Article(id=1322571026681147536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322570898712937423, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.219, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751212800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793255104941, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793255104941, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793255104941, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793255104941, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322570898712937423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='522', pageEnd='661', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793255074432, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793255074432, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=599, endPage=609, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322571027536785553, articleId=1322571026681147536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Performance of Multi-Frequency Multi-System Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution Based on OSB Estimation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Accurate estimation of phase biases is an essential prerequisite for achieving PPP ambiguity resolution (AR). We focus on the estimation methods of observable-specific signal bias (OSB) and multi-frequency multi-GNSS PPP-AR technique, and conduct experimental analysis on the combined observations from GPS, Galileo and BDS at 30 MGEX stations during March 2024. The results show that the phase and pseudorange OSB have good stability, the STD of phase OSB in different systems is less than 0.05 ns, and the consistency of different types of inter-frequency phase and pseudorange OSB of each system is good. The wide-lane/narrow-lane ambiguity resolution rates reach 98.5%/96.7% for GPS, 99.3%/98.8% for Galileo, and 95.4%/94.9% for BDS. Compared with float solutions, the convergence times of triple-frequency PPP fixed solutions are reduced by 28.37% in kinematic scenario, shortened by 31.61% in static scenario. Under static condition, average single-day solution positioning accuracy in E, N and U directions improved by 24.91%(0.71 cm), 31.22%(0.50 cm), and 18.77%(1.10 cm), respectively, demonstrating significant enhancement in positioning performance.

, authors=Jiaxing YANG1, Xuexi LIU1, 2, *, Zhongyuan WANG1, Nanshan ZHENG1, Linfeng ZHU1, Sha LI1, authorsList=Jiaxing YANG, Xuexi LIU, Zhongyuan WANG, Nanshan ZHENG, Linfeng ZHU, Sha LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuexi LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322571032389595304, articleId=1322571026681147536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于OSB估计的多频多系统PPP-AR性能分析, columnId=1281909276545356011, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

相位偏差的精确估计是实现PPP模糊度固定的重要前提, 本文围绕观测值特定信号偏差(OSB)估计方法与多频多系统PPP-AR技术展开研究, 对2024-03共30个MGEX站的GPS、Galileo和BDS联合观测数据进行实验分析。结果表明, 相位和伪距OSB具有良好的稳定性, 不同系统相位OSB的STD均小于0.05 ns, 各系统不同类型的频间相位和伪距OSB一致性较好。3个系统宽巷/窄巷模糊度固定率分别为98.5%/96.7%(GPS)、99.3%/98.8%(Galileo)和95.4%/94.9%(BDS); 在动态场景中联合GPS、Galileo和BDS三频PPP的固定解较浮点解收敛时间缩短28.37%, 在静态场景中缩短31.61%。在静态条件下, E、N和U三个方向单天解的平均定位精度分别提升24.91%(0.71 cm)、31.22%(0.50 cm)和18.77%(1.10 cm), 定位性能显著提升。

, authors=杨嘉兴1, 刘学习1, 2, *, 王中元1, 郑南山1, 朱麟丰1, 李莎1, authorsList=杨嘉兴, 刘学习, 王中元, 郑南山, 朱麟丰, 李莎, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘学习, authorNote=

杨嘉兴, 硕士生, 主要从事精密单点定位研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘学习,博士,副教授,主要从事北斗/GNSS精密数据处理与空间大地测量研究,E-mail:
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杨嘉兴, 硕士生, 主要从事精密单点定位研究, E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=Q5IJRmqX/Y0Kwj2gj3iE1w==, figureFileBig=kgSKJS6/pXK6fQVVBP/IkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322571036625842411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571026681147536, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Distribution of GPS/Galileo/BDS ambiguity residuals, figureFileSmall=9RLroRK8ntJDPLqC8C/rSQ==, figureFileBig=6G0WSt7rb4xPZo7pIltHDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322571036747477228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571026681147536, language=CN, label=图9, caption=GPS/Galileo/BDS模糊度残差分布, figureFileSmall=9RLroRK8ntJDPLqC8C/rSQ==, figureFileBig=6G0WSt7rb4xPZo7pIltHDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322571036822974702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571026681147536, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Triple-frequency dynamic and static PPP error sequences of GPS, Galileo and BDS at HARB station on DOY084, 2024, 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GPS、Galileo和BDS三频动静态PPP收敛分布与定位精度, figureFileSmall=I/C5HLWwykpvY4MVg+hG9w==, figureFileBig=rU1VkAgjrA0PowSyJf8T4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322571037166907635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571026681147536, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison of signal frequencies of GNSS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/MHzGPSGalileoBDS-2BDS-3
1 575.420L1E1B1C
1 561.098B1IB1I
1 278.750E6
1 268.520B3IB3I
1 227.600L2
1 207.140E5bB2IB2b
1 191.795E5B2
1 176.450L5E5aB2a
), ArticleFig(id=1322571037234016500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571026681147536, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GNSS信号频点对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/MHzGPSGalileoBDS-2BDS-3
1 575.420L1E1B1C
1 561.098B1IB1I
1 278.750E6
1 268.520B3IB3I
1 227.600L2
1 207.140E5bB2IB2b
1 191.795E5B2
1 176.450L5E5aB2a
), ArticleFig(id=1322571037301125365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571026681147536, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

GNSS PPP data processing strategies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
选项策略
观测值与频率GPS:L1、L2、L5;Galileo:E1、E5a、E5;BDS:B1I、B3I、B2a
测站坐标通过IGS周解文件进行固定
采样时间30 s
截止高度角7°
伪距/相位OSBDCB/FCB转换估计
卫星钟差WUM卫星精密钟差产品
卫星轨道WUM卫星精密轨道产品
电离层延迟无电离层组合
对流层静力学延迟Saastamoinen模型
对流层湿延迟随机游走估计
PCO/PCV改正卫星端和接收机端PCO采用IGS14.atx改正
ISB随机游走估计
Ratio3.0
EWL/WL/NL阈值0.2周/0.25周/0.25周
), ArticleFig(id=1322571037393400054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571026681147536, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

GNSS PPP数据处理策略

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
选项策略
观测值与频率GPS:L1、L2、L5;Galileo:E1、E5a、E5;BDS:B1I、B3I、B2a
测站坐标通过IGS周解文件进行固定
采样时间30 s
截止高度角7°
伪距/相位OSBDCB/FCB转换估计
卫星钟差WUM卫星精密钟差产品
卫星轨道WUM卫星精密轨道产品
电离层延迟无电离层组合
对流层静力学延迟Saastamoinen模型
对流层湿延迟随机游走估计
PCO/PCV改正卫星端和接收机端PCO采用IGS14.atx改正
ISB随机游走估计
Ratio3.0
EWL/WL/NL阈值0.2周/0.25周/0.25周
), ArticleFig(id=1322571037468897527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571026681147536, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Percentage of average width and narrow lane ambiguity resolution at each station

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统宽巷模糊度固定率/%窄巷模糊度固定率/%
GPS98.596.7
Galileo99.398.8
BDS95.494.9
), ArticleFig(id=1322571037531812088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322571026681147536, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各测站平均宽窄巷模糊度固定百分比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统宽巷模糊度固定率/%窄巷模糊度固定率/%
GPS98.596.7
Galileo99.398.8
BDS95.494.9
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基于OSB估计的多频多系统PPP-AR性能分析
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杨嘉兴 1 , 刘学习 1, 2, * , 王中元 1 , 郑南山 1 , 朱麟丰 1 , 李莎 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 大地测量学 2026,46(5): 599-609
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大地测量与地球动力学 |大地测量学 2026 , 46 (5) : 599 -609
基于OSB估计的多频多系统PPP-AR性能分析
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杨嘉兴, 硕士生, 主要从事精密单点定位研究, E-mail:

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杨嘉兴, 硕士生, 主要从事精密单点定位研究, E-mail:

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杨嘉兴1 , 刘学习1, 2, * , 王中元1, 郑南山1, 朱麟丰1, 李莎1
作者信息
  • 1 中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院, 徐州, 221116
  • 2 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430071
通讯作者:
刘学习,博士,副教授,主要从事北斗/GNSS精密数据处理与空间大地测量研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

杨嘉兴, 硕士生, 主要从事精密单点定位研究, E-mail:

Performance of Multi-Frequency Multi-System Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution Based on OSB Estimation
Jiaxing YANG1 , Xuexi LIU1, 2, * , Zhongyuan WANG1, Nanshan ZHENG1, Linfeng ZHU1, Sha LI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.219
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相位偏差的精确估计是实现PPP模糊度固定的重要前提, 本文围绕观测值特定信号偏差(OSB)估计方法与多频多系统PPP-AR技术展开研究, 对2024-03共30个MGEX站的GPS、Galileo和BDS联合观测数据进行实验分析。结果表明, 相位和伪距OSB具有良好的稳定性, 不同系统相位OSB的STD均小于0.05 ns, 各系统不同类型的频间相位和伪距OSB一致性较好。3个系统宽巷/窄巷模糊度固定率分别为98.5%/96.7%(GPS)、99.3%/98.8%(Galileo)和95.4%/94.9%(BDS); 在动态场景中联合GPS、Galileo和BDS三频PPP的固定解较浮点解收敛时间缩短28.37%, 在静态场景中缩短31.61%。在静态条件下, E、N和U三个方向单天解的平均定位精度分别提升24.91%(0.71 cm)、31.22%(0.50 cm)和18.77%(1.10 cm), 定位性能显著提升。

精密单点定位  /  多频多系统  /  模糊度固定  /  观测值特定信号偏差  /  相位小数偏差

Accurate estimation of phase biases is an essential prerequisite for achieving PPP ambiguity resolution (AR). We focus on the estimation methods of observable-specific signal bias (OSB) and multi-frequency multi-GNSS PPP-AR technique, and conduct experimental analysis on the combined observations from GPS, Galileo and BDS at 30 MGEX stations during March 2024. The results show that the phase and pseudorange OSB have good stability, the STD of phase OSB in different systems is less than 0.05 ns, and the consistency of different types of inter-frequency phase and pseudorange OSB of each system is good. The wide-lane/narrow-lane ambiguity resolution rates reach 98.5%/96.7% for GPS, 99.3%/98.8% for Galileo, and 95.4%/94.9% for BDS. Compared with float solutions, the convergence times of triple-frequency PPP fixed solutions are reduced by 28.37% in kinematic scenario, shortened by 31.61% in static scenario. Under static condition, average single-day solution positioning accuracy in E, N and U directions improved by 24.91%(0.71 cm), 31.22%(0.50 cm), and 18.77%(1.10 cm), respectively, demonstrating significant enhancement in positioning performance.

precise point positioning (PPP)  /  multi-frequency multi-system  /  ambiguity resolution  /  observable-spcific signal bias (OSB)  /  fractional cycle bias (FCB)
杨嘉兴, 刘学习, 王中元, 郑南山, 朱麟丰, 李莎. 基于OSB估计的多频多系统PPP-AR性能分析. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (5) : 599 -609 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.219
Jiaxing YANG, Xuexi LIU, Zhongyuan WANG, Nanshan ZHENG, Linfeng ZHU, Sha LI. Performance of Multi-Frequency Multi-System Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution Based on OSB Estimation[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (5) : 599 -609 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.219
精密单点定位(PPP)技术具有操作灵活、成本较低等优势,被广泛应用于大地测量、极端天气监测、智能驾驶、低空经济等领域,但也给恢复非差模糊度整数特性带来挑战[1]。不同于差分定位可以通过星间单差消除未校正相位延迟(uncalibrated phase delay, UPD),PPP非差模糊度固定(ambiguity resolution, AR)需要外部提供相关的UPD产品[2]。由于UPD的整数部分与模糊度参数线性相关而无法分离,因而只对相位小数偏差(fractional cycle bias, FCB)进行估计。针对PPP非差模糊度固定,UPD模型、整数钟模型、解耦钟模型和相位钟模型等方法被相继提出,显著提升了定位收敛速度与精度[3]。
多频率多星座融合可增强卫星几何结构和提高模糊度固定效率[4],但同时也会引入大量偏差,如差分码偏差(differential code bias, DCB)、系统间偏差(inter-system bias, ISB)、频率间钟偏差(inter-frequency clock bias, IFCB)等[5]。针对该问题,观测值特定信号偏差(observation-specific signal bias, OSB)被提出,只需通过改正OSB至原始观测值,即可恢复模糊度的整数特性[6],从而极大提高多频多系统PPP-AR的可靠性和灵活性[7]。Banville等[6]基于SINEX分析钟差与伪距硬件延迟的关系,提出将UPD统一转换为相位OSB,以简化用户端模糊度固定流程。Geng等[8]基于GPS和Galileo的相位OSB实现全频点的双频PPP-AR,宽巷与窄巷模糊度固定率均超过95%。Li等[9]提出由伪距DCB向OSB转换的方法,并结合FCB生成相位OSB,用于多频PPP-AR,可显著缩短收敛时间。Jiang等[10]基于无几何与无电离层三频相位观测值组合估计多频相位OSB,实现多频GPS/Galileo模糊度固定。
虽然多频多系统PPP-AR能够给高精度用户带来极大机遇,但使用相位偏差产品进行服务也存在诸多问题[11]:1)如何评估OSB精度以及对各系统各频点间OSB进行一致性比对;2)IGS绝大多数分析中心提供的双频相位OSB产品已无法完全满足多频多系统PPP-AR的需求,如何充分利用多频多系统的信号资源来评估基于OSB的PPP-AR定位性能。针对上述问题,本文系统性分析验证OSB在多频多系统下的时变特性以及在提升PPP-AR定位性能方面的有效性。
GNSS非差非组合PPP伪距和载波相位观测方程如下:
$\left\{\begin{aligned} P_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{s}}= & \rho_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}+c \cdot \mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{r}}-c \cdot \mathrm{~d} t^{\mathrm{s}}+\bar{T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}+ \\ & \gamma_j \cdot I_{\mathrm{r}, 1}^{\mathrm{s}}+d_{\mathrm{r}, j}-d_j^{\mathrm{s}}+\varepsilon_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{s}} \\ L_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{s}}= & \rho_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}+c \cdot \mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{r}}-c \cdot \mathrm{~d} t^{\mathrm{s}}+\bar{T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}- \\ & \gamma_j \cdot I_{\mathrm{r}, 1}^{\mathrm{s}}+N_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{s}}+b_{\mathrm{r}, j}-b_j^{\mathrm{s}}+\xi_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{s}}\end{aligned}\right.$
式中,j代表载波频率号(j=1, 2, 3);Pr, js和Lr, js分别表示伪距和载波相位观测值;ρrs表示接收机与卫星之间的几何距离;c·dts和c·dtr分别表示卫星和接收机钟差;$\bar{T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}$表示天顶对流层延迟;γj=(λj2/λ12)表示电离层放大因子;Ir, 1s表示第1频率上的电离层斜延迟;djs和dr, j分别表示卫星和接收机端伪距硬件延迟;bjs和br, j分别表示卫星和接收机端相位硬件延迟;Nr, js表示载波相位模糊度;ξr, js和εr, js分别表示载波相位和伪距中包含多路径效应等误差的观测噪声。
伪距与载波相位OSB表明,不同卫星在各个频点上的观测数据均存在可校正的系统性误差。用户在实际应用中只需从原始观测值中减去相应频点的伪距或相位OSB,即可完成PPP-AR中的必要改正。
对于伪距OSB估计,在获得DCB产品后,以2个基准观测量构成的无电离层组合偏差为0作为约束条件,可将DCB转化为单个观测类型上的伪距OSB,其关系如下:
$\left[\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{DCB}_{i j}^{\mathrm{s}} \\ \mathrm{DCB}_{i k}^{\mathrm{s}} \\ 0\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1 & -1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & -1 \\ \alpha_{i j} & \beta_{i j} & 0\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{OSB}_{P, i}^{\mathrm{s}} \\ \mathrm{OSB}_{P, j}^{\mathrm{s}} \\ \mathrm{OSB}_{P, k}^{\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right]$
式中,OSBP, is、OSBP, js和OSBP, ks分别为i、j和k频率上的卫星端伪距OSB; $\alpha_{i j}=\frac{f_i^2}{f_i^2-f_j^2}$与$\beta_{i j}=-\frac{f_j^2}{f_i^2-f_j^2}$分别为第1、2个无电离层组合系数。
由于FCB中同时包含伪距与相位延迟偏差,因此超宽巷(extra-wide-lane, EWL)、宽巷(wide-lane, WL)与窄巷(narrow-lane, NL)卫星端FCB可通过伪距与相位OSB表示为[12]:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{FCB}_{\mathrm{NL}}^{\mathrm{s}}=\frac{\lambda_j}{\lambda_j-\lambda_i}\left(\mathrm{OSB}_{L, i}^{\mathrm{s}}-\frac{\mathrm{OSB}_{P, i}^{\mathrm{s}}}{\lambda_i}\right)-\frac{\lambda_i}{\lambda_j-\lambda_i}\left(\mathrm{OSB}_{L, j}^{\mathrm{s}}-\frac{\mathrm{OSB}_{P, j}^{\mathrm{s}}}{\lambda_j}\right) \\\mathrm{FCB}_{\mathrm{WL}}^{\mathrm{s}}=\left(\mathrm{OSB}_{L, i}^{\mathrm{s}}-\mathrm{OSB}_{L, j}^{\mathrm{s}}\right)-\frac{\lambda_j \mathrm{OSB}_{P, i}^{\mathrm{s}}+\lambda_i \mathrm{OSB}_{P, j}^{\mathrm{s}}}{\left(\lambda_i+\lambda_j\right) \lambda_{\mathrm{WL}}} \\\mathrm{FCB}_{\mathrm{EWL}}^{\mathrm{s}}=\left(\mathrm{OSB}_{L, j}^{\mathrm{s}}-\mathrm{OSB}_{L, k}^{\mathrm{s}}\right)+\frac{(1-\eta) \mathrm{OSB}_{P, i}^{\mathrm{s}}+\eta \mathrm{OSB}_{P, j}^{\mathrm{s}}}{\lambda_{\mathrm{EWL}}} \\\eta=\frac{\lambda_j \lambda_k-\lambda_i^2}{\lambda_j^2-\lambda_i^2}, \lambda_{\mathrm{EWL}}=\frac{c}{f_j-f_k}, \lambda_{\mathrm{WL}}=\frac{c}{f_i-f_j}\end{array}\right.$
式中,OSBL, is、OSBL, js和OSBL, ks分别为i、j和k频率上的卫星端相位OSB。根据式(2)和(3),可得DCB、FCB与OSB的相对关系,具体的伪距与相位OSB统一观测方程可表示为:
$\left[\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{DCB}_{i j}^{\mathrm{s}} \\\mathrm{DCB}_{i k}^{\mathrm{s}} \\0 \\\mathrm{FCB}_{\mathrm{NL}}^{\mathrm{s}} \\\mathrm{FCB}_{\mathrm{WL}}^{\mathrm{s}} \\\mathrm{FCB}_{\mathrm{EWL}}^{\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\1 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\alpha_{i j} & \beta_{i j} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\-\alpha_{\mathrm{NL}} & -\beta_{\mathrm{NL}} & 0 & \alpha_{\mathrm{NL}} & \beta_{\mathrm{NL}} & 0 \\\alpha_{\mathrm{WL}} & \beta_{\mathrm{WL}} & 0 & 1 & -1 & 0 \\0 & \alpha_{\mathrm{EWL}} & \beta_{\mathrm{EWL}} & 0 & 1 & -1\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{OSB}_{P, i}^{\mathrm{s}} \\\mathrm{OSB}_{P, j}^{\mathrm{s}} \\\mathrm{OSB}_{P, k}^{\mathrm{s}} \\\mathrm{OSB}_{L, i}^{\mathrm{s}} \\\mathrm{OSB}_{L, j}^{\mathrm{s}} \\\mathrm{OSB}_{L, k}^{\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right]$
式中,
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\alpha_{\mathrm{NL}}=\frac{\lambda_j}{\lambda_i\left(\lambda_j-\lambda_i\right)} ; \alpha_{\mathrm{WL}}=\frac{\lambda_i-\lambda_j}{\lambda_i\left(\lambda_j+\lambda_i\right)} ; \alpha_{\mathrm{EWL}}=\frac{1-\eta}{\lambda_{\mathrm{EWL}}} \\\beta_{\mathrm{NL}}=\frac{\lambda_j}{\lambda_j\left(\lambda_j-\lambda_i\right)} ; \beta_{\mathrm{WL}}=\frac{\lambda_i-\lambda_j}{\lambda_j\left(\lambda_j+\lambda_i\right)} ; \beta_{\mathrm{EWL}}=\frac{\eta}{\lambda_{\mathrm{EWL}}}\end{array}\right.$
对于非差非组合PPP-AR用户,观测值在进行多频OSB改正后,定位解算中频率k对应的时变偏差将被有效消除,此时各频点的原始模糊度均具有整数特性。用户端使用多频伪距/相位OSB后,其观测方程可表示为[10]:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}P_i+\operatorname{OSB}_{P, i}^{\mathrm{s}}=\rho_{\mathrm{r}, i}^{\mathrm{s}}+c \cdot \mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{r}}+\bar{T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}+\gamma_i \cdot I_{\mathrm{r}, i}^{\mathrm{s}} \\P_j+\operatorname{OSB}_{P, j}^{\mathrm{s}}=\rho_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{s}}+c \cdot \mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{r}}+\bar{T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}+\gamma_j \cdot I_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{s}} \\P_k+\operatorname{OSB}_{P, k}^{\mathrm{s}}=\rho_{\mathrm{r}, k}^{\mathrm{s}}+c \cdot \mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{r}}+\bar{T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}+\gamma_k \cdot I_{\mathrm{r}, k}^{\mathrm{s}}+\mathrm{IFB}_{\mathrm{r}} \\L_i+\operatorname{OSB}_{L, i}^{\mathrm{s}}=\rho_{\mathrm{r}, i}^{\mathrm{s}}+c \cdot \mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{r}}+\bar{T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}-\gamma_i \cdot I_{\mathrm{r}, i}^{\mathrm{s}}+\lambda_i \cdot \bar{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{NL}}^{\mathrm{s}} \\L_j+\operatorname{OSB}_{L, j}^{\mathrm{s}}=\rho_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{s}}+c \cdot \mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{r}}+\bar{T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}-\gamma_j \cdot I_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{s}}+\lambda_j \cdot\left(\bar{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{NL}}^{\mathrm{s}}+\bar{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{WL}}^{\mathrm{s}}\right) \\L_k+\operatorname{OSB}_{L, k}^{\mathrm{s}}=\rho_{\mathrm{r}, k}^{\mathrm{s}}+c \cdot \mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{r}}+\bar{T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}-\gamma_k \cdot I_{\mathrm{r}, k}^{\mathrm{s}}+\lambda_k \cdot\left(\bar{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{NL}}^{\mathrm{s}}+\bar{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{WL}}^{\mathrm{s}}+\bar{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{EWL}}^{\mathrm{s}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中,IFBr为第3个频点的接收机伪距频间偏差(inter-frequency bias, IFB)。为消除线性方程中的秩亏以得到满秩模型,通过待估参数重组后可以得到:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\bar{I}_i^{\mathrm{s}}=I_i^{\mathrm{s}}+\beta_{i j} \mathrm{DCB}_{\mathrm{r}, i j} \\c \cdot \mathrm{~d} \bar{t}_{\mathrm{r}}=c \cdot \mathrm{~d} t_{\mathrm{r}}+d_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}} \\\mathrm{IFB}_r=d_{\mathrm{r}, k}-d_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}-\gamma_k \beta_{i j} \mathrm{DCB}_{\mathrm{r}, i j} \\\lambda_i \cdot \bar{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{NL}}^{\mathrm{s}}=\lambda_i \cdot\left(N_{\mathrm{r}, i}^{\mathrm{s}}+b_{\mathrm{r}, i}\right)-d_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}+\beta_{i j} \mathrm{DCB}_{\mathrm{r}, i j} \\\lambda_j \cdot\left(\bar{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{WL}}^{\mathrm{s}}+\bar{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{NL}}^{\mathrm{s}}\right)=\lambda_j \cdot\left(N_{\mathrm{r}, j}^{\mathrm{s}}+b_{\mathrm{r}, j}\right)-d_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}+\gamma_j \beta_{i j} \mathrm{DCB}_{\mathrm{r}, i j} \\\lambda_k \cdot\left(\bar{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{EWL}}^{\mathrm{s}}+\bar{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{WL}}^{\mathrm{s}}+\bar{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{NL}}^{\mathrm{s}}\right)=\lambda_k \cdot\left(N_{\mathrm{r}, k}^{\mathrm{s}}+b_{\mathrm{r}, k}\right)-d_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}+\gamma_k \beta_{i j} \mathrm{DCB}_{\mathrm{r}, i j} \\d_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{IF}}=\alpha_{i j} \cdot d_{\mathrm{r}, i}+\beta_{i j} \cdot d_{\mathrm{r}, j}\end{array}\right.$
式中,接收机端硬件延迟完全被重新参数化的接收机钟差、电离层延迟和模糊度参数吸收,结合式(6)和(7),非差非组合PPP-AR的待估参数向量可表示为:
$\begin{gathered}\boldsymbol{X}=\left[x, y, z, \mathrm{~d} \bar{t}_{\mathrm{r}}, \bar{T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}, \mathrm{IFB}_{\mathrm{r}}, \bar{I}_i^{\mathrm{s}}, \bar{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{EWL}}^{\mathrm{s}}, \right. \\\left.\bar{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{WL}}^{\mathrm{s}}, \bar{N}_{\mathrm{r}, \mathrm{NL}}^{\mathrm{s}}\right]\end{gathered}$
可以看出,NL、WL和EWL模糊度均受到接收机端伪距和相位硬件延迟影响,通过星间单差消去接收机端偏差,从而恢复单差模糊度的整周特性。固定后的单差模糊度可作为先验权重无穷大的虚拟观测值,附加到原始观测方程中重新估计坐标等参数。
图 1为OSB估计与部分模糊度固定的具体流程。
选取全球均匀分布的30个MGEX测站2024年DOY061—091的观测数据,测站分布如图 2所示,表 1为各GNSS系统信号频点对比。
PPP参数估计采用卡尔曼滤波,在模糊度固定过程中,首先利用平滑后的墨尔本-维贝纳组合(HMW)获取宽巷模糊度,并将其固定为整数值;然后结合PPP浮点解所获得的无电离层模糊度与宽巷模糊度,推导出待固定的窄巷模糊度。由于窄巷模糊度与位置、钟差等参数具有较强相关性,为提高固定效率与精度,采用LAMBDA算法对其进行降相关搜索。此外,考虑到滤波初始阶段部分模糊度估值精度较低,可能影响整体固定成功率,进一步引入部分模糊度固定策略,从LAMBDA输出的模糊度候选集中筛选通过检验准则的子集进行可靠固定。一般来说,在联合多系统PPP解算时需考虑不同GNSS系统之间的系统间偏差(ISB)。许多学者针对该问题进行详细研究,结果表明,ISB在短期内更稳定,但会受到接收机类型与精密产品等因素影响,其值大致在数纳秒至数十纳秒之间,该量级在PPP解算中不可忽略,因此本文采用随机游走的方法估计ISB参数[13]。表 2为具体的GNSS PPP数据处理策略。
OSB稳定性可以反映其自身的时变特性,图 3为GPS 2024年DOY061—091的相位与伪距OSB时间序列。从图中可以看出,相同频率的相位OSB估值接近,不同频率的相位OSB相差较大。GPS L2频率相位OSB分布在-4~4 ns之间,L1、L5频率相位OSB分布更加密集,在-3~3 ns之间。整体上看,相位OSB在1个月内稳定性良好,但在部分天数出现明显跳动,可能与当日对应的卫星状态有关。对于伪距OSB,其整体趋势与相位OSB相同,L2频率伪距OSB在-20~20 ns之间,L1、L5频率分布更加密集,在-15~15 ns之间。对比相位与伪距OSB可知,伪距OSB的分布区间较相位OSB更大,但其稳定性明显更优。原因为硬件特性波动(尤其是温度、电源)对相位影响更大,这些变化可能在数天或数小时内发生,造成相位OSB的波动;同时,相位OSB的估计依赖模糊度解,受解算质量影响大,从而产生误差和跳变。
图 4为Galileo 2024年DOY061—091的相位与伪距OSB时间序列,可以看出,Galileo E5a频率相位OSB分布在-3~3 ns之间,E1、E5频率相位OSB大致分布在-1.5~1.5 ns之间,各卫星的相位OSB在E5a频率分布更广,与GPS相位OSB相近,同样存在部分明显的异常跳动,且各卫星的OSB值较GPS分布更为集中。Galileo E1频率伪距OSB分布在-15~5 ns之间,E5a、E5频率伪距OSB大致分布在-25~10 ns之间。从数值特性来看,C5Q与C8Q观测信号的OSB结果表现出较好的一致性,均可以观察到部分卫星在个别历元存在OSB缺失的现象,这主要是因为相应历元缺少特定类型的DCB产品,导致无法完整估计该频段的OSB。
图 5、6分别为BDS-2和BDS-3 2024年DOY 061—091的相位与伪距OSB时间序列。可以看出,BDS-2相位OSB主要分布在-30~15 ns之间,伪距OSB主要分布在-50~50 ns之间;BDS-3相位OSB主要分布在-70~30 ns之间,伪距OSB主要分布在-75~175 ns之间。BDS-2相位伪距OSB分布较BDS-3更加集中,且BDS在B1I频率的相位伪距OSB分布较其他频率均更为集中。
综上可知:1)GPS与Galileo的相位伪距OSB分布相近,较BDS分布明显更为集中,总体分布集中程度为Galileo>GPS>BDS-2>BDS-3;2)各系统相同频率的不同类型OSB值具有一致性,不同频率的相位伪距OSB值存在较小差异,且当伪距OSB出现较大幅度的变动时,其对应频率的相位OSB变化同样更为明显;3)相位伪距OSB在1个月内具有良好的稳定性,且伪距OSB稳定性优于相位OSB。
为进一步比较分析GPS、Galileo及BDS相位OSB的稳定性,对2024-03各系统相位OSB的标准差(STD)进行统计分析。图 7为GPS、Galileo、BDS-2和BDS-3各频点相位OSB的STD分布情况,可以看出,4个系统的STD均小于0.05 ns。对于不同系统的每颗卫星,相同频率的相位OSB的STD结果相当,其中GPS与Galileo稳定性较好,GPS L1、L2、L5频率的相位OSB的STD分别为0.015 8 ns、0.026 0 ns和0.004 3 ns;Galileo E1、E5a、E5频率的相位OSB的STD分别为0.013 3 ns、0.023 7 ns和0.001 9 ns,其3个频率的STD均小于0.03 ns,稳定性略优于GPS。BDS-2与BDS-3三个频率的相位OSB的STD分别为0.027 2 ns、0.040 6 ns、0.009 1 ns和0.018 9 ns、0.028 4 ns、0.006 0 ns。从1个月STD统计值来看,4个系统的相位OSB稳定性程度为Galileo>GPS>BDS-3>BDS-2。BDS-3相位OSB稳定性优于BDS-2,差于GPS与Galileo,这是因为BDS-3与BDS-2的信号体制及服务范围不同(BDS-3为全球系统,BDS-2为区域系统),BDS-3测站可见卫星数量明显多于BDS-2;同时,BDS-3在卫星钟及轨道精度上更具优势,故其相位OSB稳定性优于BDS-2。此外,受卫星光压模型及伪距偏差改正模型等因素制约,BDS卫星轨道精度略逊于GPS与Galileo,导致BDS相位OSB稳定性低于其他2个系统。值得注意的是,各系统新信号(如GPS的L5、BDS-3的B2a和Galileo的E5)的OSB稳定性均优于旧信号,特别是Galileo相位OSB的STD接近0,原因为其采用二进制偏移载波(BOC)和交替BOC(AltBOC)等更加先进的调制技术,可有效抑制多路径效应,提高抗干扰能力。此外,L5、B2a和E5a共享1 176.45 MHz频段,通过协调信号参数可避免相互干扰。
从图中还可以看出,GPS部分卫星缺少L5频点的STD值,主要原因为老型号卫星本身不支持L5信号的广播,无法获得相关频点的偏差参数。此外,部分频点因观测量不足或质量较差,也可能未参与最终解算,导致对应OSB缺失。
为减弱浮点模糊度解中的离群值对相位偏差估值结果的干扰,在计算时依据一定的准则,剔除疑似粗差的浮点模糊度。图 8为WL/IF浮点模糊度的均方根(RMS)分布,可以看出,各系统浮点模糊度解均存在一定的粗差,需进一步剔除以确保估值精度。本文将WL/IF的阈值分别设为0.03周和0.125周进行粗差剔除,GPS、Galileo和BDS三个系统所有卫星的WL浮点模糊度平均利用率分别为88.0%、94.1%和90.9%,IF浮点模糊度平均利用率分别为96.0%、97.1%和93.2%。总体上看,Galileo数据利用率最高,GPS与BDS相当。
将相应类型的OSB改正应用于各频点的伪距与载波相位原始观测值后,用户PPP-AR解算中获得的单差模糊度残差可作为其整数性质验证的依据。图 9为GPS、Galileo和BDS三个系统的宽巷与窄巷模糊度残差分布情况。从图 9可以看出,所有系统的单差宽巷模糊度残差基本呈现正态分布,均值分别为0.05周、-0.01周和0.06周,其中模糊度小数部分偏差小于0.25周的比例分别为94.30%、95.00%和92.90%。Galileo系统的宽巷模糊度分布最优,主要得益于其较高的伪距测量精度,因为宽巷模糊度是基于HMW组合求解的,受观测值质量影响显著。窄巷模糊度残差分布与宽巷相似,基本呈现以0为均值的正态分布,其中小数部分偏差小于0.25周的比例分别达到93.20%、94.60%和90.80%,进一步验证了改正后的相位OSB能有效恢复模糊度的整数特性。
按照PPP-AR策略完成宽巷与窄巷模糊度的逐步固定,并对各测站的模糊度固定情况进行统计分析。表 3为GPS、Galileo与BDS三系统的平均宽窄巷模糊度固定率。在宽巷模糊度固定方面,GPS与Galileo分别达到98.5%和99.3%,表现稳定;对于BDS,除BOGT和CORD测站的固定率低于85%,其余测站均超过90%,整体平均固定率为95.4%。对于窄巷模糊度固定,GPS与Galileo的平均固定率分别为96.7%与98.8%,BDS为94.9%。表 3可以反映出BDS伪距偏差影响其模糊度固定的程度。总体上看,3个系统的宽窄巷模糊度均具有良好的整数特性,可为PPP-AR奠定基础。
为验证所估相位OSB在PPP-AR定位中的有效性,选取全球分布的30个MGEX测站,利用2024年DOY061—091的多频GNSS观测数据,将估计得到的相位OSB直接改正至各系统原始载波相位观测值,开展静态与动态模式下的多频多系统PPP-AR解算。本文所用数据均为静态测站数据,动态PPP采用静态模拟动态的实验结果。需要说明的是,静态定位是在参数估计过程中全天估计1组测站坐标,而动态定位是每个历元估计1组测站坐标。统计分析定位精度及滤波收敛时间,评估其定位性能。以HARB测站为例,图 10为2024年DOY084联合GPS、Galileo和BDS三频动静态PPP模式下,浮点解与固定解在东(E)、北(N)和天(U)3个方向的定位误差时间序列,图中蓝色与红色曲线分别对应浮点解与固定解的误差变化情况。可以看出,相较于传统PPP浮点解,基于相位OSB实现的PPP-AR在动静态场景下均能显著缩短收敛时间,未收敛阶段误差波动较小,收敛后定位结果更稳定,精度更高,与前文宽巷与窄巷模糊度残差分布结果高度一致。
图 11(a)为2024年DOY061—091所有测站联合GPS、Galileo和BDS三频动静态PPP收敛分布,其中上、下子图分别表示动、静态模式,蓝色对应浮点解,红色对应固定解,并且每幅子图均给出平均收敛时间以及对应解分别在10 min和20 min内成功收敛的百分比。本文定义收敛时间为E、N和U三个方向的动态定位误差连续10个历元均小于20 cm,静态定位误差连续10个历元均小于10 cm。从图中可以看出,在动态模式下,PPP浮点解和固定解收敛时间分别为17.87 min和12.80 min,相比浮点解,固定解收敛时间缩短28.37%;在静态模式下,浮点解和固定解分别需要13.54 min和9.26 min实现滤波收敛,固定解收敛时间较浮点解缩短31.61%。
图 11(b)为2024年DOY061—091所有测站联合GPS、Galileo和BDS三频动静态浮点解与固定解在E、N和U三个方向滤波收敛后的单天解的平均RMS。可以看出,在动态模式下,固定解定位精度在E、N和U三个方向上较浮点解均有提升,E、N和U方向定位精度分别从1.14 cm、0.87 cm和1.93 cm提高到0.92 cm、0.66 cm和1.67 cm,精度分别提升约19.63%、24.55%和13.31%。在静态模式下,E、N和U方向定位精度分别从0.89 cm、0.65 cm和1.31 cm提高到0.71 cm、0.50 cm和1.10 cm,精度分别提升约24.91%、31.22%和18.77%。综上所述,不论是在动态还是静态模式下,滤波收敛后浮点解与固定解都有较高的定位精度,且固定解较浮点解在定位精度上显著提升。
本文首先推导基于DCB/FCB的伪距/相位OSB估计,然后开展多频多系统OSB的稳定性评估,最后通过非差PPP-AR得到可靠的模糊度固定解。实验采用30个MGEX测站在2024年DOY061—091的联合GPS、Galileo和BDS多频观测数据,进行OSB转换估计与动静态PPP-AR定位性能分析,得到以下结论:
1) 在OSB时变特性方面,相位伪距OSB在1个月内具有良好的稳定性,且伪距OSB稳定性优于相位OSB,各系统相同频率的不同类型OSB值具有一致性;4个系统对应各频点的相位OSB的STD均小于0.05 ns,相位OSB稳定性程度为Galileo>GPS>BDS-3>BDS-2。
2) 在PPP-AR模糊度方面,GPS/Galileo/BDS的单差宽巷和窄巷模糊度残差分布均呈现以0为均值的正态分布,模糊度小数部分偏差小于0.25周的比例都超过90%;对于宽巷和无电离层的浮点模糊度RMS分布而言,Galileo数据利用率最高,GPS与BDS相当;对于模糊度固定而言,GPS、Galileo和BDS的宽巷模糊度固定率分别为98.5%、99.3%和95.4%,窄巷模糊度固定率为96.7%、98.8%和94.9%,整体固定程度为Galileo>GPS>BDS。
3) 在PPP-AR定位性能方面,动态条件下浮点解和固定解的收敛时间分别为17.87 min和12.80 min,固定解较浮点解缩短28.37%,定位精度在E、N和U三个方向分别提升约19.63%、24.55%和13.31%;静态条件下的收敛时间分别为13.54 min和9.26 min,固定解较浮点解缩短31.61%,定位精度在E、N和U三个方向分别提升约24.91%、31.22%和18.77%,固定解较浮点解在收敛时间与定位精度上均有显著提升。
目前多家数据分析中心已发布OSB格式的相位偏差产品,通过对偏差产品进行综合分析,可对其质量和精度展开评估,进而增强非差模糊度固定技术的稳定性与抗差能力。GNSS非差PPP-AR技术的持续发展将不断提升卫星定位的精准性与可靠性,为各行业应用提供更优质的技术支撑与保障。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42304015)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42274048)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金(BK20231087)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2025T180062)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2024M753525)
  • 湖北珞珈实验室开放基金(250100007)
  • 江苏省青年科技人才托举工程项目(JSTJ-2024-075)
  • 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室开放基金(SKLGED2024-3-7)
  • 江苏省自然资源科技项目(JSZRKJ202510)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.219
  • 接收时间:2025-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-30
基金
国家自然科学基金(42304015)
国家自然科学基金(42274048)
江苏省自然科学基金(BK20231087)
中国博士后科学基金(2025T180062)
中国博士后科学基金(2024M753525)
湖北珞珈实验室开放基金(250100007)
江苏省青年科技人才托举工程项目(JSTJ-2024-075)
中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室开放基金(SKLGED2024-3-7)
江苏省自然资源科技项目(JSZRKJ202510)
作者信息
    1 中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院, 徐州, 221116
    2 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430071

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刘学习,博士,副教授,主要从事北斗/GNSS精密数据处理与空间大地测量研究,E-mail:
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小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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