Article(id=1281933863601553942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1281909275651969257, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.10.335, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1760112000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783566450261, onlineDateStr=2026-07-09, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783566450261, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783566450261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783566450261, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281909275651969257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='662', pageEnd='789', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783560588038, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783566454347, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281933881221812905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1281909275651969257, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281933881221812906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1281909275651969257, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=695, endPage=701, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281933866013278743, articleId=1281933863601553942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Inter-Satellite Time Synchronization for Low Earth Orbit Satellites Based on Precise Point Positioning, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The synchronization accuracy of the pseudo-range single-point positioning method is low, making it unable to meet the high-precision time synchronization requirements of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. Meanwhile, the inter-satellite link time synchronization method faces challenges in large-scale LEO constellation applications due to factors such as complex payloads, high equipment costs, and susceptibility to interference from the space environment.This study utilizes onboard GPS observation data from the GRACE-FO satellites to design and investigate an inter-satellite time synchronization method for low Earth orbit satellites based on precise point positioning (PPP). Experimental results show that the orbit determination accuracy (RMS) of the GRACE-FO satellites in all directions is approximately 7 cm, and the GNSS timing accuracy (STD) of the two satellites is 0.78 ns and 0.77 ns, respectively, with short-term stability (1 280 s) reaching 2.22×10-13 and 2.13×10-13, and long-term stability (10 240 s) reaching 2.69×10-14 and 3.21×10-14. Meanwhile, the inter-satellite time synchronization accuracy (STD) is 0.46 ns, with short-term stability (1 280 s) of 2.24×10-13 and long-term stability (10 240 s) of 3.47×10-14. These results validate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm and provide an effective approach for high-precision inter-satellite time synchronization in LEO satellite systems.

, authors=Zecheng HU1, 2, Shiming ZHONG1, Jie ZHANG1, *, Zhao GUO1, 2, Chongchong ZHOU1, 3, authorsList=Zecheng HU, Shiming ZHONG, Jie ZHANG, Zhao GUO, Chongchong ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jie ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281933887802688038, articleId=1281933863601553942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于PPP的低轨卫星星间时间同步, columnId=1281909276545356011, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

伪距单点定位方法的同步精度低, 无法满足低轨卫星高精度的时间同步需求, 而星间链路时间同步方法因载荷复杂、设备成本高及易受空间环境干扰等因素, 难以应用于大规模低轨星座。本文提出一种基于精密单点定位(PPP)的低轨卫星星间时间同步方法, 具有成本低、易实现、无需依赖外部时间参考等优势, 可实现低轨卫星之间的高精度自主时间同步。研究利用GRACE-FO卫星星载GPS观测数据, 设计开展基于PPP的低轨卫星星间时间同步方法验证。实验结果表明, GRACE-FO卫星轨道各方向定轨精度RMS约7 cm, 2颗卫星GNSS授时精度STD分别为0.78 ns和0.77 ns, 短期稳定度(1 280 s)达到2.22×10-13和2.13×10-13, 长期稳定度(10 240 s)达到2.69×10-14和3.21×10-14。同时, 星间时间同步精度STD为0.46 ns, 短期稳定度(1 280 s)达到2.24×10-13, 长期稳定度(10 240 s)达到3.47×10-14。上述结果验证了星载GNSS PPP星间时间同步方法的可行性, 可为低轨卫星星间高精度时间同步提供一种有效手段。

, authors=胡泽成1, 2, 钟世明1, 张杰1, *, 郭钊1, 2, 周冲冲1, 3, authorsList=胡泽成, 钟世明, 张杰, 郭钊, 周冲冲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张杰, authorNote=

胡泽成, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为低轨卫星时间同步, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张杰, 博士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为GNSS时频传递及卫星激光测距, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=njlhndM1j+6l6cYJvKG4Kw==, magXml=pUt9nu+yiaPwPISlqVvHow==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cC6WAnYWDALOECNlp35xTw==, pdfFileSize=2263584, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=lFHDmpMOui/XbVFB6oiLMA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=5Nx2qzWPs+al0Lk+kCanzw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1281933893607604785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933863601553942, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=huzecheng@apm.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1281933894224167476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933863601553942, authorId=1281933893607604785, language=EN, stringName=Zecheng HU, firstName=Zecheng, middleName=null, lastName=HU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy and Positioning, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China
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胡泽成, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为低轨卫星时间同步, E-mail:

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GPS Solutions, 2025, 29 (3), articleTitle=Ocean Multi-GNSS Kinematic PPP Time Transfer with Doppler Observations and Different System Clock Parameter Solution Strategies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281933968442376862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933863601553942, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=56, issue=3, pageStart=931, pageEnd=951, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=39, authorNames=Kornfeld R P, Arnold B W, Gross M A, journalName=Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Kornfeld R P , Arnold B W , Gross M A , et al. GRACE-FO: The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On Mission[J]. 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journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933863601553942, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Residual series between the estimated and reference orbits of GRACE-FO satellites, figureFileSmall=YepFcWm/DDhRO/1gRsle3A==, figureFileBig=92qYs8+K/jNwagHxFRTybw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281933914285523547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933863601553942, language=CN, label=图2, caption=GRACE-FO卫星解算轨道与参考轨道残差序列, figureFileSmall=YepFcWm/DDhRO/1gRsle3A==, figureFileBig=92qYs8+K/jNwagHxFRTybw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281933915011138140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933863601553942, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Time series of TDOP, visible satellite number, and clock offset for GRACE-FO satellite C, figureFileSmall=mAGwnkHv/aCFjctq1XbbyA==, figureFileBig=zFCMQswM+g9MDcR6Y0In+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281933915514454621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933863601553942, language=CN, label=图3, caption=GRACE-FO C星TDOP、可视卫星数和时钟偏差序列, figureFileSmall=mAGwnkHv/aCFjctq1XbbyA==, figureFileBig=zFCMQswM+g9MDcR6Y0In+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281933917578052190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933863601553942, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Time series of TDOP, visible satellite number, and clock offset for GRACE-FO satellite D, figureFileSmall=KHrb05HDxxyJ7MOlZ1hfOQ==, figureFileBig=c/Ryd5SZKanDzpiXWH/28g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281933918047814239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933863601553942, language=CN, label=图4, caption=GRACE-FO D星TDOP、可视卫星数和时钟偏差序列, figureFileSmall=KHrb05HDxxyJ7MOlZ1hfOQ==, figureFileBig=c/Ryd5SZKanDzpiXWH/28g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281933918479827552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933863601553942, 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Details of the data sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型 来源 描述
GPS卫星精密轨道和钟差 CODE 5 min采样间隔的精密轨道和5 s采样间隔的精密钟差
地球自转参数 CODE 单天
GRACE-FO星载GPS观测数据 GFZ 采样间隔10 s
GRACE-FO姿态数据 GFZ 采样间隔1 s
GRACE-FO事后精密轨道 GFZ 采样间隔1 s
), ArticleFig(id=1281933923890479720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933863601553942, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数据来源详细信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型 来源 描述
GPS卫星精密轨道和钟差 CODE 5 min采样间隔的精密轨道和5 s采样间隔的精密钟差
地球自转参数 CODE 单天
GRACE-FO星载GPS观测数据 GFZ 采样间隔10 s
GRACE-FO姿态数据 GFZ 采样间隔1 s
GRACE-FO事后精密轨道 GFZ 采样间隔1 s
), ArticleFig(id=1281933927313031785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933863601553942, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Processing strategies for inter-satellite time synchronization experiments of the GRACE-FO satellites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 描述
观测模型 双频消电离层组合
截止高度角
相对论效应 模型改正
天线相位中心改正 igs20.atx
相位缠绕 模型改正
地球自转改正 模型改正
模糊度参数 浮点解
接收机时钟偏差 白噪声估计
接收机位置 白噪声估计
参数估计方法 双向滤波
), ArticleFig(id=1281933927849902698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933863601553942, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

GRACE-FO卫星星间时间同步实验处理策略

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 描述
观测模型 双频消电离层组合
截止高度角
相对论效应 模型改正
天线相位中心改正 igs20.atx
相位缠绕 模型改正
地球自转改正 模型改正
模糊度参数 浮点解
接收机时钟偏差 白噪声估计
接收机位置 白噪声估计
参数估计方法 双向滤波
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RMS of residuals between the estimated and reference orbits for GRACE-FO satellites

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卫星 X/cm Y/cm Z/cm
GRACE-FO C星 6.5 6.6 7.0
GRACE-FO D星 7.0 6.4 6.6
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GRACE-FO卫星解算轨道与参考轨道残差RMS

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卫星 X/cm Y/cm Z/cm
GRACE-FO C星 6.5 6.6 7.0
GRACE-FO D星 7.0 6.4 6.6
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Statistical results of GRACE-FO satellite clock offsets

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卫星 均值/ns 标准差/ns
GRACE-FO C星 0.37 0.78
GRACE-FO D星 0.37 0.77
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GRACE-FO卫星时钟偏差统计结果

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卫星 均值/ns 标准差/ns
GRACE-FO C星 0.37 0.78
GRACE-FO D星 0.37 0.77
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基于PPP的低轨卫星星间时间同步
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胡泽成 1, 2 , 钟世明 1 , 张杰 1, * , 郭钊 1, 2 , 周冲冲 1, 3
大地测量与地球动力学 | 大地测量学 2026,46(6): 695-701
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大地测量与地球动力学 |大地测量学 2026 , 46 (6) : 695 -701
基于PPP的低轨卫星星间时间同步
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胡泽成1, 2 , 钟世明1, 张杰1, * , 郭钊1, 2, 周冲冲1, 3
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077
  • 2 中国科学院大学地球与行星科学学院, 北京, 100049
  • 3 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院武汉大地测量国家野外科学观测研究站, 武汉, 430077
通讯作者:
张杰, 博士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为GNSS时频传递及卫星激光测距, E-mail:
作者简介:

胡泽成, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为低轨卫星时间同步, E-mail:

Inter-Satellite Time Synchronization for Low Earth Orbit Satellites Based on Precise Point Positioning
Zecheng HU1, 2 , Shiming ZHONG1, Jie ZHANG1, * , Zhao GUO1, 2, Chongchong ZHOU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy and Positioning, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China
  • 2 College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3 Wuhan National Geodetic Observatory, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.10.335
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伪距单点定位方法的同步精度低, 无法满足低轨卫星高精度的时间同步需求, 而星间链路时间同步方法因载荷复杂、设备成本高及易受空间环境干扰等因素, 难以应用于大规模低轨星座。本文提出一种基于精密单点定位(PPP)的低轨卫星星间时间同步方法, 具有成本低、易实现、无需依赖外部时间参考等优势, 可实现低轨卫星之间的高精度自主时间同步。研究利用GRACE-FO卫星星载GPS观测数据, 设计开展基于PPP的低轨卫星星间时间同步方法验证。实验结果表明, GRACE-FO卫星轨道各方向定轨精度RMS约7 cm, 2颗卫星GNSS授时精度STD分别为0.78 ns和0.77 ns, 短期稳定度(1 280 s)达到2.22×10-13和2.13×10-13, 长期稳定度(10 240 s)达到2.69×10-14和3.21×10-14。同时, 星间时间同步精度STD为0.46 ns, 短期稳定度(1 280 s)达到2.24×10-13, 长期稳定度(10 240 s)达到3.47×10-14。上述结果验证了星载GNSS PPP星间时间同步方法的可行性, 可为低轨卫星星间高精度时间同步提供一种有效手段。

低轨卫星  /  精密单点定位  /  精密定轨  /  星间时间同步

The synchronization accuracy of the pseudo-range single-point positioning method is low, making it unable to meet the high-precision time synchronization requirements of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. Meanwhile, the inter-satellite link time synchronization method faces challenges in large-scale LEO constellation applications due to factors such as complex payloads, high equipment costs, and susceptibility to interference from the space environment.This study utilizes onboard GPS observation data from the GRACE-FO satellites to design and investigate an inter-satellite time synchronization method for low Earth orbit satellites based on precise point positioning (PPP). Experimental results show that the orbit determination accuracy (RMS) of the GRACE-FO satellites in all directions is approximately 7 cm, and the GNSS timing accuracy (STD) of the two satellites is 0.78 ns and 0.77 ns, respectively, with short-term stability (1 280 s) reaching 2.22×10-13 and 2.13×10-13, and long-term stability (10 240 s) reaching 2.69×10-14 and 3.21×10-14. Meanwhile, the inter-satellite time synchronization accuracy (STD) is 0.46 ns, with short-term stability (1 280 s) of 2.24×10-13 and long-term stability (10 240 s) of 3.47×10-14. These results validate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm and provide an effective approach for high-precision inter-satellite time synchronization in LEO satellite systems.

low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites  /  precise point positioning (PPP)  /  precise orbit determination  /  inter-satellite time synchronization
胡泽成, 钟世明, 张杰, 郭钊, 周冲冲. 基于PPP的低轨卫星星间时间同步. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (6) : 695 -701 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.10.335
Zecheng HU, Shiming ZHONG, Jie ZHANG, Zhao GUO, Chongchong ZHOU. Inter-Satellite Time Synchronization for Low Earth Orbit Satellites Based on Precise Point Positioning[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (6) : 695 -701 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.10.335
近年来,低轨道(low Earth orbit,LEO)卫星凭借自身独特优势,已成为航天应用领域的研究热点,在定位、导航、授时、遥感以及通信等多个领域得到广泛应用[1]
在重力场反演任务中,以GRACE/GRACE-FO[2]卫星为代表的编队卫星,对双星间的时间同步有着极高要求,需达到亚纳秒级,以此保障观测的精度与可靠性。在巨型星座运行方面,随着Starlink、OneWeb等大规模商业通信星座的密集部署[3],数量众多的LEO卫星需在统一的时间框架内协同作业。对于基于LEO卫星的GNSS增强系统,其低轨空间段由数十至数百颗搭载导航增强有效载荷的LEO卫星组成。这些卫星既能播发增强信息,助力GNSS系统性能提升[4],也可作为独立的导航星座,提供PNT(positioning navigation timing)服务[5]。建立并维持低轨导航增强星座的时间基准,是该增强系统地面段的一项关键任务,可确保GNSS与低轨增强数据在高精度、统一的时空框架下完成融合处理[6]。在6G空天地一体化网络架构[7]中,LEO卫星互联网作为重要组成部分,为6G网络实现泛在、高速、低时延等特性提供了关键支撑[8]。上述应用,均迫切需要实现低成本、高精度的星间时间同步方法,以满足LEO卫星星座组网、高速通讯等实际需求。
目前,星间时间同步方法主要涵盖星间链路、GNSS系统等[9],已有不少学者开展了相关研究。Nie等[10]借助GRACE的星载GPS数据,运用简化动力学法,实现了2~3 ns的相对钟差精度;Pan等[11]提出一种基于星间链路的伪距历元归算方法,对北斗三号试验星的星间时间同步精度展开分析,其时间同步精度优于0.3 ns;温旭峰等[12]采用星地星间联合钟差观测的方法,验证了星间链路体制下时间同步的可行性,结果显示, 星间链路观测具有较高可靠性,星间钟差联合解算残差为0.52 ns。王伟等[13]运用SSR改正信息的实时PPP方法,对COSMIC卫星星载GPS观测数据进行解算,结果表明, 轨道精度达到分米级,钟差误差标准差达到纳秒级;Kunzi等[14]基于多星座GNSS观测数据,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波对Sentinel-6A卫星进行实时定轨和时间同步,实现了亚纳秒级的时间同步精度;Yao等[15]采用动力学定轨和整周模糊度固定技术,通过仿真6颗LEO卫星的多GNSS数据,实现了厘米级定轨和亚纳米级时间同步;闫冰等[16]提出一种基于最大似然估计的低轨星座分布式时间同步方法,仿真结果表明, 该方法可有效抑制随机通信时延的影响,实现优于5 ns的时间同步精度;Ge等[17]提出一种低轨卫星时钟模型,结果显示, LEO时钟模型显著减少了时钟噪声,时间同步短期稳定度最高提升约48%,长期稳定度最高提升约27%。
对于LEO卫星星间时间同步而言,星地链路方式受地面站资源和链路条件的限制,难以满足多星大规模的时间同步需求;星间链路方法虽能实现LEO卫星的高精度时间同步,但受载荷复杂度、设备成本以及空间环境干扰等因素制约,在大规模LEO星座中难以满足高精度、高可靠的同步需求;此外,高性能原子钟虽能显著提升LEO卫星的时间基准性能,但受功耗、尺寸、重量和成本等因素[18]影响,并不适用于LEO卫星对低成本的需求。GNSS精密单点定位技术(PPP)凭借其厘米级定位精度、纳米级授时能力以及低成本、方法易实现等优势,为解决低轨星间时间同步难题提供了新途径。因此,本文采用PPP技术,利用GRACE-FO卫星的GNSS观测数据,对LEO卫星星间时间同步展开研究,分析可视卫星数、TDOP等因素对时间同步精度的影响,成功实现了基于PPP的GRACE-FO卫星之间的高精度时间同步。
LEO卫星接收机的时钟偏差可通过LEO卫星本地时间和全球导航卫星系统时间(global navigation satellite system time,GNSST)来获得,其表示LEO卫星本地时间与GNSS导航系统时间之间的差异[19]。具体的时钟偏差计算公式如下:
$D_{\mathrm{L}}=T_{\mathrm{L}}-\mathrm{GNSST}$
式中,TL为LEO卫星本地时间;GNSST为全球导航卫星系统时间;DL为接收机的时钟偏差。采用PPP方式解算时,DL通过卡尔曼滤波参数估计得到。
根据式(1)得到2颗LEO卫星的时钟偏差之后,二者作差可得到LEO卫星星间时间同步误差:
$\begin{aligned}& \Delta T=D_{\mathrm{L}_1}-D_{\mathrm{L}_2}=T_{\mathrm{L}_1}-\text { GNSST }- \\& \quad\left(T_{\mathrm{L}_2}-\text { GNSST }\right)=T_{\mathrm{L}_1}-T_{\mathrm{L}_2}\end{aligned}$
式中,ΔT为星间时间同步误差;DL1DL2分别为2颗LEO卫星接收机的时钟偏差。从式(2)可以看出,LEO卫星星间时间同步误差是2颗LEO卫星的本地时间之差。图 1是基于PPP的LEO星间时间同步原理。首先星载GNSS接收机获得有效观测数据;然后利用精密产品进行LEO卫星观测数据的PPP处理,计算LEO卫星的时钟偏差;最后将2颗LEO卫星的时钟偏差作差得到时间同步误差。
LEO卫星的轨道高度一般在200~2 000 km,电离层集中在60~2 000 km的大气层区域,因此LEO卫星会受轨道高度以上的电离层延迟影响。考虑到LEO卫星的轨道高度高于对流层高度,对流层引入的误差基本可以忽略。此外,固体潮、海潮对LEO卫星的影响可以忽略不计。因此,本文采用双频消电离层组合对LEO卫星的时钟偏差进行解算时,其伪距和载波相位的双频消电离层组合模型[20]为:
$P_{\mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{s}}=\rho_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}+c\left(\mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{r}}-\mathrm{d} t^{\mathrm{s}}\right)+M_P+\varepsilon_{\mathrm{IF}, P}^{\mathrm{s}}$
$L_{\mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{s}}=\rho_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}+c\left(\mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{r}}-\mathrm{d} t^{\mathrm{s}}\right)+M_L+\lambda_{\mathrm{IF}} N_{\mathrm{IF}}^{\mathrm{s}}+\varepsilon_{\mathrm{IF}, L}^{\mathrm{s}}$
式中,PIFs为伪距组合观测值;LIFs为载波相位组合观测值;ρrs为站星间几何距离;c为真空中光速;dtr为接收机时钟偏差;dts为GNSS卫星时钟偏差;MPML为PPP过程中其他误差改正项,包括相对论效应、相位缠绕、地球自转等;λIF为载波相位的波长;NIFs为消电离层组合模糊度;εIF,PsεIF,Ls分别为伪距和载波相位的观测噪声。
由于星载GNSS观测量反映的是导航卫星GNSS天线到LEO卫星接收机天线之间的距离,而GNSS卫星精密星历和LEO卫星精密轨道给出的是卫星质心的坐标,因此,在PPP解算LEO卫星观测数据时,需要对GNSS卫星和LEO卫星的天线相位中心偏差(phase center offset,PCO)进行改正。
LEO卫星的PCO改正不同于地面接收机,其PCO在星固坐标系下给出,而PPP解算得到的LEO卫星位置位于地固坐标系中,因此需要将二者统一到同一参考系下。具体而言,考虑到地球自转的影响,利用姿态四元数将PCO由星固坐标系转换至惯性坐标系,同时将PPP解算得到LEO卫星位置由地固坐标系转换至惯性坐标系,二者相加得到改正后的LEO卫星位置。姿态四元数坐标转换公式如下[21]
$\boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{ECl}}=\boldsymbol{R} \cdot \boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{SBF}}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}q_0^2+q_1^2-q_2^2-q_3^2 & 2\left(q_1 q_2-q_0 q_3\right) & 2\left(q_1 q_3+q_0 q_2\right) \\2\left(q_1 q_2+q_0 q_3\right) & q_0^2-q_1^2+q_2^2-q_3^2 & 2\left(q_2 q_3-q_0 q_1\right) \\2\left(q_1 q_3-q_0 q_2\right) & 2\left(q_2 q_3+q_0 q_1\right) & q_0^2-q_1^2-q_2^2+q_3^2\end{array}\right] \boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{SBF}}$
式中,R为转换矩阵;q0q1q2q3为姿态四元数;XECIXSBF分别表示惯性坐标系下的坐标与星固坐标系下的坐标。
修正Allan方差(modified Allan deviation,MDEV)是目前使用最多的时域频率稳定度评估方法,本文选择修正Allan方差作为评价LEO卫星时钟偏差频率稳定度的方法。计算公式[22]为:
$\begin{gathered}\sigma_y^2(\tau)=\frac{1}{2 m^2 \tau^2(N-3 m+1)} \cdot\\\sum\limits_{j=1}^{N-3 m+1}\left(\sum\limits_{i=j}^{j+m-1}\left(x_{i+2 m}-2 x_{i+m}+x_i\right)\right)^2\end{gathered}$
式中,τ=0为取样时间;m为平滑因子;N为时间偏差数据的个数;xi为第i个平滑间隔的时间偏差数据。
实验采用德国地学中心(GFZ)提供的GRACE-FO C星与D星2023-04-30—05-06(DOY120—126)共7 d、采样间隔为10 s的LEVEL 1B的GPS观测数据,其经过时标钟差改正处理,因此本实验解算的时钟偏差相当于GRACE-FO C星和D星的时钟偏差与参考值的残余误差,其均值和标准差(STD)可作为评估单向授时、星间时间同步精度的指标。数据解算采用的精密产品、地球自转参数、LEO卫星姿态数据和事后科学轨道的详细信息如表 1所示,表 2给出了星间时间同步实验的具体处理策略。
本文对LEO卫星轨道精度评估采用外符合精度评定方法,以GFZ提供的GRACE-FO在地固系下的精密轨道为参考,将PPP解算得到的LEO卫星轨道与GFZ发布的轨道结果进行对比,并以轨道残差的RMS值作为精度评定指标。
图 2给出LEO卫星PPP解算轨道与参考轨道的残差序列。可以看出,2颗卫星的轨道残差均无明显的系统性偏差,其中X方向和Y方向存在周期性变化,这主要与卫星的轨道周期相关。表 3统计了2颗卫星7 d的轨道残差RMS值,结果显示,XYZ三个方向的RMS值均约为7 cm,定轨精度达到厘米级。
图 3给出GRACE-FO C星TDOP、可视卫星数和时钟偏差序列。可以看出,解算的C星时钟偏差序列大部分时段在±2 ns以内,其均值和STD分别为0.37 ns和0.78 ns,无明显系统性偏差,时钟偏差序列相对稳定。除去滤波收敛的阶段,部分历元出现“突刺”,将时钟偏差分别与TDOP和可视卫星数进行比较分析。图中红色框线标示了受可视卫星数影响的“突刺”历元,可以看出,发生“突刺”的历元其可视卫星数大部分低于6颗,当LEO卫星的可视卫星数不足时,部分GNSS卫星观测数据由于数据质量问题在滤波迭代过程中被剔除,使得该历元实际参与解算的卫星数仅为4颗,方程对未知参数的约束变差,导致解算结果变差。同时,时钟偏差的解算精度不仅受可视卫星数的限制,还受到导航星座空间几何构型[23]的影响,根据TDOP的定义可知,TDOP值越大,表明导航星座空间几何分布对时钟偏差解算精度的影响越大。由图 3可见,GRACE-FO C星的TDOP值在1.0~3.0范围内波动,但存在许多异常的变化值,且变化存在明显的跳跃。图中蓝色框线标示了受TDOP影响的“突刺”历元,可以看出,TDOP值的异常点与时钟偏差解算结果中的“突刺”点具有较高的一致性,当TDOP值过大,时钟偏差的解算结果会出现“突刺”,表明TDOP值的变化会直接影响时钟偏差的解算精度。图中TDOP值为0的历元表示当前历元观测数据发生缺失,此时会导致PPP重收敛,时钟偏差同样会出现“突刺”。另一方面,在LEO卫星PPP时间同步过程中,轨道参数与时钟偏差参数存在显著的相关性,当LEO卫星部分历元因观测数据质量和较大的TDOP值导致解算轨道较差时,其时钟偏差也会相应地变差。因此这种“突刺”并不是受单一因素影响,而是受制于观测数据质量、卫星数、TDOP等多方面因素。
图 4展示了GRACE-FO D星的TDOP、可视卫星数和时钟偏差序列。结果表明,D星7 d的时钟偏差解算结果大多在±2 ns范围内波动,其均值和STD分别为0.37 ns和0.77 ns。表 4给出GRACE-FO卫星解算的时钟偏差的统计结果。与C星类似,D星部分历元同样出现了“突刺”现象。图中红色框线标示了受可视卫星数影响的“突刺”历元,蓝色框线标示了受TDOP影响的“突刺”历元,二者与时钟偏差序列中的“突刺”点具有较高的一致性。
为进一步评估LEO时钟偏差序列的稳定性,本文采用修正Allan方差对解算结果进行分析。需要说明的是,不同类型原子钟的短期、长期稳定度定义存在差异[24]。为便于后续频率稳定度的对比分析,本文统一将平均时间位于1 280 s的频率稳定度作为短期稳定度的评定指标,平均时间位于10 240 s的频率稳定度作为长期稳定度的评定指标。GRACE-FO卫星搭载的超稳晶体振荡器[25](ultra-stable oscillators, USO)具有较高的频率稳定度。如图 5所示,GRACE-FO C星时钟偏差序列的短期稳定度(1 280 s)达到2.22×10-13,长期稳定度(10 240 s)达到2.69×10-14,频率稳定度较好。GRACE-FO D星时钟偏差序列的短期稳定度(1 280 s)达到2.13×10-13,长期稳定度(10 240 s)达到3.21×10-14,与C星的频率稳定度相当。
采用PPP技术可实现GRACE-FO双星的星间时间同步,图 6展示了星间时间同步误差序列,观测弧段为7 d。可以看出,星间时间同步误差基本在±1 ns范围内波动,STD为0.46 ns。与单星时钟偏差解算结果类似,部分历元出现明显的“突刺”现象。对比2颗卫星的时钟偏差结果可以发现,在星间时间同步误差发生“突刺”的历元中,通常伴随1颗卫星的时钟偏差发生较大的跳变,或2颗卫星的跳变幅值不同,从而导致星间时间同步误差增大。因此,与单颗卫星的时钟偏差序列相比,星间时间同步通过抵消2颗卫星间的对称误差,有效减小其同步误差的波动,提高稳定性。
为了评估星间时间同步的频率稳定度,本文计算了星间时间同步误差的修正Allan方差。星间时间同步频率稳定度结果如图 7所示。可以看出其短期稳定度(1 280 s)达到2.24×10-13,长期稳定度(10 240 s)达到3.47×10-14,频率稳定度较好。
本文介绍基于PPP的LEO卫星星间时间同步原理,设计并开展了LEO卫星PPP时间同步实验。通过解算LEO卫星的GPS双频观测数据得到GRACE卫星相对于参考值的时钟偏差,实现了LEO卫星间的高精度时间同步,该方法可应用于编队卫星的星间时间同步。实验结果表明:
1) 采用PPP技术确定GRACE-FO卫星轨道,2颗GRACE-FO卫星定轨精度约7 cm,单颗卫星解算的时钟偏差均值均为0.37 ns,STD分别为0.78 ns和0.77 ns,单星GNSS授时精度达到亚纳米量级,由于卫星数据质量和导航星座空间几何构型的原因出现少数“突刺”,长期稳定度约10-13~10-14
2) GRACE-FO卫星星间时间同步精度为0.46 ns,长期稳定度达到3.47×10-14,验证了PPP方法可实现亚纳米级LEO卫星星间时间同步。
本文采用的PPP算法相较于传统LEO卫星时间同步方法精度高,方法简单易于实现,但仍有部分问题未解决,如时间同步过程中并未考虑动力学因素,历元“突刺”的问题影响定轨精度和星间时间同步精度。随着GNSS系统的发展,多系统观测数据的融合和附加动力学约束的PPP方法有望解决LEO卫星星间时间同步的历元“突刺”问题,提高定轨精度和时间同步精度,为未来LEO卫星间的精确协同工作和GNSS增强系统提供一种关键的技术支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42174222)
  • 武汉市知识创新专项(2023010201010082)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.10.335
  • 接收时间:2025-10-11
  • 首发时间:2026-07-09
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-11
基金
国家自然科学基金(42174222)
武汉市知识创新专项(2023010201010082)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077
    2 中国科学院大学地球与行星科学学院, 北京, 100049
    3 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院武汉大地测量国家野外科学观测研究站, 武汉, 430077

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张杰, 博士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为GNSS时频传递及卫星激光测距, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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