Article(id=1281933792759747139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1281909275651969257, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.314, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1757520000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783566433372, onlineDateStr=2026-07-09, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783566433372, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783566433372, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783566433372, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281909275651969257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='662', pageEnd='789', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783560588038, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783566454347, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281933881221812905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1281909275651969257, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281933881221812906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1281909275651969257, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=774, endPage=782, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281933794676544068, articleId=1281933792759747139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Using DS-InSAR to Extract the Shape of Decoherent Landslides in Complex Mountainous Areas: Taking the Nanyu Landslide as an Example, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Landslide disasters pose a continuous threat to the safety of life and property of mountain residents. Especially under heavy rainfall, landslide areas are often accompanied by severe surface deformation, resulting in serious incoherence of synthetic aperture radar interference data, which restricts the deformation monitoring capability of traditional timing InSAR technology in this type of area. To address this problem, this paper takes the large landslide that occurred in Nanyu township, Zhouqu county, Gansu province in July 2018 as the research object, and prensents the distributed scatterer InSAR (DS-InSAR) deformation monitoring method based on statistical homogeneity detection and time phase link optimization. This method introduces a statistical homogeneity determination model under the traditional DS-InSAR framework, and identifies clusters of pixels with stable scattering characteristics through non-parametric testing, thereby expanding the monitoring coverage of low-coherence areas. At the same time, the shortest path constraint strategy is used to optimize the interferogram network structure to improve connection density and temporal coherence. It is also combined with a time-Phase Linking joint estimation algorithm to optimize the interference phase as a whole, enhancing the temporal continuity and stability of deformation information. The research results show that this method significantly improves the distribution density and temporal coherence of monitoring points in the collapse area of Nanyu landslide. The number of effective coherent points in creased from 23 232 to 43 463, an increase of about 87%, and the average posterior coherence coefficient was improved by 0.3, which effectively revealing the dynamic evolution characteristics of the landslide main body. The optimized annual average deformation rate chart shows that the maximum sliding rate of the main deformation area of the landslide exceeds 70 mm/a, and the timing curve of the characteristic point is highly consistent with the rainfall process. This study verifies the applicability and effectiveness of the timing phase optimization method in high-voltage landslide areas, and provides strong technical support for InSAR monitoring of landslides in complex mountainous areas.

, authors=Di YAO1, authorsList=Di YAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281933811411817051, articleId=1281933792759747139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=利用DS-InSAR提取复杂山区失相干滑坡体形变——以南峪滑坡为例, columnId=1281933726917570915, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=特色栏目:地震大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

滑坡灾害对山区居民生命财产安全构成持续威胁, 尤其在强降雨诱发下, 滑坡区域常伴随剧烈地表形变, 导致合成孔径雷达干涉数据严重失相干, 制约了传统时序InSAR技术在该类区域的形变监测能力。为解决这一难题, 本文以2018-07发生于甘肃省舟曲县南峪乡的大型滑坡为研究对象, 提出基于统计同质性检测与时间相位链路优化的DS-InSA形变监测方法。该方法在传统DS-InSAR框架下引入统计同质性判定模型, 通过非参数检验识别散射特性稳定的像元集群, 从而扩大低相干区域的监测覆盖范围; 同时, 利用最短路径约束策略优化干涉图网络结构, 以提升连接密度与时间相干性; 并结合时间相位链路(Phase Linking)联合估计算法对干涉相位进行整体优化, 增强形变信息的时序连续性和稳定性。结果表明, 该方法在南峪滑坡塌陷区显著提升了监测点的分布密度和后验相干性, 有效相干点数量从23 232增加至43 463, 提升约87%, 平均后验相干系数提升0.3, 有效揭示了滑坡主体的动态演化特征。优化后的年均形变速率图显示, 滑坡主变形区最大下滑速率超过70 mm/a, 特征点时序曲线与降雨过程高度吻合。该研究验证了时序相位优化方法在高形变量滑坡区的适用性与有效性, 为复杂山区滑坡的InSAR监测提供了有力的技术支撑。

, authors=姚笛1, authorsList=姚笛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

姚笛, 副教授, 主要研究方向为精密工程测量、变形监测等, E-mail:

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姚笛, 副教授, 主要研究方向为精密工程测量、变形监测等, E-mail:

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姚笛, 副教授, 主要研究方向为精密工程测量、变形监测等, E-mail:

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利用DS-InSAR提取复杂山区失相干滑坡体形变——以南峪滑坡为例
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姚笛 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 特色栏目:地震大地测量学 2026,46(6): 774-782
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大地测量与地球动力学 |特色栏目:地震大地测量学 2026 , 46 (6) : 774 -782
利用DS-InSAR提取复杂山区失相干滑坡体形变——以南峪滑坡为例
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姚笛, 副教授, 主要研究方向为精密工程测量、变形监测等, E-mail:

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姚笛1
作者信息
  • 1 濮阳职业技术学院, 濮阳, 457000
作者简介:

姚笛, 副教授, 主要研究方向为精密工程测量、变形监测等, E-mail:

Using DS-InSAR to Extract the Shape of Decoherent Landslides in Complex Mountainous Areas: Taking the Nanyu Landslide as an Example
Di YAO1
Affiliations
  • 1 Puyang Vocational and Technical College, Puyang 457000, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.314
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滑坡灾害对山区居民生命财产安全构成持续威胁, 尤其在强降雨诱发下, 滑坡区域常伴随剧烈地表形变, 导致合成孔径雷达干涉数据严重失相干, 制约了传统时序InSAR技术在该类区域的形变监测能力。为解决这一难题, 本文以2018-07发生于甘肃省舟曲县南峪乡的大型滑坡为研究对象, 提出基于统计同质性检测与时间相位链路优化的DS-InSA形变监测方法。该方法在传统DS-InSAR框架下引入统计同质性判定模型, 通过非参数检验识别散射特性稳定的像元集群, 从而扩大低相干区域的监测覆盖范围; 同时, 利用最短路径约束策略优化干涉图网络结构, 以提升连接密度与时间相干性; 并结合时间相位链路(Phase Linking)联合估计算法对干涉相位进行整体优化, 增强形变信息的时序连续性和稳定性。结果表明, 该方法在南峪滑坡塌陷区显著提升了监测点的分布密度和后验相干性, 有效相干点数量从23 232增加至43 463, 提升约87%, 平均后验相干系数提升0.3, 有效揭示了滑坡主体的动态演化特征。优化后的年均形变速率图显示, 滑坡主变形区最大下滑速率超过70 mm/a, 特征点时序曲线与降雨过程高度吻合。该研究验证了时序相位优化方法在高形变量滑坡区的适用性与有效性, 为复杂山区滑坡的InSAR监测提供了有力的技术支撑。

滑坡监测  /  相干性优化  /  时序InSAR  /  相位链路  /  南峪滑坡  /  形变提取

Landslide disasters pose a continuous threat to the safety of life and property of mountain residents. Especially under heavy rainfall, landslide areas are often accompanied by severe surface deformation, resulting in serious incoherence of synthetic aperture radar interference data, which restricts the deformation monitoring capability of traditional timing InSAR technology in this type of area. To address this problem, this paper takes the large landslide that occurred in Nanyu township, Zhouqu county, Gansu province in July 2018 as the research object, and prensents the distributed scatterer InSAR (DS-InSAR) deformation monitoring method based on statistical homogeneity detection and time phase link optimization. This method introduces a statistical homogeneity determination model under the traditional DS-InSAR framework, and identifies clusters of pixels with stable scattering characteristics through non-parametric testing, thereby expanding the monitoring coverage of low-coherence areas. At the same time, the shortest path constraint strategy is used to optimize the interferogram network structure to improve connection density and temporal coherence. It is also combined with a time-Phase Linking joint estimation algorithm to optimize the interference phase as a whole, enhancing the temporal continuity and stability of deformation information. The research results show that this method significantly improves the distribution density and temporal coherence of monitoring points in the collapse area of Nanyu landslide. The number of effective coherent points in creased from 23 232 to 43 463, an increase of about 87%, and the average posterior coherence coefficient was improved by 0.3, which effectively revealing the dynamic evolution characteristics of the landslide main body. The optimized annual average deformation rate chart shows that the maximum sliding rate of the main deformation area of the landslide exceeds 70 mm/a, and the timing curve of the characteristic point is highly consistent with the rainfall process. This study verifies the applicability and effectiveness of the timing phase optimization method in high-voltage landslide areas, and provides strong technical support for InSAR monitoring of landslides in complex mountainous areas.

landslide monitoring  /  coherence optimization  /  timing InSAR  /  Phase Linking  /  Nanyu landslide  /  deformation extraction
姚笛. 利用DS-InSAR提取复杂山区失相干滑坡体形变——以南峪滑坡为例. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (6) : 774 -782 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.314
Di YAO. Using DS-InSAR to Extract the Shape of Decoherent Landslides in Complex Mountainous Areas: Taking the Nanyu Landslide as an Example[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (6) : 774 -782 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.314
近年来,随着极端气候事件频发,降雨诱发型滑坡数量持续上升,严重威胁山区居民的生命财产安全及区域基础设施的稳定运行[1]。尤其在青藏高原边缘带,因地形高差大、地质构造复杂和降雨强度集中等特点,滑坡活动频繁、规模大、触发机制复杂,对灾害监测与应急响应提出了更高要求[2]。针对大体积、强变形、高风险滑坡,亟需开展高精度、广覆盖、长时序的变形监测研究,为预警判定和风险评估提供依据[3-5]。干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)因具备高空间分辨率、全天候观测能力,在滑坡形变监测中得到广泛应用。针对时间序列形变的识别,学者们陆续提出永久散射体(PS-InSAR)、小基线集(SBAS-InSAR)等多时相形变监测技术[6],这些方法已在城市环境或结构规则区域取得良好成效[7]。且针对山区部分滑坡体长时间演化、多阶段运动等特征,部分研究尝试融合PS和DS点源信息进行时序反演,在一定程度上提高了山区滑坡的观测质量[8]。尽管现有InSAR方法在滑坡识别中取得了进展,但在高植被覆盖、剧烈形变、地形起伏复杂的山地环境下仍面临严峻挑战[9]。一是传统PS-InSAR方法依赖回波振幅稳定性,导致在非结构化自然地物区域点位稀疏,滑坡主体尤其是塌陷区往往存在明显的观测盲区;二是SBAS方法虽能在一定程度上提升时序完整性,但面临网络结构稀疏、边连接弱、相位解缠不稳定等问题,尤其在失相干严重区域难以构建高质量的干涉图网络;三是当前研究大多缺乏对网络优化策略与统计模型的融合利用,导致对低相干滑坡区域的形变估计仍存在偏差,制约了滑坡早期识别与连续监测能力的进一步提升[10]
针对南峪滑坡在剧烈活动背景下出现的失相干问题,本文尝试在多时相InSAR框架下探索更适应山区复杂环境的形变监测思路。研究以分布式散射体(DS)识别为基础,注重提升低相干区域的监测能力与形变信息的时序连续性[11]。通过引入统计分析与网络优化理念,旨在改进传统InSAR方法在高植被覆盖、剧烈变形地区的适用性,从而实现对滑坡主体区形变信号的完整提取与高精度监测,为复杂山地滑坡灾害的动态识别提供新的技术支撑[12]
南峪滑坡位于甘肃省甘南藏族自治州舟曲县南峪乡,地理坐标约为33°43′N、104°25′E,地处青藏高原东缘与黄土高原西缘的交界过渡带,是白龙江上游流域的重要组成部分(图 1)。该区域地貌类型以强构造侵蚀山地为主,地形起伏极为剧烈,区域内相对高差超过2 000 m,局部地区坡度大于60°,整体呈典型的“高山深谷”地貌特征。从地质背景来看,南峪滑坡处于龙门山断裂带延伸段及岷江-文县断裂构造体系交会区,区域构造活动频繁,断裂构造发育。滑坡体所在的坡面岩性复杂,上部主要为风化破碎的石灰岩、千枚岩、板岩,下部则多为第四系松散堆积层,由上部岩体崩解堆积而成。受构造挤压作用及岩体风化解体影响,斜坡结构松散、节理裂隙发育,为滑坡提供了有利的物质基础。同时,该区域位于中国南北地震带内,地震活动频繁,地震诱发的震动与破坏也进一步降低了边坡的稳定性。此外,南峪乡属温带大陆性季风气候,四季分明,年平均气温约14.1 ℃。年降水量集中于5—10月,占全年降水的75%以上,尤其在7—9月易发生短时强降雨,是诱发地质灾害的主要因素之一。受高强度降雨和地形汇流的双重影响,滑坡区降雨渗入快,地表径流强烈,极易引发边坡失稳与滑坡。此外,白龙江的持续冲刷作用造成滑坡体前缘的支撑削弱,也为滑坡的发生创造了有利的水动力条件。南峪滑坡为典型的古滑坡体,其形成可以追溯至晚更新世,长期演化过程中受多期构造运动和地质环境变化的共同影响。根据历史资料记载,该区域滑坡灾害频发,1990年和1991年的连续性滑坡导致公路、桥梁被毁,白龙江水位骤升,多处村庄受淹,影响人口超过800人。近年来该区域人类工程活动显著增加, 道路建设、隧道开挖以及坡脚临江防护削坡等人为扰动行为对滑坡体上部结构造成了潜在破坏,成为滑坡局部重新激活的重要诱因之一。2018-07-12清晨,南峪滑坡再次发生强烈复活,滑体体积估算约达500万m3,造成白龙江堵塞并形成堰塞湖,淹没南峪集镇及周边农田,造成巨大经济损失, 人员紧急撤离。
研究区地理位置如图 1所示,研究所使用的雷达影像数据来源于欧洲航天局(ESA)提供的Sentinel-1A卫星于2017-07—2018-07期间获取的C波段影像,时间跨度为12个月,共获取30景降轨影像,数据获取模式为干涉宽幅模式(IW模式)。IW模式采用TOPS成像方式,具有较高的空间与时间分辨率,其空间分辨率约为5 m(方位向)×20 m(距离向),时间重访周期为12 d,可较好地满足中等速率滑坡体的时序形变反演需求。为消除地形因素对干涉相位的影响,本文引入美国国家航空航天局(NASA)发布的30 m空间分辨率SRTM数字高程模型(DEM)作为辅助数据,用于构建参考地形相位并进行差分处理。同时,为提高干涉图的精确配准程度,避免因轨道误差引起的形变误判,采用ESA提供的精密轨道产品(precise orbit ephemerides)对原始轨道数据进行修正,进一步提升轨道定位精度。所有干涉对生成时严格控制其空间和时间基线,以确保较高的相干性和较小的大气延迟影响。干涉图配准采用亚像素级精度的配准方法,构建主影像与其余各期从影像之间的干涉对;多视处理与滤波步骤中,依据相干系数阈值与地形信息进行自适应多视参数设置,以保留边坡区域的高精度相位信息并减少噪声影响。图幅覆盖范围如图 1(a)中蓝色线框所示,数据连接及干涉对基线分布见图 2
为在复杂山地环境中有效提取滑坡区域的高精度形变信息,采用DS技术的InSAR形变反演方法。该方法利用统计一致性原理,识别出在一定区域窗口内后向散射特性相似的像元集合作为DS点,通过联合处理提高低相干区域的信噪比,从而实现高精度相位估计与时序形变重建。整个处理流程依托DSIpro开源软件平台,在数据预处理、DS点提取、时序相位优化、形变反演等环节进行系统实现[13-14]
首先,以Sentinel-1 SAR影像序列为基础,设主影像为s0,从影像记为si(i=1, 2, …, N)。通过共配准、去斜距、去多普勒及精密轨道校正操作,构建主-从干涉对序列,获得干涉相位图φi(x),其中x表示像元位置。考虑地形相位对干涉信号的影响,引入30 m空间分辨率的SRTM数字高程模型(DEM)生成参考地形相位φtopo(x),进行差分处理后得到包含形变与大气残差的差分相位:
$\begin{gathered}\varphi_i^{\text {diff }}(x)=\varphi_i(x)-\varphi_{\text {topo }}(x)= \\\varphi_{\text {def }}(x)+\varphi_{\text {atm }}(x)+\varphi_{\text {noise }}(x)\end{gathered}$
式中,φidiff(x)表示像元x处第i个干涉对的差分相位;φi(x)表示原始干涉相位;φtopo(x)表示由DEM模拟得到的地形相位;x表示像元位置; φdef(x)、φatm(x)、φnoise(x)分别表示形变相位、大气延迟相位、噪声残差相位。在干涉图网络构建阶段,为保证网络的连通性与计算效率,本文引入最短路径(SP)筛选策略[15],通过最小化时空基线距离矩阵,筛选出连接最优且覆盖全面的干涉图集合,从而减少冗余连接并控制网络密度。优化后的干涉图网络在保持全局连通性的同时,降低了后续相位估计的复杂度,并作为Phase Linking时序优化的输入[16]
在DS点提取阶段,考虑滑坡区多为低相干、非城市环境,传统PS-InSAR中基于振幅稳定度的永久散射体识别方法效果受限,因此本研究采用统计同质性检测(SHT)算法。以某一像元x为中心,在其邻域窗口W(x)内,对所有像元yW(x)的时间序列后向散射系数(对数幅度)进行非参数检验。对于xy的时间序列{si(x)}与{si(y)},采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验或Anderson-Darling检验对其分布是否一致进行判断[17]
$H_0: F_x(t)=F_y(t), \forall t$
式中,H0表示零假设,即2个像元的后向散射统计分布一致;Fx(t)与Fy(t)分别表示像元x与邻域像元y的经验分布函数;t表示观测时间。若不能拒绝零假设H0,则认为xy具有相同的统计特性,记入同质样本集Ω(x)。同质样本集形成后,在其上对干涉相位进行多视平均与加权估计,提升信噪比,得到多视相位:
$\hat{\varphi}_i(x)=\arg \left(\frac{1}{|\Omega(x)|} \sum\limits_{y \in \Omega(x)} \exp \left(\mathrm{j} \cdot \varphi_i(y)\right)\right)$
对应的相干系数估计为:
$\gamma_i(x)=\left|\frac{1}{|\Omega(x)|} \sum\limits_{y \in \Omega(x)} \exp \left(\mathrm{j} \cdot \varphi_i(y)\right)\right|$
式中, γi(x)表示像元x在第i个干涉对中的相干系数;|•|表示取模;Ω(x)表示统计同质样本集合;j为虚数单位,满足j2=-1。在InSAR复相位表达中,exp(j·φi(y))表示将像元y在第i个干涉对中的相位表示为单位复数形式,用于在同质样本集合内进行复数域平均和相干性估计。$ \sum\limits_{y \in \mathit{\Omega}(x)}$ 为集合求和形式,表示对同质样本集合Ω(x)中所有像元y进行求和。其中,Ω(x)表示以像元x为中心、经统计同质性检验获得的同质样本集合,|Ω(x)|表示该集合中包含的像元数量,用于对集合内复相位求和结果进行归一化平均。在时序分析阶段,为抑制噪声传播与形变误差积累,本文引入基于谱估计的相位链路(Phase Linking)方法,对所有干涉图中的相位进行联合最优估计[18]。设主影像与第i个从影像构成的干涉相位为:
$\varphi_{0 i}(x)=\theta_0(x)-\theta_i(x)+\varepsilon_{0 i}(x)$
式中, φ0i(x)表示主影像与第i景从影像之间的干涉相位;θ0(x)和θi(x)分别表示主影像时刻和第i个观测时刻的绝对相位;ε0i(x)表示相位误差项。构建干涉图网络中所有差分相位方程组,目标是解出满足最小残差平方和的最优绝对相位序列θ(x),即:
$\min _\theta \sum\limits_{i, j} w_{i j}(x)\left|\varphi_{i j}(x)-\left(\theta_i(x)-\theta_j(x)\right)\right|^2$
式中, φij(x)表示第i与第j个观测时刻之间的差分相位;θi(x)和θj(x)分别表示2个观测时刻的绝对相位;wij(x)表示该干涉边的权重;min表示最小化残差目标函数; ij表示干涉图网络中的两个观测时刻或影像节点; (ij)表示由两景影像构成的一条有效干涉连接边。式中的求和表示对干涉图网络中所有参与优化的有效连接边进行累加。
该问题可转化为加权最小二乘问题:
$\hat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}(x)=\left(\boldsymbol{G}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{G}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{G}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{\varphi}$
式中,W为权矩阵; G 为差分设计矩阵; φ 为观测相位差向量。加权最小二乘只是极大似然估计的解析近似形式,其求解过程在网络一致性约束下自动确定相位模糊度,因此不需要显式空间解缠步骤。得到最优相位序列$ \hat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}$后,进一步计算每个DS点的形变速率与时间序列。定义观测时刻构成的设计矩阵 T,其第i行为时间ti,采用线性回归模型进行拟合:
$\boldsymbol{d}(x)=\boldsymbol{T} \cdot v(x)+\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}(x)$
式中,d (x)表示像元x的累积形变量;T表示由观测时间组成的设计矩阵;v (x)表示像元x的线性形变速率;ε (x)表示拟合残差项。最终,利用分布式散射体(DS)技术,在原本因植被覆盖、坡度复杂等因素导致严重失相干的滑坡区域中[10],实现有效形变信号的提取与时序分析,从而提升InSAR在复杂地貌条件下的滑坡监测能力[19-20]
分布式散射体(DS)的合理选取是DS-InSAR技术的核心环节,其关键在于统计同质点(SHPs)的准确识别与构建。SHPs的提取质量直接影响低相干区域形变信号的有效恢复,对于南峪滑坡这类地形起伏剧烈、植被覆盖复杂、塌陷演化活跃的区域,这一问题尤为突出[21]
南峪滑坡地处地形复杂的高山峡谷带,滑坡体结构松散、地表扰动强烈,受持续降雨、切坡开挖与重力作用影响,长期处于不稳定状态,形变剧烈,尤其在塌陷区形成大幅度位移跳变[10]。这种剧烈的地表运动破坏了SAR成像过程中的相干条件,导致主-从影像间的后向散射相位严重失相干,成为该区域形变信号难以提取的主要原因。滑坡体中的反射面不断变化,使得同一像元在不同时刻对应的散射响应存在显著差异,从而无法在传统PS-InSAR框架下获取稳定的相位信息[22]
图 3(a)展示了在南峪滑坡塌陷区采用传统固定窗口(11×11像元)法选取的目标点样本。滑坡体表层多种地物(如裸岩、林草地、崩塌堆积物等)交替分布,导致像元散射特性差异显著,选取的样本点来源于多个统计总体,明显违反了平稳性假设,这不仅使得相位估计结果失真,也导致该区域内缺乏高质量的相干点,最终形成所谓“失相干区”。图中该点位正处于滑坡核心塌陷区,传统方法在此完全无法恢复任何稳定形变信息。反观图 3(b),该图展示了基于统计同质性检验方法得到的SHPs分布。该方法通过对像元时间序列后向散射系数进行Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验,筛选出统计特征相似的像元,剔除地物属性差异较大的导常像元,从而构建出一致性高的样本集。在此基础上对相位进行联合估计,可显著提升信噪比与相位精度。针对南峪滑坡塌陷边缘、局部滑移带等非稳定地表目标,依托SHPs的处理方法表现出更优的空间连贯性与信号保真性。
图 3(c)为采用传统邻域均值滤波方法得到的相位。虽然在部分高相干区域能维持空间相位连贯性,但在南峪滑坡的塌陷核心区,传统方法仅能提取到零散点状信息,表现为严重的空间跳变与伪形变结构,完全无法揭示滑坡体整体演化趋势。而图 3(d)则为依托SHPs的时序相位优化结果,通过谱估计模型融合所有干涉图冗余信息,有效地从强噪声背景中恢复出连续的形变信号。其在原本被视为“失相干”的塌陷区域实现了高质量相位重建,不仅提升了空间形变连贯性,也为后续形变时序分析奠定了基础。
图 4为5组典型干涉对经Phase Linking时序优化处理前后的结果对比。所有图像采用伪彩色方式显示干涉相位,色条范围为[-π, π],代表不同相位差异幅度。在原始图像(每组左列)中,南峪滑坡区地表剧烈运动与复杂地物条件造成严重失相干,核心塌陷区及边缘滑移带相位图斑驳、断裂明显,表现为强烈的空间跳变与随机噪声主导,难以判断形变结构的空间连续性。同时,滑坡边界位置模糊, 滑动方向与范围难以辨识,严重制约了后续定量分析。而经过Phase Linking优化后的图像(每组右列),整体相位场呈现出更加平滑连续的特征,背景噪声大幅减少,滑坡体内外的相位梯度变化更加清晰,滑坡边界区域由模糊跳变状态转变为轮廓清晰、形变模式可识别的结构。特别是在塌陷中心及其扩展方向,原本缺失的相位信息得到恢复,极大提升了滑坡时空演化过程的可解释性。此外,优化后图像在保持分辨率的基础上实现了相位连贯性的显著增强,在低相干区域尤其表现出明显优势,充分体现了Phase Linking方法在处理强噪声、高扰动场景下的形变恢复潜力。该方法在南峪滑坡这类失相干主控的复杂山地灾害体监测中具有重要应用价值。
在对干涉相位图进行滤波、联合估计或优化处理之后,利用该后验相干系数对处理结果进行质量评价。与传统的先验相干性不同,后验相干性不再仅基于单对主从图像计算,而是结合了时序干涉数据、空间统计信息与优化模型的综合结果,因此能更准确地反映当前干涉图的真实质量与可用程度。由图 5中条带颜色表示后验相干系数数值,蓝色至红色依次表示从低相干(小于0.3)到高相干(小于0.9),黑色多边形圈定了南峪滑坡主体区域。从图 5可见,滑坡区整体处于低相干水平(多为0.2~0.4),尤其是塌陷带与滑动边界附近更呈现蓝绿色调,表明该区域由于剧烈形变、地物扰动与散射面变化导致后验相干性显著降低。相较于周边稳定地表(红色),滑坡体的信噪比明显较低,是InSAR时序分析中的“弱信息区”。根据后验相干系数,可以有效提取滑坡塌陷区相干点。进一步统计南峪滑坡主体区内有效相干点的数量可知,传统时序InSAR方法共提取有效相干点23 232个,而采用DS-InSAR方法后,有效相干点数量增加至43 463个,较传统方法提升约87%。同时,优化后区域平均后验相干系数提高约0.3,表明统计同质性检测与Phase Linking时序优化不仅增加了低相干区域的有效观测点数量,也提高了相位估计质量,能够有效改善传统方法在塌陷区和主滑带内部点位稀疏、相位质量较低的问题。
图 6展示了南峪滑坡区域年均形变速率的反演对比结果,其中图 6(a)为传统时序InSAR方法处理结果,图 6(b)为DS-InSAR方法处理结果,形变速率单位均为mm/a,负值表示沿雷达视线方向远离卫星。从整体空间分布看,2种方法均揭示出南峪滑坡沿白龙江方向存在明显的下滑变形趋势,滑动方向总体由NE向SW,形变分布呈现由坡顶向前缘逐步增强的特征。其中,主变形区年均形变速率普遍超过70 mm/a,局部强变形区最大年均形变速率接近或达到-100 mm/a,说明滑坡主体在观测期内仍处于显著活动状态。然而,在形变细节刻画、空间连续性和监测点覆盖程度方面,2种方法结果存在明显差异。传统时序InSAR方法主要依赖相干性较高的稳定散射点,在滑坡体这类散射面变化快、地物类型复杂且形变速率较大的区域,尤其是塌陷带和主滑带内部,常因严重失相干而难以获取连续可靠的形变信息,导致解算点位稀疏、形变边界不清晰。相比之下,DS-InSAR方法通过统计同质性检测识别低相干区域中的分布式散射体点,并结合Phase Linking与最小二乘联合估计优化相位信息,有效提升了失相干区域的信噪比和相位稳定性。处理结果显示,该方法在滑坡内部恢复了原本缺失的形变信号,使塌陷区、主滑带和边缘滑移区的形变速率呈现更加连续的梯度变化,滑坡边界和活动方向也更加清晰。特别是在滑坡前缘塌陷区,传统方法难以提取有效形变信息,而DS-InSAR方法成功识别出局部年均形变速率接近-100 mm/a的强变形区域,为滑坡活动范围判定、演化阶段划分和后续风险评估提供了更加可靠的形变依据。
图 7展示了南峪滑坡塌陷区典型特征点的形变时序特征,其中图 7(a)为叠加在光学影像上的点位分布,选择3个代表性点P1P2P3图 7(b)则为这3个点沿视线(LOS)方向累积形变量时间序列曲线。
可以看出,3个点均呈现出较为一致的形变趋势,整体表现为持续下沉的特征,说明塌陷区在整个观测周期内处于活跃变形状态。其中,P1点位于塌陷区西部边缘,最大累积沉降量超过90 mm,是变形幅度最大的点,反映出该区域形变最为剧烈;P2点位于塌陷区中部,其形变趋势与P1点较为一致但幅度略小,累积沉降量约为85 mm,表明中部区域亦处于显著活动阶段;P3点则位于北部边界,变形相对较缓,最大形变量在80 mm左右,表明边缘区域虽存在下沉趋势,但速率略低于中心区域。另外由时间演化曲线可见,3个点在2018-04—07期间出现了明显的加速下沉过程,与该时期强降雨过程密切相关,进一步说明该塌陷区对降雨诱发因素高度敏感。该特征与滑坡灾害的活动机理相符,验证了本文方法具备在失相干区提取有效变形信息的能力,为滑坡演化规律研究和预警提供了可靠依据。
在干涉图网络构建过程中,网络连接结构的质量直接影响相位解缠与形变时间序列反演的准确性,尤其在如南峪滑坡这类高植被、高坡度、剧烈活动的区域,传统方法构建的干涉网络常常由于低相干点较多而导致网络断裂或不稳定,严重影响形变监测效果。为解决上述问题,本文引入基于最短路径约束的网络优化策略,对传统TIN网络结构进行改进,进一步提升时序InSAR在复杂山区的适应能力。
图 8展示了TIN方法(图 8(a))与最短路径SP方法(图 8(b))构建的干涉图网络结构及其对应的边缘相干系数分布情况。可以看出,传统TIN方法生成的网络在图像边缘及滑坡塌陷区域存在一定数量的孤立子图或稀疏连接区域,其连接边数量有限,部分边所对应的相干系数较低,呈现明显的“断链”状态,容易在后续相位解缠与时序建模中引入误差。而经SP算法优化后,网络结构明显更为紧凑与连通,边缘密度显著提升,尤其在原本相干性偏低的滑坡塌陷带,仍能保持连续的连接路径,显示出较强的鲁棒性与适应性。此外,相较于TIN方法中部分连接关系的随意性,SP方法在边的选取过程中引入了最小代价路径约束,优先选择相干性更高的边,从而有效避免了将低质量干涉对引入网络的风险。图 8中红色边缘数量的大幅增加也表明,SP方法更倾向于构建高可靠性的连接网络,有助于提高后续最小二乘反演过程中解的稳定性和抗噪能力。需要指出的是,虽然SP方法在一定程度上减少了闭合三角形的数量,对相位解缠过程中闭合环约束的冗余性有一定影响,但对于地形复杂、相干性分布不均的山地滑坡区而言,其在实用性和解算效果上的优势更为突出。
进一步以概率分布直方图的形式对比分析TIN方法与SP方法构建网络中连接边的后验相干系数分布规律。由图 9可以明显看出,TIN方法所构建的边相干性分布较为分散,在相干系数小于0.6的中低值区域仍有大量连接边存在,说明其在点对连接时未充分考虑信噪比因素,容易引入不稳定的连接结构。而SP方法构建的网络中,绝大多数连接边的相干性超过0.8,分布曲线明显右移,且高值段(0.9以上)连接边的比例显著提升,表现出更高的整体网络质量。
SP方法通过识别高相干路径并重建网络,不仅恢复了滑坡核心区域的连接连续性,也在整体上提升了形变监测点的数量和空间覆盖率。本文采用的SP网络优化策略在复杂山区特别是剧烈变形诱发的失相干区域表现出良好的适应性,通过改善网络结构与提升后验相干性,有效提升了形变信息的恢复能力。未来在更大范围、多类型滑坡场景下仍需进一步验证其稳定性与泛化能力。
针对复杂山地滑坡区域在剧烈形变条件下普遍存在的失相干问题,本文以DS-InSAR技术为核心,融合基于统计同质性检验的FaSHPS点选取算法与时间相位联合优化(Phase Linking)方法,对南峪乡大型滑坡开展了时序形变提取与分析。得出以下主要结论:
1) 相较于传统时序InSAR方法,本文方法在严重失相干区域成功恢复了连续稳定的形变信号,监测点空间分布密度显著提升,平均提升幅度超过3倍,有效克服了因植被覆盖和剧烈地表变化造成的干涉相位丢失问题。
2) 滑坡区域最大形变速率约为-100 mm/a,其中在2018-04—07期间出现明显的形变加速过程,特征点的时序曲线均表现出显著的下滑趋势,累积形变量可达90 mm以上,且与同期的降雨事件高度相关,验证了该滑坡的降雨驱动特征与季节活动性。
3) 通过引入最短路径约束的网络构建策略,干涉图之间的相干性与连接密度明显提升,网络结构更加紧凑高效,提升了后续相位解缠的稳定性与形变估计的整体质量。

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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.09.314
  • 接收时间:2025-09-11
  • 首发时间:2026-07-09
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-11
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    1 濮阳职业技术学院, 濮阳, 457000
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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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