Article(id=1322916706796057397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322916705915249052, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.382, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762531200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793337521503, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793337521503, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793337521503, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793337521503, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322916705915249052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='7', pageStart='790', pageEnd='912', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793337521294, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793337521294, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=798, endPage=807, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322916706972218166, articleId=1322916706796057397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Dynamic Parameter Simplification for Filter-Based Real-Time Precise Orbit Determination of Low Earth Orbit Satellites, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the computational efficiency of filter-based joint reduced-dynamic precise orbit determination (POD) for LEO satellites and GNSS, and to strengthen its feasibility for realtime applications, this study performs a simplified analysis and validation of the dynamical parameters to be estimated for LEO satellites. Based on science orbit data from seven LEO satellites during 2019 to 2024, it is found that Swarm-A/C and GRACE-C/D during periods of high solar activity exhibit relatively large estimated accelerations (90 to 140 nm/s2), while the remaining satellites show smaller estimated accelerations (≤30 nm/s2). Validation through four designed POD schemes demonstrates that when the estimated acceleration is small, the best orbit accuracy can be achieved without introducing any dynamical parameters. If the estimated acceleration is large, only adding an atmospheric drag scaling parameter yields optimal accuracy. Simulation experiments further show that in a joint POD scenario involving 120 LEO satellites and BDS-3 satellites, the proposed simplified LEO dynamical parameter model improves computational efficiency by about 30% compared with traditional models, thereby enhancing the realizability of realtime joint orbit determination.

, authors=Wen LAI1, 2, Guanwen HUANG1, 3, 4, *, Shichao XIE1, 5, Le WANG1, 4, 6, Haonan SHE1, authorsList=Wen LAI, Guanwen HUANG, Shichao XIE, Le WANG, Haonan SHE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guanwen HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322916713427252045, articleId=1322916706796057397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于滤波的LEO卫星实时精密定轨动力学参数简化, columnId=1281909276545356011, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高基于滤波的LEO卫星和GNSS的联合简化动力学精密定轨的计算效率, 增强其实时应用的可能性, 针对其中的LEO卫星进行待估动力学参数的简化分析与验证。分析2019-2024年7颗LEO卫星的科学轨道数据发现, Swarm-A/C和太阳活跃期的GRACE-C/D具有较大待估加速度(90~140 nm/s2), 其余卫星待估加速度均较小(≤30 nm/s2)。设计4组定轨方案进行验证, 结果表明, 当待估加速度较小时, 不添加任何动力学参数即可获得最佳轨道精度; 若待估加速度较大, 则仅加入大气阻力尺度参数即可达到最优精度。仿真实验进一步显示, 在120颗LEO与BDS-3卫星联合定轨场景下, 该简化的LEO动力学参数模型相比传统模型可提升约30%的计算效率, 增强了联合实时定轨的可实现性。

, authors=赖文1, 2, 黄观文1, 3, 4, *, 解世超1, 5, 王乐1, 4, 6, 折浩男1, authorsList=赖文, 黄观文, 解世超, 王乐, 折浩男, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄观文, authorNote=

赖文, 博士生, 主要研究方向为卫星实时精密定轨, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
黄观文, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为GNSS精密数据处理, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ACzU71t8rOF2HIt3MrwZPw==, magXml=jKJpj+XcFery+96OXVDbEA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=oh1FBhiJqV2sDjOr+ZruIw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ViS0SuX26cBNp3zDneBDjg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322916716078052193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916706796057397, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=laiwnn@chd.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322916716182909796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916706796057397, authorId=1322916716078052193, language=EN, stringName=Wen LAI, firstName=Wen, middleName=null, lastName=LAI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
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赖文, 博士生, 主要研究方向为卫星实时精密定轨, E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=pnsIFOKML73HCDfLfrSZ0w==, figureFileBig=dQkt0IfCYuav47XCde9ANw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322916729277526942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916706796057397, language=CN, label=图10, caption=RT-RDJOD计算耗时时间序列, figureFileSmall=pnsIFOKML73HCDfLfrSZ0w==, figureFileBig=dQkt0IfCYuav47XCde9ANw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322916729671791519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916706796057397, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison of the two orbit determination models

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类型 批处理定轨 滤波定轨
轨道历元间联系 确定性动力学模型严格约束 随机游走过程约束
轨道动力学参数 大气阻力尺度参数:1个轨道周期1组分段常数;经验力参数:1个轨道周期轨道切向和法向各1组正弦和余弦周期性常数 大气阻力尺度参数:随机游走建模;经验力参数:随机游走估计轨道切向和法向各1组正弦和余弦周期性参数
), ArticleFig(id=1322916730070250400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916706796057397, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2种定轨模型对比

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类型 批处理定轨 滤波定轨
轨道历元间联系 确定性动力学模型严格约束 随机游走过程约束
轨道动力学参数 大气阻力尺度参数:1个轨道周期1组分段常数;经验力参数:1个轨道周期轨道切向和法向各1组正弦和余弦周期性常数 大气阻力尺度参数:随机游走建模;经验力参数:随机游走估计轨道切向和法向各1组正弦和余弦周期性参数
), ArticleFig(id=1322916730187690913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916706796057397, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Detailed information of 7 LEO satellites

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卫星 轨道高度 轨道倾角
GRACE-C 490 km 89°
GRACE-D 490 km 89°
Swarm-A 462 km 87.35°
Swarm-B 511 km 87.75°
Swarm-C 462 km 87.35°
Sentinel-3A 814.5 km 98.65°
Sentinel-3B 814.5 km 98.65°
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7颗LEO卫星详细信息

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卫星 轨道高度 轨道倾角
GRACE-C 490 km 89°
GRACE-D 490 km 89°
Swarm-A 462 km 87.35°
Swarm-B 511 km 87.75°
Swarm-C 462 km 87.35°
Sentinel-3A 814.5 km 98.65°
Sentinel-3B 814.5 km 98.65°
), ArticleFig(id=1322916730594538403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916706796057397, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Orbit fitting strategy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 内容 模型描述
观测值 LEO科学轨道
观测模型 采样间隔 30 s
弧段 24 h
地球重力场 EIGEN_6C: 120×120
N体引力 JPL DE405
海洋潮汐引力 FES 2004
动力学模型 固体潮和极潮
相对论效应
IERS 2010公约
IERS 2010公约
太阳光压 Box-wing
大气阻力 Box-wing和DTM94大气密度模型
地球自转参数 固定到IERS 2000A最终参数
GRACE-C/D: 9面板 [22]
LEO元数据 Box-wing模型参数 Swarm-A/B/C: 15面板 [23]
Sentinel-3A/B: 8面板 [24]
姿态模型 官方Level-1B产品
待估参数 大气阻力 每轨道周期1个尺度参数
经验力 轨道切向和法向每个轨道周期添加1组正弦与余弦周期性常数
), ArticleFig(id=1322916730900722596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916706796057397, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

轨道拟合策略

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 内容 模型描述
观测值 LEO科学轨道
观测模型 采样间隔 30 s
弧段 24 h
地球重力场 EIGEN_6C: 120×120
N体引力 JPL DE405
海洋潮汐引力 FES 2004
动力学模型 固体潮和极潮
相对论效应
IERS 2010公约
IERS 2010公约
太阳光压 Box-wing
大气阻力 Box-wing和DTM94大气密度模型
地球自转参数 固定到IERS 2000A最终参数
GRACE-C/D: 9面板 [22]
LEO元数据 Box-wing模型参数 Swarm-A/B/C: 15面板 [23]
Sentinel-3A/B: 8面板 [24]
姿态模型 官方Level-1B产品
待估参数 大气阻力 每轨道周期1个尺度参数
经验力 轨道切向和法向每个轨道周期添加1组正弦与余弦周期性常数
), ArticleFig(id=1322916731303375782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916706796057397, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

RT-RDPOD processing strategy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 模型描述
观测模型 观测值 GPS L1/L2无电离层组合
采样间隔 10 s
截止高度角 3°
定权模型 高度角定权模型
动力学模型 地球重力场 EIGEN_6C: 120×120
N体引力 JPL DE405
海洋潮汐引力 FES 2004
固体潮和极潮 IERS 2010公约
相对论效应 IERS 2010公约
太阳光压 Box-wing
大气阻力 Box-wing和DTM94大气密度模型
地球自转参数 固定到IERS 2000A最终参数
元数据 Box-wing模型 GRACE-C/D: 9面板[22]
Swarm-A/B/C: 15面板[23]
Sentinel-3A/B: 8面板[24]
姿态模型 官方Level-1B产品
LEO PCOGRACE-C/D:VGN1B产品
Swarm-A/B/C:来自Siemes[23]
Sentinel-3A/B:来自Fernández[24]
GPS PCO和PCV 2019年:igs14.atx
2024年:igs20.atx
待估参数 GNSS轨道和钟差
卫星位置
CODE分析中心最终产品[27]
所有方案:惯性系下X、Y和Z位置参数;建模为随机游走参数,过程噪声为5×10-8 m
卫星速度 所有方案:惯性系下X、Y和Z速度参数;建模为随机游走参数,过程噪声为5×10-9 m/s
大气阻力 S1和S2:1个尺度参数;建模为随机游走参数,过程噪声为5×10-8
经验力 S1和S3:轨道切向和法向1组正弦与余弦参数,共4个参数;建模为随机游走参数,过程噪声为5×10-8m/s
星载接收机钟差
相位模糊度
逐历元估计为白噪声
浮点常数
), ArticleFig(id=1322916733018846119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916706796057397, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

RT-RDPOD解算策略

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 模型描述
观测模型 观测值 GPS L1/L2无电离层组合
采样间隔 10 s
截止高度角 3°
定权模型 高度角定权模型
动力学模型 地球重力场 EIGEN_6C: 120×120
N体引力 JPL DE405
海洋潮汐引力 FES 2004
固体潮和极潮 IERS 2010公约
相对论效应 IERS 2010公约
太阳光压 Box-wing
大气阻力 Box-wing和DTM94大气密度模型
地球自转参数 固定到IERS 2000A最终参数
元数据 Box-wing模型 GRACE-C/D: 9面板[22]
Swarm-A/B/C: 15面板[23]
Sentinel-3A/B: 8面板[24]
姿态模型 官方Level-1B产品
LEO PCOGRACE-C/D:VGN1B产品
Swarm-A/B/C:来自Siemes[23]
Sentinel-3A/B:来自Fernández[24]
GPS PCO和PCV 2019年:igs14.atx
2024年:igs20.atx
待估参数 GNSS轨道和钟差
卫星位置
CODE分析中心最终产品[27]
所有方案:惯性系下X、Y和Z位置参数;建模为随机游走参数,过程噪声为5×10-8 m
卫星速度 所有方案:惯性系下X、Y和Z速度参数;建模为随机游走参数,过程噪声为5×10-9 m/s
大气阻力 S1和S2:1个尺度参数;建模为随机游走参数,过程噪声为5×10-8
经验力 S1和S3:轨道切向和法向1组正弦与余弦参数,共4个参数;建模为随机游走参数,过程噪声为5×10-8m/s
星载接收机钟差
相位模糊度
逐历元估计为白噪声
浮点常数
), ArticleFig(id=1322916733438276520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916706796057397, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Orbit determination accuracy of RT-RDJOD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BDS-3 MEO BDS-3 IGSO LEO
S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2
切向 2.9 3.0 5.4 5.5 1.8 1.8
法向 2.5 2.5 4.4 4.5 1.3 1.3
径向 2.8 2.8 8.2 8.3 3.3 3.2
1D RMS 2.8 2.8 6.5 6.6 2.3 2.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322916733819958185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322916706796057397, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

RT-RDJOD定轨精度

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BDS-3 MEO BDS-3 IGSO LEO
S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2
切向 2.9 3.0 5.4 5.5 1.8 1.8
法向 2.5 2.5 4.4 4.5 1.3 1.3
径向 2.8 2.8 8.2 8.3 3.3 3.2
1D RMS 2.8 2.8 6.5 6.6 2.3 2.3
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基于滤波的LEO卫星实时精密定轨动力学参数简化
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赖文 1, 2 , 黄观文 1, 3, 4, * , 解世超 1, 5 , 王乐 1, 4, 6 , 折浩男 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 大地测量学 2026,46(7): 798-807
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大地测量与地球动力学 |大地测量学 2026 , 46 (7) : 798 -807
基于滤波的LEO卫星实时精密定轨动力学参数简化
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赖文, 博士生, 主要研究方向为卫星实时精密定轨, E-mail:

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赖文1, 2 , 黄观文1, 3, 4, * , 解世超1, 5, 王乐1, 4, 6, 折浩男1
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安, 710054
  • 2 Department of Applied Mathematics and Aerospace Engineering, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03080
  • 3 自然资源部生态地质与灾害防控重点实验室, 西安, 710054
  • 4 智能北斗陕西省高校工程研究中心, 西安, 710054
  • 5 河海大学地球科学与工程学院, 南京, 211100
  • 6 陕西省黄河科学研究院, 西安, 710054
通讯作者:
黄观文, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为GNSS精密数据处理, E-mail:
作者简介:

赖文, 博士生, 主要研究方向为卫星实时精密定轨, E-mail:

Dynamic Parameter Simplification for Filter-Based Real-Time Precise Orbit Determination of Low Earth Orbit Satellites
Wen LAI1, 2 , Guanwen HUANG1, 3, 4, * , Shichao XIE1, 5, Le WANG1, 4, 6, Haonan SHE1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 Department of Applied Mathematics and Aerospace Engineering, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, MNR, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 4 Engineering Research Center of Intelligent BDS, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 5 School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
  • 6 Shaanxi Yellow River Science Research Institute, Xi'an 710054, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.382
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为提高基于滤波的LEO卫星和GNSS的联合简化动力学精密定轨的计算效率, 增强其实时应用的可能性, 针对其中的LEO卫星进行待估动力学参数的简化分析与验证。分析2019-2024年7颗LEO卫星的科学轨道数据发现, Swarm-A/C和太阳活跃期的GRACE-C/D具有较大待估加速度(90~140 nm/s2), 其余卫星待估加速度均较小(≤30 nm/s2)。设计4组定轨方案进行验证, 结果表明, 当待估加速度较小时, 不添加任何动力学参数即可获得最佳轨道精度; 若待估加速度较大, 则仅加入大气阻力尺度参数即可达到最优精度。仿真实验进一步显示, 在120颗LEO与BDS-3卫星联合定轨场景下, 该简化的LEO动力学参数模型相比传统模型可提升约30%的计算效率, 增强了联合实时定轨的可实现性。

LEO星座  /  实时精密定轨  /  滤波定轨  /  动力学模型简化  /  BDS-3/LEO联合定轨

To enhance the computational efficiency of filter-based joint reduced-dynamic precise orbit determination (POD) for LEO satellites and GNSS, and to strengthen its feasibility for realtime applications, this study performs a simplified analysis and validation of the dynamical parameters to be estimated for LEO satellites. Based on science orbit data from seven LEO satellites during 2019 to 2024, it is found that Swarm-A/C and GRACE-C/D during periods of high solar activity exhibit relatively large estimated accelerations (90 to 140 nm/s2), while the remaining satellites show smaller estimated accelerations (≤30 nm/s2). Validation through four designed POD schemes demonstrates that when the estimated acceleration is small, the best orbit accuracy can be achieved without introducing any dynamical parameters. If the estimated acceleration is large, only adding an atmospheric drag scaling parameter yields optimal accuracy. Simulation experiments further show that in a joint POD scenario involving 120 LEO satellites and BDS-3 satellites, the proposed simplified LEO dynamical parameter model improves computational efficiency by about 30% compared with traditional models, thereby enhancing the realizability of realtime joint orbit determination.

LEO constellation  /  real-time precise orbit determination  /  filter-based orbit determination  /  dynamic model simplification  /  BDS-3/LEO joint orbit determination
赖文, 黄观文, 解世超, 王乐, 折浩男. 基于滤波的LEO卫星实时精密定轨动力学参数简化. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (7) : 798 -807 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.382
Wen LAI, Guanwen HUANG, Shichao XIE, Le WANG, Haonan SHE. Dynamic Parameter Simplification for Filter-Based Real-Time Precise Orbit Determination of Low Earth Orbit Satellites[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (7) : 798 -807 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.382
当前,为构建全球互联网,中国、美国等国家已启动大规模低地球轨道(LEO)卫星星座建设[1-2]。同时,凭借全球覆盖与高速运行特性,LEO卫星也被视为增强BDS-3/GNSS精密定轨与导航服务性能的手段之一[3-6],导航增强型LEO星座概念应运而生。相关研究早期集中于基于批处理的GNSS/LEO联合定轨[7-8]。近年来,随着滤波实时定轨技术的发展,基于滤波的实时简化动力学联合定轨(RT-RDJOD)已成为前沿方向。然而,该技术起步较晚,其中LEO的动力学参数建模仍直接沿用批处理策略,导致待估参数过多、计算负荷大,制约了其实时应用潜力。
对于LEO实时定轨而言,目前高精度轨道主要通过基于GNSS的实时精密定轨(RT-POD)获取。传统方法主要包括:1)运动学法,其具有实时性高的优势,但忽略了卫星摄动力,精度约4 cm且不稳定[9-10];2)基于批处理最小二乘(BLSQ)的事后定轨与预报法,其短期预报精度高(10 min内优于3 cm)[11-12],但解算效率低、难以处理机动、预报误差累积快。相比之下,基于滤波的实时简化动力学精密定轨(RT-RDPOD)能兼顾2种模式的优点,具有精度高且稳定和实时性强的优势,已成为发展趋势[13-16]。
已有研究基于均方根信息滤波(SRIF)或Kalman等滤波实现了LEO的RT-RDPOD,验证了其对GNSS的增强能力及cm级实时定轨精度[14, 17],并发展了有效的机动处理方法[18]。然而,面对大规模LEO卫星网络,现有滤波方案因沿用批处理中动力学参数建模策略,导致待估参数数量庞大,计算负荷沉重,系统运维冗余少,难以实现高频解算,从而阻碍了RT-RDJOD的实际可行性。本文将针对该问题展开研究。首先,分析LEO待估加速度量级,讨论其动力学参数简化的可能性;其次,通过仅LEO卫星的精密定轨验证待估动力学参数简化的正确性;最后,验证该方法在GNSS和LEO的RT-JPOD中的优越性。
本文首先介绍批处理LEO定轨和滤波LEO定轨2种模式的差异;然后,鉴于LEO的大气阻力和大气密度直接相关,而大气密度与太阳活动程度存在显著的正相关[19],对太阳活动程度时间序列进行分析;最后,基于轨道拟合导出LEO不同待估动力学参数产生的加速度,即需要估计的加速度。
在基于批处理的LEO精密定轨中,轨道各历元与参考历元之间的联系由确定性动力学模型严格约束,即初始状态的偏差将直接传递给后续历元,且在一次平差估计中无法被纠正。在基于滤波的LEO精密定轨中,轨道前后历元之间的联系是通过将轨道状态和动力学参数建模为随机游走参数实现的[15],因此在当前历元解算时,前一个历元传递的轨道参数包含的误差可以被当前历元调整。所以, 简化动力学参数模型造成的加速度误差只要在一定量级之下,其导致的轨道状态的误差可以被过程噪声包络,进而不影响LEO的实时定轨解。表 1展示了常规批处理LEO定轨和滤波LEO定轨中关于动力学参数策略的差异。
图 1展示了2019-01-01—2024-12-31的10.7 cm太阳射电通量(F10.7 solar flux unit,SFU),橙色点为F10.7时间序列,其直接反映太阳活动的强烈程度[20-21],F10.7越大则太阳活动越强烈,反之则越平静。此外,鉴于6 a的数据量过大,仅使用每年1月份的LEO科学轨道进行轨道拟合,所以灰色背景突出显示每年1月份的F10.7时间序列。在2021年之前,F10.7非常稳定且较小,说明太阳活动十分平静;2021年之后,F10.7逐渐增大,表明太阳活动逐渐活跃,2024年尤为剧烈。综上,LEO的大气阻力将显著增大,其需要估计的加速度可能也会显著增大。
基于表 1中对轨道动力学参数的描述进行轨道拟合,以导出在LEO RT-RDPOD中需要估计的加速度。值得注意的是,仅选取每年1月份的LEO科学轨道作为代表,对其进行轨道拟合和分析。共分析7颗LEO卫星数据,分别为GRACE-C/D、Swarm-A/B/C和Sentinel-3A/B,表 2展示了其具体信息,表 3进一步给出了轨道拟合的详细策略。其中,观测值来源于LEO运维机构提供的Level-1B科学轨道,采样间隔选取为30 s,弧段为24 h。
图 2展示了在轨道ACR框架下的7颗LEO卫星的每日加速度RMS值的时间序列。值得注意的是,LEO的大气阻力摄动力初始值由Box-wing和大气密度模型计算,图 2展示的是最终大气阻力相对于初始值的修正摄动力,其计算公式为$\vec{a}_{\mathrm{dra}}^{\mathrm{est}}=\left(\mathrm{Scale}_{\mathrm{dra}-1}\right) \vec{a}_{\mathrm{dra}}$,其中Scaledra dra为估计的尺度参数,${\vec a_{dra}}$为模型计算的初始大气阻力加速度,$\vec a_{dra}^{est}$为最终需要估计的大气阻力加速度。图中红色、绿色和蓝色圆点分别表示大气尺度参数产生的A、C和R方向的加速度,棕色、紫色和黄色则为经验力参数产生的加速度。结果显示,对于GRACE-C/D卫星而言,在太阳平静期,除了C方向的经验力加速度以外,其余加速度均较小;在太阳活跃期,A方向的大气阻力估计加速度急剧增加至150 nm/s2左右。对于Sentinel-3A/3B而言,其轨道高度较高,因此在太阳平静期和活跃期,该卫星所在大气层的密度均较为稀薄,估计的加速度较小且稳定。对于Swarm-A/B/C而言,其轨道高度和GRACE-C/D接近,但是表现了不同的性质,这可能是因为两者Box-wing先验模型差异所导致的。
图 3展示了GRACE-C/D与Swarm-A/B/C每日大气阻力尺度参数估计均值的时间序列。可以发现,在2019年和2020年,GRACE-C/D的大气阻力尺度参数在0.6左右,此时该值相对于1的差值较大,但因为太阳较为平静,所受大气阻力较小,其需要估计的加速度$\vec a_{dra}^{est}$仍然较小。在2021年和2022年期间,虽然太阳活动已经逐渐变得活跃,所受大气阻力增大,但大气尺度参数接近1,所以估计的加速度仍然较小。在2023年和2024年,由于大气阻力尺度参数逐渐正偏离1,且太阳活动更为活跃,所受大气阻力急剧增大,所以估计的加速度急剧增大。对于Swarm-A/B/C而言,其大气尺度参数估计值刚好在太阳平静时负偏离1,而在太阳活跃时接近1,这导致了估计的加速度没有显著变化。
综上,由于LEO具有不同的Box-wing模型,需要估计的加速度大小并不会严格遵循大气密度的变化。但总的来说,对本文分析的LEO卫星而言,GRACE-C/D、Swarm-B和Sentinel-3A/B在太阳平静期,各方向需要估计的加速度不会超过30 nm/s2,在基于滤波的RT-RDPOD中,GNSS的位置和速度的过程噪声可以吸收3~5 nm/s2的加速度误差,鉴于LEO的位置和速度的过程噪声一般小于GNSS 1~2个数量级,因此其位置和速度的过程噪声也许可以吸收30 nm/s2的加速度误差,即可以吸收省略所有的动力学参数产生的加速度误差。对于Swarm-A和2023年后的GRACE-C/D而言,由于需要估计的加速度较大,必须添加部分动力学参数对其进行吸收,才可以获得最优精度的轨道解。
如前文所述,对于GRACE-C/D,需要估计的加速度量级仅在2019-01—2022-01和2023-01—2024-01期间有差异;对于Swarm-A/B/C和Sentinel-3A/3B,其6 a内基本没有明显差异, 因此仅需要设计2个实验周期即可。本文第1个实验周期为2019-01-01—14,第2个为2024-01-01—14。在卫星选取方面,由于GRACE-C/D、Swarm-A/C及Sentinel-3A/3B两两具有相同的性质,所以仅选取GRACE-C、Swarm-A、Swarm-B和Sentinel-3A进行基于滤波的RT-RDPOD实验。
对于实验方案而言,为了全面地对比是否可以忽略所有的动力学参数或部分动力学参数,设计4个方案:估计轨道位置、速度、大气阻力尺度参数及轨道切向和法向的正弦与余弦经验力参数(S1);估计轨道位置、速度和大气阻力尺度参数(S2);估计轨道位置、速度及轨道切向和法向的正弦与余弦经验力参数(S3);估计轨道位置和速度参数(S4)。
本文数据处理软件为长安大学iGMAS分析中心在PANDA[25]基础上开发的长安大学精密定轨数据处理软件。在观测数据方面,选取星载GPS L1/L2的无电离层数据,采样间隔为10 s。表 4总结了本文基于滤波的RT-RDPOD的策略。使用龙格-库塔-费尔伯格(RKF)方法进行轨道积分,同时采用秦志伟[26]提出的简化轨道插值方法。所有实验均在一台配备16个逻辑处理器的AMD Ryzen 7 8845H CPU和13 GB运行内存的计算机上完成。
2019-01为太阳活动平静期,由图 2可知,2019年LEO需要估计的加速度量级普遍较小,因此图 4展示了2019-01-01—14 LEO的轨道误差1D RMS时间序列。结果显示,除Swarm-A卫星以外,对于所有LEO卫星,忽略部分动力学参数(S2和S3)或全部动力学参数(S4)造成的加速度误差可以被卫星位置和速度参数的过程噪声吸收,从而获得了基本一致的定轨精度。Swarm-A卫星的特殊情况,是由于其具有较大的、需要估计的加速度所致。
图 5进一步展示了各卫星在A、C、R和1D方向的平均定轨精度。结果显示,Swarm-A在S3和S4方案中A和R方向的轨道精度显著降低,该现象和图 4相对应,可能是因为Swarm-A卫星在A方向的大气阻力具有较大的需要估计的加速度,S1和S2方案添加了大气阻力尺度参数对其进行吸收,所以获得了近乎一样的定轨结果。相比之下,虽然S3方案同样在A方向设置了1组参数,但其采用的是正弦和余弦形式的周期性参数,并不像大气尺度参数那样能够直接对大气阻力进行吸收。因此,在S3和S4方案中,加速度误差无法被位置和速度参数的过程噪声所吸收,导致了较差的轨道解。此外,值得注意的是,Swarm-A的轨道误差降低主要体现在R方向,而A方向则略小,这与§1的加速度分析结果略微不一致,其中A方向具有最大的需要估计的加速度,而R方向基本没有。此现象原因未知,超出了本文的研究范畴。总体而言,考虑了大气阻力尺度参数的Swarm-A方案和其余卫星的所有方案在所有方向上都获得了几乎一致的轨道精度,其1D RMS均在2 cm左右。
综上可知,当需要估计的加速度较小时,忽略部分或全部动力学参数并不会影响基于滤波的LEO的RT-RDPOD定轨结果。相反,当需要估计的加速度较大时,如Swarm-A在A方向有60 nm/s2的大气阻力加速度,则必须添加合适的动力学参数对其进行吸收。从结果来看,仅添加1个大气尺度参数即可,这也极大地节约了待估参数数量,有助于提高LEO/GNSS的RT-RDJOD的效率,有望实现更高频率的轨道更新。
2024-01为太阳活动活跃期,由图 2可知,2024年LEO需要估计的加速度量级普遍较大,因此图 6展示了2024-01-01—14 LEO轨道误差1D的RMS时间序列。结果显示,由于GRACE-C卫星在A方向上的大气阻力需要估计的加速度增加,忽略大气尺度参数的方案(S3和S4)不能获得最优轨道精解。与之相反的是,由于Swarm-A需要估计的加速度减小,4个方案都获得了最优轨道精解。Swarm-B和Sentinel-3A由于较高的轨道高度,其需要估计的加速度较小,因此4个方案都获得了最优轨道精解。总体而言,如果采用大气尺度参数(S2)对急剧变大的大气阻力进行吸收,所有卫星都可以获得轨道精度最优解,此结论和§2.2一致。
图 7进一步给出了4颗LEO卫星在4种方案下A、C、R和1D方向的统计精度,可以发现,考虑大气尺度参数后,4颗LEO卫星在所有方向均可以获得轨道精度最优解,GRACE-C、Swarm-A、Swarm-B和Sentinel-3A的1D RMS定轨精度分别在2.3 cm、3.0 cm、2.8 cm和3.6 cm左右。如果不考虑大气尺度参数(S3和S4),GRACE-C的轨道误差将显著增加,主要来源于R方向而不是A方向,该现象与§2.2中Swarm-A呈现的现象一致,需要后续进一步分析。此外可以发现,相比于2019-01的RT-RDPOD轨道解精度而言,2024年定轨精度较差,这可能是因为卫星设备老化和太阳活动导致的星载GPS观测误差增加、数据质量下降等。
综上可知,即使是在太阳活动活跃期大气密度变化较大的情况下,基于滤波的LEO RT-RDPOD仅添加大气阻力参数而忽略经验力参数就可以稳定地获得最优精度的实时轨道解。省略的4个经验力参数可以提高LEO/GNSS联合的RT-RDPOD解算效率。
前文基于实测星载LEO数据验证了本文提出的LEO动力学模型简化策略的正确性。然而,由于可获得的实测星载数据有限,其优势尚难以充分体现。为进一步展示该简化策略的优越性,本文在此基于仿真LEO星座与实测区域地面站数据进行2024-01-01—03的LEO和BDS-3 MEO/IGSO联合定轨实验,以讨论该简化策略在解算效率方面的优越性。
考虑到120颗LEO卫星可以保证全球范围内可见卫星数超过4颗[28],因此为同时生成可以服务于全球用户的BDS-3 MEO/IGSO和LEO轨道产品,本文设计并仿真了轨道高度为1 175 km、倾角为90°的Walker 120/10/1 LEO星座及其对应的星载观测数据。为避免赘述,具体仿真策略见参考文献[29],需说明的是,在LEO轨道仿真中同时考虑了大气阻力影响及轨道切向和法向各1组正弦与余弦经验力参数。星座的空间分布示意图见图 8。
结果表明,在任意时候进行LEO的RT-RDPOD都可忽略经验力参数的影响,但大气尺度参数不可忽略,因此本文仅设计2种方案:估计轨道位置、速度、大气阻力尺度参数及轨道切向和法向的正弦与余弦经验力参数(S1);估计轨道位置、速度和大气阻力尺度参数(S2)。
采用图 9所示10个区域测站的实测BDS-3观测数据进行RT-RDJOD。为避免赘述,相应的RT-RDJOD策略见参考文献[14]和表 4,此处仅描述部分关键参数设置。观测数据采用B1I/B3I无电离层组合观测值,数据处理间隔设置为30 s,BDS-3 MEO与IGSO卫星的太阳光压采用9参数ECOM2模型进行改正。
表 5(单位mm)给出了2种方案下BDS-3 MEO/IGSO和LEO的切向、法向、径向和1D轨道误差。可以发现,所有的卫星轨道精度在S1和S2方案间差异不超过1 mm,说明本文提出的LEO动力学模型简化策略在RT-RDJOD中一样有效,不会损失任何卫星的定轨精度。图 10给出该方案下2种方案的计算耗时,其平均耗时从8.1 s缩短至5.7 s,计算效率提升约30%。
综上可知,基于仿真LEO数据验证了本文提出的LEO动力学模型简化策略在不损失LEO定轨精度及其对BDS-3增强效果的前提下显著提升了计算效率。结合计算复杂度与矩阵维度呈指数增长的关系[30],可以推断该策略在大规模乃至巨型LEO星座场景下将展现出更为突出的效率优势。
1) 由于LEO具有不同的Box\-wing模型,需要估计的加速度量级并不会严格遵守太阳活动活跃程度和大气密度的变化。但总的来说,对于本文分析的LEO卫星而言,除了Swarm-A/C和2023年之后的GRACE-C/D卫星,所有的卫星需要估计的加速度均较小,各方向不会超过30 nm/s2。对于Swarm-A/C而言,其在最开始需要估计的加速度主要来源于大气阻力的A方向,之后该摄动力逐渐降低。对于GRACE-C/D而言,其在2023年之后需要估计的加速度超过100 nm/s2。
2) 2019年太阳平静期和2024年太阳活跃期的定轨实验结果显示,当LEO卫星待估加速度较少时,省略所有的待估动力学参数并不会损失LEO定轨精度,例如太阳平静期的GRACE-C、Swarm-B和Sentinel-3A卫星。当待估加速度较大时,仅添加大气阻力尺度参数就可以获得最优LEO轨道精度解,例如2024年的GRACE-C卫星。综上,本文推荐仅考虑大气阻力尺度参数的LEO卫星实时定轨策略。
3) 在120颗LEO与BDS-3 MEO/IGSO卫星的联合定轨方案中,仅考虑大气阻力尺度参数的LEO动力学参数模型相较于传统模型可提升约30%的计算效率。因此,本文提出的LEO动力学模型简化策略有望显著提高大规模LEO星座的RT-RDPOD解算效率,增强基于滤波的GNSS/LEO联合实时定轨的可实现性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42374025)
  • 长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102263401)
  • 长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102265721)
  • 国家留学基金管理委员会项目(202406560152)
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2026年第46卷第7期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.382
  • 接收时间:2025-11-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-08
基金
国家自然科学基金(42374025)
长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102263401)
长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102265721)
国家留学基金管理委员会项目(202406560152)
作者信息
    1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安, 710054
    2 Department of Applied Mathematics and Aerospace Engineering, University of Alicante, Alicante, 03080
    3 自然资源部生态地质与灾害防控重点实验室, 西安, 710054
    4 智能北斗陕西省高校工程研究中心, 西安, 710054
    5 河海大学地球科学与工程学院, 南京, 211100
    6 陕西省黄河科学研究院, 西安, 710054

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黄观文, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为GNSS精密数据处理, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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