Article(id=1322567104759443483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322567020940481144, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.195, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1749398400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793254169882, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793254169882, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793254169882, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793254169882, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322567020940481144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='392', pageEnd='521', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793254149899, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793254149899, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=497, endPage=502, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322567106755932188, articleId=1322567104759443483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Impact of Atmospheric Drag Coefficient Solution Strategies on LEO Satellite Orbit Determination and Prediction Using Regional Ground-Based High-Precision Ranging Data, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

We investigate orbit determination and prediction for low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites using high-precision ranging data from a sparse regional network of ground stations. Aiming at applications with limited observational data, three strategies for resolving the atmospheric drag coefficient (CD) are proposed: 1) Unconstrained estimation using the long-arc CD solution as the initial value. 2) Using the long-arc CD solution as the initial value, and the accuracy factor of long-arc CD solution as the accuracy constraint. 3) Directly using the long-arc CD solution as a fixed value. The results show that the mean orbit determination residuals for all three strategies are below 0.17 m. Compared to the precise orbit, the 3D orbit determination accuracy for all three methods is better than 10 m. For the 24-hour predicted arc, the unconstrained solution achieves a RMS better than 55 m, while both the constrained and fully constrained solutions achieve an accuracy better than 15 m. This study verifies the feasibility of independent LEO satellite orbit determination using ground-based high-precision ranging data.

, authors=Yunke ZHANG1, 2, Xinhao LIAO1, 2, *, Chengpan TANG2, Kai LI2, Shanshi ZHOU2, authorsList=Yunke ZHANG, Xinhao LIAO, Chengpan TANG, Kai LI, Shanshi ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xinhao LIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322567113387126824, articleId=1322567104759443483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=大气阻力系数解算策略对低轨卫星区域地基高精度测距定轨及预报的影响, columnId=1281909276545356011, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于区域分布的少量地面站点高精度测距数据, 开展低轨卫星轨道解算及预报研究, 针对有限观测数据应用场景, 提出3种大气阻力系数(CD)解算策略, 具体为: 1)以长弧段CD解为初值进行无约束解算; 2)以长弧段CD解为初值, 长弧段CD解精度因子为精度约束; 3)直接使用长弧段CD解作为固定值。结果表明, 3种定轨策略下的定轨残差均值均不超过0.17 m; 相较于精密轨道, 3种定轨方式的三维定轨精度均优于10 m, 无约束解24 h预报弧段互差RMS优于55 m, 约束解及全约束解24 h预报弧段精度优于15 m。本文结果验证了使用地基高精度测距数据进行低轨卫星独立定轨的可行性。

, authors=张芸珂1, 2, 廖新浩1, 2, *, 唐成盼2, 李凯2, 周善石2, authorsList=张芸珂, 廖新浩, 唐成盼, 李凯, 周善石, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=廖新浩, authorNote=

张芸珂, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为低轨卫星精密定轨, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
廖新浩, 研究员, 主要研究方向为天文动力学基础理论, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Vu841HvsB4B4zKMLukvaIA==, magXml=aPoz8eI3ClxFFrHmuUOwWg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ngu+TpH8YWn4au5XQLXN4A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=a0bHjpllC9rgcMxdXE+iIQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322567116386054192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567104759443483, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhangyunke@shao.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322567116834844723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567104759443483, authorId=1322567116386054192, language=EN, stringName=Yunke ZHANG, firstName=Yunke, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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LEO satellite orbit determination strategies using ground-based high-precision ranging

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
动力学模型 测量模型 参数估计策略
地球重力场模型 EGM2008 140×140 观测数据 低轨卫星地基测距数据 待估参数 卫星初始位置与速度参数、观测链路时延、CD
大气密度模型 DTM94 测站位移 考虑固体潮效应、海潮效应 参数估计方法 最小二乘估计
固体潮模型 IERS 2010 截止高度角 地面台站观测截止高度角为15°
海潮模型 FES2004 对流层延迟模型 Saastamoinen模型
N体摄动 JPL DE405
太阳辐射压模型 太阳辐射压球模型
ERP参数 IERS Bulletin A
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低轨卫星地基高精度测距定轨策略

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动力学模型 测量模型 参数估计策略
地球重力场模型 EGM2008 140×140 观测数据 低轨卫星地基测距数据 待估参数 卫星初始位置与速度参数、观测链路时延、CD
大气密度模型 DTM94 测站位移 考虑固体潮效应、海潮效应 参数估计方法 最小二乘估计
固体潮模型 IERS 2010 截止高度角 地面台站观测截止高度角为15°
海潮模型 FES2004 对流层延迟模型 Saastamoinen模型
N体摄动 JPL DE405
太阳辐射压模型 太阳辐射压球模型
ERP参数 IERS Bulletin A
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Coverage rate of ranging data

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定轨弧段 卫星 数据覆盖率/%
2024-11-2002 3.95
07 4.33
09 4.29
2024-11-2102 3.98
07 5.25
09 4.30
2024-11-2202 4.18
07 4.27
09 4.35
2024-11-2302 3.94
07 4.12
09 3.36
2024-11-2402 4.03
07 4.43
09 3.87
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测距数据覆盖率

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定轨弧段 卫星 数据覆盖率/%
2024-11-2002 3.95
07 4.33
09 4.29
2024-11-2102 3.98
07 5.25
09 4.30
2024-11-2202 4.18
07 4.27
09 4.35
2024-11-2302 3.94
07 4.12
09 3.36
2024-11-2402 4.03
07 4.43
09 3.87
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RMS of orbit results in different directions for LEO satellites under various strategies

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卫星 解算策略 R/m T/m N/m 3D/m
02 CD无约束解 1.056 3.684 2.894 4.803
CD约束解 1.233 3.466 4.499 5.811
CD全约束解 1.233 3.466 4.500 5.813
07 CD无约束解 2.011 7.479 1.974 7.993
CD约束解 1.740 6.881 1.713 7.301
CD全约束解 1.740 6.881 1.713 7.301
09 CD无约束解 0.779 4.718 1.401 4.983
CD约束解 1.065 4.018 1.730 4.502
CD全约束解 1.065 4.018 1.730 4.502
), ArticleFig(id=1322567127316410466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567104759443483, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同策略下低轨卫星各方向轨道互差RMS

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卫星 解算策略 R/m T/m N/m 3D/m
02 CD无约束解 1.056 3.684 2.894 4.803
CD约束解 1.233 3.466 4.499 5.811
CD全约束解 1.233 3.466 4.500 5.813
07 CD无约束解 2.011 7.479 1.974 7.993
CD约束解 1.740 6.881 1.713 7.301
CD全约束解 1.740 6.881 1.713 7.301
09 CD无约束解 0.779 4.718 1.401 4.983
CD约束解 1.065 4.018 1.730 4.502
CD全约束解 1.065 4.018 1.730 4.502
), ArticleFig(id=1322567127404490851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567104759443483, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

RMS of the 24-hour predicted orbit results in different directions

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卫星 解算策略 R/m T/m N/m 3D/m
02 CD无约束解 3.065 29.878 3.544 30.244
CD约束解 3.178 8.660 5.455 10.717
CD全约束解 3.178 8.666 5.457 10.723
07 CD无约束解 3.085 42.546 1.627 42.689
CD约束解 2.878 8.331 0.914 8.861
CD全约束解 2.878 8.330 0.914 8.860
09 CD无约束解 2.381 52.682 3.493 52.851
CD约束解 3.239 14.135 2.581 14.729
CD全约束解 3.239 14.135 2.581 14.730
), ArticleFig(id=1322567127664537700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567104759443483, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

24 h预报轨道各方向互差RMS

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卫星 解算策略 R/m T/m N/m 3D/m
02 CD无约束解 3.065 29.878 3.544 30.244
CD约束解 3.178 8.660 5.455 10.717
CD全约束解 3.178 8.666 5.457 10.723
07 CD无约束解 3.085 42.546 1.627 42.689
CD约束解 2.878 8.331 0.914 8.861
CD全约束解 2.878 8.330 0.914 8.860
09 CD无约束解 2.381 52.682 3.493 52.851
CD约束解 3.239 14.135 2.581 14.729
CD全约束解 3.239 14.135 2.581 14.730
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大气阻力系数解算策略对低轨卫星区域地基高精度测距定轨及预报的影响
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张芸珂 1, 2 , 廖新浩 1, 2, * , 唐成盼 2 , 李凯 2 , 周善石 2
大地测量与地球动力学 | 大地测量学 2026,46(4): 497-502
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大地测量与地球动力学 |大地测量学 2026 , 46 (4) : 497 -502
大气阻力系数解算策略对低轨卫星区域地基高精度测距定轨及预报的影响
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张芸珂, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为低轨卫星精密定轨, E-mail:

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张芸珂, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为低轨卫星精密定轨, E-mail:

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张芸珂1, 2 , 廖新浩1, 2, * , 唐成盼2, 李凯2, 周善石2
作者信息
  • 1 上海科技大学物质科学与技术学院, 上海, 201210
  • 2 中国科学院上海天文台, 上海, 200030
通讯作者:
廖新浩, 研究员, 主要研究方向为天文动力学基础理论, E-mail:
作者简介:

张芸珂, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为低轨卫星精密定轨, E-mail:

Impact of Atmospheric Drag Coefficient Solution Strategies on LEO Satellite Orbit Determination and Prediction Using Regional Ground-Based High-Precision Ranging Data
Yunke ZHANG1, 2 , Xinhao LIAO1, 2, * , Chengpan TANG2, Kai LI2, Shanshi ZHOU2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
  • 2 Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Shanghai 200030, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.195
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基于区域分布的少量地面站点高精度测距数据, 开展低轨卫星轨道解算及预报研究, 针对有限观测数据应用场景, 提出3种大气阻力系数(CD)解算策略, 具体为: 1)以长弧段CD解为初值进行无约束解算; 2)以长弧段CD解为初值, 长弧段CD解精度因子为精度约束; 3)直接使用长弧段CD解作为固定值。结果表明, 3种定轨策略下的定轨残差均值均不超过0.17 m; 相较于精密轨道, 3种定轨方式的三维定轨精度均优于10 m, 无约束解24 h预报弧段互差RMS优于55 m, 约束解及全约束解24 h预报弧段精度优于15 m。本文结果验证了使用地基高精度测距数据进行低轨卫星独立定轨的可行性。

低轨卫星  /  地基测距  /  轨道确定  /  轨道预报  /  大气阻力系数

We investigate orbit determination and prediction for low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites using high-precision ranging data from a sparse regional network of ground stations. Aiming at applications with limited observational data, three strategies for resolving the atmospheric drag coefficient (CD) are proposed: 1) Unconstrained estimation using the long-arc CD solution as the initial value. 2) Using the long-arc CD solution as the initial value, and the accuracy factor of long-arc CD solution as the accuracy constraint. 3) Directly using the long-arc CD solution as a fixed value. The results show that the mean orbit determination residuals for all three strategies are below 0.17 m. Compared to the precise orbit, the 3D orbit determination accuracy for all three methods is better than 10 m. For the 24-hour predicted arc, the unconstrained solution achieves a RMS better than 55 m, while both the constrained and fully constrained solutions achieve an accuracy better than 15 m. This study verifies the feasibility of independent LEO satellite orbit determination using ground-based high-precision ranging data.

low Earth orbit satellites  /  ground-based ranging  /  orbit determination  /  orbit prediction  /  atmospheric drag coefficient
张芸珂, 廖新浩, 唐成盼, 李凯, 周善石. 大气阻力系数解算策略对低轨卫星区域地基高精度测距定轨及预报的影响. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (4) : 497 -502 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.195
Yunke ZHANG, Xinhao LIAO, Chengpan TANG, Kai LI, Shanshi ZHOU. Impact of Atmospheric Drag Coefficient Solution Strategies on LEO Satellite Orbit Determination and Prediction Using Regional Ground-Based High-Precision Ranging Data[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (4) : 497 -502 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.195
低轨卫星由于轨道高度低、信号强度高、信号覆盖范围广、星座几何构型变化快,被广泛应用于导航、通信、遥感等领域。低轨卫星轨道确定及预报是满足卫星测控运行需求和可靠运行服务的关键前提。目前,低轨卫星常规定轨方式是基于星载GNSS接收机观测数据的定轨及预报处理。继Bertiger等[1]成功使用星载GNSS技术对TOPEX/POSEIDON卫星进行精密定轨以来,国外的CHAMP、Jason-1、Jason-2、GRACE及国内的HY-2C、HY-2D等多颗卫星均已成功使用星载GNSS数据获得厘米级精度的卫星轨道[2-6]。
然而,仅依赖星载GNSS的定轨处理存在单点风险,一旦星载GNSS接收机出现故障,卫星定轨将面临中断的风险。采用地基测量数据进行卫星定轨,是独立于星载GNSS的一种备份定轨手段,可摆脱对星载GNSS接收机单一设备的依赖。目前常用的地基测量手段主要是基于星基多普勒轨道确定和无线电定位组合系统(DORIS)、精密测距测速系统(PRARE)或卫星激光测距(SLR)技术。实验表明,单PRARE定轨可得到分米级的ERS-2卫星轨道[7],而使用“SLR+PRARE+RA”多数据融合的方式可以将ERS-2卫星轨道精度提升至厘米级[8]。SLR技术同样因其能够获取高精度的卫星轨道而被广泛使用,如国内的海洋二号卫星使用SLR技术获得三维位置精度12.5 cm的精密轨道[9],国外的GOCE卫星和Swarm-A/B/C卫星均成功取得厘米级的SLR定轨结果[10-11]。除上述定轨方式外,部分学者对低轨卫星的其他定轨方法进行探索,高有涛等[12]将WorldView-3卫星的轨道参数作为轨道初始参数,进行基于地面特征点图像的卫星定轨仿真实验,其轨道位置精度接近10 m,速度RMSE优于2 m/s;Sakamoto等[13]使用射电干涉测量方式对不同基线长度下Globalstar-31卫星的定轨精度进行比较分析;Li等[14]使用星间链路数据进行低轨卫星定轨,明确链路数量和测距精度对定轨结果的影响,在将升交点赤经作为约束条件时,可获得毫米级的高精度轨道。
上述实验表明低轨卫星可以基于SLR等地基观测手段获得厘米级精度的轨道结果,但这些技术在定轨时存在一定局限性:1)需全球分布一定数量的地基台站方可实现低轨卫星高精度定轨处理,我国的低轨卫星系统暂时无法实现全球布站;2)以SLR为主的光学观测会受到天气情况影响,且数据量一般较少。相较于光学观测手段,无线电地基测距不受天气环境因素制约,已成功应用于地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星及深空探测航天器定轨,如Guo等[15]使用伪距数据与C波段转发式测距数据进行联合定轨,同时解算GEO卫星与测站间的钟差参数和轨道参数,获得分米级的定轨结果和纳秒级的钟差同步结果;鲁文强等[16]对风云四号卫星的测距系统进行误差分析及标校,成功将定轨精度从800 m提高至20 m;黄逸丹等[17]使用仿真数据对月球DRO轨道探测器进行定轨及预报轨道精度分析,结果表明,相比于单测距定轨,加入VLBI观测结果进行联合定轨可提高定轨精度。因此,无线电地基测距同样可作为国内低轨卫星定轨的可行手段。
本文使用3颗轨道高度约1 000 km的国内低轨卫星的实测结果,分析有限台站数量下低轨卫星的地基高精度测距定轨精度,探究无线电地基测距技术在低轨卫星高精度定轨中的可行性。此外,大气阻力作为低轨卫星运行时所受到的非保守力的主要来源,与卫星速度、卫星轨道高度及太阳活动强度有关[18],难以通过精确建模进行修正。大气阻力系数(CD)处置策略是影响低轨卫星定轨精度的关键因素[19]。因此,在进行低轨卫星定轨及轨道预报时,基于区域少量观测数据,对比研究不同CD解算策略对轨道结果的影响。
地基高精度测距为转发式测距,其测量示意图如图 1所示。
地面台站向卫星发射上行信号,卫星在接收到地面台站发射的测距信号后将信号重新发回该地面台站,地面台站接收到转发的下行测距信号后根据2次测距的时间计算出台站与卫星之间的距离,表达式为:
$\rho_t=\frac{c \cdot t}{2}=\rho-\left(\Delta \rho_{\mathrm{trop}}+\Delta \rho_{\mathrm{ion}}+\Delta \rho_{\mathrm{rel}}+\Delta \rho_{\mathrm{tide}}\right)$
式中,c为光速;t为上、下行无线电信号的时间间隔;ρ为原始观测距离;修正量Δρtrop、Δρion、Δρrel和Δρtide分别为对流层延迟、电离层延迟、相对论效应改正及固体潮和海潮效应造成的台站位移。
对流层延迟Δρtrop主要分为静力学延迟与湿延迟2个部分,为修正对流层延迟对卫星定轨的影响,使用Saastamoinen模型对数据进行处理。其中,静力学延迟计算公式为:
$\Delta \rho_{z_{\text {dry }}}=0.002277 \frac{P_0}{f\left(\varphi, H_s\right)}$
$\begin{gathered}f\left(\varphi, H_s\right)=1-0.00266 \cos (2 \varphi)- \\0.00000028 H_s\end{gathered}$
式中,φ为台站纬度;Hs为台站大地高程(单位m);P0为台站处大气压强(单位hPa)。
湿延迟计算公式为:
$\Delta \rho_{z_{\mathrm{wet}}}=0.002277 e_0\left(\frac{1255}{T_0}+0.053\right)$
式中,e0为台站处水汽压分量;T0为台站处温度(单位K)[20]。实验所使用的地基观测数据频率大于40 GHz,因此电离层延迟Δρion可忽略不计。
在地基高精度测距中,测距设备的发射电路、接收电路存在信号传输延迟。该时延与地面站和卫星载荷有关,无法精确标定,约为千米量级。为防止该零值偏差影响定轨结果,在定轨过程中同样将观测链路时延作为参数进行解算,计算公式为:
$\boldsymbol{Y}_{\mathrm{sta}}=\boldsymbol{G}\left(\boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{L}, i}, \boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{sta}, i}, \boldsymbol{P}_{\mathrm{L}, i}, t_i\right)+\boldsymbol{\xi}_{\mathrm{sta}, i}$
$\boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{L}, i}=\boldsymbol{\psi}_{\mathrm{L}}\left(t_i, t_0\right) \boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{L}, 0}$
式(5)为ti时刻卫星的观测模型,其中,XL, i为低轨卫星的轨道参数;Xsta, i为对流层延迟等与台站相关的解算参数;PL, i为包括观测链路时延、CD在内的其他待估参数;ξsta, i为观测噪声。卫星在i时刻的状态XL, i可通过状态转移矩阵ψL(ti, t0)与卫星的初始状态XL, 0计算得到[21]。此外,为避免观测台站存在接收机钟差,通过时间同步对地基观测数据进行钟差修正。
低轨卫星定轨时主要的摄动力源包括地球非球形摄动、日月摄动、固体潮、海潮及广义相对论效应等可通过精确建模进行修正的保守力,以及大气阻力、太阳光压摄动、地球反照辐射压摄动等较难通过精确建模进行修正的非保守力。在非保守力中,大气阻力是主要的摄动力来源,与所处的大气密度、卫星运动速度、卫星轨道高度及卫星本身有关,计算公式为:
$F_D=-\frac{1}{2} C_D \frac{A}{m} \rho \boldsymbol{v}_r^2 \boldsymbol{e}_v$
式中,CD为大气阻力系数;A为卫星横截面积;m为卫星质量;ρ为大气密度;vr为卫星相对于大气的运动速度;ev为卫星相对于大气的单位矢量。CD是描述大气与卫星表面相互作用的无量纲量,通过计算CD可以吸收大气密度建模误差、面质比误差、大气动力学引起的流速误差和卫星本体物理属性误差等。因此在定轨时为获得精度更高的测控轨道,CD常作为参数之一参与解算[22]。为适应区域布站的有限数据场景,实验中通过调整CD参数解算策略的方式对低轨卫星定轨的更优解法进行探索。
考虑到在数据量有限的情况下,难以实现CD参数的高精度解算,卫星定轨精度较差,为探究不同的CD解算策略对地基高精度测距定轨的影响,实验中设计3种不同的CD解算策略,并对其定轨情况进行比较分析。实验时事先使用7 d的长弧段对低轨卫星进行定轨,以该长弧段解中的CD解算结果及精度因子作为实验中的CD解算初值及先验精度约束。实验中3种CD解算方式分别为:1)解算大气阻力时仅使用长弧段CD解作为初值,CD参数完全放开解算并不约束;2)解算大气阻力时使用长弧段CD解作为初值,长弧段CD解的精度因子作为精度约束;3)不解算CD,直接使用长弧段解作为已知值进行固定处理。
定轨处理时,以地基测距数据作为输入观测量,通过最小二乘批处理算法估计卫星初始轨道、轨道参数、观测链路时延及CD,再依据动力学模型由卫星初轨及轨道参数积分得到低轨卫星定轨结果。本次实验使用2024-11-20—24三颗卫星的地基高精度测距数据,每隔24 h进行滑动定轨,定轨弧长为1 d,预报弧长为24 h,所使用的卫星动力学模型包括二体运动、日月引力、N体摄动、大气阻力、固体潮与潮汐摄动。定轨详细策略见表 1。
本文共选择3颗低轨卫星在2024-11-20—24的地基高精度测距数据作为输入观测数据进行定轨,3颗卫星的轨道高度均为1 000 km左右, 实验所使用的5个国内站分别位于新疆、河北、黑龙江、陕西及海南。定轨时每颗卫星每天所使用的观测台站数不超过5个, 测距数据覆盖率统计结果见表 2。
观测数据的内符合残差是反映卫星轨道内符合精度的重要指标。计算2024-11-20—24三颗低轨卫星的定轨内符合残差均值,结果见图 2。可以看出,3颗卫星地基高精度定轨内符合残差均不超过17 cm,02、09星内符合残差均不超过12 cm。使用CD无约束解时,最小二乘估计结果倾向于参数整体内符合残差最小的情况,因此内符合残差相对CD约束解和CD全约束解时更小。此外,使用CD无约束解时的内符合残差RMS也略小于另外2种CD解算策略,差距为厘米级。使用CD约束解与CD全约束解进行定轨解算的内符合残差及内符合残差RMS无明显区别。
图 3为2024-11-21 07星使用CD约束解时的残差序列。该时间段内共使用4个地面台站、5个不同天线的观测结果,残差在±0.6 m内波动,表明轨道结果与观测数据吻合较好。
利用上述解算策略对02、07、09星进行24 h弧段地基高精度测距定轨,并与同一时段星载GNSS定轨精密结果进行比较。汇总5 d的轨道比较结果并统一计算各方向轨道互差RMS,具体结果见表 3。对于07、09星,使用CD约束解及CD全约束解时的轨道精度较CD无约束解时有一定提升; 3颗卫星的三维方向互差RMS均不超过10 m,径向和法向方向互差RMS不超过5 m,切向方向互差结果略大。CD约束解与CD全约束解无显著差异。3颗卫星中,07星轨道精度较其他2颗卫星存在明显差距。虽然这3颗卫星的生产厂家相同、轨位接近,但跟踪使用的地面设备的状态差异较大, 其中跟踪07星使用的测距设备状态较差,定轨残差较大,导致轨道精度较低。
从中选取2024-11-21 07星使用CD约束解时的定轨误差序列进行详细分析。图 4为该段定轨结果同星载GNSS精密轨道结果的比较误差序列,其中蓝色部分为地基高精度测距轨道较星载GNSS轨道的误差结果,橙色部分为所使用的地基测距数据高度角变化情况。地基测距对卫星轨道径向方向变化的约束效果最好,因此轨道在径向方向精度更高,误差在±2 m范围内。切向方向结果最差,但同精密轨道的差距不超过10 m,三维残差主要受切向方向影响,其结果在0~10 m范围内波动。同时,图 4也反映出观测数据分布对定轨精度的影响,存在地基测距数据时,卫星三维位置的误差序列均处于波谷阶段,表明观测数据能够对卫星轨道形成有效约束。
取上述3颗低轨卫星在2024-11-20—23共4组定轨弧段的预报结果同精密轨道进行比较,汇总统计4 d预报轨道的互差结果并计算RMS,具体结果见表 4。使用CD约束解与CD全约束解时,三维方向互差RMS不超过15 m,切向方向较精密轨道互差RMS优于15 m,径向与法向方向互差RMS不超过6 m,轨道预报精度明显优于使用CD无约束解时的轨道结果,且精度差距主要体现在切向方向上。由于实验中单个定轨弧段内所使用的测距数据弧段数量较少,单个数据弧段长度较短,因此仅有测距数据难以计算得到十分精确的CD参数。而约束解和全约束解策略将预先解算的长弧段CD结果作为CD初值给予约束,因此其精度相较无约束解算策略的CD值更高,使得约束解和全约束解的轨道预报精度远优于无约束解。同时,CD作为反映大气与卫星表面相互作用的参数,能够直接影响大气阻力建模精度,其主要作用在卫星切向方向上,因此不同CD解算策略对卫星轨道切向方向精度的影响最为明显。
本文使用2024-11-20—24三颗轨道高度约1 000 km的低轨卫星地基高精度测距数据实现低轨卫星轨道确定及预报,分析不同CD解算方式对轨道精度的影响,并提出适用于该情景的定轨及预报策略, 得到以下结论:
1) 地基高精度测距定轨结果的内符合残差不超过0.17 m。
2) 使用长弧段CD解算结果作为初值约束,可有效改善有限数据情景下的定轨精度,其24 h定轨结果同星载GNSS轨道互差RMS不超过10 m。
3) 区域网有限数据下CD参数估计精度较差,轨道预报精度衰减严重,使用CD约束解或CD全约束解进行轨道预报可显著改善预报精度,实现24 h预报轨道互差RMS不超过15 m。
该结果为基于区域少量观测数据的低轨卫星定轨提供了CD参数解算优化策略,验证了地基高精度测距定轨应用于低轨卫星测控定轨的可行性。后续实验及应用中可考虑加入星间链路观测数据,通过星地星间联合定轨进一步改善轨道质量。
  • 中国科学院重点部署项目(KGFZD-145-25-07)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.06.195
  • 接收时间:2025-06-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-09
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中国科学院重点部署项目(KGFZD-145-25-07)
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    1 上海科技大学物质科学与技术学院, 上海, 201210
    2 中国科学院上海天文台, 上海, 200030

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廖新浩, 研究员, 主要研究方向为天文动力学基础理论, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
Genus
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species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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