coal Mining Area[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration, 2018, 46 (2): 1- 7
2
Li X Y , Chen S L , Bian K . Mine Dynamic Monitoring and Integrated Management Based on RS and GIS[J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2014, 955-959, 3840- 3844
3
朱建军, 邢学敏, 胡俊, 等. 利用InSAR技术监测矿区地表形变[J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2011, 21 (10): 2564- 2576
Zhu Jianjun , Xing Xuemin , Hu Jun , et al. Monitoring of Ground Surface Deformation in Mining Area with InSAR Technique[J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2011, 21 (10): 2564- 2576
4
Ju X J , Gao S H , Li Y F . Polarimetric Time-Series InSAR for Surface Deformation Monitoring in Mining Area Using Dual-Polarization Data[J]. Sensors, 2025, 25 (19)
5
Ge Z X , Wu W H , Hu J Y , et al. Evaluating the Interferometric Performance of China's Dual-Star SAR Satellite Constellation in Large Deformation Scenarios: A Case Study in the Jinchuan Mining Area, Gansu[J]. Remote Sensing, 2025, 17 (14)
6
毛嘉骐. 融合时序InSAR与改进型概率积分法的矿山采空区沉降模型构建[D]. 昆明: 昆明理工大学, 2023
Mao Jiaqi. Construction of Subsidence Model of Mine Goaf by Combining Time Series InSAR and Improved Probability Integral Method[D]. Kunming: Kunming University of Science and Technology, 2023
7
张华军, 韩昭玉, 华桂钱, 等. 基于时间序列InSAR技术的水电站库区沿岸深厚淤泥地质沉降监测[J]. 水利技术监督, 2025 (7): 21- 24
Zhang Huajun , Han Zhaoyu , Hua Guiqian , et al. Geological Settlement Monitoring of Deep Silt along the Shore of Hydroelectric Power Station Reservoir Area Based on Time Series InSAR Technology[J]. Technical Supervision in Water Resources, 2025 (7): 21- 24
8
俞艳波, 卢进宏, 张龙, 等. 基于D-InSAR和SBAS-InSAR技术的矿区地表形变监测[J]. 能源与环保, 2025, 47 (5): 151- 160
Yu Yanbo , Lu Jinhong , Zhang Long , et al. Mine Surface Deformation Monitoring Based on D-InSAR and SBAS-InSAR Technologies[J]. China Energy and Environmental Protection, 2025, 47 (5): 151- 160
9
Berardino P , Fornaro G , Lanari R , et al. A New Algorithm for Surface Deformation Monitoring Based on Small Baseline Differential SAR Interferograms[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2002, 40 (11): 2375- 2383
10
芮昌龙, 陈路良, 钱绍友, 等. 基于SBAS-InSAR技术的小龙潭露天矿地表形变监测[J]. 云南地质, 2024, 43 (2): 296- 302
Rui Changlong , Chen Luliang , Qian Shaoyou , et al. Surface Deformation Monitoring of Xiaolongtan Open-Pit Mine Based on SBAS-InSAR Technology[J]. Yunnan Geology, 2024, 43 (2): 296- 302
11
高启凤, 张磊, 赵萌阳, 等. SBAS-InSAR技术在河北三河市地面沉降演化特征及成因分析中的应用[J]. 中国地质灾害与防治学报, 2024, 35 (3): 97- 107
Gao Qifeng , Zhang Lei , Zhao Mengyang , et al. Application of SBAS-InSAR Technology to Analyze the Evolution Characteristics and Cause in Ground Subsidence in Sanhe City, Hebei Province[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2024, 35 (3): 97- 107
12
路聚峰, 何智勇, 郭庆华, 等. 时序InSAR水库形变监测应用研究[J]. 人民黄河, 2023, 45 (4): 150- 155
Lu Jufeng , He Zhiyong , Guo Qinghua , et al. Application Research on Time-Series InSAR Reservoir Deformation Monitoring[J]. Yellow River, 2023, 45 (4): 150- 155
13
闫高翔. 联合升降轨SBAS-InSAR技术对茂县滑坡二维变形监测[J]. 甘肃水利水电技术, 2024, 60 (9): 11- 15
Yan Gaoxiang . Two-Dimensional Deformation Monitoring of Maoxian Landslide by Combined Lifting Rail SBAS-InSAR Technology[J]. Gansu Water Resources and Hydropower Technology, 2024, 60 (9): 11- 15
14
于冰, 胡云亮, 刘国祥, 等. 时序InSAR反演唐山市二维地表形变时间序列[J]. 测绘科学, 2023, 48 (6): 82- 94
Yu Bing , Hu Yunliang , Liu Guoxiang , et al. Inversion of Two-Dimensional Surface Deformation in Tangshan by Time Series InSAR[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2023, 48 (6): 82- 94
15
周泊辰. 南水北调河南段长时序多平台InSAR三维异常探测与诊断研究[D]. 郑州: 华北水利水电大学, 2024
Zhou Bochen. Research on Long Time Series and Multi-Platform InSAR Three-Dimensional Anomaly Detection and Diagnosis in the Henan Section of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project[D]. Zhengzhou: North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, 2024
16
Zeng J , Tuo W B , Wang X C , et al. Landslide Susceptibility Assessment of Upper Yellow River Using Coupling Statistical Approaches, Machine Learning Algorithms and SBAS-InSAR Technique[J]. Frontiers in Earth Science, 2025, 13
17
Liu Y H , Zhang J . Integrating SBAS-InSAR and AT-LSTM for Time-Series Analysis and Prediction Method of Ground Subsidence in Mining Areas[J]. Remote Sensing, 2023, 15 (13)
18
贺黎明, 裴攀科, 吴立新, 等. 基于时序InSAR的矿区滑坡前地表运动特征分析[J]. 东北大学学报: 自然科学版, 2022, 43 (9): 1314- 1321
He Liming , Pei Panke , Wu Lixin , et al. Analysis on Characteristics of Ground Surface Movement before Landslide in Mining Area Based on Time Series InSAR[J]. Journal of Northeastern University: Natural Science, 2022, 43 (9): 1314- 1321
19
常文蝶, 梁静, 康敏. 巨野煤田SBAS-InSAR矿区地表形变监测[J]. 测绘与空间地理信息, 2025, 48 (8): 180- 182
Chang Wendie , Liang Jing , Kang Min . Surface Deformation Monitoring of Mining Areas in Juye Coalfield Based on SBAS-InSAR Technology[J]. Geomatics & Spatial Information Technology, 2025, 48 (8): 180- 182
20
王艳萍, 乔文思, 刘东坡, 等. 遥感技术在地震监测预测领域的研究综述[J]. 华北地震科学, 2024, 42 (3): 1- 10
Wang Yanping , Qiao Wensi , Liu Dongpo , et al. A Review of Research on Remote Sensing Technology in Earthquake Monitoring and Prediction[J]. North China Earthquake Sciences, 2024, 42 (3): 1- 10
21
吴佳红. 多源SAR数据用于大梯度滑坡动态监测研究[D]. 西安: 长安大学, 2024
Wu Jiahong. Study on Dynamic Monitoring of Large Gradient Landslide with Multi-Source SAR Data[D]. Xi'an: Chang'an University, 2024
22
Yang Z B , Chen Z Q , Li G , et al. Comparison of the Precision of Glacier Flow Rates Derived from Offset-Tracking Using Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8/9 Imagery[J]. Advances in Polar Science, 2024, 35 (2): 238- 251
23
王昊. 丹巴县阿娘寨滑坡多梯度形变SAR监测方法[D]. 成都: 成都理工大学, 2023
Wang Hao. Multi-Gradient Deformation SAR Monitoring Method for Aniangzhai Landslide in Danba County[D]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology, 2023
24
王燕燕, 于海洋. 九寨沟MS7.0级地震三维同震形变场提取[J]. 测绘科学, 2019, 44 (5): 8- 13
Wang Yanyan , Yu Haiyang . Extraction of 3D Coseismic Deformation Field of Jiuzhaigou MS7.0 Earthquake[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2019, 44 (5): 8- 13
25
李杰, 吴坤雄, 陈德智, 等. 基于SBAS-InSAR技术的露天矿区二维形变监测与分析[J]. 城市勘测, 2025 (4): 175- 182
Li Jie , Wu Kunxiong , Chen Dezhi , et al. The Monitoring and Analysis of Two-Dimensional Deformation in Open-Pit Mines Based on SBAS-InSAR Technology[J]. Urban Geotechnical Investigation & Surveying, 2025 (4): 175- 182
26
Han Y , Tao Q X , Liu G L , et al. Accuracy Verification and Correction of Ascending and Descending SBAS-and MSBAS-InSAR in Monitoring Mining Surface Subsidence[J]. Geocarto International, 2022, 37 (27): 16370- 16397
2026年第46卷第5期
31
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.12.462
  • 接收时间:2025-12-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-31
基金
山东省重点研发计划(2024CXPT101)
作者信息
    1 山东科技大学测绘与空间信息学院, 青岛, 266590
    2 山东省矿井上下导航与监测重点实验室, 青岛, 266590
    3 北斗导航智能空间信息技术及应用山东省工程研究中心, 青岛, 266590
    4 山东建筑大学测绘地理信息学院, 济南, 250101
    5 山东省煤田地质规划勘察研究院, 济南, 250104

通讯作者:

马梦彤, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为InSAR形变监测, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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