Article(id=1281933885747466925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1281909275651969257, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.08.271, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1754323200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783566455541, onlineDateStr=2026-07-09, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783566455541, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783566455541, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783566455541, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281909275651969257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='662', pageEnd='789', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783560588038, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783566454347, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281933881221812905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1281909275651969257, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281933881221812906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1281909275651969257, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=765, endPage=773, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281933887987225263, articleId=1281933885747466925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=GNSS-IR for Monitoring Absolute Sea Level Changes in Near-Coastal Areas, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study proposed a novel monitoring scheme that integrates GNSS interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) with GNSS positioning for monitoring coastal absolute sea level changes. Using over 10 years of observational data from seven coastal stations in Hong Kong as an example, research on absolute sea level change monitoring in nearshore areas was conducted. The results indicated that after excluding the stations HKSL and KYC1, which had lower data quality, the GNSS-IR-derived relative sea level changes from the remaining stations showed good agreement with tide gauge data in their monthly averages. For most stations, the RMSE was less than 6 cm, the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.86, and the difference in estimated sea level rise trends was less than 1 mm/a compared to tide gauges (with a regional average difference of only 0.036 mm/a). In absolute sea level monitoring, after applying the dynamic atmospheric correction (DAC), the difference in regional average rates between coastal GNSS and satellite altimetry at corresponding points was reduced from -3.40 mm/a to -0.76 mm/a, indicating highly consistent trends. Compared with 50-year long-term absolute sea level data from Hong Kong tide gauges, the deviations were mostly less than 1 mm/a, and all stations fell within reasonable error margins for regional absolute sea level monitoring. The research demonstrates that the fusion of GNSS-IR and GNSS positioning can effectively address traditional monitoring gaps, providing a scalable new technical approach for monitoring coastal sea level changes and conducting risk assessments.

, authors=Pan LIU1, Shuangcheng ZHANG1, *, Hengli WANG1, Bo JIANG1, Huilin WU2, Yongjun XIN1, Peiyuan WANG3, authorsList=Pan LIU, Shuangcheng ZHANG, Hengli WANG, Bo JIANG, Huilin WU, Yongjun XIN, Peiyuan WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuangcheng ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281933914696553162, articleId=1281933885747466925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=GNSS-IR用于近海岸绝对海平面变化监测研究, columnId=1281933726917570915, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=特色栏目:地震大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用融合GNSS干涉反射测量(GNSS-IR)与GNSS定位的新型监测方案, 以香港7个岸基站10 a以上观测数据为例, 开展近海岸绝对海平面变化监测研究。结果显示, 剔除精度较低的HKSL和KYC1站点后, 在其余站点每月平均相对海平面监测中, GNSS-IR结果与验潮站数据一致性良好, 多数站点RMSE小于6 cm, 相关系数大于0.86, 海平面上升趋势与验潮站差异小于1 mm/a(区域平均仅0.036 mm/a); 在绝对海平面监测中, 引入动态大气校正(dynamic atmospheric correction, DAC)后, 岸基GNSS与卫星测高相应点区域平均速率差异由-3.40 mm/a缩小至-0.76 mm/a, 趋势高度一致; 与香港验潮站50 a长时序绝对海平面数据对比, 偏差多数小于1 mm/a, 且各站均处于区域绝对海平面监测的合理误差范围内。研究表明, GNSS-IR与GNSS定位融合可有效弥补传统监测盲区, 为沿海海平面变化监测与风险评估提供可推广的新技术路径。

, authors=刘攀1, 张双成1, *, 王恒利1, 江波1, 武慧琳2, 辛勇军1, 王培源3, authorsList=刘攀, 张双成, 王恒利, 江波, 武慧琳, 辛勇军, 王培源, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张双成, authorNote=

刘攀, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS反射测量与应用, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张双成, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为对地观测与防灾减灾, E-mail:
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Lanzhou: Lanzhou Jiatong University, 2019, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281933998972703557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=45, issue=7, pageStart=1065, pageEnd=1072, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=27, authorNames=刘聚, 暴景阳, 许军, journalName=武汉大学学报: 信息科学版, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘聚, 暴景阳, 许军, . 中国香港验潮站1962-2017年水位相对变化分析[J]. 武汉大学学报: 信息科学版, 2020, 45 (7): 1065- 1072, articleTitle=中国香港验潮站1962-2017年水位相对变化分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281933999387939654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=45, issue=7, pageStart=1065, pageEnd=1072, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=28, authorNames=Liu Ju, Bao Jingyang, Xu Jun, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Liu Ju , Bao Jingyang , Xu Jun , et al. Analysis of Relative Water Level Variations in Hong Kong, China from 1962 to 2017[J]. 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黑色点线代表直线y=x,下同

, figureFileSmall=7Jt+Glzb4PYTspKuD0l+Xw==, figureFileBig=pt7s/gORPRNciu1rJjUK7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281933966680757017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=HKQT station geoid height, DAC time series analysis and comparison with satellite-measured absolute sea level, figureFileSmall=+QX84+u6eqX+3wVzyuDV9w==, figureFileBig=aBjYuVFwugMkFsZNRdawUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281933967431537434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, language=CN, label=图9, caption=HKQT站大地高、DAC时间序列分析及与卫星测高的绝对海平面对比, figureFileSmall=+QX84+u6eqX+3wVzyuDV9w==, figureFileBig=aBjYuVFwugMkFsZNRdawUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281933968278786843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Consistency scatter plots of monthly absolute sea level between the HKQT station and satellite altimetry before and after DAC correction, figureFileSmall=+NNeVGFzx9qD+Mtt0TLbng==, figureFileBig=NdUgroWPh/SXfjho1J7g1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281933968933098268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, language=CN, label=图10, caption=HKQT站DAC改正前后与卫星测高每月绝对海平面一致性散点图, figureFileSmall=+NNeVGFzx9qD+Mtt0TLbng==, figureFileBig=NdUgroWPh/SXfjho1J7g1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281933969641935645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

GNSS-IR observation site scenario parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GNSS站 反射高度/m 高度角范围/(°) 方位角范围/(°)
HKLM 11 1~7 190~250
HKPC 20 4~8 190~310
HKQT 7 4~9 0~105, 300~360
HKSL 98 4~8 170~260
HKSS 40 5~15 0~120
HKWS 65 5~12 0~150
KYC1 119 5~12 0~360
), ArticleFig(id=1281933971047027486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GNSS-IR观测站点场景参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GNSS站 反射高度/m 高度角范围/(°) 方位角范围/(°)
HKLM 11 1~7 190~250
HKPC 20 4~8 190~310
HKQT 7 4~9 0~105, 300~360
HKSL 98 4~8 170~260
HKSS 40 5~15 0~120
HKWS 65 5~12 0~150
KYC1 119 5~12 0~360
), ArticleFig(id=1281933971705533215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

RMSE and correlation coefficients for HKQT station and various tide gauge stations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GNSS站 验潮站 距离 每日平均 每月平均
RMSE/cm 相关系数 RMSE/cm 相关系数
HKQT鲗鱼涌 并址 5.4 0.94 3.0 0.97
大埔滘 17.1 km 6.1 0.93 3.6 0.96
尖鼻咀 22.8 km 7.9 0.86 4.7 0.90
), ArticleFig(id=1281933972158518048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

HKQT站与各验潮站RMSE和相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GNSS站 验潮站 距离 每日平均 每月平均
RMSE/cm 相关系数 RMSE/cm 相关系数
HKQT鲗鱼涌 并址 5.4 0.94 3.0 0.97
大埔滘 17.1 km 6.1 0.93 3.6 0.96
尖鼻咀 22.8 km 7.9 0.86 4.7 0.90
), ArticleFig(id=1281933972598919969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Accuracy of daily and monthly relative sea level inversion at each GNSS station

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GNSS站 验潮站 每日平均 每月平均
RMSE/cm 相关系数 RMSE/cm 相关系数
HKLM 鲗鱼涌 10.2 0.78 7.8 0.76
HKPC 鲗鱼涌 8.2 0.86 5.8 0.86
HKQT 鲗鱼涌 5.4 0.94 3.0 0.97
HKSL 尖鼻咀 22.8 0.36 18.9 0.30
HKSS 大埔滘 8.6 0.86 5.7 0.88
HKWS 大埔滘 13.3 0.69 10.7 0.63
KYC1 鲗鱼涌 17.6 0.39 14.6 0.28
), ArticleFig(id=1281933973043516194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各GNSS站每日和每月相对海平面反演精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GNSS站 验潮站 每日平均 每月平均
RMSE/cm 相关系数 RMSE/cm 相关系数
HKLM 鲗鱼涌 10.2 0.78 7.8 0.76
HKPC 鲗鱼涌 8.2 0.86 5.8 0.86
HKQT 鲗鱼涌 5.4 0.94 3.0 0.97
HKSL 尖鼻咀 22.8 0.36 18.9 0.30
HKSS 大埔滘 8.6 0.86 5.7 0.88
HKWS 大埔滘 13.3 0.69 10.7 0.63
KYC1 鲗鱼涌 17.6 0.39 14.6 0.28
), ArticleFig(id=1281933973546832675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Comparison of relative sea level change rates between shore-based GNSS stations and tide gauge stations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GNSS站 时间范围 GNSS站相对海平面变化速率/mm·a-1 验潮站相对海平面变化速率/mm·a-1 GNSS站与验潮站相对海平面变化速率差值/mm·a-1
HKLM 2016—2024年 -1.03±4.10 -0.84±2.70 -0.19
HKPC 2014—2024年 -0.26±2.63 0.63±1.97 -0.89
HKQT 2009—2024年 1.32±2.09 0.37±1.21 0.95
HKSL 2013—2024年 -4.85±7.80 8.88±3.00 -13.73
HKSS 2013—2024年 0.71±2.64 -0.21±2.06 0.92
HKWS 2013—2024年 -0.82±3.43 -0.21±2.06 -0.61
KYC1 2017—2024年 -1.95±5.60 0.06±3.32 -2.01
), ArticleFig(id=1281933974201144100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

岸基GNSS站与验潮站相对海平面变化速率的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GNSS站 时间范围 GNSS站相对海平面变化速率/mm·a-1 验潮站相对海平面变化速率/mm·a-1 GNSS站与验潮站相对海平面变化速率差值/mm·a-1
HKLM 2016—2024年 -1.03±4.10 -0.84±2.70 -0.19
HKPC 2014—2024年 -0.26±2.63 0.63±1.97 -0.89
HKQT 2009—2024年 1.32±2.09 0.37±1.21 0.95
HKSL 2013—2024年 -4.85±7.80 8.88±3.00 -13.73
HKSS 2013—2024年 0.71±2.64 -0.21±2.06 0.92
HKWS 2013—2024年 -0.82±3.43 -0.21±2.06 -0.61
KYC1 2017—2024年 -1.95±5.60 0.06±3.32 -2.01
), ArticleFig(id=1281933975820145445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Comparison of the correlation between shore-based GNSS stations and satellite altimetry and the absolute sea level change rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站名大气校正前 大气校正后卫星测高年平均海平面变化速率/mm·a-1
RMSE/cm 相关系数 绝对年平均海平面变化速率/mm·a-1 RMSE/cm 相关系数 绝对年平均海平面变化速率/mm·a-1
HKLM 11.6 0.44 1.65±4.25 9.5 0.69 6.13±3.80 4.05±2.13
HKPC 11.3 0.54 0.37±2.87 8.8 0.74 2.36±2.77 5.19±1.67
HKQT 7.4 0.83 1.36±2.62 6.1 0.90 3.32±3.06 4.94±1.07
HKSL 26.0 -0.21 -3.31±8.15 20.9 -0.02 1.98±5.74 5.39±1.57
HKSS 11.1 0.57 2.67±2.99 8.2 0.79 4.99±2.94 4.57±1.43
HKWS 15.2 0.27 0.25±3.39 11.3 0.60 2.71±2.99 4.56±1.47
KYC1 19.2 -0.20 2.55±5.21 14.5 0.09 9.60±4.06 -0.50±2.46
), ArticleFig(id=1281933976302490406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1281933885747466925, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

岸基GNSS站与卫星测高的相关性及绝对海平面变化速率的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站名大气校正前 大气校正后卫星测高年平均海平面变化速率/mm·a-1
RMSE/cm 相关系数 绝对年平均海平面变化速率/mm·a-1 RMSE/cm 相关系数 绝对年平均海平面变化速率/mm·a-1
HKLM 11.6 0.44 1.65±4.25 9.5 0.69 6.13±3.80 4.05±2.13
HKPC 11.3 0.54 0.37±2.87 8.8 0.74 2.36±2.77 5.19±1.67
HKQT 7.4 0.83 1.36±2.62 6.1 0.90 3.32±3.06 4.94±1.07
HKSL 26.0 -0.21 -3.31±8.15 20.9 -0.02 1.98±5.74 5.39±1.57
HKSS 11.1 0.57 2.67±2.99 8.2 0.79 4.99±2.94 4.57±1.43
HKWS 15.2 0.27 0.25±3.39 11.3 0.60 2.71±2.99 4.56±1.47
KYC1 19.2 -0.20 2.55±5.21 14.5 0.09 9.60±4.06 -0.50±2.46
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GNSS-IR用于近海岸绝对海平面变化监测研究
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刘攀 1 , 张双成 1, * , 王恒利 1 , 江波 1 , 武慧琳 2 , 辛勇军 1 , 王培源 3
大地测量与地球动力学 | 特色栏目:地震大地测量学 2026,46(6): 765-773
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大地测量与地球动力学 |特色栏目:地震大地测量学 2026 , 46 (6) : 765 -773
GNSS-IR用于近海岸绝对海平面变化监测研究
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刘攀1 , 张双成1, * , 王恒利1, 江波1, 武慧琳2, 辛勇军1, 王培源3
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安, 710054
  • 2 自然资源部测绘标准化研究所, 西安, 710054
  • 3 中国科学院国家授时中心, 西安市, 710600
通讯作者:
张双成, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为对地观测与防灾减灾, E-mail:
作者简介:

刘攀, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS反射测量与应用, E-mail:

GNSS-IR for Monitoring Absolute Sea Level Changes in Near-Coastal Areas
Pan LIU1 , Shuangcheng ZHANG1, * , Hengli WANG1, Bo JIANG1, Huilin WU2, Yongjun XIN1, Peiyuan WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geological Engineering and Surveying, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 Institute of Surveying and Mapping Standardization, MNR, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 3 National Time Service Centre, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.08.271
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采用融合GNSS干涉反射测量(GNSS-IR)与GNSS定位的新型监测方案, 以香港7个岸基站10 a以上观测数据为例, 开展近海岸绝对海平面变化监测研究。结果显示, 剔除精度较低的HKSL和KYC1站点后, 在其余站点每月平均相对海平面监测中, GNSS-IR结果与验潮站数据一致性良好, 多数站点RMSE小于6 cm, 相关系数大于0.86, 海平面上升趋势与验潮站差异小于1 mm/a(区域平均仅0.036 mm/a); 在绝对海平面监测中, 引入动态大气校正(dynamic atmospheric correction, DAC)后, 岸基GNSS与卫星测高相应点区域平均速率差异由-3.40 mm/a缩小至-0.76 mm/a, 趋势高度一致; 与香港验潮站50 a长时序绝对海平面数据对比, 偏差多数小于1 mm/a, 且各站均处于区域绝对海平面监测的合理误差范围内。研究表明, GNSS-IR与GNSS定位融合可有效弥补传统监测盲区, 为沿海海平面变化监测与风险评估提供可推广的新技术路径。

GNSS-IR  /  GNSS定位  /  海平面高度反演  /  近海岸  /  海平面变化

This study proposed a novel monitoring scheme that integrates GNSS interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) with GNSS positioning for monitoring coastal absolute sea level changes. Using over 10 years of observational data from seven coastal stations in Hong Kong as an example, research on absolute sea level change monitoring in nearshore areas was conducted. The results indicated that after excluding the stations HKSL and KYC1, which had lower data quality, the GNSS-IR-derived relative sea level changes from the remaining stations showed good agreement with tide gauge data in their monthly averages. For most stations, the RMSE was less than 6 cm, the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.86, and the difference in estimated sea level rise trends was less than 1 mm/a compared to tide gauges (with a regional average difference of only 0.036 mm/a). In absolute sea level monitoring, after applying the dynamic atmospheric correction (DAC), the difference in regional average rates between coastal GNSS and satellite altimetry at corresponding points was reduced from -3.40 mm/a to -0.76 mm/a, indicating highly consistent trends. Compared with 50-year long-term absolute sea level data from Hong Kong tide gauges, the deviations were mostly less than 1 mm/a, and all stations fell within reasonable error margins for regional absolute sea level monitoring. The research demonstrates that the fusion of GNSS-IR and GNSS positioning can effectively address traditional monitoring gaps, providing a scalable new technical approach for monitoring coastal sea level changes and conducting risk assessments.

GNSS-IR  /  GNSS positioning  /  sea surface height inversion  /  nearshore  /  sea level change
刘攀, 张双成, 王恒利, 江波, 武慧琳, 辛勇军, 王培源. GNSS-IR用于近海岸绝对海平面变化监测研究. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (6) : 765 -773 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.08.271
Pan LIU, Shuangcheng ZHANG, Hengli WANG, Bo JIANG, Huilin WU, Yongjun XIN, Peiyuan WANG. GNSS-IR for Monitoring Absolute Sea Level Changes in Near-Coastal Areas[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (6) : 765 -773 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.08.271
在气候变暖的驱动下,全球海平面呈现加速上升的趋势[1]。在卫星测高技术诞生之前,验潮站是进行海平面监测的主要手段,如Qu等[2]利用中国沿海25个验潮站数据,在扣除了地面垂直运动影响后,发现我国1980—2016年海平面的上升速率为2.9±0.8 mm/a;Jevrejeva等[3]利用全球1 277个验潮站数据,在通过冰川均衡调整(glacial isostatic adjustment,GIA)对地面垂直形变(vertical land motion,VLM)改正后,计算得到全球海平面上升速率为1.9±0.3 mm/a(20世纪)和1.8±0.5 mm/a(1970—2008年),全球海平面上升加速率为0.02±0.01 mm/a2(1807—2009年)。然而,验潮站在绝对海平面监测中仍面临VLM改正依赖外部数据、参考基准不统一、空间覆盖有限等问题[4]。1993年卫星测高开始对全球海平面进行定期监测,该技术凭借其全球范围、全天候监测的优势,已成为现代海平面监测的重要手段。张琪等[5]利用1980—2019年的卫星测高数据研究天津沿海的海平面变化,结果表明,最低潮位变化速率最大,为1.35 cm/a,平均潮差、最大潮差整体呈下降的趋势;潘轶等[6]利用多代卫星测高资料对中国1993—2015年南海海平面变化规律进行分析,结果表明,中国南海海平面呈上升趋势,平均上升速率为2.4 mm/a。虽然卫星测高能够进行全球范围的监测,但由于其监测时间相对较短,且在近海岸由于雷达回波受地面的污染和近岸海面高度校正项不精确的缘故,导致其海岸区域结果不可靠[7],故而海岸带海平面监测中,上述2种主流技术都受到很大的限制。
在传统海平面监测中,通常在验潮站附近布设GNSS接收机,以获取地面垂直形变信息并对验潮记录进行改正。随着GNSS技术的不断发展,一种融合GNSS定位与遥感思想的交叉技术——GNSS干涉反射测量(GNSS interfero-metric reflectometry,GNSS-IR)逐渐形成。该技术利用GNSS信号的干涉反射特性反演周围环境参数,在海洋水位监测领域中的应用价值日益凸显,并逐步拓展为基于GNSS的水文学研究方向[8-10]
目前研究多侧重于相对水位反演,而忽略了地面沉降对长期监测的影响。虽有研究开始结合GNSS定位与GNSS-IR监测不稳定平台的水位变化[11-13],但针对近海岸绝对海平面融合监测的系统性研究仍较少。针对海岸带海平面监测中验潮站的VLM数据缺失或GIA改正精度较差、各验潮站高程基准不统一,以及卫星测高数据在近岸区域可靠性受限等问题,本研究选取香港区域7个岸基GNSS站10 a以上的4系统信噪比观测数据,采用GNSS-IR技术反演水位变化和GNSS定位技术计算绝对坐标框架下的高程变化,并就岸基GNSS站对海岸带相对海平面和绝对海平面变化速率分别进行讨论和研究,旨在探索GNSS-IR技术应用于海岸带绝对海平面监测这一新研究方向的可行性,为未来海岸带海平面监测体系提供创新性数据源与技术支撑。
GNSS-IR技术利用直射信号与海面反射信号的干涉效应来反演海面高度。在低高度角下,剔除直射信号趋势项后的信噪比(SNR)残差序列呈现出周期性振荡特征。在实际计算中,首先针对低高度角观测受大气折射干扰的问题,引入Bennett折射模型修正观测高度角,以获取有效高度角[14]。基于修正后的几何关系,利用Lomb-Scargle谱分析(LSP)提取的SNR振荡的主频率f与天线相位中心至海面的垂直距离H满足如下关系[15]
$H=\frac{\lambda f}{2}$
式中,λ是信息频段的波长。
岸基GNSS站获取绝对海平面高度变化的原理如图 1所示。其中SSH为绝对海平面高度;R为利用GAMIT/GLOBK软件解算并转换至Topex/Poseidon参考椭球下的测站大地高;H为使用GNSS-IR技术反演出的海面与接收机天线相位中心的距离。由于天线相位中心与天线参考点之间的垂向距离几乎保持不变,且数值远小于潮位变化的幅度,在本次研究的精度需求框架下不考虑两者之间的差异。因此从图 1的几何关系可得[12]
$\mathrm{SSH}=R-H$
数据处理中,先利用四分位距(interquartile range, IQR)法剔除HR序列中的粗差; 随后,采用潮汐调和分析法消除4大分潮影响,并经高频滤波获取日、月平均海平面序列; 最后,构建顾及季节性信号(年、半年周期)及加速度项的函数模型:
$\begin{gathered}y(t)=y_0+r_1 t+\frac{1}{2} r_2 t^2+\sum\limits_{i=1}^2\left\{a_i \sin \left(w_i t\right)+\right. \\\left.b_i \cos \left(w_i t\right)\right\}+\varepsilon(t)\end{gathered}$
式中,t为时间;y(t)为观测的海平面高度;y0r1分别对应基准截距与线性变化速率;r2为加速度参数;aibi为季节性信号(年周期、半年周期)的振幅系数;ε(t)为服从AR1(first-order autoregressive)统计特性的时间相关噪声项。参数解算依托Hector软件,在AR1噪声模型下利用极大似然估计(MLE)获取顾及有色噪声影响的海平面变化趋势。
本研究以香港区域为实验区域,使用GNSS观测数据进行相对和绝对海平面测量,并分别选择相应的验潮站和卫星测高数据作为相对和绝对海平面的参考数据集开展研究。本文使用香港卫星定位参考站网的GNSS原始数据。在GNSS站点选择方面,除早先已有研究表明比较适于水位反演的HKQT和HKPC站点外,还选择了HKSS、HKSL、HKLM、KYC1、HKWS这5个具备一定水位反演能力的站点[16],站点分布如图 2所示。GNSS-IR反演数据使用采样率为5 s的4系统卫星的信噪比(SNR)数据,数据的时长分析图如图 3所示。参考验潮站使用香港天文台的鲗鱼涌、大埔滘、尖鼻咀3个验潮站每日平均结果。除HKQT站与鲗鱼涌验潮站并址外,其余GNSS站与对应验潮站之间均存在一定空间距离,这会在一定程度上导致两者相关性略有下降。然而,由于研究区域范围相对较小,不同站点间的海平面变化总体一致,因此距离带来的影响相对有限。鉴于此,本文选取与各GNSS站距离最近的验潮站作为参考,用于精度评估,并在后文对空间距离引起的差异性进行进一步分析与讨论。
用于绝对海平面参考的卫星测高数据来自法国的CLS(Collecte Localisation Satellites)机构通过DUACS(Data Unification and Altimeter Combination System)多任务卫星高度计数据处理系统生成的海平面异常(sea level anomaly,SLA)每日数据,其空间分辨率为0.125° ×0.125°,以及来自AVISO(Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic Data)提供的平均海平面(mean sea surface, MSS)数据。其中,DUACS提供的SLA产品在生成过程中已包含常规高度计改正项(潮汐改正、对流层/电离层改正、轨道改正等),且采用最优插值融合多颗卫星轨道形成日网格场。此外,由于海平面变化受大气效应的影响,且这种影响可达十余厘米[17],为消除大气效应对岸基GNSS站绝对海平面测量结果的影响,使其与卫星测高产品保持一致,本研究使用了AVISO提供的动态大气校正(dynamic atmospheric correction,DAC)产品,其时间采样率为6 h,空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°。
图 3所示,除KYC1站(观测时长为9 a)外,其余各站均具备10 a以上的GNSS-IR观测数据(其中HKQT站观测时长达到16 a),已具备开展海平面长期变化趋势分析的能力。针对海岸带海平面监测所面临的挑战,本文融合GNSS-IR水位反演与GNSS定位技术,探索其在区域绝对海平面变化监测中的适用性与潜力,具体技术路线如图 4所示。
本文选取的香港7个岸基GNSS站的站点周围环境和第一菲涅尔反射区如图 5所示。为减少周围环境对水位反演的干扰,提高GNSS-IR水位反演质量,本研究根据第一菲涅尔反射区设置卫星高度角和方位角范围,并根据初步反演高度设置大致反射高度,如表 1所示。已有研究指出,在低高度角条件下,同时采用对流层路径延迟改正与高度角折射改正会引入额外误差[18]。基于这一认识,本研究未使用基于映射函数的对流层延迟修正。为尽可能减弱大气折射对信号传播的几何影响,本研究仍对高度角进行折射弯曲改正。该改正仅用于调整信号的入射方向,不涉及路径延迟,因此不会与对流层延迟模型发生重复修正。折射量由Bennett模型计算,从而获得更符合实际传播几何的有效高度角。最后,依托Larson的gnssrefl开源软件,通过LSP频谱分析方法进行水位高度反演[19]
通过GNSS-IR技术反演得到时间不均匀分布的相对海平面高度变化序列后,使用IQR方法剔除粗差的影响。为去除4大分潮的影响,获取每日平均海平面序列,使用python的第三方库utide进行潮汐调和分析,提取4大分潮分量并予以去除,然后计算每日和每月平均海平面高度时间序列。
除HKQT站与鲗鱼涌验潮站并址外,其余GNSS站与验潮站之间均存在一定空间距离。为评估空间距离对精度的影响,分别计算HKQT站与鲗鱼涌、大埔滘和尖鼻咀验潮站之间的每日与每月平均海平面的RMSE和相关系数(表 2)。以并址的鲗鱼涌站为基准可知,随距离增加,GNSS与验潮站的差异略有增大:每日平均海平面差异为0.7~2.5 cm,月平均差异为0.6~1.7 cm。据此推断,研究区内其他站点的空间差异影响亦普遍在0~2 cm范围内,属可控水平。因此,本文选取各GNSS站邻近的验潮站进行精度评估,并以HKQT站为例进行重点分析。HKQT站每日和每月平均海平面高度变化如图 6图 7所示,为便于分析HKQT站与鲗鱼涌验潮站之间的一致性,分别绘制两者每日和每月平均的一致性散点图,如图 8所示。可以看出,HKQT站的散点在每日与每月尺度上均紧密分布于中心线两侧,仅有极少数离群点。总体来看,该站的GNSS-IR反演结果与并址验潮站高度一致,充分说明其水位反演质量稳定可靠,为长期海平面变化监测提供了坚实的依据。
为定量评估各岸基GNSS站的每日和每月平均海平面高度反演结果的精度,分别计算其相应的RMSE和相关系数,如表 3所示。由表可知,反演质量最好的为HKPC、HKQT和HKSS站,它们与邻近验潮站之间的每日平均RMSE均小于10 cm,每月平均RMSE均小于6 cm,且每日和每月的相关系数均大于0.86。HKLM和HKWS站的反演质量居中,其每日平均的RMSE为10.2~13.3 cm,每月平均的RMSE为7.8~10.7 cm,相关系数均大于0.6。相比之下,反演质量最差的为2个反射高度较高的站点HKSL和KYC1(HKSL为98 m,KYC1为119 m),它们与邻近验潮站之间的每日平均RMSE为17.6~22.8 cm,每月平均RMSE为14.7~18.9 cm,相关系数为0.28~0.39,这一现象与Nikolaidou等[20]的结论一致,即在SNR数据采样率一定的情况下,随着反射高度的增加,信号混叠问题会逐渐加剧,从而导致反演精度下降。此外,每日与每月精度评估指标的排序表现出高度一致性,表明通过潮汐调和分析去除主要分潮后,序列中的周期性误差已得到有效抑制。考虑到长期海平面变化研究的特性,下文将重点聚焦于月平均尺度的趋势分析。
在相对海平面的年平均海平面变化速率计算中,由于海平面的观测数据之间并不完全相互独立,采用简单的线性回归计算趋势会低估趋势的不确定性,且已有研究表明AR1噪声模型为每月海平面变化速率最佳模型[18]。为此,本文利用Hector软件,依据§1.1中定义的AR1模型,通过极大似然估计法对月平均海平面数据进行解算,相对海平面变化结果如表 4所示。
研究结果表明,HKQT和HKSS站的相对海平面呈上升趋势,变化速率分别为1.32 mm/a和0.71 mm/a,与邻近验潮站的差值分别为0.95 mm/a和0.92 mm/a。其余5个站点则表现为海平面下降趋势,变化速率为-1.95~-0.26 mm/a,与邻近验潮站的差值范围为-2.01~ -0.89 mm/a。其中,在精度分析中表现最差的2个站HKSL和KYC1,其海平面下降速率最大,不确定度也最高,且与邻近验潮站的差值最为显著。这表明反演结果的精度直接影响了海平面变化速率计算的可靠性。
基于结果可靠性,考虑排除HKSL和KYC1站,其余5个站与邻近验潮站之间的差值为±1 mm/a之内,区域平均相对海平面差值仅为0.036 mm/a。这一结果表明,数据质量较高且观测条件适宜的GNSS站点在长期相对海平面变化监测中具有良好的可靠性。
为准确监测和分析绝对海平面变化趋势,本研究使用GAMIT/GLOBK软件进行坐标序列解算,数据处理策略与文献[21]基本一致,并将解算结果由ITRF14参考框架转换至卫星测高所采用的Topex/Poseidon参考椭球面。鉴于近岸测高点易受陆地回波等噪声的影响,而距离过大又可能引入不同海域水文特征所带来的偏差[12],在岸基GNSS站周围限定约100 km的搜索范围以获取候选测高网格点。随后利用2组时间序列的RMSE进行匹配判别。相较于仅采用相关系数,RMSE同时反映整体偏差与变化一致性,更适用于绝对海平面序列的对比,因此最终选择RMSE最小的网格点作为参考位置。为消除大气压效应对海平面高度的影响,使岸基GNSS站与卫星测高数据保持一致性,对岸基GNSS站的绝对海平面高度序列进行DAC改正。HKQT站的最终结果如图 9所示,DAC改正前后的一致性散点图如图 10所示。从图 10可知,HKQT站测得的绝对海平面高度与相应卫星测高点具有良好的一致性,且经过DAC改正后,散点分布于中心线两侧呈现出更高的对称性。为定量评估岸基GNSS站与卫星测高结果之间的相关程度,计算其相应的RMSE和相关系数,如表 5所示。由表可知,HKLM、HKPC、HKQT和HKSS站的相关性相对较好,为0.44~0.83;HKWS站相关性较差,为0.27;HKSL和KYC1的相关性最差,为-0.21和-0.20。这一结果与相对海平面变化的分析结果一致。经过DAC改正后,各站点与其卫星测高点的相关性均得到了提高,其中RMSE降低了1.28~5.11 cm,相关系数提高了0.07~0.34,且反射高度越高,改正效果越显著。
为进一步评估岸基GNSS站在绝对海平面监测方面的能力,采用前文所述的函数模型(式(3))对各站点的绝对海平面变化速率进行估计,结果如表 5所示。由表可知,岸基GNSS站的绝对年平均海平面变化速率在进行DAC改正前后差异较大,尤其是HKSL和KYC1站,改正前后差值高达5.29~7.05 mm/a,显著超出其他站点的变化幅度,说明这2个站噪声水平较高、数据质量较差。基于此,在后续的绝对海平面变化分析中,将不再对HKSL与KYC1站的结果进行讨论。
除HKSL与KYC1站外,其余5个岸基GNSS站在DAC改正前的绝对海平面变化速率范围为0.27~0.83 mm/a,与对应卫星测高点的差值为-4.82~1.90 mm/a,区域平均差值为-3.40 mm/a。这表明在未进行DAC改正时,岸基GNSS站普遍低估绝对海平面变化趋势。DAC改正后,5个站点的绝对海平面变化速率增大至2.36~6.13 mm/a,与卫星测高结果的差值缩小至-2.83~2.08 mm/a,区域平均差值显著改善为-0.76 mm/a。总体而言,DAC改正有效提升了岸基GNSS站的绝对海平面反演精度,大部分站点改正后与卫星测高的长期趋势差异在±2 mm/a以内,表现出较高的可靠性。
进一步将本研究GNSS-IR反演的DAC改正后的绝对海平面变化速率与文献[22]的验潮站长时序分析结果(鲗鱼涌验潮站为2.33±0.17 mm/a,大埔滘为3.08±0.19 mm/a)进行对比。结果表明,与鲗鱼涌验潮站对照的3个GNSS站HKLM、HKPC与HKQT的差异分别为3.80 mm/a、0.03 mm/a与0.99 mm/a。其中,HKPC与HKQT的差异均小于1 mm/a,与验潮站结果高度一致;HKLM的偏差略大,可归因于其与鲗鱼涌验潮站间约15 km的空间距离以及局地水动力条件的差异。与大埔滘验潮站对照的HKSS与HKWS站的差异分别为1.91 mm/a与0.37 mm/a,均处于相同变化量级,并与大埔滘验潮站的长期趋势相符。综合上述5个站点的对比结果可知,其绝对海平面变化速率均处于区域海平面监测的合理误差范围内(文献[22]中验潮站间最大速率差异达7.87 mm/a),且考虑到GNSS-IR与验潮站在观测原理、观测时长(GNSS站10 a左右,验潮站超50 a)及空间位置上的差异,这一一致性水平进一步证明了本研究基于岸基GNSS站的绝对海平面变化监测方法具有较高的可靠性。
本文以香港地区7个岸基GNSS站为研究对象,融合GNSS-IR与GNSS定位技术,开展了近海岸相对及绝对海平面变化监测研究,主要结论如下:
1) GNSS-IR技术可有效反演近岸相对海平面变化。在每月平均尺度上,GNSS-IR与验潮站结果的一致性良好,多数站点RMSE小于6 cm,相关系数大于0.86。在长期趋势分析中,剔除数据质量不可靠的HKSL和KYC1站点后,其余站点与邻近验潮站的线性变化速率差值均小于1 mm/a,区域平均差值仅0.036 mm/a。这证实了该技术能够有效替代或补充传统验潮手段,用于捕捉近岸海平面的相对变化特征。
2) GNSS-IR+GNSS定位融合技术有效实现了近岸绝对海平面基准的统一。本研究通过引入GNSS垂直位移,将岸基相对海平面变化统一至绝对参考框架,并采用RMSE最小化原则进行岸基GNSS站点与卫星测高网格点的最优空间匹配。研究表明,DAC改正对保证岸基GNSS监测与卫星测高结果的一致性具有重要作用。经DAC改正后,岸基GNSS结果的RMSE显著降低1.28~5.11 cm。剔除数据质量不可靠的HKSL和KYC1站点后,其余站点的区域海平面年平均变化速率与卫星测高结果的差异由-3.40 mm/a缩小至-0.76 mm/a。与香港验潮站50 a长时序绝对海平面数据对比,大部分站点偏差小于1 mm/a,各站均处于区域绝对海平面监测的合理误差范围内。该结果验证了融合方法在弥补卫星测高近岸“盲区”缺陷、实现陆海基准统一及高精度海平面监测方面的有效性。
GNSS-IR长期绝对海平面监测仍面临挑战,但未来应用前景广阔。目前,GNSS-IR联合GNSS定位在长期绝对海平面监测中存在3项主要挑战:1)环境依赖性与系统误差。监测精度易受站点环境(如反射高度、周围地物)制约,特别是本研究中的HKSL与KYC1站,其结果可靠性显著降低。同时,GNSS定位引入的天线相位中心与参考点非重合等因素,也可能引入系统性误差。2)观测时段有限,截至2025-07,PSMSL(Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level)统计的最长记录为格陵兰THU2站18.5 a(2006—2024年),而超过8 a的测站仅占测站总数的约25%,限制了其在趋势分析和加速度估计中的可靠性。3)计算与存储负担问题。为了保证反射高度较高或环境复杂站点的反演精度,可能需要提高数据采样率,从而显著增加计算与存储需求。尽管存在这些技术瓶颈,但随着误差改正模型的完善、载波相位反演算法的改进、岸基站长期连续观测资料的积累以及GNSS-IR数据库的建设,该技术在近海岸绝对海平面监测中仍具有广阔的应用前景。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42474028)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42074041)
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2026年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.08.271
  • 接收时间:2025-08-05
  • 首发时间:2026-07-09
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-05
基金
国家自然科学基金(42474028)
国家自然科学基金(42074041)
作者信息
    1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安, 710054
    2 自然资源部测绘标准化研究所, 西安, 710054
    3 中国科学院国家授时中心, 西安市, 710600

通讯作者:

张双成, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为对地观测与防灾减灾, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/10.14075/j.jgg.2025.08.271
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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