Article(id=1322567028251148575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322567020940481144, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.201, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750003200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793254151642, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793254151642, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793254151642, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793254151642, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322567020940481144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='392', pageEnd='521', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793254149899, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793254149899, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=487, endPage=496, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322567029928870177, articleId=1322567028251148575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Near-Real Time Precise Orbit Determination Method for Low Earth Orbit Satellites Based on Sliding Window, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on reduced-dynamic method, we utilize sliding window to achieve near-real time orbit calculation and recursive update for low Earth orbit satellites, and verify the accuracy and effectiveness of orbit determination. Taking the observation data of GRACE-FO and Swarm-B satellites from January 15 to 26, 2025 as an example, the results show that there is no significant systematic error in the tangential, normal, and radial orbit overlapping arc segments calculated using sliding window. Compared with the official released precise science orbit, the root mean square (RMS) of orbit difference in calculation part in three directions is all within 5 cm, and the residual RMS of satellite laser ranging (SLR) validations are 3.03 cm, 4.14 cm, and 3.15 cm, respectively. At a predicted arc length of 60 minutes, the average radial orbit RMS of three satellites is about 10 cm. In addition, changing the initial value of subsequent arc segment orbit from standard point positioning (SPP) to reusing the calculation and extrapolation result of previous arc segment orbit can shorten the single arc segment solution time from 10 minutes to 5 minutes.

, authors=Haoran GONG1, 2, 3, Chen WANG1, 2, 3, *, Chen REN1, 2, 3, Zhenhong LI1, 3, 4, authorsList=Haoran GONG, Chen WANG, Chen REN, Zhenhong LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chen WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322567032256708920, articleId=1322567028251148575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于滑动窗口的低轨卫星近实时精密定轨方法, columnId=1281909276545356011, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于简化动力学方法, 利用滑动窗口实现低轨卫星的近实时轨道解算和递推更新, 并验证定轨的精度和时效性。以2025-01-15-26的GRACE-FO系列卫星与Swarm-B卫星观测数据为例开展实验, 结果表明, 基于滑动窗口解算轨道的切向、法向和径向重叠弧段均无明显系统性误差。与官方发布的精密轨道相比, 解算部分轨道各方向差异的均方根(RMS)都在5 cm以内, 卫星激光测距(SLR)检核的残差RMS分别为3.03 cm、4.14 cm和3.15 cm。在60 min预报弧长下, 3颗卫星的径向轨道RMS均值约为10 cm。此外, 将后续弧段轨道初值由单点定位改为复用前一弧段的轨道解算和外推结果, 可将单弧段解算时间从10 min缩短至5 min。

, authors=龚浩冉1, 2, 3, 王晨1, 2, 3, *, 任琛1, 2, 3, 李振洪1, 3, 4, authorsList=龚浩冉, 王晨, 任琛, 李振洪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王晨, authorNote=

龚浩冉, 硕士生, 主要从事卫星精密定轨研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王晨, 博士, 讲师, 主要从事卫星大地测量、精密定轨定位研究, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=xWlshTthJ76mfng3gNKWAQ==, magXml=vsDX6lHqgXyVmr8mV4EWuA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=prksXX8ZXbbj+D14L0ENQA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=g5NRk2533j1hZ/gJb9oZ7Q==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322567034412581191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567028251148575, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=gonghaoran@chd.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322567034513244491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567028251148575, authorId=1322567034412581191, language=EN, stringName=Haoran GONG, firstName=Haoran, middleName=null, lastName=GONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
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Data sources related to LEO satellite orbit determination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型 来源 描述
GRACE-FO星载GPS观测数据 GFZ
ftp://rz-vm152.gfz-potsdam.de/grace-fo/
RINEX2.2采样间隔10 s
GRACE-FO卫星事后科学轨道 同上 采样间隔1 s
Swarm星载GPS观测数据 ESA
https://swarm-diss.eo.esa.int/
RINEX3.0采样间隔1 s
Swarm卫星事后科学轨道 同上 采样间隔10 s
GNSS超快速轨道和钟差产品 WHU
ftp://igs.gnsswhu.cn/pub/gps/products/mgex/
小时更新
SLR数据 EDC
ftp://edc.dgfi.tum.de/pub/slr/data/npt_crd_v2/
np2数据
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LEO卫星定轨相关数据来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型 来源 描述
GRACE-FO星载GPS观测数据 GFZ
ftp://rz-vm152.gfz-potsdam.de/grace-fo/
RINEX2.2采样间隔10 s
GRACE-FO卫星事后科学轨道 同上 采样间隔1 s
Swarm星载GPS观测数据 ESA
https://swarm-diss.eo.esa.int/
RINEX3.0采样间隔1 s
Swarm卫星事后科学轨道 同上 采样间隔10 s
GNSS超快速轨道和钟差产品 WHU
ftp://igs.gnsswhu.cn/pub/gps/products/mgex/
小时更新
SLR数据 EDC
ftp://edc.dgfi.tum.de/pub/slr/data/npt_crd_v2/
np2数据
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Strategies and parameter configurations for near-real time POD

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类别 描述
摄动力模型地球重力场模型 EGM2008[21](120×120)
N体引力 JPL DE405[22]
固体潮 TIDE2010
海潮 FES2004 (30×30)
极潮 IERS 2010 (30×30)
太阳光压 卫星宏模型[14]
大气阻力 DTM94[23]
相对论效应 IERS 2010[24]
观测模型与改正项GPS天线相位模型 igs20.atx
卫星截止高度角 0°
电离层改正 非差无电离层组合
相位中心偏差改正 GRACE-FO PCO+PCV[25] Swarm-B PCO+PCV[3]
参数估计卫星状态 初始位置与速度矢量
大气阻力系数 松约束:6 h/8 h/12 h计算1次紧约束:1.5 h计算1次
太阳光压系数 各定轨弧段计算1个
经验加速度参数 切向、法向(常数项和余弦项) 松约束:6 h/8 h/12 h计算1次紧约束:1.5 h计算1次
接收机钟差 逐历元估计
), ArticleFig(id=1322567040204915075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567028251148575, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

近实时精密定轨策略与参数配置

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类别 描述
摄动力模型地球重力场模型 EGM2008[21](120×120)
N体引力 JPL DE405[22]
固体潮 TIDE2010
海潮 FES2004 (30×30)
极潮 IERS 2010 (30×30)
太阳光压 卫星宏模型[14]
大气阻力 DTM94[23]
相对论效应 IERS 2010[24]
观测模型与改正项GPS天线相位模型 igs20.atx
卫星截止高度角 0°
电离层改正 非差无电离层组合
相位中心偏差改正 GRACE-FO PCO+PCV[25] Swarm-B PCO+PCV[3]
参数估计卫星状态 初始位置与速度矢量
大气阻力系数 松约束:6 h/8 h/12 h计算1次紧约束:1.5 h计算1次
太阳光压系数 各定轨弧段计算1个
经验加速度参数 切向、法向(常数项和余弦项) 松约束:6 h/8 h/12 h计算1次紧约束:1.5 h计算1次
接收机钟差 逐历元估计
), ArticleFig(id=1322567040292995460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567028251148575, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Statistics of mean RMS of orbit overlapping arc segment during the test period

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低轨卫星轨道 切向/mm 法向/mm 径向/mm 三维方向/mm
POD_GRACE-C 7.35 5.61 4.26 10.30
POD_GRACE-D 7.52 5.53 4.13 10.32
POD_ Swarm-B 8.69 6.45 5.29 12.13
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测试时段的轨道重叠弧段RMS均值统计

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低轨卫星轨道 切向/mm 法向/mm 径向/mm 三维方向/mm
POD_GRACE-C 7.35 5.61 4.26 10.30
POD_GRACE-D 7.52 5.53 4.13 10.32
POD_ Swarm-B 8.69 6.45 5.29 12.13
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Statistics of mean RMS of near-real time precise orbit determination results and the science orbit

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低轨卫星 卫星轨道 切向/cm 法向/cm 径向/cm 三维方向/cm
GRACE-CSPP_GRACE-C 529.7 432.1 1 213.0 1 392.4
POD_GRACE-C 2.16 0.93 1.00 2.56
GRACE-DSPP_GRACE-D 644.7 525.7 1 336.7 1 574.4
POD_GRACE-D 2.36 1.40 1.05 2.95
Swarm-BSPP_Swarm-B 510.2 316.0 1 369.7 1 495.4
POD_ Swarm-B 2.56 1.54 1.11 3.21
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近实时精密定轨结果与科学轨道比较的RMS均值统计

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低轨卫星 卫星轨道 切向/cm 法向/cm 径向/cm 三维方向/cm
GRACE-CSPP_GRACE-C 529.7 432.1 1 213.0 1 392.4
POD_GRACE-C 2.16 0.93 1.00 2.56
GRACE-DSPP_GRACE-D 644.7 525.7 1 336.7 1 574.4
POD_GRACE-D 2.36 1.40 1.05 2.95
Swarm-BSPP_Swarm-B 510.2 316.0 1 369.7 1 495.4
POD_ Swarm-B 2.56 1.54 1.11 3.21
), ArticleFig(id=1322567040607568264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567028251148575, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Statistics of mean RMS of the predicted orbits and the science orbit

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低轨卫星 预报时长/min 切向/cm 法向/cm 径向/cm 三维方向/cm
GRACE-C20 7.26 1.33 6.59 10.23
40 18.50 1.65 9.16 20.94
60 31.16 1.83 10.17 33.01
GRACE-D20 6.29 1.63 5.22 8.74
40 15.61 1.80 8.08 17.95
60 26.98 1.93 9.25 28.79
Swarm-B20 9.49 1.96 8.29 13.16
40 23.74 2.35 10.42 26.74
60 37.53 2.52 11.17 39.44
), ArticleFig(id=1322567040691454345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567028251148575, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

预报轨道与科学轨道比较的RMS均值统计

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低轨卫星 预报时长/min 切向/cm 法向/cm 径向/cm 三维方向/cm
GRACE-C20 7.26 1.33 6.59 10.23
40 18.50 1.65 9.16 20.94
60 31.16 1.83 10.17 33.01
GRACE-D20 6.29 1.63 5.22 8.74
40 15.61 1.80 8.08 17.95
60 26.98 1.93 9.25 28.79
Swarm-B20 9.49 1.96 8.29 13.16
40 23.74 2.35 10.42 26.74
60 37.53 2.52 11.17 39.44
), ArticleFig(id=1322567040775340426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567028251148575, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Statistics of SLR validation residuals

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低轨卫星 卫星轨道 AVG/cm STD/cm RMS/cm
GRACE-CPOD_GRACE-C -1.40 2.69 3.03
PRE_GRACE-C -5.91 13.79 15.00
GRACE-DPOD_GRACE-D -1.18 3.97 4.14
PRE_GRACE-D -1.07 12.69 12.74
Swarm-BPOD_ Swarm-B -1.16 2.93 3.15
PRE_Swarm-B -7.52 15.03 16.81
), ArticleFig(id=1322567040855032203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567028251148575, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

SLR检核残差统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
低轨卫星 卫星轨道 AVG/cm STD/cm RMS/cm
GRACE-CPOD_GRACE-C -1.40 2.69 3.03
PRE_GRACE-C -5.91 13.79 15.00
GRACE-DPOD_GRACE-D -1.18 3.97 4.14
PRE_GRACE-D -1.07 12.69 12.74
Swarm-BPOD_ Swarm-B -1.16 2.93 3.15
PRE_Swarm-B -7.52 15.03 16.81
), ArticleFig(id=1322567040934723980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567028251148575, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Experimental strategy settings based on different initial orbit sources and loose constraint intervals

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初轨来源 松约束参数估计间隔 定轨弧段
实验1 SPP 6 h 2025-01-20 00:00—21:23,共24组
实验2 SPP 8 h
实验3 SPP 12 h
实验4 前一弧段解算及外推轨道 12 h
), ArticleFig(id=1322567041001832845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567028251148575, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

基于不同初轨来源及松约束间隔的实验策略设置

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初轨来源 松约束参数估计间隔 定轨弧段
实验1 SPP 6 h 2025-01-20 00:00—21:23,共24组
实验2 SPP 8 h
实验3 SPP 12 h
实验4 前一弧段解算及外推轨道 12 h
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基于滑动窗口的低轨卫星近实时精密定轨方法
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龚浩冉 1, 2, 3 , 王晨 1, 2, 3, * , 任琛 1, 2, 3 , 李振洪 1, 3, 4
大地测量与地球动力学 | 大地测量学 2026,46(4): 487-496
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大地测量与地球动力学 |大地测量学 2026 , 46 (4) : 487 -496
基于滑动窗口的低轨卫星近实时精密定轨方法
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龚浩冉, 硕士生, 主要从事卫星精密定轨研究, E-mail:

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龚浩冉1, 2, 3 , 王晨1, 2, 3, * , 任琛1, 2, 3, 李振洪1, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安, 710054
  • 2 长安大学地学与卫星大数据中心, 西安, 710054
  • 3 黄土科学全国重点实验室, 西安, 710054
  • 4 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 西安, 710054
通讯作者:
王晨, 博士, 讲师, 主要从事卫星大地测量、精密定轨定位研究, E-mail:
作者简介:

龚浩冉, 硕士生, 主要从事卫星精密定轨研究, E-mail:

Near-Real Time Precise Orbit Determination Method for Low Earth Orbit Satellites Based on Sliding Window
Haoran GONG1, 2, 3 , Chen WANG1, 2, 3, * , Chen REN1, 2, 3, Zhenhong LI1, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 Big Data Center for Geosciences and Satellites, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.201
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基于简化动力学方法, 利用滑动窗口实现低轨卫星的近实时轨道解算和递推更新, 并验证定轨的精度和时效性。以2025-01-15-26的GRACE-FO系列卫星与Swarm-B卫星观测数据为例开展实验, 结果表明, 基于滑动窗口解算轨道的切向、法向和径向重叠弧段均无明显系统性误差。与官方发布的精密轨道相比, 解算部分轨道各方向差异的均方根(RMS)都在5 cm以内, 卫星激光测距(SLR)检核的残差RMS分别为3.03 cm、4.14 cm和3.15 cm。在60 min预报弧长下, 3颗卫星的径向轨道RMS均值约为10 cm。此外, 将后续弧段轨道初值由单点定位改为复用前一弧段的轨道解算和外推结果, 可将单弧段解算时间从10 min缩短至5 min。

近实时精密定轨  /  低轨卫星  /  滑动窗口  /  简化动力学方法

Based on reduced-dynamic method, we utilize sliding window to achieve near-real time orbit calculation and recursive update for low Earth orbit satellites, and verify the accuracy and effectiveness of orbit determination. Taking the observation data of GRACE-FO and Swarm-B satellites from January 15 to 26, 2025 as an example, the results show that there is no significant systematic error in the tangential, normal, and radial orbit overlapping arc segments calculated using sliding window. Compared with the official released precise science orbit, the root mean square (RMS) of orbit difference in calculation part in three directions is all within 5 cm, and the residual RMS of satellite laser ranging (SLR) validations are 3.03 cm, 4.14 cm, and 3.15 cm, respectively. At a predicted arc length of 60 minutes, the average radial orbit RMS of three satellites is about 10 cm. In addition, changing the initial value of subsequent arc segment orbit from standard point positioning (SPP) to reusing the calculation and extrapolation result of previous arc segment orbit can shorten the single arc segment solution time from 10 minutes to 5 minutes.

near-real time precise orbit determination  /  low Earth orbit  /  sliding window  /  reduced-dynamic method
龚浩冉, 王晨, 任琛, 李振洪. 基于滑动窗口的低轨卫星近实时精密定轨方法. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (4) : 487 -496 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.201
Haoran GONG, Chen WANG, Chen REN, Zhenhong LI. Near-Real Time Precise Orbit Determination Method for Low Earth Orbit Satellites Based on Sliding Window[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (4) : 487 -496 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.201
随着低轨(LEO)卫星在资源遥感、地球重力场反演和地磁探测等领域的应用日益广泛,我国下一代北斗导航系统也将通过高中低轨混合星座架构提升时空基准精度,而高精度、强时效性的轨道是LEO卫星完成上述任务的基础条件和前提保障。大部分LEO卫星对轨道精度都有较高需求,如Sentinel-1[1]、GRACE-FO[2]、Swarm卫星[3-4]等。最初LEO卫星搭载单频GPS接收机,定轨精度较低[5]。1992年,由美法联合发射的TOPEX/POSEIDON卫星首次搭载双频星载GPS接收机,可获得优于3 cm的事后径向轨道精度[6-7],此后星载双频GPS精密定轨(POD)技术发展成为获取高精度LEO卫星位置信息的主要方法。随着GLONASS、Galileo、Beidou等全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)的相继出现,多频GNSS定轨技术成为LEO卫星定轨的主要手段之一。
基于星载GNSS观测数据的LEO卫星定轨方法主要分为3类,即动力学定轨、运动学定轨和简化动力学定轨。其中,简化动力学法充分利用星载观测数据和轨道动力学模型,定轨精度较高,使用广泛[8]。许多学者针对LEO卫星精密定轨开展大量研究[9-11],虽然现有技术可以实现厘米级事后定轨精度,但其高度依赖事后精密星历和钟差产品,通常存在数小时甚至数天的延迟,难以满足实时、近实时应用的需求。此外,卫星载荷严格的功耗控制限制了复杂的实时滤波和质量控制算法的实现[12],导致基于星上滤波算法的实时定轨精度受限,通常仅为分米至米级[13]。为在提升轨道解算效率的同时确保解算精度,近年来部分学者提出多种实时定轨方法[14-16],并且开始关注具有高时效性与灵活性的轨道解算策略。
滑动窗口技术作为一种高效的动态轨道解算方法,已被应用于导航卫星实时定轨中[17-18]。由于LEO卫星轨道动态变化较快,且易受大气阻力、太阳光压误差等因素的影响,如何在保证精度的同时提高轨道时效性,并满足灾害应急、低轨增强等近实时用户需求,值得深入探讨和研究。鉴于此,本文基于滑动窗口的近实时定轨方法,在简化动力学定轨法的基础上,集成自动化滑动窗口处理模块,使用GRACE-FO系列卫星与Swarm-B卫星观测数据开展近实时精密定轨实验。为了客观评价本文定轨结果的可靠性,利用定轨残差、重叠弧段比较、与事后轨道比较和卫星激光测距(SLR)检核等评估本文定轨结果。
考虑到近实时定轨难以获得较为精确的初始轨道,本文以标准单点定位(SPP)计算初轨,并通过拉格朗日插值补全缺失历元数据,然后结合动力学模型与观测模型,引入松约束与紧约束组合的经验加速度参数进行轨道精化,最后采用滑动窗口技术实现轨道数据的持续更新与近实时精密定轨。整体流程如图 1所示。
简化动力学定轨方法在利用力学模型提供动力学约束的同时,通过引入经验加速度参数进行补偿,从而兼具模型可靠性与对未建模摄动的适应性,实现了精度与稳定性之间的平衡。该方法联合星载GNSS双频观测模型与简化动力学模型,在轨道运动方程中引入经验加速度项,通过最小二乘法估计轨道状态及经验参数[19]。借助轨道状态传播函数将初始状态传播至目标历元,并通过对经验参数的估计消除未建模或建模误差的影响。LEO卫星在任意时刻t的轨道状态(位置与速度向量)可由初始状态Or, 0和状态转移矩阵Φ(t, t0)表示:
$\boldsymbol{X}_r(t)=\boldsymbol{\varPhi}\left(t, t_0\right) \cdot \boldsymbol{O}_{r, 0}+\boldsymbol{F}(t)$
式中,Xr(t)为LEO卫星在时刻t的状态向量;Or, 0为参考历元t0的初始状态;Φ(t, t0)为状态转移矩阵,可描述从t0到t时刻的轨道传播过程;F(t)为未建模加速度引起的轨道扰动,可由经验参数建模确定。
由于LEO卫星轨道受大气阻力、太阳辐射压等扰动的影响,简化动力学定轨方法在传播过程中引入经验加速度项以提高轨道模型的适应性。经验加速度模型可表示为:
$a_{\mathrm{emp}}(t)=\sum\limits_i E_i \cdot B_i(t)$
式中,Ei为第i个经验加速度系数(待估参数);Bi(t)为基函数,常为分段常数函数或三角函数。通常在径向、切向和法向上分别对经验加速度进行建模。
由于SPP获取的初轨精度过低,在轨道拟合过程中可能出现无法收敛的情况。因此,本文先利用松约束(经验参数估计时间间隔较长,允许轨道有较大调整)对初始轨道进行修正和收敛,提高模型对外部扰动的适应性;再利用紧约束(经验参数估计时间间隔较短,限制经验参数变化幅度)进行精密定轨。
滑动窗口技术的基本思想是将一个固定长度时间窗口内的观测数据作为计算单元,进行滑动更新。在卫星轨道解算中,滑动窗口技术通过持续滑动观测数据窗口,并在每个时间步进行轨道估计,可以实时更新卫星轨道信息。
滑动窗口估计实际上是在一个固定时长为N小时的窗口上进行最小二乘估计。假设当前时间为tk,滑窗大小为N,则观测窗口为[tk-N+1, tk]。对于窗口内所有历元ti∈[tk-N+1, tk]对应的轨道状态向量X,构建联合残差向量v和权阵P,解算参数估计问题:$\min\limits _{\boldsymbol{X}, \boldsymbol{P}} \boldsymbol{v}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P} \boldsymbol{v}$。每步更新时,窗口向前滑动1 h,即丢弃最早tk-N时段的数据,引入新1 h数据进行估计。
本文基于滑动窗口技术,提出一种LEO卫星近实时精密定轨方法,设置滑窗步长为1 h,将1 h作为1个时段,每次数据处理采用当前时刻所在时段的连续前N(本文N=24)小时观测数据,计算N小时弧长的精确卫星轨道参数和动力学模型参数等信息,即在解算之前,删除最早1个时段的观测数据,增加最近1个时段的观测数据,并结合轨道外推实现1 h轨道预报,作为近实时精密轨道发送给用户。图 2为滑窗定轨示意图。
在观测数据方面,GRACE-FO系列卫星与Swarm-B卫星分别采用官方发布的10 s和1 s采样间隔的星载GPS双频观测数据。在导航卫星轨钟产品方面,采用武汉大学提供的1 h更新的GNSS超快速轨道和钟差产品[20]。GRACE-FO系列卫星和Swarm-B卫星的事后科学轨道(PSO)和SLR数据获取情况见表 1。
本文数据处理采用PANDA软件的改进版本[19],测试时段为2025-01-15—26(年积日15—26), 定轨弧长为24 h,滑动步长设置为1 h,分别对GRACE-C、GRACE-D和Swarm-B卫星开展264组近实时定轨实验。为实现小时递推的滑动窗口解算,观测数据采用小时分割的星载观测数据。具体解算时首先利用伪距观测值进行SPP获取初始轨道,并对缺失历元通过拉格朗日插值补齐,以构建连续的先验轨道。然后对轨道运动方程进行数值积分,初步估计轨道状态与经验加速度参数。通过对观测数据进行预处理与残差分析,更新先验轨道信息,并迭代执行轨道积分与参数估计。最后在经验加速度补偿中引入“松约束+紧约束”策略,先以较长估计时间拟合扰动,再以较短时间精化轨道,结合最小二乘法实现轨道优化,并利用轨道外推实现轨道预报。此外,为实现轨道数据的连续更新与近实时处理,引入滑动窗口技术自动更新观测数据(步长1 h,窗口24 h),每滑动一步即更新数据窗口并执行一次定轨流程,提升系统的实时性与稳定性。本文所采用的动力学模型与参数配置见表 2。
LEO卫星轨道精度评估方法分为内符合精度与外符合精度评估。其中,内符合精度评估不依赖外部观测数据,常见方法包括观测残差统计和轨道重叠弧段比较等[26];而外符合精度评估则依托外部高精度轨道产品或采用未参与定轨的独立观测数据对定轨结果进行误差评估,如与官方发布的事后精密轨道产品进行对比分析或通过SLR观测进行外部独立检核。
观测值残差是衡量GPS定轨内符合精度的重要指标之一[26],通常情况下若观测数据质量良好、预处理流程合理,并且采用的动力学模型较为准确,则残差值应趋近于观测本身的噪声水平。图 3为GRACE-C、GRACE-D、Swarm-B三颗卫星的伪距和载波相位观测值残差,可以看出,GRACE-FO系列卫星的伪距残差在1~2 m之间波动,相位残差在6~9 mm之间波动,而Swarm-B卫星的伪距残差则稳定在0.8 m左右,相位残差在8~11 mm之间波动。经统计可知,GRACE-FO系列卫星的伪距残差均值约为1.4 m,相位残差均值在7 mm左右,而Swarm-B卫星的伪距残差均值相对较小,约为0.8 m,相位残差均值约为10 mm,与事后定轨结果量级一致。
相邻定轨弧段中重叠轨道的比较可用于评估定轨数据处理的自洽性与稳定性。本文精密定轨弧长为24 h,窗口每次滑动1 h,因此相邻轨道之间存在23 h的重叠部分,图 4和表 3分别为轨道重叠弧段RMS时序和均值统计结果。由图 4可知,3颗卫星在切向、法向和径向上的重叠弧段RMS均处于较低水平,切向均小于20 mm,法向均小于10 mm,径向均小于15 mm,其中GRACE-FO系列卫星的径向RMS均值约为4.2 mm,Swarm-B卫星约为5.3 mm。总的来说,轨道重叠弧段结果在各方向均未表现出明显的系统误差,23 h重叠轨道的RMS在1 cm左右。
本文将近实时精密定轨结果与官方发布的事后科学轨道产品进行对比,并将官方事后科学轨道作为参考“真值”,以评估本文定轨结果精度。
图 5和表 4分别为解算部分轨道与官方发布的科学轨道比较的RMS时序和均值统计结果。由图 5可知,与科学轨道相比,GRACE-FO系列卫星和Swarm-B卫星的定轨结果序列整体表现平稳,各方向差异的RMS在5 cm以内, 但相比于径向与法向,切向整体精度偏低,且GRACE-D卫星和Swarm-B卫星在部分时段出现误差突增的现象。这是因为切向对轨道速度漂移和非保守摄动力模型误差(如大气阻力)更为敏感,从而导致切向精度偏低且更易出现波动。由表 4可知,在整个滑窗定轨区间中,GRACE-C卫星24 h精密轨道在切向、法向、径向、三维方向上的RMS均值分别为2.16 cm、0.93 cm、1.00 cm和2.56 cm;GRACE-D卫星24 h精密轨道在切向、法向、径向、三维方向上的RMS均值分别为2.36 cm、1.40 cm、1.05 cm和2.95 cm;Swarm-B卫星24 h精密轨道在切向、法向、径向、三维方向上的RMS均值分别为2.56 cm、1.54 cm、1.11 cm和3.21 cm。综合来看,GRACE-C卫星轨道精度最高,其次为GRACE-D卫星,Swarm-B卫星略低,但其三维方向精度亦优于3.5 cm。3颗卫星在法向和径向上的精度都较高,RMS仅为1.0~1.5 cm左右,切向精度稍差,RMS为2.0~2.5 cm左右。总的来说,基于小时更新的滑动窗口近实时定轨可达到厘米级精度。
在近实时精密定轨实际应用中,解算流程所产生的整体时延包括观测数据获取、预处理、轨道解算与结果发布等环节,这些将直接决定轨道产品的有效预报时长。由于LEO卫星的GNSS观测数据无法实现严格意义上的实时传输,系统在完成轨道解算时,相应轨道产品的起始时间必然滞后于当前时刻。因此,为满足用户对不同预报时长轨道的应用需求,有必要评估不同处理时延下的轨道预报精度。本文设定20 min、40 min和60 min三种时延情景,并分别统计对应条件下的轨道预报精度,初步分析不同预报时长对轨道精度的影响,为评估近实时轨道产品的实用性与时效性提供依据。
图 6~8分别为GRACE-C、GRACE-D和Swarm-B三颗卫星在20 min、40 min和60 min预报时长下的轨道预报结果与对应科学轨道的差异情况。整体而言,轨道预报误差随着时长增加主要在切向和三维方向上显著累积,而法向与径向误差则表现出良好的稳定性。GRACE-C与GRACE-D卫星在20 min、40 min和60 min预报时长下三维方向精度分别约为10 cm、20 cm和30 cm(表 5);Swarm-B卫星结果与GRACE-FO系列卫星类似,但更易受预报时长的影响,表明其动力学误差(如大气阻力、太阳光压误差等)累积效应更为显著,同时也与定轨精度有关。表 5为滑动窗口定轨区间内所有近实时轨道产品在20 min、40 min和60 min预报时长下与科学轨道比较的RMS均值,可以看出,在60 min预报时长下,3颗卫星的径向预报精度可达10 cm左右,能满足近实时用户的高时效性和高精度需求。
GRACE-FO系列卫星与Swarm-B卫星均配置激光反射棱镜,地面测站可对其进行高精度跟踪测距。SLR单次测距精度可达亚厘米级[27],且独立于本文定轨过程,可用于外部检核。图 9和表 6分别为SLR残差时序和统计结果,可以看出,3颗卫星事后轨道的SLR残差序列整体平稳,绝大多数在±10 cm以内。统计结果表明,在定轨区间内SLR检核残差均值约为-1 cm,标准差(STD)约为3 cm,RMS分别为3.03 cm、4.14 cm和3.15 cm。1 h预报时长的SLR残差序列整体平稳,绝大多数在±40 cm以内,均值都在厘米级,STD在12~15 cm之间,RMS分别为15.00 cm、12.74 cm和16.81 cm,表明3颗卫星的1 h预报轨道精度均在分米级。上述SLR残差结果未见明显的系统性偏差,且与官方发布的科学轨道精度相当。
本文进一步探讨在松约束解算框架下,不同的参数估计时间间隔以及将滑动窗口前一弧段轨道解作为初始轨道对最终定轨精度和时效性的影响。以GRACE-D卫星为例,具体实验设置如表 7所示。
从计算结果来看,无论松约束阶段参数估计时间间隔设置为6 h、8 h还是12 h,或仅首弧段采用SPP、后续弧段沿用上一弧段解算结果,最终的精密定轨结果与预报轨道精度均保持一致(图 10)。这主要是因为在滑动窗口的多次迭代过程中,GNSS观测数据对轨道状态的约束远强于初始解的微小差异,系统能够迅速收敛到高精度解。而从计算用时来看,图 11为选定时段内的定轨计算时长序列,可以看出,前3种实验条件下单个轨道弧段解算耗时约10 min,而实验4可将耗时显著缩减至约5 min。因此,在保证定轨与预报精度不变的前提下,将后续弧段复用前一弧段轨道解算和外推结果,可显著提升近实时定轨系统的计算效率,进一步满足高时效应用需求。
基于简化动力学方法,采用小时更新的超快速导航卫星轨道,并结合滑动窗口实现LEO卫星的近实时轨道解算和递推更新,通过“松约束+紧约束”的经验加速度估计方法进行轨道精化,同时利用轨道预报提高时效性。采用GRACE-C、GRACE-D和Swarm-B星载GPS双频观测数据开展仿近实时精密定轨实验,并验证定轨精度和时效性,得到以下结论:
1) 3颗卫星的相位残差均在毫米级,23 h重叠轨道的三维方向RMS均为1 cm左右,轨道内符合精度高;与官方发布的事后精密轨道相比,各方向差异的RMS均在5 cm以内; 利用SLR进行检核,残差RMS均值为4 cm左右。
2) 3颗卫星20 min、40 min和60 min的预报轨道精度均可达分米级,基于60 min预报时长的径向预报精度在10 cm左右,可满足近实时用户的高时效性和高精度需求。
3) 松约束阶段采用6 h、8 h和12 h的参数估计间隔对最终定轨精度影响不显著, 而采用后续弧段轨道复用前一弧段轨道的解算策略,可在保持与标准流程相当精度的同时,将单弧段计算时间从约10 min缩短至约5 min,因此在连续近实时定轨中可采用该策略提升解算速率。考虑到BDS-3新频点信号观测值的优势,基于星载北斗观测数据的近实时轨道产品性能和卫星轨道机动等特殊场景下的表现值得进一步研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3008402)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42304025)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(CHD300102264202)
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2026年第46卷第4期
31
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.201
  • 接收时间:2025-06-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-16
基金
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3008402)
国家自然科学基金(42304025)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(CHD300102264202)
作者信息
    1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安, 710054
    2 长安大学地学与卫星大数据中心, 西安, 710054
    3 黄土科学全国重点实验室, 西安, 710054
    4 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 西安, 710054

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王晨, 博士, 讲师, 主要从事卫星大地测量、精密定轨定位研究, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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