Article(id=1322917025693184772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322916945741348911, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.380, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762531200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793337597534, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793337597534, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793337597534, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793337597534, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322916945741348911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='1039', pageEnd='1170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793337578473, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793337578473, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1162, endPage=1170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322917025919677190, articleId=1322917025693184772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Comparison Analysis of Positioning Accuracy between GGA-ELM-Based Geomagnetic Field Model and Actual Aeromagnetic Survey Data, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the limited positioning accuracy of global geomagnetic field models in localized regions, this paper proposes a geomagnetic positioning method based on a genetic algorithm-optimized extreme learning machine (GGA-ELM). By introducing an elite backpropagation strategy, the initial weights and thresholds of the ELM network are optimized, thereby improving training efficiency and reducing the risk of getting stuck in local optima. Based on actual aeromagnetic data from the Yuyao and Weishui regions in China, and in combination with the EMM2017, WMM2020, and IGRF13 geomagnetic field models, this study analyzes the differences in positioning accuracy between model data and observed data. Experiments demonstrate that the EMM2017 model achieves the best overall positioning accuracy at both sites (Yuyao: 6.29 m in longitude and 5.92 m in latitude; Weishui: 6.81 m in longitude and 5.89 m in latitude), significantly outperforming the WMM2020 and IGRF13 models. In the measured aeromagnetic data, the error in the latitudinal direction was slightly greater than that in the longitudinal direction (with a difference in root mean square error of approximately 0.5 m), whereas the geomagnetic field model data exhibited a characteristic where the longitudinal error was greater than the latitudinal error. The GGA-ELM method performed consistently at both locations, with positioning accuracy differences of less than 5%, verifying the robustness of the GGA-ELM method. This study provides a theoretical basis for model selection and algorithm optimization in geomagnetic navigation.

, authors=Chaofei CHANG1, Bing ZHANG2, Libin CHEN2, Weibao ZOU1, *, Enming LIU1, Daheng HAN1, Qidong LI1, Xin PENG3, authorsList=Chaofei CHANG, Bing ZHANG, Libin CHEN, Weibao ZOU, Enming LIU, Daheng HAN, Qidong LI, Xin PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weibao ZOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322917029946209047, articleId=1322917025693184772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于GGA-ELM的地磁场模型与实测航磁数据定位精度对比分析, columnId=1322566785874908034, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=特色栏目: 地震大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对全球地磁场模型在局部区域定位精度受限的问题,提出一种基于改进遗传算法优化极限学习机(GGA-ELM)的地磁定位方法。通过引入精英反向学习策略,优化ELM网络的初始权值和阈值,提升训练效率并降低局部最优风险。以中国余姚和渭水地区的实测航磁数据为基础,结合EMM2017、WMM2020、IGRF13三种地磁场模型,分析模型数据与实测数据的定位精度差异。实验表明, EMM2017模型在两地的综合定位精度最优(余姚经度方向为6.29 m,纬度方向为5.92 m;渭水经度方向为6.81 m,纬度方向为5.89 m),显著优于WMM2020和IGRF13模型;实测航磁数据中纬度方向误差略大于经度方向(RMSE差值约0.5 m),而地磁场模型数据则呈现经度方向误差大于纬度方向的特征;GGA-ELM方法在两地表现稳定,定位精度差异小于5%,验证了GGA-ELM方法的鲁棒性。本研究为地磁导航中模型选择与算法优化提供了理论依据。

, authors=常超飞1, 张兵2, 陈利斌2, 邹维宝1, *, 刘恩铭1, 韩大恒1, 李启栋1, 彭鑫3, authorsList=常超飞, 张兵, 陈利斌, 邹维宝, 刘恩铭, 韩大恒, 李启栋, 彭鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邹维宝, authorNote=

常超飞,硕士生,主要研究方向为地磁场模型与地磁导航,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
邹维宝,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为地磁场模型与地磁导航,E-mail:
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figureFileSmall=P+tfFFr5MEia4eY8rxuhMg==, figureFileBig=VrVAbwj8ez5W1a6EbMqBVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322917038745858919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322917025693184772, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Parameters of the geomagnetic field models

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模型名称 球谐阶数 空间分辨率 数据源 适用时间
EMM2017 790 5 km CHAMP/Swarm卫星+地面台站 2000—2023年
WMM2020 12 50 km NOAA航空磁测+卫星数据 2020—2025年
IGRF13 13 100 km 全球地磁台站+卫星观测 1900—2025年
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地磁场模型参数

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模型名称 球谐阶数 空间分辨率 数据源 适用时间
EMM2017 790 5 km CHAMP/Swarm卫星+地面台站 2000—2023年
WMM2020 12 50 km NOAA航空磁测+卫星数据 2020—2025年
IGRF13 13 100 km 全球地磁台站+卫星观测 1900—2025年
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Statistical characteristics of measured geomagnetic component

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地区 分量 均值/nT 标准差/nT 最小值/nT 最大值/nT
余姚 X 33 696 23.8 33 639 33 752
Y -3 572 3.0 -3 579 -3 564
Z 34 987 32.1 34 902 35 065
渭水 X 31 414 33.4 31 302 31 592
Y -2 232 2.4 -2 245 -2 224
Z 42 184 47.2 42 017 42 424
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实测地磁分量统计特征

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地区 分量 均值/nT 标准差/nT 最小值/nT 最大值/nT
余姚 X 33 696 23.8 33 639 33 752
Y -3 572 3.0 -3 579 -3 564
Z 34 987 32.1 34 902 35 065
渭水 X 31 414 33.4 31 302 31 592
Y -2 232 2.4 -2 245 -2 224
Z 42 184 47.2 42 017 42 424
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Positioning model parameter settings

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参数 设定值
种群规模 15
最大迭代次数 15
隐藏层单元数 60
激活函数 Sigmoid函数
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定位模型参数设置

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参数 设定值
种群规模 15
最大迭代次数 15
隐藏层单元数 60
激活函数 Sigmoid函数
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RMSE of each model in Yuyao and Weishui regions

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数据 余姚经度/m 余姚纬度/m 渭水经度/m 渭水纬度/m
实测 4.24 4.75 4.25 4.78
EMM2017 6.29 5.92 6.81 5.89
WMM2020 7.40 7.29 7.55 7.44
IGRF13 8.65 7.93 8.32 8.15
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各模型在余姚、渭水地区的RMSE

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数据 余姚经度/m 余姚纬度/m 渭水经度/m 渭水纬度/m
实测 4.24 4.75 4.25 4.78
EMM2017 6.29 5.92 6.81 5.89
WMM2020 7.40 7.29 7.55 7.44
IGRF13 8.65 7.93 8.32 8.15
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MAE of each model in Yuyao and Weishui regions

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数据 余姚经度/m 余姚纬度/m 渭水经度/m 渭水纬度/m
实测 2.62 2.92 2.60 2.78
EMM2017 4.77 5.33 5.28 4.52
WMM2020 5.04 3.99 5.85 5.58
IGRF13 6.54 5.79 6.43 6.72
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各模型在余姚、渭水地区的MAE

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数据 余姚经度/m 余姚纬度/m 渭水经度/m 渭水纬度/m
实测 2.62 2.92 2.60 2.78
EMM2017 4.77 5.33 5.28 4.52
WMM2020 5.04 3.99 5.85 5.58
IGRF13 6.54 5.79 6.43 6.72
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Comparison of prediction results of different models

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模型 RMSE/m R2 MAE/m 训练时间/s 定位时间/s
GGA-ELM 3.87 0.99 2.67 49 0.003
GA-ELM 8.35 0.99 6.63 30 0.003 5
LSTM 12.25 0.98 10.48 187 0.13
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不同模型的预测结果对比

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模型 RMSE/m R2 MAE/m 训练时间/s 定位时间/s
GGA-ELM 3.87 0.99 2.67 49 0.003
GA-ELM 8.35 0.99 6.63 30 0.003 5
LSTM 12.25 0.98 10.48 187 0.13
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Statistical characteristics of error distribution for each model

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数据类型 余姚经度 余姚纬度 渭水经度 渭水纬度
实测 1.62 1.63 1.63 1.72
EMM2017 1.32 1.11 1.29 1.30
WMM2020 1.47 1.83 1.29 1.33
IGRF13 1.32 1.37 1.29 1.21
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各模型误差分布特征统计

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数据类型 余姚经度 余姚纬度 渭水经度 渭水纬度
实测 1.62 1.63 1.63 1.72
EMM2017 1.32 1.11 1.29 1.30
WMM2020 1.47 1.83 1.29 1.33
IGRF13 1.32 1.37 1.29 1.21
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Accuracy losses of each model relative to the measured data

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模型 余姚地区 渭水地区 平均
EMM2017 35.8% 40.6% 38.2%
WMM2020 63.4% 66.0% 64.7%
IGRF13 84.4% 82.4% 83.4%
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各模型相对于实测数据的精度损失

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模型 余姚地区 渭水地区 平均
EMM2017 35.8% 40.6% 38.2%
WMM2020 63.4% 66.0% 64.7%
IGRF13 84.4% 82.4% 83.4%
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Overall performance score for geomagnetic field models

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模型 精度评分 稳定性评分 适应性评分 综合评分
EMM2017 82.8 92.6 80.3 85.2
WMM2020 70.8 98.1 89.9 86.3
IGRF13 62.4 94.7 96.7 84.6
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地磁场模型综合性能评分

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模型 精度评分 稳定性评分 适应性评分 综合评分
EMM2017 82.8 92.6 80.3 85.2
WMM2020 70.8 98.1 89.9 86.3
IGRF13 62.4 94.7 96.7 84.6
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基于GGA-ELM的地磁场模型与实测航磁数据定位精度对比分析
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常超飞 1 , 张兵 2 , 陈利斌 2 , 邹维宝 1, * , 刘恩铭 1 , 韩大恒 1 , 李启栋 1 , 彭鑫 3
大地测量与地球动力学 | 特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026,46(9): 1162-1170
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大地测量与地球动力学 |特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026 , 46 (9) : 1162 -1170
基于GGA-ELM的地磁场模型与实测航磁数据定位精度对比分析
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常超飞1 , 张兵2, 陈利斌2, 邹维宝1, * , 刘恩铭1, 韩大恒1, 李启栋1, 彭鑫3
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安, 710054
  • 2 中国船舶集团有限公司系统工程研究院, 北京, 100094
  • 3 中国人民解放军 61363部队, 武汉, 430071
通讯作者:
邹维宝,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为地磁场模型与地磁导航,E-mail:
作者简介:

常超飞,硕士生,主要研究方向为地磁场模型与地磁导航,E-mail:

Comparison Analysis of Positioning Accuracy between GGA-ELM-Based Geomagnetic Field Model and Actual Aeromagnetic Survey Data
Chaofei CHANG1 , Bing ZHANG2, Libin CHEN2, Weibao ZOU1, * , Enming LIU1, Daheng HAN1, Qidong LI1, Xin PENG3
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Geological Engineering and Surveying, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited Systems Engineering Research Institute, Beijing 100094, China
  • 3 61363 Troops of PLA, Wuhan 430071, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.380
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针对全球地磁场模型在局部区域定位精度受限的问题,提出一种基于改进遗传算法优化极限学习机(GGA-ELM)的地磁定位方法。通过引入精英反向学习策略,优化ELM网络的初始权值和阈值,提升训练效率并降低局部最优风险。以中国余姚和渭水地区的实测航磁数据为基础,结合EMM2017、WMM2020、IGRF13三种地磁场模型,分析模型数据与实测数据的定位精度差异。实验表明, EMM2017模型在两地的综合定位精度最优(余姚经度方向为6.29 m,纬度方向为5.92 m;渭水经度方向为6.81 m,纬度方向为5.89 m),显著优于WMM2020和IGRF13模型;实测航磁数据中纬度方向误差略大于经度方向(RMSE差值约0.5 m),而地磁场模型数据则呈现经度方向误差大于纬度方向的特征;GGA-ELM方法在两地表现稳定,定位精度差异小于5%,验证了GGA-ELM方法的鲁棒性。本研究为地磁导航中模型选择与算法优化提供了理论依据。

地磁定位  /  改进遗传算法  /  极限学习机  /  地磁场模型  /  航磁数据  /  定位精度

To address the limited positioning accuracy of global geomagnetic field models in localized regions, this paper proposes a geomagnetic positioning method based on a genetic algorithm-optimized extreme learning machine (GGA-ELM). By introducing an elite backpropagation strategy, the initial weights and thresholds of the ELM network are optimized, thereby improving training efficiency and reducing the risk of getting stuck in local optima. Based on actual aeromagnetic data from the Yuyao and Weishui regions in China, and in combination with the EMM2017, WMM2020, and IGRF13 geomagnetic field models, this study analyzes the differences in positioning accuracy between model data and observed data. Experiments demonstrate that the EMM2017 model achieves the best overall positioning accuracy at both sites (Yuyao: 6.29 m in longitude and 5.92 m in latitude; Weishui: 6.81 m in longitude and 5.89 m in latitude), significantly outperforming the WMM2020 and IGRF13 models. In the measured aeromagnetic data, the error in the latitudinal direction was slightly greater than that in the longitudinal direction (with a difference in root mean square error of approximately 0.5 m), whereas the geomagnetic field model data exhibited a characteristic where the longitudinal error was greater than the latitudinal error. The GGA-ELM method performed consistently at both locations, with positioning accuracy differences of less than 5%, verifying the robustness of the GGA-ELM method. This study provides a theoretical basis for model selection and algorithm optimization in geomagnetic navigation.

geomagnetic positioning  /  improved genetic algorithm  /  extreme learning machine  /  geomagnetic field model  /  aeromagnetic data  /  positioning accuracy
常超飞, 张兵, 陈利斌, 邹维宝, 刘恩铭, 韩大恒, 李启栋, 彭鑫. 基于GGA-ELM的地磁场模型与实测航磁数据定位精度对比分析. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (9) : 1162 -1170 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.380
Chaofei CHANG, Bing ZHANG, Libin CHEN, Weibao ZOU, Enming LIU, Daheng HAN, Qidong LI, Xin PENG. Comparison Analysis of Positioning Accuracy between GGA-ELM-Based Geomagnetic Field Model and Actual Aeromagnetic Survey Data[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (9) : 1162 -1170 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.380
地磁场作为一种天然的导航信息源,具有无源、全天候、全球覆盖、难以被干扰的独特优势[1],基于地磁场的定位技术逐渐成为导航领域的研究热点[2]。地磁匹配定位通过比对实测地磁数据与预存地磁基准场数据,实现载体的自主定位,在航空航天[3-4]、海洋环境[5]、无人平台导航等领域展现出广阔的应用前景[6]。
当前地磁匹配定位方法主要依赖于地磁场模型数据与实测航磁数据的匹配分析[7]。全球地磁场模型,如国际地磁参考场(IGRF)、世界地磁模型(WMM)和地球磁场模型(EMM)系列,通过球谐函数表征地磁要素的时空变化规律,为全球范围内的地磁导航提供了基础数据。然而,受地壳磁异常局部特性与模型分辨率的限制,现有模型在区域尺度上普遍存在系统性偏差[8]。例如,研究表明IGRF模型总磁场强度误差可达100 nT以上[9]。EMM模型虽通过融合航磁数据提升了分辨率,但其在地形复杂区域的定位精度仍受制于异常场建模的精度[10]。这种模型与真实地磁场的偏差直接导致匹配定位误差累积,严重制约地磁导航系统的工程化应用[11]。
为了克服全球地磁场模型在局部区域精度不足的问题,研究人员致力于利用高分辨率实测航磁数据构建局部地磁基准场。相较于台站观测数据,航磁测量可获取连续的高分辨率地磁矢量信息,其空间分辨率可达百米级,为构建局部地磁基准场提供了更优的数据源[12]。然而,现有研究多聚焦于单一模型或单区域数据的精度评估,缺乏多模型与多区域实测数据的验证分析,难以全面评估不同地磁场模型在不同地理环境下的适用性及其对定位性能的影响机制。
在地磁匹配算法方面,传统地磁定位方法多基于线性匹配算法,如相关匹配和最小二乘匹配方法,但此类方法对数据噪声敏感,且难以捕捉地磁场的非线性特征[13]。近年来,随着人工智能技术的飞速发展,神经网络因其强大的非线性映射能力被广泛应用于地磁定位领域,如卷积神经网络[14]、长短期记忆神经网络[15]等,展现出良好的非线性拟合能力。极限学习机(ELM)作为一种高效的单隐层前馈神经网络,具有训练速度快、泛化能力强等优点,但传统ELM存在易陷入局部最优、参数选择依赖经验等不足。
针对上述挑战,本文提出一种基于改进遗传算法(GGA)优化ELM的地磁定位方法。本方法的核心创新点在于:1)引入精英反向学习策略,对传统遗传算法进行改进,增强种群多样性,有效避免了传统遗传算法和ELM网络易陷入局部最优的缺陷,从而提升了ELM网络的训练效率和全局寻优能力;2)首次将该GGA-ELM方法应用于地磁匹配定位,旨在充分利用其强大的非线性映射能力和优化后的全局搜索能力,以期在复杂地磁环境下实现高精度、高鲁棒性的定位;3)采用中国余姚和渭水地区的实测航磁数据为验证对象,系统分析了EMM2017、WMM2020、IGRF13三种主流地磁场模型与实测数据在不同区域的定位精度差异,并深入探讨了纬度与经度方向误差的分布规律,以揭示模型选择对定位性能的影响机制。本文研究旨在为地磁导航算法的区域适应性优化和模型选择提供更为全面和可靠的理论依据与技术支撑。
ELM是一种单隐层前馈神经网络,其核心思想是随机生成输入层与隐层间的连接权重和隐层阈值,将复杂的参数迭代训练转化为求解线性方程组,从而提升训练效率。ELM结构包括输入层、隐含层和输出层,其结构如图 1所示。
对于给定训练样本数据集X=[x1, x2, …, xN]T∈RN×n和目标输出Y=[y1, y2, …, yN]T∈RN×m,ELM的网络结构可以表示为:
$\boldsymbol{y}_{i}=\sum\limits_{j=1}^{L} \boldsymbol{\beta}_{j} g\left(\boldsymbol{w}_{j} \cdot \boldsymbol{x}_{i}+\boldsymbol{b}_{j}\right), i=1,2, \cdots, N $
式中,xi=[x1, x2, …, xn]T∈Rn为第i个输入样本;yi∈R为第i个样本的网络预测输出;L∈Z+为隐层神经元数量;wj=[w1, w2, …, wn]T∈Rn为第j个隐层神经元的输入权重向量;bj∈R为第j个隐层神经元的偏置;βj=R为第j个隐层神经元的输出权重向量;g(·)为激活函数。
ELM的训练过程分为两步,首先是随机初始化,输入权重wj和偏置bj在区间[-1, 1]内随机生成;然后解析求解输出权重。隐层输出矩阵$\boldsymbol{H} \in \boldsymbol{R}^{N \times L}$定义为:
$\boldsymbol{H}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}g\left(\boldsymbol{w}_{1}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{x}_{1}+\boldsymbol{b}_{1}\right) & \cdots & g\left(\boldsymbol{w}_{L}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{x}_{1}+\boldsymbol{b}_{L}\right) \\\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\g\left(\boldsymbol{w}_{1}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{x}_{N}+\boldsymbol{b}_{1}\right) & \cdots & g\left(\boldsymbol{w}_{L}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{x}_{N}+\boldsymbol{b}_{L}\right)\end{array}\right]$
式中,N为训练样本数;xi为第i个输入样本。输出权重$\boldsymbol{\beta}=\left[\boldsymbol{\beta}_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}, \boldsymbol{\beta}_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}, \cdots, \boldsymbol{\beta}_{L}^{\mathrm{T}}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$通过求解最小二乘问题获得:
$\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}=\boldsymbol{H}^{+} \boldsymbol{T}$
式中,$\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}=\left[\boldsymbol{\beta}_{1}, \boldsymbol{\beta}_{2}, \cdots, \boldsymbol{\beta}_{L}\right]^{\mathrm{T}} \in \boldsymbol{R}^{L}$为输出权重向量;T=[t1, t2, …, tN]T∈RN为目标输出向量,ti为第i个样本的期望输出;H+∈RL×N为矩阵H的Moore-Penrose广义逆矩阵。
传统ELM的随机参数生成机制导致模型泛化能力受限。遗传算法(GA)通过模拟生物进化过程,采用选择、交叉、变异等操作实现全局搜索,可有效优化ELM的输入权重和隐层偏置,提升参数配置的合理性。
为提高种群多样性和收敛速度,引入精英反向学习策略,其核心思想是:对精英个体生成反向解,扩大搜索空间的同时保留优质基因。设当前种群中适应度排名前p%的个体为精英个体集合Xe={x1, x2, …, xk},其动态边界由式(4)确定:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}a_{j}=\min \left(x_{i j} \mid x_{i} \in X_{e}\right) \\b_{j}=\max \left(x_{i j} \mid x_{i} \in X_{e}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中,aj为精英个体第j维的动态下界;bj为精英个体第j维的动态上界。对于普通个体xi,其第j维反向解生成公式为:
$\begin{gather*}x_{i j}^{*}=\alpha\left(a_{j}+b_{j}-x_{i j}\right)+ \\\operatorname{rand}(0,1) \cdot\left(b_{j}-a_{j}\right) \cdot(1-\alpha)\end{gather*}$
式中,α∈[0, 1]为收缩因子,用于控制反向解在精英解空间内的分布密度; rand(0, 1)表示[0, 1]区间内的均匀分布随机数。该算法通过精英个体的动态边界引导反向搜索,避免无效探索;同时收缩因子α平衡了全局搜索与局部开发能力。最终将反向解与原解竞争保留,增强种群质量。
GGA-ELM算法流程如图 2所示,具体步骤如下:
1) 参数初始化与种群生成。设定种群规模N=15、最大迭代次数T=15、交叉率Pc=1.0、变异率Pm=0.05。将ELM的输入权值wi和隐层偏置bi拼接为染色体向量,维度为D=L(n+1)(L为隐层节点数,n=3对应输入的地磁特征量),初始种群在[-1, 1]内随机生成。
2) 适应度评估与选择。对种群中每个个体解码构建ELM网络,输入训练集数据进行训练,输出为经度或纬度预测值。以测试集均方误差(MSE)作为适应度函数,定义为:
$\operatorname{MSE}=\frac{1}{N_{v}} \sum\limits_{k=1}^{N_{v}}\left(y_{k}-\hat{y}_{k}\right)^{2}$
式中,Nv为测试集样本数;yk为第k个样本的真实值;$\hat{y}_k$为第k个样本的预测值。MSE的值越小,表示个体适应度越高; MSE的值越大, 表示个体适应度越低。通过轮盘赌选择法筛选高适应度个体,其选择概率与适应度值成正比,保留优质基因进入下一代。
3) 遗传操作与反向学习。对选中的个体进行单点交叉操作,随后对子代施加均匀变异,以增强种群多样性。引入精英反向学习策略,筛选前10%的精英个体,计算其动态上下界,生成反向解,并通过双向比较保留更优解。
4) 种群更新与终止判定。将父代与子代种群合并,保留适应度最高的前Np个个体作为新一代种群。若当前迭代次数达到Tmax或适应度变化率$\frac{|f(t)-f(t-1)|}{f(t-1)} <10^{-5}$连续三代成立,则终止算法并输出最优的输入权值$\boldsymbol{w}^{*}$和偏置$\boldsymbol{b}^{*}$,否则返回步骤2)继续迭代,其中f(t)为第t代最优适应度值。
5) 模型构建与验证。利用优化后的wi和bi初始化ELM网络,重新训练完整数据集,构建最终的GGA-ELM定位模型,并通过独立测试集评估定位精度。
为对比分析实测数据与模型数据的定位精度差异,本文基于实测航磁数据生成了EMM2017、WMM2020及IGRF13三类主流模型数据集,模型参数见表 1。
对于模型数据的生成,首先根据实测数据采集时间,截取对应年份的模型系数;然后采用样条插值法将模型数据从球谐函数形式转换为规则网格;之后将模型数据从地心地固坐标系(ECEF)转换为WGS-84坐标系;最后通过球谐函数反演计算X、Y、Z分量理论值,球谐函数如式(7)所示。其中,r为地心距离;θ为余纬;φ为经度;a为地球平均半径;N为球谐最高阶数;Pnm为缔合勒让德多项式;gnm与hnm为球谐系数。
$\begin{align*}& B(r, \theta, \varphi)=a \sum\limits_{n=1}^{N}\left(\frac{a}{r}\right)^{n+1} \sum\limits_{m=0}^{n} \\& \left.\cos (m \varphi)+h_{n}^{m} \sin (m \varphi)\right] P_{n}^{m}(\cos \theta) \end{align*}$
本文在余姚地区(东部沿海)与渭水地区(西北部丘陵)开展航磁数据采集,采用倒“S”式南北走向飞行。航测系统由无人机平台、磁通门测量仪、质子磁力仪和智能RTK组成。飞行高度约为129 m,速度为6 m/s,采样频率为200 Hz。在余姚地区2 km×3 km范围采集54 881个有效数据点,在渭水地区采集57 387个有效数据点,并各提取前20 045个连续采样点构成建模数据集。采集数据包括总磁场强度F、北向分量X、东向分量Y、垂直分量Z、水平分量H及对应经纬度坐标,地磁分量统计特征见表 2。
为验证GGA-ELM方法在地磁场模型数据与实测航磁数据中的定位精度的差异,将余姚、渭水两地实测数据按7∶3划分为训练集与测试集,输入为地磁三分量X、Y、Z,输出为经度或纬度。3种模型数据采用相同划分方式和训练流程,确保实验条件一致。
需要说明的是,虽然采集数据包含F、X、Y、Z、H五个特征量,但F和H可分别由三分量推导得到,与X、Y、Z存在信息冗余,引入后并不能显著提升定位精度,反而可能因冗余信息干扰导致模型泛化性能下降。因此,本文仅选用相互独立的X、Y、Z三分量作为输入特征。
在模型训练时,通过滑动窗口将航磁数据序列分割为连续子序列,输入窗口7 s、预测窗口1 s、步长1 s。滑动窗口7 s对应飞行约42 m的空间距离,能够有效捕捉地磁场局部变化特征。预实验对比了不同窗口组合的定位误差,结果显示, 7 s输入窗口与1 s预测窗口在两地数据中RMSE最低。参数设置见表 3,采用均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、决定系数R2作为定位精度评价指标,其定义为:
$\mathrm{RMSE} =\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\left(\hat{y}_{i}-y_{i}\right)^{2}} $
$\mathrm{MAE} =\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\left|\hat{y}_{i}-y_{i}\right| $
$R^{2} =1-\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-\hat{y}_{i}\right)^{2}}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-\bar{y}_{i}\right)^{2}} $
式中,yi为真实值;$\hat{y}_{i}$为预测值;${\bar y}$i为坐标真实值的平均值。R2的实验结果都在0.98~0.99,RMSE和MAE的实验结果见表 4和5。
为验证本文所提GGA-ELM方法的优越性,将其与传统GA-ELM与LSTM方法进行对比,各模型在余姚地区实测数据集上的定位性能见表 6。需要说明的是,本文算法对比遵循地磁定位领域的主流验证范式,在最具代表性的实测数据集上验证所提方法的优越性即可支撑核心结论。从算法机理层面分析,GGA-ELM的性能优势源于精英反向学习策略对ELM初始参数的全局优化,该机制与数据集的地理属性无关;ELM相较于LSTM的结构简洁性优势亦具有普适性。因此,在渭水地区及模型数据场景下,3种算法的相对性能排序必然保持一致。限于篇幅,表 6仅列出最具代表性的对比结果。
从表 6可以看出,在定位精度方面,GGA-ELM的RMSE为3.87 m,分别比GA-ELM和LSTM降低了53.7%和68.4%;其MAE为2.67 m,分别为GA-ELM的40.3%和LSTM的25.5%,表明GGA-ELM在经纬度预测中具有更低的误差水平。尽管三者R2均较高,但GGA-ELM仍表现最佳,说明其输出与真实位置的一致性更好。在时间效率方面,GGA-ELM的训练时间为49 s,虽略高于GA-ELM,但远低于LSTM,仅为LSTM训练时间的26.2%。在定位时间上,GGA-ELM仅需0.003 s,略优于GA-ELM,显著快于LSTM,展现出良好的实时性。
综合来看,GGA-ELM在定位精度与时间效率上均具有明显优势,其性能提升主要得益于改进遗传算法中精英反向学习策略的引入,有效避免了传统GA的早熟收敛问题,从而优化了ELM的初始参数。此外,ELM本身作为一种单隐层前馈网络,相比LSTM具有结构简单、训练迅速的特点,更适合应用于对实时性要求较高的飞行器地磁定位场景。
为深入评估3种主流地磁场模型(EMM2017、WMM2020、IGRF13)的定位性能差异,本文基于余姚、渭水2个地区的实测航磁数据,采用GGA-ELM算法对各模型进行系统的定位精度测试,实验结果见图 3。可以看出,3种模型在定位精度上呈现显著差异。
从综合定位精度(图 3)来看,EMM2017模型表现最优,在余姚地区的平均定位误差为6.11 m,在渭水地区为6.35 m;WMM2020模型次之,两地平均误差分别为7.35 m和7.50 m;IGRF13模型精度最低,两地平均误差分别达到8.29 m和8.24 m。
从统计角度分析,EMM2017模型相对于WMM2020模型的精度提升15.3%~16.9%,相对于IGRF13模型的精度提升22.9%~26.4%。这一结果验证了EMM2017模型在区域定位应用中的优越性。EMM2017模型的高精度主要归因于其采用了790阶球谐函数展开,空间分辨率达到5 km,并融合了CHAMP/Swarm卫星观测数据与地面台站数据,能够更精细地刻画区域地磁异常特征。
进一步分析误差分布特征,本文计算了各模型的RMSE/MAE比值,见图 4和表 7。理论上,当误差服从正态分布时,RMSE/MAE比值约为1.25。实测数据的RMSE/MAE比值约为1.65,表明存在一定程度的离群误差;而EMM2017模型的比值约为1.26,最接近正态分布特征,说明其误差分布更均匀,大误差出现的概率较低。WMM2020和IGRF13模型的比值分别为1.48和1.30,表明其误差分布中存在较多的极端值。
为量化评估地磁场模型数据相对于实测数据的精度损失,本文以实测数据为基准,计算各模型的相对精度损失率。如图 5所示,EMM2017模型相对于实测数据的平均精度损失为38.2%,WMM2020模型为64.7%,IGRF13模型则高达83.4%。这一结果表明,尽管EMM2017模型在3种模型中表现最佳,但其定位精度仍显著低于实测数据。
从误差来源角度分析,模型数据与实测数据的精度差异主要源于以下几个方面:
1) 空间分辨率限制。全球地磁场模型的空间分辨率有限,WMM2020和IGRF13的空间分辨率分别为50 km和100 km,难以捕捉局部尺度的地磁异常细节。即使EMM2017的分辨率达到5 km,仍无法完全表征复杂地形区的精细磁场特征。
2) 模型更新滞后。IGRF13模型未充分纳入2015年以后的观测数据,导致其对当前地磁场状态的描述存在偏差。地磁场随时间变化,模型更新周期直接影响其现势精度。
3) 地壳磁异常建模不足。全球模型主要刻画地核场,对地壳异常场的建模能力有限。实测航磁数据能够直接测量包含地壳异常场的总磁场,因此在局部区域具有更高的定位精度。
表 8汇总了各模型相对于实测数据的具体精度损失数值。从地区差异来看,渭水地区的精度损失普遍略高于余姚地区,这与渭水地区复杂的地形地质条件有关,说明全球模型在复杂区域的适用性更差。
为评估不同地磁场模型在不同地理环境下的适应性,本文对比分析了余姚(沿海平原)和渭水(丘陵地带)地区的定位误差差异,差异越小, 表示模型区域适应性越好。如图 6所示,实测数据在两地的误差差异仅为0.44%,表明GGA-ELM算法具有良好的区域稳定性;而EMM2017模型的两地差异为3.93%,WMM2020模型为2.02%,IGRF13模型为0.67%。
形成地区差异的原因主要包括:
1) 地形与磁场复杂性差异。余姚地处沿海平原,地磁场分布相对平缓,磁场梯度较小;渭水为丘陵地带,地质构造复杂,局部磁异常剧烈,磁场梯度变化大。这种根本性的地理环境差异导致模型在渭水地区面临更大的建模挑战。
2) 数据表征能力差异。在磁场快速变化的复杂区域,达到相同的建模精度理论上需要更高密度的采样。本文在两地使用了同等数量的数据点(20 045个),对于余姚的平缓场可能已足够,但对于渭水的复杂场而言,同等数据量所捕获的磁场细节相对不足。
3) 数据质量差异。如§2.2所述,渭水地区地形复杂导致飞行器姿态波动更为频繁,可能引入更多的测量噪声,在数据量相同的条件下,有效信噪比相对较低。
值得注意的是,IGRF13模型在渭水地区的误差略低于余姚地区(差异0.67%),这一现象可能与IGRF13模型的低分辨率特性有关——较低的空间分辨率使其对局部异常不敏感,反而在复杂区域表现出平滑效应。但这并不意味着IGRF13更适合复杂区域,其绝对误差仍然最高。
为进一步分析定位误差的空间分布特征,对经度和纬度方向的误差进行对比分析。如图 7所示,实测数据在余姚和渭水地区均呈现纬度误差大于经度误差的特征,经度减纬度误差差值分别为-0.51 m和-0.53 m。这一规律与地磁场分量的空间变化特性密切相关:在测试区域,地磁北向分量的变化梯度相对较小,而东向分量的变化更为显著,导致纬度方向的定位不确定性更高。
对于地磁场模型数据,经纬度方向的误差关系呈现不同的模式。EMM2017模型在渭水地区表现出显著的经度误差大于纬度误差(差值为0.92 m),这与实测数据形成鲜明对比。IGRF13模型在余姚地区也呈现类似特征(差值为0.72 m)。这种差异反映了全球地磁场模型在描述地磁场空间变化时的系统性偏差,模型对经度方向的磁场变化存在过度估计或估计不足的问题。
从应用角度分析,纬度方向误差普遍大于经度方向误差(实测数据)意味着在实际导航应用中,南北方向的定位不确定性更高。这一发现对于地磁导航系统的设计具有重要指导意义:在航线规划时应充分考虑南北方向的定位误差裕度,或采用多源信息融合策略来抑制纬度方向误差。
为全面评估各模型的综合性能,本文从精度、稳定性和区域适应性3个维度构建综合评价体系。如图 8所示,通过雷达图可以直观地比较3种地磁场模型的性能特征。
具体评分结果见表 9。EMM2017模型在精度维度得分最高,为82.8分,但在区域适应性方面表现相对较弱,为80.3分,这与前文分析的两地差异较大(3.93%)一致。WMM2020模型在稳定性方面表现最佳(98.1分),其4个测试场景的误差标准差最小,表现出良好的一致性。IGRF13模型虽然精度最低,但在区域适应性方面得分最高(96.7分),这与前文观察到的其在复杂区域的平滑效应有关。
综合评分结果显示,3种模型的综合得分较为接近(84.6~86.3分),说明其各有优劣,不存在绝对意义上的最佳模型。实际应用中应根据具体场景需求进行选择:若追求最高精度,优先选择EMM2017;若要求高度稳定性,WMM2020更为合适;若应用场景涉及多变区域,IGRF13的适应性优势可能更有价值。从绝对定位精度角度,实测数据始终是最佳选择。
本文针对全球地磁场模型在局部区域定位精度受限的问题,提出了一种基于改进遗传算法优化极限学习机(GGA-ELM)的地磁定位方法,并以中国余姚和渭水地区的实测航磁数据为基础,系统分析了EMM2017、WMM2020、IGRF13三种地磁场模型与实测数据的定位精度差异。通过深入的实验分析,得出以下主要结论:
1) GGA-ELM方法在实测数据中表现最优,经纬度平均定位误差为4.50~4.52 m(表 4),验证了所提算法的有效性。与传统GA-ELM和LSTM方法相比,GGA-ELM在定位精度上分别提升了53.7%和68.4%,同时保持了较快的训练速度和极短的定位时间(0.003 s),展现出良好的实时性。
2) 地磁场模型数据的定位精度显著低于实测数据。EMM2017模型表现最佳,平均误差为6.11~6.35 m,相对于实测数据的精度损失为35.8%~40.6%;WMM2020模型精度损失为63.4%~66.0%;IGRF13模型精度损失最高,达82.4%~84.4%。这一结果表明,即使是最新的高分辨率全球地磁场模型,在局部区域的定位精度仍存在较大提升空间。
3) 3种地磁场模型在精度、稳定性和区域适应性方面呈现不同的性能特征。EMM2017精度最高但区域适应性相对较弱;WMM2020稳定性最佳;IGRF13区域适应性最强但精度最低。实际应用中应根据具体需求进行模型选择。
4) 纬度方向误差普遍高于经度方向(实测数据),差值达0.51~0.53 m,这与地磁场分量的空间变化特性相关。地磁导航应用应充分考虑这一误差分布特征,在航线规划中预留足够的南北方向误差裕度。
5) 全球地磁场模型在复杂地形区(渭水)的精度损失更为显著,EMM2017模型在渭水地区的精度损失(40.6%)明显高于余姚地区(35.8%)。这表明全球模型的区域适应性存在显著差异,在复杂地质构造区域,融合局部实测数据或建立区域校正模型至关重要。
本文的局限性在于:1)仅选取了两个典型区域进行验证,未来研究应扩展到更多地理环境以验证结论的普适性;2)滑动窗口参数(7 s输入、1 s预测)基于预实验确定,最优参数组合可能因区域和模型而异。
未来研究方向包括:1)探索地磁场模型与实测数据的融合策略,以兼顾模型的全局一致性和实测数据的局部精度;2)研究自适应滑动窗口机制,根据磁场变化特征动态调整窗口参数;3)开展多区域、多季节的系统性验证,建立模型选择决策框架;4)结合深度学习等先进方法,进一步提升地磁定位的精度和鲁棒性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42174006)
  • 国防科技创新项目(19-163-KX-002-030-01)
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2026年第46卷第9期
29
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.11.380
  • 接收时间:2025-11-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-08
基金
国家自然科学基金(42174006)
国防科技创新项目(19-163-KX-002-030-01)
作者信息
    1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安, 710054
    2 中国船舶集团有限公司系统工程研究院, 北京, 100094
    3 中国人民解放军 61363部队, 武汉, 430071

通讯作者:

邹维宝,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为地磁场模型与地磁导航,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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