Article(id=1281934007113847623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1281909275651969257, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.325, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1758470400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783566484477, onlineDateStr=2026-07-09, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783566484477, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783566484477, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783566484477, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281909275651969257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='662', pageEnd='789', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783560588038, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783566454347, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281933881221812905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1281909275651969257, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281933881221812906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1281909275651969257, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=783, endPage=789, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281934009781424968, articleId=1281934007113847623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Satellite Infrared Anomalies before the MS8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on over 20 years of MODIS satellite remote sensing infrared data, we extract brightness temperature low-frequency information using anomaly method and spatial anomaly superposition method, and investigate the temporal and spatial evolution and characteristics of infrared radiation anomalies before the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake on May 12, 2008. The results show that there was a significant radiation enhancement anomaly before the earthquake. In terms of time, from 2006 to 2007, there was a trend of radiation enhancement in the core area located west of the epicenter. Conversely, from 2008 until the earthquake occurrence, this radiation enhancement exhibited a weakening trend. Spatially, the core area of radiation enhancement is located in the eastern section of Bayan Har and Qiangtang blocks, encompassing approximately 5.8×105 km2. The spatial distribution characteristics are consistent with the dynamic background of Wenchuan earthquake.

, authors=Tiebao ZHANG1, Xing YANG1, *, Qian LU1, Yong GUAN1, Yurui BAO1, Weiming WANG1, Xiaofeng LIAO1, authorsList=Tiebao ZHANG, Xing YANG, Qian LU, Yong GUAN, Yurui BAO, Weiming WANG, Xiaofeng LIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xing YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281934036826297180, articleId=1281934007113847623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=汶川MS8.0地震前卫星红外异常研究, columnId=1281933726917570915, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=特色栏目:地震大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于20多年的MODIS卫星遥感红外数据, 利用距平法和空间异常叠加法提取亮温低频信息, 研究2008-05-12汶川MS8.0地震前红外辐射异常时空演化过程及特征。结果表明, 汶川地震前出现辐射增强异常。时间上, 2006-2007年, 震中西侧辐射增强核心区辐射值趋势性增强; 2008年至汶川地震发震前, 辐射增强趋势有所减弱。空间上, 辐射增强核心区位于巴颜喀拉块体和羌塘块体东段, 面积约58万km2, 空间分布特征与汶川地震孕育的动力学背景相符。

, authors=张铁宝1, 杨星1, *, 路茜1, 管勇1, 包雨睿1, 王玮铭1, 廖晓峰1, authorsList=张铁宝, 杨星, 路茜, 管勇, 包雨睿, 王玮铭, 廖晓峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨星, authorNote=

张铁宝, 高级工程师, 主要从事地震红外遥感研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨星, 高级工程师, 主要从事地震红外遥感研究, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pBJnFcp3LUgiA4DiOp89Jg==, magXml=UYZnlDmQNdqI4XDyhydLvQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=/05iYldoS67mBkqwKg7zLg==, pdfFileSize=5102879, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=pL5W+x0DUf0znkz3Wekzlg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7yfIol06I/kliqHbg3sj1A==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1281934041280648034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281934007113847623, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=tiebaozhang@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1281934043365217124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281934007113847623, authorId=1281934041280648034, language=EN, stringName=Tiebao ZHANG, firstName=Tiebao, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Sichuan Earthquake Agency, Chendu 610041, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1281934043818201957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281934007113847623, authorId=1281934041280648034, language=CN, stringName=张铁宝, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 四川省地震局, 成都, 610041, bio={"content":"

张铁宝, 高级工程师, 主要从事地震红外遥感研究, E-mail:

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张铁宝, 高级工程师, 主要从事地震红外遥感研究, E-mail:

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图片修改自文献[23, 26],其中p为应力峰值点

, figureFileSmall=WTyf7BMMH+Vm6NLFWfAhFA==, figureFileBig=6bQuh+Om25xbzr2U/82Xjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281934080040211360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281934007113847623, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Statistics of large-scale radiation enhancement areas in Qinghai-Xizang plateau before Wenchuan MS88.0 earthquake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间 分布区域
2006-07 巴颜喀拉、羌塘、拉萨、川滇
2007-01 巴颜喀拉、羌塘、拉萨
2007-03 巴颜喀拉、羌塘、川滇
2007-04 巴颜喀拉、羌塘
2007-05 祁连、柴达木、巴颜喀拉、羌塘
2007-06 羌塘、拉萨
2007-07 羌塘、拉萨
2007-10 巴颜喀拉、羌塘、拉萨、川滇
2007-11 祁连、巴颜喀拉、羌塘
2008-03 巴颜喀拉、羌塘
2008-04 巴颜喀拉、羌塘、川滇
2008-05 祁连、柴达木、巴颜喀拉
), ArticleFig(id=1281934080526750625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281934007113847623, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

汶川MS88.0地震前青藏高原内大面积辐射增强出现区域统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间 分布区域
2006-07 巴颜喀拉、羌塘、拉萨、川滇
2007-01 巴颜喀拉、羌塘、拉萨
2007-03 巴颜喀拉、羌塘、川滇
2007-04 巴颜喀拉、羌塘
2007-05 祁连、柴达木、巴颜喀拉、羌塘
2007-06 羌塘、拉萨
2007-07 羌塘、拉萨
2007-10 巴颜喀拉、羌塘、拉萨、川滇
2007-11 祁连、巴颜喀拉、羌塘
2008-03 巴颜喀拉、羌塘
2008-04 巴颜喀拉、羌塘、川滇
2008-05 祁连、柴达木、巴颜喀拉
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汶川MS8.0地震前卫星红外异常研究
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张铁宝 1 , 杨星 1, * , 路茜 1 , 管勇 1 , 包雨睿 1 , 王玮铭 1 , 廖晓峰 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 特色栏目:地震大地测量学 2026,46(6): 783-789
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大地测量与地球动力学 |特色栏目:地震大地测量学 2026 , 46 (6) : 783 -789
汶川MS8.0地震前卫星红外异常研究
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张铁宝1 , 杨星1, * , 路茜1, 管勇1, 包雨睿1, 王玮铭1, 廖晓峰1
作者信息
  • 1 四川省地震局, 成都, 610041
通讯作者:
杨星, 高级工程师, 主要从事地震红外遥感研究, E-mail:
作者简介:

张铁宝, 高级工程师, 主要从事地震红外遥感研究, E-mail:

Satellite Infrared Anomalies before the MS8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake
Tiebao ZHANG1 , Xing YANG1, * , Qian LU1, Yong GUAN1, Yurui BAO1, Weiming WANG1, Xiaofeng LIAO1
Affiliations
  • 1 Sichuan Earthquake Agency, Chendu 610041, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.325
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基于20多年的MODIS卫星遥感红外数据, 利用距平法和空间异常叠加法提取亮温低频信息, 研究2008-05-12汶川MS8.0地震前红外辐射异常时空演化过程及特征。结果表明, 汶川地震前出现辐射增强异常。时间上, 2006-2007年, 震中西侧辐射增强核心区辐射值趋势性增强; 2008年至汶川地震发震前, 辐射增强趋势有所减弱。空间上, 辐射增强核心区位于巴颜喀拉块体和羌塘块体东段, 面积约58万km2, 空间分布特征与汶川地震孕育的动力学背景相符。

汶川MS8.0地震  /  红外  /  异常  /  卫星遥感

Based on over 20 years of MODIS satellite remote sensing infrared data, we extract brightness temperature low-frequency information using anomaly method and spatial anomaly superposition method, and investigate the temporal and spatial evolution and characteristics of infrared radiation anomalies before the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake on May 12, 2008. The results show that there was a significant radiation enhancement anomaly before the earthquake. In terms of time, from 2006 to 2007, there was a trend of radiation enhancement in the core area located west of the epicenter. Conversely, from 2008 until the earthquake occurrence, this radiation enhancement exhibited a weakening trend. Spatially, the core area of radiation enhancement is located in the eastern section of Bayan Har and Qiangtang blocks, encompassing approximately 5.8×105 km2. The spatial distribution characteristics are consistent with the dynamic background of Wenchuan earthquake.

Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake  /  infrared  /  anomaly  /  satellite remote sensing
张铁宝, 杨星, 路茜, 管勇, 包雨睿, 王玮铭, 廖晓峰. 汶川MS8.0地震前卫星红外异常研究. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (6) : 783 -789 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.325
Tiebao ZHANG, Xing YANG, Qian LU, Yong GUAN, Yurui BAO, Weiming WANG, Xiaofeng LIAO. Satellite Infrared Anomalies before the MS8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (6) : 783 -789 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.325
2008-05-12在青藏高原东缘的龙门山断裂带发生汶川MS88.0地震(图 1),震源深度14 km,为逆冲型地震[1]。地震主破裂面沿龙门山断裂带向北东方向单侧扩展,余震分布长度约340 km[2]。卫星红外遥感是20世纪80年代以来逐步发展起来的空间遥感地震监测手段。在这个过程中,不同学者提出如RST[3]、涡度法[4]、距平法[4]、相对功率谱法[5]和空间异常叠加法[6]等算法,并对众多震例开展回溯性研究,提取到震前红外辐射异常[4-10]。在此基础上,部分学者提出地震多圈层耦合模型[11-13],推动了地震红外遥感孕震机理研究。汶川MS88.0地震作为龙门山断裂带有历史记录以来发生的最大地震,许多学者开展了相应的地震红外异常研究。康春丽等[4]研究发现,汶川地震前长波辐射存在中期、短期和临震异常。荆凤等[14]比较长波辐射和背景场,结果显示, 汶川地震前1个月川滇地区西南部出现高值。张元生等[15]研究FY-2C红外亮温数据发现,汶川地震前热异常分布在地震破裂带及四川盆地,地震发生在最大幅值后的第11天。何苗等[16]对汶川地震前盖层、大气层、电离层等遥感参量异常特征及其关联性进行研究,结果显示, 地震短临前兆突出,与岩石圈-盖层-大气层-电离层耦合模型吻合。这些研究均表明汶川地震前存在红外异常,但对与地震相关的地面台站资料的协同变化和关联性分析较少。
本文基于20多年的卫星遥感红外数据,从时空方面分析汶川地震前后红外辐射的演化过程和异常特征,并结合实验室岩石力学实验结果、典型前兆变化和震前地震活动,探讨红外辐射异常与强震孕育过程之间的联系。
汶川地震的孕育主要受巴颜喀拉块体东向的直接推挤影响,而巴颜喀拉块体运动变形的动力来源为印度板块对青藏高原的北东向碰撞推挤(图 1),为从大范围分析汶川地震前红外辐射变化,研究区选为青藏高原及附近地区(20°~45°N, 70°~110°E)。为保证构建的背景场稳定可靠,选用已运行20多年的美国Terra卫星的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS) 21通道(3.929~3.989 μm)红外亮温数据。数据经投影、裁剪和拼接等预处理,空间分辨率为1 km,时段为2004-04—2025-06。有云环境下红外波段探测的是云顶信息,对地表观测而言,云为干扰因素,因此采用4 d合成的方式来获得高晴空率数据,再采用多通道阈值法对合成的数据进行云检测。
空间上,采用距平法和空间异常叠加法分析震前红外异常。数据处理步骤为:
1) 采用均值法[17]构建亮温背景场,计算公式为:
$\overline{\operatorname{BT}}(x, y, t)=\frac{1}{N} \sum\limits_{i=1}^N \operatorname{BT}_i(x, y, t)$
式中, $\overline{{\rm{BT}}}$ (x, y, t)为(x, y)位置t时刻像元的亮温背景场; $\overline{{\rm{BT}}}$i(x, y, t)为亮温实测值; N为同一时刻t亮温实测值数据总数,t根据实际需求,可以是年、月、日尺度。由于数据经过多日合成导致日值数据量大量减少,构建日尺度背景场,可靠性和准确性显著降低,因此文中计算月尺度亮温背景场[17]
2) 采用距平法[4]扣除背景场,计算公式为:
$\Delta \operatorname{BT}(x, y, t)=\operatorname{BT}(x, y, t)-\overline{\operatorname{BT}}(x, y, t)$
式中, ΔBT(x, y, t)为(x, y)位置t时刻像元的亮温距平值,与背景场时间尺度对应,即计算月距平。
3) 定性提取震前亮温增强月距平图像。
4) 根据强震孕育区固定且孕震时间较长的特点,利用空间异常叠加法[6]对震前亮温增强月距平图像进行处理,得到异常叠加图像,计算公式为:
$\overline{\Delta \mathrm{BT}}(x, y)=\frac{1}{M} \sum\limits_{j=1}^M \Delta \mathrm{BT}_j(x, y, t)$
式中, ΔBT (x, y)为(x, y)位置像元的亮温距平叠加值; M为震前存在亮温增强的月距平图像总数。叠加处理后,在同一位置经常性出现的与地震相关性高的红外辐射增强(即红外辐射增强核心区)会被突显出来,更有利于分析红外辐射增强与强震之间的空间关系。
时间上,针对红外辐射增强核心区,采用“区域亮温均值低频信息地震异常提取方案”[8],定量化分析地震前后亮温低频信息异常演化过程。具体处理流程(图 2)为:首先提取增强核心区的亮温均值时间序列;然后以1个月为窗长、1 d为步长,对亮温均值时间序列进行平滑低通滤波,提取低频信息时间序列;再基于低频信息时间序列,采用多年同期均值法计算低频信息背景场;最后从低频信息时间序列中扣除背景场得到亮温低频信息差值曲线,分析地震前后红外辐射低频信息异常的时间演化特点。
汶川地震发震断层为龙门山断裂,断裂带能量的积累与其西侧青藏高原的运动密切相关[2],震前红外辐射会出现增强异常[4-6, 8-10, 14-15],因此空间图像中只定性提取青藏高原内出现大面积辐射增强的月距平图像。其中,2005年出现3次(5月、6月、8月),2006年出现3次(1月、2月、7月),2007年出现8次(1月、3—7月、10—11月),2008年出现4次(3—6月),2007年出现次数显著高于前后年份。另外,通过分析可知,汶川地震前辐射增强始于2006年,因此只分析汶川地震前2 a的亮温月距平图像。图 3为青藏高原存在大面积辐射增强的月距平图像,异常月份为:2006-07、2007-01、2007-03—07、2007-10、2007-11、2008-03—05。图 4为青藏高原不存在大面积辐射增强的月距平图像。由图 3可见,震前辐射增强很少出现在整个青藏高原地区,大多分布在青藏高原东、西两段,分布在西段的时间有2006-07、2007-01、2007-04、2007-11、2008-03,分布在东段的时间有2006-07、2007-03—05、2007-10、2008-04、2008-05。
青藏块体又细分成祁连、柴达木、巴颜喀拉、羌塘、拉萨和川滇等6个Ⅱ级块体[18](图 1)。从辐射增强月距平图像(图 3)中提取出每个月份辐射增强所分布的Ⅱ级块体,详细结果如表 1图 5所示。震前巴颜喀拉和羌塘块体辐射增强出现次数(10次和11次)显著多于其他块体。图 6为辐射增强月距平图像经空间异常叠加法处理后得到的异常叠加图,可以看出,震前辐射增强核心区分布在巴颜喀拉和羌塘块体东段,位于震中西侧,受Ⅱ级块体构造控制,面积约58万km2(图 6黄色虚线区域)。辐射增强核心区东边界到汶川地震震中之间,无明显增强异常,宽度约200 km。此外,图 6中巴颜喀拉块体西段还存在另一个增强核心区,这可能与2008-03-21于田MS87.3地震有关,由于本文主题和篇幅原因,在此不作详细分析。
汶川地震前红外辐射增强核心区分布在巴颜喀拉和羌塘块体东段,本节从时间上定量分析该核心区亮温演化过程。图 7为该核心区亮温均值时间序列,由于巴颜喀拉块体东段在2013年发生芦山MS87.0地震,故将分析时段选为2004—2012年。
图 7(a)为亮温均值原始时间序列,具有清晰的年变特征,包含许多高频干扰成分,需要去除,并且从中很难看出震前亮温异常变化。图 7(b)中红色曲线为原始曲线经平滑低通滤波得到的亮温低频信息,理想情况下,低频信息应与背景场(图 7(b)黑色曲线)变化一致。从图 7(b)可以看出,相较于背景场,2006、2007、2008年部分时段存在较明显的增强变化(图 7(b)浅绿色阴影)。
图 7(c)为亮温低频信息扣除背景场后的差值曲线。正常情况下,曲线应在0值线附近波动。根据超差变化的集中程度和趋势变化,可将2004—2012年亮温演化分成3个阶段。第1阶段为2004—2005年,亮温主要在0值线以下波动,数值偏低,为正常阶段(图 7(c)左边浅蓝色阴影)。第2阶段为2006年至汶川地震前,相较于2004—2005年,亮温波动幅度变大,2006—2007年波动幅度为2004—2005年的1.5倍,且逐年趋势上升,2007年几乎全部位于0值线以上,期间2006-01-08—02-22、2006-07-26—31、2008-05-02—27共3次超1.5倍标准差线,2007-04-16—05-15、2007-10-19—29共2次超2倍标准差线(图 7(c)红框)。2008-01—05,亮温先大幅下降到负2倍标准差线以下,然后再大幅上升,变化幅度为分析时段的最大幅度。该阶段亮温变化剧烈,总体偏高,为辐射增强阶段(图 7(c)浅绿色阴影)。第3阶段为汶川地震后至2012年,除2008年底到2009年初波动幅度较大且超1.5倍标准差线外,之后时间亮温值多在正负1.5倍标准差线内波动,变化幅度逐步趋于平稳,恢复正常。该阶段为正常阶段(图 7(c)右边浅蓝色阴影)。总体而言,在汶川地震前,辐射增强核心区存在持续2 a多的增强异常,震后逐步恢复正常。
根据震例总结[2],距汶川地震震中36 km的成都台地电阻率,在2001—2005年趋势上升基础上,2006—2007年趋势转折加速下降,2008-01又转折加速上升至汶川地震前;距汶川地震震中330 km的甘孜台地电阻率,在2003—2005年平稳走势基础上,2006年趋势转折加速下降,并持续到2008年底;距汶川地震震中300 km的冕宁台地电阻率,在1994—2005年趋势下降基础上,2006年趋势转折上升,持续到汶川地震后再趋势转平;距汶川地震震中13 km的耿达台水准,1985—2005年变化平稳,2006-01趋势转折加速下降。4个前兆观测点(图 8)在2006年初均出现明显趋势转折变化。地震活动方面:在汶川地震前1 a内,龙门山断裂带及其附近区域先后发生6次ML≥4.0地震,中等地震活动显著增强;2008-01-22至汶川地震前,从荣县经都江堰至红原一带形成跨龙门山断裂带的3级地震条带;距汶川地震震中约20 km的紫坪铺水库库区,2008-02-14开始出现显著震群活动[1]
从时间上看,辐射增强核心区的红外辐射在2006年至汶川地震前,存在一个明显增强阶段(图 7(c)浅绿色阴影)。该阶段又可细分成2006—2007年和2008-01至汶川地震前2个小阶段,先持续增强(图 7(c)红箭头)后转折下降(图 7(c)绿箭头),增强开始减弱,2008-01下旬至2008-03甚至出现大幅下降(图 7(c)蓝框)。2006年初,辐射值转折上升与成都、甘孜、冕宁地电阻率和耿达水准趋势转折具有准同步性。2008-01,辐射值下降与成都地电阻率转折加速上升、震中附近地震活动增强也具有准同步性。成都、甘孜、冕宁地电阻率和耿达水准位于辐射增强核心区东部(图 8),红外、地电阻率和水准在大范围的准同步转折变化表明,汶川地震前的2006年初和2008年初2个时间点,面上区域应力场发生明显改变。实验室含水岩石标本加卸载实验和野外原地主压应力加卸载实验结果均显示,主压应力加载时地电阻率呈现下降变化,地电阻率能显著记录到应力对介质的影响[19-20]。成都和甘孜地电阻率2006—2007年的转折下降变化表明,2006—2007年巴颜喀拉块体东段加载作用增强,成都地电阻率在2008-01至汶川地震前的转折加速上升表明,该阶段震中附近存在卸载作用。
在空间上,汶川地震前辐射增强核心区位于震中西侧(图 6图 8),这与其他学者得到的红外异常位于震中断裂带及附近区域存在较大区别[4, 14-15],异常空间分布特点很难用断层中心论解释。实验室内岩石受力与温度之间存在高同步相关性,在弹性变形阶段,加载升温、卸载降温[21-22]。汶川地震的孕育和发生是地应力长期积累的结果,震中附近能量积累不仅与发震断裂有关,还涉及更广的相关区域,如震中西侧东向运动并挤压龙门山断裂带的巴颜喀拉块体(图 1)。地震前是否出现异常归根结底是一个力学问题,在震前应力加速积累阶段,叠加在基本应力场上的扰动应力场发生显著变化,打破原有区域应力场和各构造部位间的平衡[23],这可能使处于非闭锁状态的汶川地震震中西侧地下介质发生挤压、裂隙扩展、流体迁移、气体溢出等各种变化,从而引起震中西侧动力来源方向一侧的巴颜喀拉和羌塘块体的东段出现大面积辐射增强。而龙门山断裂带及其附近地区,由于震前处于闭锁状态[2, 24],地下介质的各种变化并不明显,震前该区域就很难出现类似辐射增强核心区的辐射增强变化。因此,汶川地震前辐射增强核心区的空间分布特点,无法简单用发震断层来解释,而要从孕震相关的Ⅱ级块体、动力学背景以及不同区域所处状态来综合分析解释。汶川地震前的大面积辐射增强应属于场兆,而非源兆。
根据典型岩石力学实验的应力-应变曲线,岩石变形过程可划分为线性变形、屈服、亚失稳和失稳等4个阶段[23, 25-26](图 9),线性变形和屈服阶段以能量积累为主,亚失稳和失稳阶段以能量释放为主。核心增强区红外辐射与成都、甘孜、冕宁地电阻率和耿达水准均在2006—2007年发生趋势转折,该阶段可能对应屈服阶段,为区域应力加速积累阶段。2008-01,红外辐射大幅下降(图 7(c)绿箭头)、成都地电阻率转折加速上升、紫坪铺水库附近地震活动增强[1],可能反映处于闭锁状态的龙门山断裂带及其附近地区开始进入亚失稳阶段。该阶段龙门山断裂带及其附近地区能量部分释放,受大范围区域应力的协同化调整和再分配作用影响,汶川地震震中西侧的辐射增强核心区辐射值同步下降。汶川地震前野外亚失稳阶段的持续时间可能为4个月左右。在辐射增强核心区,辐射增强阶段后段的辐射值转折下降(图 7(c)中2008-01—03)或可作为该地区大震孕育进入后期的一个判断标志。
本文基于MODIS卫星遥感红外数据,从时、空2个方面分析汶川地震前红外辐射异常的演化过程和异常特点,得出以下认识:
1) 在空间上,汶川地震前的辐射增强异常核心区位于巴颜喀拉和羌塘块体东段,面积约58万km2,受Ⅱ级块体构造控制。辐射增强核心区位于震中西侧,与汶川地震孕育的动力学背景以及起直接作用的Ⅱ级块体有关。震前大面积辐射增强属于场兆。
2) 在时间上,汶川地震辐射增强核心区在震前出现持续2 a多(2006年至汶川地震)的显著辐射增强,震后逐步恢复正常。在辐射增强阶段后段,辐射值转折下降。震前辐射增强演化过程与实验室典型岩石力学实验的应力-应变演化过程类似。辐射增强核心区红外辐射的变化应是区域应力场相互协同作用的结果。
本文尝试将汶川地震前的红外辐射变化与实验室岩石力学实验的应力-应变曲线、典型前兆以及地震活动异常的关键时间点进行连接,取得一些初步认识,后续还需开展其他物理场协同化变化过程研究,以进一步认识地震孕育和发生过程。
  • 中国地震局地震科技星火计划(XH24034A)
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2026年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.325
  • 接收时间:2025-09-22
  • 首发时间:2026-07-09
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-22
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中国地震局地震科技星火计划(XH24034A)
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    1 四川省地震局, 成都, 610041

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杨星, 高级工程师, 主要从事地震红外遥感研究, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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