Article(id=1322567032567083527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322566927927591451, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.04.114, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743696000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793254152670, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793254152670, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793254152670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793254152670, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322566927927591451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='262', pageEnd='391', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793254127723, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793254127723, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=349, endPage=359, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322567035071083016, articleId=1322567032567083527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Surface Deformation Monitoring and Prediction of Active Rupture of Nanting River by Combining InSAR and ICA-VMD-LSTM, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study employs the SBAS-InSAR technique to process 123 ascending Sentinel-1 images covering the intersected area of the active Nantinghe fault zone and the Nanyun expressway from 2019 to 2023, obtaining the deformation rate map of the intersected area. Combined with independent component analysis (ICA) and remote sensing images, the characteristics of surface deformation are derived. Subsequently, typical points including the intersection positions A1 to A3 of the fault zone and the expressway, as well as the large-span bridge position B, are selected to construct the ICA-VMD-LSTM deformation prediction model. The results indicate that the majority of the study area exhibits deformation rates within ±5 mm/a. The primary deformation patterns include sudden events, seasonal periodic deformation, and long-term linear trends. Compared with the conventional VMD-LSTM model, the proposed ICA-VMD-LSTM model demonstrates superior feature extraction capability and enhanced robustness to noise, thereby improving predictive accuracy. On average, the ICA-VMD-LSTM model achieved reductions of approximately 33.2% and 32.4% in MAE and RMSE, respectively, and an increase of 23.3% in R2, indicating significant improvements in error control and trend representation.

, authors=Wanfu ZHANG1, Sumin LI1, *, Tianwen SUN2, Changquan WU1, Qing CHEN1, Han NIE3, authorsList=Wanfu ZHANG, Sumin LI, Tianwen SUN, Changquan WU, Qing CHEN, Han NIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Sumin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322567040435597859, articleId=1322567032567083527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=结合InSAR与ICA-VMD-LSTM的南汀河活动断裂地表形变监测与预测, columnId=1322566785874908034, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=特色栏目: 地震大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用SBAS-InSAR技术处理2019—2023年覆盖南汀河活动断裂带与南云高速公路交错区域的123景升轨Sentinel-1影像,获取交错区域的形变速率图,并结合独立成分分析(ICA)和遥感影像得到地表形变特征。选取断裂带与公路交错位置A1~A3及大跨度桥梁位置B作为典型点位,构建ICA-VMD-LSTM形变预测模型。结果表明,研究区大部分区域形变速率在±5 mm/a之间,主要形变模式为突发性形变、周期性形变与长期线性形变。相较于现有的VMD-LSTM模型,ICA-VMD-LSTM模型具有更全面的特征提取能力以及更强的抗噪能力,可以有效提高预测精度。总体来看,ICA-VMD-LSTM模型在MAE和RMSE方面分别平均降低约33.2%和32.4%,R2平均提高23.3%,表明其在误差控制和趋势拟合方面具有明显优势。

, authors=张万福1, 李素敏1, *, 孙天文2, 吴长全1, 陈青1, 聂晗3, authorsList=张万福, 李素敏, 孙天文, 吴长全, 陈青, 聂晗, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李素敏, authorNote=

张万福, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为InSAR地表形变监测, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李素敏, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为InSAR高原山区数据处理及应用, E-mail:
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caption=

Information on the intersection points between the western branch of the Nantinghe fault and the Nanyun expressway

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名称 交点坐标 交角
德胜村北东(A1) 24.492 1°N、100.153 0°E 35°
芦稿箐南西(A2) 24.467 9°N、100.132 3°E 10°
土锅村北东(A3) 24.460 8°N、100.125 2°E 9°
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南汀河断裂西支与南云高速交点信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 交点坐标 交角
德胜村北东(A1) 24.492 1°N、100.153 0°E 35°
芦稿箐南西(A2) 24.467 9°N、100.132 3°E 10°
土锅村北东(A3) 24.460 8°N、100.125 2°E 9°
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Basic parameters of SAR data

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参数 Sentinel-1A
升降轨 升轨
入射角 39.3°
极化方式 VV
轨道号 99
波段 C
影像数 123
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SAR数据基本参数

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参数 Sentinel-1A
升降轨 升轨
入射角 39.3°
极化方式 VV
轨道号 99
波段 C
影像数 123
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Correlation coefficients between reconstructed and original data

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特征点 重构数据与原始数据的相关系数
A1 0.997 1
A2 0.991 2
A3 0.997 9
B 0.993 1
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重构数据与原始数据之间的相关系数

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特征点 重构数据与原始数据的相关系数
A1 0.997 1
A2 0.991 2
A3 0.997 9
B 0.993 1
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Comparison of model accuracy

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特征点 VMD-LSTM ICA-VMD-LSTM
RMSEA1 2.099 1.279
A2 0.681 0.571
A3 4.430 2.621
B 1.103 0.731
MAE A1 1.752 0.914
A2 0.464 0.446
A3 3.745 2.136
B 0.835 0.518
R2 A1 0.865 0.949
A2 0.925 0.947
A3 0.497 0.824
B 0.784 0.905
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模型精度对比

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特征点 VMD-LSTM ICA-VMD-LSTM
RMSEA1 2.099 1.279
A2 0.681 0.571
A3 4.430 2.621
B 1.103 0.731
MAE A1 1.752 0.914
A2 0.464 0.446
A3 3.745 2.136
B 0.835 0.518
R2 A1 0.865 0.949
A2 0.925 0.947
A3 0.497 0.824
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结合InSAR与ICA-VMD-LSTM的南汀河活动断裂地表形变监测与预测
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张万福 1 , 李素敏 1, * , 孙天文 2 , 吴长全 1 , 陈青 1 , 聂晗 3
大地测量与地球动力学 | 特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026,46(3): 349-359
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大地测量与地球动力学 |特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026 , 46 (3) : 349 -359
结合InSAR与ICA-VMD-LSTM的南汀河活动断裂地表形变监测与预测
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650093)])])]
张万福1 , 李素敏1, * , 孙天文2, 吴长全1, 陈青1, 聂晗3
作者信息
  • 1 昆明理工大学国土资源工程学院, 昆明, 650093
  • 2 中交基础设施养护集团有限公司工程勘察设计分公司, 北京, 100010
  • 3 昆明理工大学公共安全与应急管理学院, 昆明, 650093
通讯作者:
李素敏, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为InSAR高原山区数据处理及应用, E-mail:
作者简介:

张万福, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为InSAR地表形变监测, E-mail:

Surface Deformation Monitoring and Prediction of Active Rupture of Nanting River by Combining InSAR and ICA-VMD-LSTM
Wanfu ZHANG1 , Sumin LI1, * , Tianwen SUN2, Changquan WU1, Qing CHEN1, Han NIE3
Affiliations
  • 1 Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
  • 2 Engineering Investigation and Design Branch, CCCC Infrastructure Maintenance Co Ltd, Beijing 100010, China
  • 3 Faculty of Public Safety and Emergency Management, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.04.114
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采用SBAS-InSAR技术处理2019—2023年覆盖南汀河活动断裂带与南云高速公路交错区域的123景升轨Sentinel-1影像,获取交错区域的形变速率图,并结合独立成分分析(ICA)和遥感影像得到地表形变特征。选取断裂带与公路交错位置A1~A3及大跨度桥梁位置B作为典型点位,构建ICA-VMD-LSTM形变预测模型。结果表明,研究区大部分区域形变速率在±5 mm/a之间,主要形变模式为突发性形变、周期性形变与长期线性形变。相较于现有的VMD-LSTM模型,ICA-VMD-LSTM模型具有更全面的特征提取能力以及更强的抗噪能力,可以有效提高预测精度。总体来看,ICA-VMD-LSTM模型在MAE和RMSE方面分别平均降低约33.2%和32.4%,R2平均提高23.3%,表明其在误差控制和趋势拟合方面具有明显优势。

SBAS-InSAR  /  独立成分分析(ICA)  /  变分模态分解(VMD)  /  LSTM  /  断裂带  /  形变监测与预测

This study employs the SBAS-InSAR technique to process 123 ascending Sentinel-1 images covering the intersected area of the active Nantinghe fault zone and the Nanyun expressway from 2019 to 2023, obtaining the deformation rate map of the intersected area. Combined with independent component analysis (ICA) and remote sensing images, the characteristics of surface deformation are derived. Subsequently, typical points including the intersection positions A1 to A3 of the fault zone and the expressway, as well as the large-span bridge position B, are selected to construct the ICA-VMD-LSTM deformation prediction model. The results indicate that the majority of the study area exhibits deformation rates within ±5 mm/a. The primary deformation patterns include sudden events, seasonal periodic deformation, and long-term linear trends. Compared with the conventional VMD-LSTM model, the proposed ICA-VMD-LSTM model demonstrates superior feature extraction capability and enhanced robustness to noise, thereby improving predictive accuracy. On average, the ICA-VMD-LSTM model achieved reductions of approximately 33.2% and 32.4% in MAE and RMSE, respectively, and an increase of 23.3% in R2, indicating significant improvements in error control and trend representation.

SBAS-InSAR  /  independent component analysis (ICA)  /  variational mode decomposition (VMD)  /  LSTM  /  fracture zone  /  deformation monitoring and prediction
张万福, 李素敏, 孙天文, 吴长全, 陈青, 聂晗. 结合InSAR与ICA-VMD-LSTM的南汀河活动断裂地表形变监测与预测. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (3) : 349 -359 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.04.114
Wanfu ZHANG, Sumin LI, Tianwen SUN, Changquan WU, Qing CHEN, Han NIE. Surface Deformation Monitoring and Prediction of Active Rupture of Nanting River by Combining InSAR and ICA-VMD-LSTM[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (3) : 349 -359 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.04.114
随着“十四五”交通基础设施建设加速推进,重大线性工程与活动断裂带的交叉问题日益突出。西南地区地质构造活跃,南汀河断裂带作为区域重要活动断裂,其持续构造变形对穿越该断裂带的南云高速公路及沿线大跨度桥梁构成显著威胁。对这些区域进行监测,掌握其形变规律具有重要意义。
传统形变监测手段(如GNSS、水准测量)受限于点式观测和作业效率,难以满足断裂带影响区大范围、高精度和实时性监测需求。星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量(interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR)技术凭借其高分辨率、全天候和广覆盖的特性,已成为地表形变监测的有效手段[1]。然而,地表形变信号常受到多种因素的干扰,如何从复杂的InSAR监测数据中有效提取形变信息,获取形变规律,仍是一个重要挑战[2]。为此,独立成分分析(independent component analysis,ICA)被应用于复杂数据的有效信号提取。如Maubant等[3]采用ICA提取了InSAR时间序列中的大气延迟和缓慢滑动信号。Peng等[4-5]联合ICA分析了季节性形变与地下水位变化的关系,又基于ICA和长短期记忆(long short-term memory,LSTM)模型成功预测了美国威尔科克斯盆地的地面沉降和萨尔波勒·扎哈卜地震的震后变形。ICA方法可以将复杂的形变信号分解为各个独立的成分,有助于对形变数据深入解读和预测。
目前常用的形变预测方法有BP神经网络、循环神经网络(recurrent neural network,RNN)等,但这些方法存在过拟合、梯度消失等问题。因此,近年来基于RNN改进的LSTM神经网络在预测地表形变方面得到了广泛应用[6]。但由于地表形变影响因素众多,形变监测数据时序特征复杂,难以直接分析判别,实现形变的准确预测。针对此问题,部分学者基于信号分解理论,如变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD),构建采用各形变分量训练预测的VMD-LSTM模型[7]。通过对分解后的地表形变数据进行学习预测,统筹各形变分量特征,以提高模型预测效果。
本研究聚焦于南汀河活动断裂带与南云高速公路3个典型交叉段及德胜特大桥的形变监测难题。该区域具有以下典型特征:1)断裂活动以左旋走滑为主(2.5~3.0 mm/a),可能引发工程结构累积变形;2)季风气候下强降雨易诱发坡体蠕滑,与构造变形耦合叠加;3)桥梁桩基与断裂带相互作用机制复杂。现有监测方法存在明显局限:InSAR时序分析难以区分构造变形与工程响应,传统预测模型对复合形变模式适应性不足。针对上述问题,本研究首先通过SBAS-InSAR技术获取大范围形变场,然后采用ICA法分离形变分量,获取交错区域地表形变规律,最后结合VMD-LSTM模型实现“构造活动-气候影响-工程响应”多源驱动机制的精准预测。
研究区位于云南省临沧市云县,地理坐标范围为24°27′0″~24°29′24″N、100°7′12″~100°9′36″E。该区域内断裂发育,南汀河断裂西支是区域内重要的地震构造,晚第四纪以来活动强烈,具有发生7级及以上地震的构造条件。沿断裂带形成了多个断陷盆地,展现出显著的地貌特征与构造变形,总体以左旋走滑为主(图 1,红色箭头为断裂带滑动方向),滑动速率约为2.5~3.0 mm/a。在小平掌区域,山脊和水系呈同步左旋位错,冲沟位错量达50~80 m[8-9]。该断裂与南云高速(在建)多次相交(A1、A2、A3点),交点信息见表 1,B点为德胜特大桥中心位置。
影像数据为欧洲航天局提供的2019-01-19—2023-12-12期间的123景Sentinel-1A升轨数据,SAR数据基本参数见表 2。
针对现有监测方法存在的局限,本文提出“ICA-VMD-LSTM”三级融合框架。首先,通过ICA从InSAR时序数据中盲源分离独立形变分量,解决混合信号干扰问题,提取关键时空特征;其次,引入VMD对形变信号进行多尺度分解,提取频域特征,增强周期性、趋势性形变表征,优化数据输入结构;最后,结合独立成分与模态特征,构建时空依赖关系,提升复杂形变预测能力。本研究将ICA与VMD级联,实现“统计独立+频域自适应”的双重降噪;设计“分解-重构-预测”闭环流程,实现对形变趋势的高精度预测。研究技术路线见图 2。
为了提取研究区2019—2023年期间的地表形变信息,首先采用小基线集(SBAS)InSAR方法,对多期SAR影像进行时序处理。该技术通过设定合适的时空基线阈值,从获取的SAR影像中生成差分干涉对,进而解算目标区域的形变速率和形变时间序列。核心原理是通过构建具有短时间和空间基线的干涉图像对网络,实现地表形变的高精度时序反演[10]。假设雷达获取了N+1幅影像,每幅影像获取的时间分别为t0,t1,t2,…,tn,通过自由配对组合可形成M组干涉对[11],那么:
$\frac{N+1}{2} \leqslant M \leqslant N \frac{N+1}{2}$
若第j幅干涉图是在tA与tB时刻获得的2幅SAR影像所形成的,且tB>tA,则干涉相位可表示为:
$\Delta \varphi_{(j, \beta)}=\varphi_{\left(t_B, \beta\right)}-\varphi_{\left(t_A, \beta\right)} \approx \frac{4 \pi}{\lambda}\left[d_{\left(t_B, \beta\right)}-d_{\left(t_A, \beta\right)}\right]$
式中,λ为波长;$d_{\left(t_B, \beta\right)}$ 与$d_{\left(t_A, \beta\right)}$依次是在tB与tA时刻相对于初始时刻的沿雷达视线方向的形变量;$\varphi_{\left(t_B, \beta\right)}、\varphi_{\left(t_A, \beta\right)}$为发生形变的相位。N+1幅影像的形变相位可表示为:
$\boldsymbol{A} \boldsymbol{\varphi}=\Delta \boldsymbol{\varphi}$
式中,φ为相位矩阵;Δφ表示M幅差分干涉图所对应的差分干涉相位矩阵;A为系数矩阵,其中行对应于M幅干涉图,列对应N幅SAR影像,主影像所在的列为1,辅影像所在的列为-1,其余为0。若M>N,则A为满秩矩阵,由最小二乘可得:
$\boldsymbol{\varphi}=\boldsymbol{A}^{\#} \Delta \boldsymbol{\varphi} $
$\boldsymbol{A}^{\#}=\left(\boldsymbol{A} \boldsymbol{A}^{\mathrm{T}}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{A}$
式中,A#为伪逆矩阵。
由于SAR影像会被分成多个集合,系数矩阵A就不再是列满秩矩阵,方程组有无数多个解,而矩阵AAT为奇异矩阵。对系数矩阵A进行奇异值分解,可获得在最小范数意义下的最小二乘解,从而反演得到地表形变的模型相位。
本文应用SBAS-InSAR技术进行形变监测,时空构网中空间基线阈值为200 m,时间基线阈值为120 d。采用30 m分辨率的SRTM数字高程模型模拟地形相位并加以去除,采用自适应Goldstein方法进行相位滤波,设置相干性阈值为0.3进行相位解缠。共获得干涉对979幅,去除大气噪声和失相干严重的干涉对116幅,剩余863幅干涉对用于时序形变解算(图 3)。
InSAR形变时间序列往往混杂多种非目标干扰信息。为提高模型输入数据的信噪比,本文在原始形变序列基础上引入独立成分分析(ICA)方法。ICA基于统计独立性原理,从多维统计数据中分离其内在因子或成分,剥离大气、轨道误差等非结构性噪声,不需要先验知识就能从混合信号中分离出源信号的特征,因此又被称为信号的盲源分离[12]。
假设有列向量$\boldsymbol{S}(t)=\left[s_1(t), s_2(t), \cdots \cdots, s_N\right. (t)]^{\mathrm{T}}$ 由$N$ 个未知的源信号$s_i(t)$ 构成,其中$t$ 是离散时刻,取值为$0, 1, 2, 3, \cdots, N$。设混合矩阵$\boldsymbol{A}$ 是一个$M \times N$ 维矩阵。$\boldsymbol{X}(t)=\left[x_1(t), x_2(t)\right.$,$\left.\cdots \cdots, x_M(t)\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$ 是由$M$ 个可观察信号$x_i(t), t= 1, \cdots, M$ 构成的列向量,且满足下列方程:
$\boldsymbol{X}(t)=\boldsymbol{A} \boldsymbol{S}(t), M \geqslant N$
式(6)是最基本的ICA模型,其目的是根据已知的$\boldsymbol{X}(t) $在A未知的条件下求解$\boldsymbol{S}(t)$。
在不使用任何先验信息的情况下,InSAR衍生的时序信号可以通过假设每个独立分量具有非高斯性的概率分布,将其分解为众多的潜在信号源。观测到的InSAR衍生混合信号与独立信号源之间存在以下关系:
$\boldsymbol{T}_{b \times c}=\boldsymbol{D}_{b \times z} \cdot \boldsymbol{O}_{z \times c}$
式中,T为InSAR时间序列矩阵;b为SAR采集点数,每个采集点的像素为c;D为混合矩阵,其中每一列表示每个独立源相对贡献的系数;z为独立成分个数;O为原始观测矩阵的最终分解矩阵,其中每一行对应一个独立源的所有像素或点。
在进行独立成分分析之前,需要先确定保留的独立成分数量,独立成分过多会导致感兴趣的分量被分割成若干个假的独立分量,独立成分过少则会导致其他的分量被分割成感兴趣的分量,从而引入误差[13]。本文确定独立成分数量的方法为主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA),该方法是一种常用的多元统计方法,通过主成分的贡献度和载荷矩阵等指标来解释数据保留的信息量[14]。经ICA处理后,序列中的独立特征得以分离与保留,显著提升了数据的表达性与纯净度,也为LSTM模型的训练提供了更可靠的输入。
为实现对地表形变趋势的预测建模,本文构建基于长短期记忆(LSTM)网络的时序预测模型。LSTM能够捕捉时间序列中的非线性演化特征和长期依赖关系,适用于InSAR形变数据的连续建模与趋势预测。作为特殊的递归神经网络,LSTM通过遗忘门、输入门和输出门解决了长期依赖问题,能够有效处理时间序列数据,其网络结构见图 4。
在LSTM网络中,每个时刻t的计算依赖于上一时刻的单元状态ct-1、上一时刻的隐藏状态(输出值)ht-1以及当前时刻的xt作为输入,共同决定当前时刻的单元状态ct和输出值(隐藏状态)ht,从而实现对长期依赖信息的记忆与更新。相比直接使用原始时间序列,经过ICA处理后的数据更能突出主导形变信号,有效抑制背景噪声与次要干扰,有助于提升模型的预测准确性与稳定性。
为了进一步提升模型对形变过程多尺度特征的解释能力,本文引入变分模态分解(VMD)方法。VMD是基于维纳滤波和希尔伯特变换的自适应、非递归的模态信号分解方法,将预测序列分解为若干具有特定频率中心的本征模态分量(IMFs),以挖掘其隐含的周期变化或异常扰动[15]。其假设任何信号均由一系列具有中心频率和限制带宽的本征模态信号组成,优化目标可以表示为:
$\begin{gathered}\min\nolimits _{\left\{u_k\right\}, \left\{\omega_k\right\}} \cdot \\\left\{\sum\limits_{k=1}^K\left\|\partial_t\left[\left(\delta(t)+\frac{\mathrm{j}}{\pi t}\right) * u_k(t) \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{j} \omega_k t}\right]\right\|_2^2\right\}\end{gathered}$
式中,uk(t)为第K个模态函数;ωk为第K个模态的中心频率;$\partial_t$为时间导数;*表示卷积运算;$\|\cdot\| \begin{aligned} & 2 \\ & 2\end{aligned}$表示二范数。在形变时间序列预测中,VMD可以用于分解形变信号,提供不同的形变模态特征,补充了频域信息的解读。
基于以上方法,本文构建了一个融合多源特征提取与深度学习建模的InSAR地表形变监测框架。基于SBAS-InSAR技术获取的多时相形变时间序列,引入ICA和VMD方法,分别从统计独立性与频域分布2个方面提取原始序列中的主要形变特征与潜在模态信息,以揭示区域地表运动的结构性与多尺度变化特征;将ICA与VMD所提取的特征融合作为输入,构建LSTM模型,实现对地表形变趋势的非线性预测。该方法体系在数据降噪、特征提取与时序建模等多个环节形成有效衔接,显著提升了InSAR数据的预测精度与物理解释能力,为地质灾害监测和基础设施安全评估提供了理论依据和技术支撑。
为全面评估形变监测结果的可靠性,本文对形变速率精度进行了定量分析。速率精度的计算基于时间序列InSAR反演过程中的最小二乘估计,通过构建干涉图网络并对各时相干涉图进行联合反演,获取各像元的时间序列形变值[16]。然后,结合残差统计分析与协方差传播理论,计算年平均形变速率的不确定度。该不确定度即为速率精度指标,能够反映时序解的稳定性与可信度[17]。结果显示(图 5),研究区大部分区域的速率精度优于6 mm/a,显著优于《时间序列InSAR地表形变监测数据处理规范》(CH/T 6006—2018)中对C波段8 mm/a的指标要求,表明本文的形变监测结果具有较高的精度和可靠性。
图 6为SBAS-InSAR监测结果及光学影像。由图 6(c)可知,形变速率分布呈近似正态分布特征,且最高点的值接近0。标准差为1.28 mm/a,差值远低于InSAR形变观测的精度上限,达到InSAR形变提取精度要求,进一步说明所提取的年均形变速率场精确可靠[18]。
研究区2019—2023年雷达视线(LOS)向的形变速率分布显示,形变速率主要集中在-20~30 mm/a之间,其中大部分区域速率介于-5~5 mm/a,表明研究区地表整体较为稳定,未发生大范围剧烈变形现象。局部区域存在一定的形变异常,例如A2点附近呈现出相对集中的负形变区,结合光学影像分析,认为该形变异常可能与局部地质条件、工程活动或环境因素有关。
图 6(d)给出了A1、A2、A3与B四个典型点的形变时序曲线,以进一步探讨地表形变的时序演化特征。A1点位于断裂带与高速公路交会处,形变量呈明显持续性下降趋势,累积沉降量约为-40 mm,显示出一定的活动性,可能与构造或人类活动叠加影响相关。A2与A3点形变量变化较小,整体在±15 mm范围内波动,未表现出显著持续沉降过程。A3点在2021年后出现轻微下沉,变化趋势缓慢。B点位于德胜特大桥桥址中部,其形变量始终较小,未见显著趋势性变化,说明桥址地基稳定。
ICA的输入观测值是一个二维矩阵,因此首先要形成InSAR时间序列的二维矩阵。InSAR时间序列共包括123次采集,每次采集有57 972个点,构成一个123×57 972的矩阵X。将矩阵X进行主成分分析后,得到前10个主成分贡献度,见图 7。以贡献度2%为阈值,前3个主成分分别占数据方差的73.70%、7.96%、4.01%,保留了数据85.67%的信息。因此,独立成分的个数为3。将ICA算法应用于经过PCA处理后的数据矩阵,便可以分离出这3个独立分量。
图 8显示了从InSAR时间序列获得的独立分量(IC)的时空特征。为了直观地比较各分量,对空间得分值进行标准化,即将空间得分值范围缩放至[-1,1]。图 8左侧为3个独立分量的空间贡献得分值,右侧为独立成分对应的时间特征向量。
IC1主要反映了研究区内若干区域发生的突发性形变事件,其特征值占比为11.86%。从空间分布来看,IC1的高值区主要集中在坡度较大的地带,但在其他局部区域亦有零星分布。结合光学影像图 6(b)可知,这些区域多为地形起伏显著、岩土体破碎且易受外界扰动的地段,受重力作用、地基软化及人类活动等因素共同影响,易诱发突发性的坡体蠕滑或局部失稳[19-20]。IC1的时间序列显示,在2019—2021年形变速率相对稳定,而在2021年底至2022年初形变速率陡增,并于2023年有所回落,呈现出短期突变与缓慢恢复并存的演化特征,可能与极端降雨或工程扰动诱发的滑动事件有关。
IC2解释了20.77%的特征值,空间分布表现出明显的区域性特征,高值主要分布于右侧较为平缓的区域。将得分图与高程进行分析,以得分值为纵坐标,高程为横坐标,发现得分值与高程具有明显的线性关系(图 9(b))。从时间序列来看,IC2呈现明显的周期性变化,波动幅值大致在±2范围内,周期约为1 a。峰值和谷值大致对应于年度周期,表明其主要受降雨或季节性因素影响[21-22]。通过结合降雨数据分析,研究区降雨具有明显的季节性特征,夏季降水较多,而冬季降水较少。强降雨可能会引起地表含水率上升,导致土体软化、膨胀;而在降雨减少的季节,土体排水收缩,使得形变回归。同时,大气湿度和气压的季节性变化会对SAR信号的传播造成影响,形成周期性相位偏差。
综合来看,IC2反映了季节性变化特征,其成分中包含了灌溉、耕作活动、植被覆盖变化以及地表水分波动等典型的时序信号。其得分值随海拔的升高呈现出明显下降趋势,表明该独立成分主要捕捉了集中分布于低海拔农业区的动态过程,而在高海拔地区则响应较弱或基本缺失。这种空间分异性与农业活动受地形限制的分布格局相一致,进一步揭示了IC2所代表的主要形变模式为低海拔地区人类土地利用所驱动的季节性地表变化。
IC3的特征值百分比为67.37%,空间分布相较于IC1与IC2更为均匀,未表现出明显与地表局部地貌相关的滑移迹象,说明其可能不是由局部的重力驱动变形主导,而是受更大尺度的地壳运动或区域性地质条件控制[23-24]。如图 10所示,剖面(100 m×2 000 m)#1和#2在断裂两侧展现出明显的速度突变特征,与典型左旋走滑断裂在LOS方向上的形变响应相吻合,表明该区域可能处于持续缓慢的构造活动过程中。相比之下,剖面#3和#4的速率突变幅度相对较小,但仍呈现出非对称的速度结构特征,尤其剖面#4在断裂附近出现明显的速率跳变,表明该段断裂可能存在一定的差异性走滑运动。IC3在剖面方向上的LOS向速率存在约1.5~2.0 mm/a的形变速率差,结合轨道参数与断裂几何关系反演出的左旋走滑速率约为2.8 mm/a,与前人研究成果较为一致[8, 25],这表明IC3分量在一定程度上捕捉到了断裂带控制下的形变信号。
从时间序列上看,IC3在2019—2023年间呈现出较稳定的累积性变化趋势,缺乏显著的季节性波动或突变,进一步表明其成因可能不属于浅层重力驱动型变形,而是更可能与深部构造应力积累、缓慢释放过程相关。IC3形变特征与断裂控制的构造形变具有一定一致性,因此,推断IC3分量为反映区域构造活动的重要形变信号之一。
ICA-VMD-LSTM模型基于ICA和VMD在时序信号分解中的互补优势,以提高地表形变预测精度和稳定性。ICA和VMD的互补性体现在它们分别从统计独立性和频率特性2个方面对信号进行深度分解。ICA用于提取独立的变形成分,去除噪声并增强特征的可分性;VMD主要用于提取形变信号的不同频率成分,揭示形变过程中的周期性和趋势性变化。通过LSTM将ICA和VMD提取的关键模态作为输入特征,能够从多个维度对信号进行优化处理,增强输入特征的有效性,从而提高模型的预测精度和鲁棒性。
利用VMD将形变原始信号分解成3个固有模态函数:长期趋势变化(IMF1)、周期性波动(IMF2)以及短期随机扰动(IMF3)。图 11为A1点VMD分解结果。为了评估VMD算法在地表形变数据中的应用效果,并有效避免数据特征的丢失,本文采用皮尔逊相关系数评估重构数据与原始数据之间的相似性,验证VMD算法在分解和重构过程中是否能够有效地保留数据的基本特征和主要趋势。从表 3可以看出,各个模态重构数据与原始数据之间存在高度一致性。表明VMD算法在保留数据原有特征的同时,能够较好地分解复杂的地表形变信号。
将地表形变监测数据前86期作为训练数据集,后37期作为测试验证数据集。采用多维输入、一维输出的方式对模型进行训练,将均方根误差作为损失函数,训练过程中采用Adam优化算法更新网络权值。图 12为不同监测点地表形变数据的预测结果。将预测结果与验证数据集进行对比后发现,ICA-VMD-LSTM预测模型对研究区域地表形变数据均有较好的适应性,预测结果与地表形变趋势一致。
为了更加直观地评估不同模型在InSAR形变时间序列预测中的表现,采用平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和决定系数(R2)3个统计指标,并以雷达图的形式展示ICA-VMD-LSTM与VMD-LSTM模型在4个典型点下的预测效果。结果显示,ICA-VMD-LSTM模型在所有评价指标上均优于VMD-LSTM模型,表现出更强的预测能力和更高的拟合精度。
从表 4可以看出,ICA-VMD-LSTM模型在所有典型点上的预测误差均小于VMD-LSTM模型。其中,ICA-VMD-LSTM模型的最大MAE和RMSE分别为2.136 mm和2.621 mm,显著小于VMD-LSTM模型的3.745 mm和4.430 mm。总体来看,ICA-VMD-LSTM模型在MAE和RMSE方面分别平均降低了约33.2%和32.4%,R2平均提高了23.3%,表明其在误差控制和趋势拟合方面具有明显优势。
ICA-VMD-LSTM模型通过引入VMD和ICA两种互补的信号处理技术,增强了对原始InSAR形变时间序列的预处理效果。通过对VMD与ICA的并行应用,模型可在频域和独立性2个正交空间内对InSAR时间序列进行双重特征提取,生成更具代表性、结构更清晰的输入序列。在此基础上,引入LSTM作为预测模型,有效捕捉形变序列中长期依赖关系和非线性动态特征。由于输入序列的质量显著提升,LSTM模型的预测精度得以进一步提高。这种结构上的优化不仅提高了模型对真实形变趋势的响应能力,也增强了其对复杂背景噪声的抑制能力。
本文利用SBAS-InSAR技术获取了南汀河活动断裂带与南云高速公路交会区域的地表形变结果,结合ICA和遥感影像,分析了研究区地表形变规律,并构建了结合ICA、VMD和LSTM的形变预测模型。得出以下结论:
1) 首次采用ICA方法识别出南汀河断裂区域的3种主要地表形变模式,分别为:①受地形及人类活动扰动的局部突发性形变;②受降雨及土地利用影响的周期性形变;③可能与断裂活动相关的缓慢线性形变。InSAR监测结果显示,研究区整体形变幅度较小,形变速率主要分布在±5 mm/a以内,高速公路关键节点与重点桥梁段5 a累积形变量均在工程可控范围内。ICA分离出的第3主成分(IC3)在南汀河断裂西支附近呈现出一定程度的条带状分布特征,可能反映了约2.8 mm/a的左旋滑动速率。
2) ICA-VMD-LSTM模型相较现有的VMD-LSTM模型实现了3大突破:特征提取维度从单一频域扩展到“频域-统计域”联合空间;引入ICA分离独立变形模式,降低了噪声干扰;预测精度显著提升,ICA-VMD-LSTM模型在MAE和RMSE方面分别平均降低了约33.2%和32.4%,R2平均提高了23.3%。研究结果可为活动断裂带影响区域的基础设施安全运维提供动态预警支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52364020)
  • 校企合作项目(2024530103000086)
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2026年第46卷第3期
45
18
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.04.114
  • 接收时间:2025-04-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-04
基金
国家自然科学基金(52364020)
校企合作项目(2024530103000086)
作者信息
    1 昆明理工大学国土资源工程学院, 昆明, 650093
    2 中交基础设施养护集团有限公司工程勘察设计分公司, 北京, 100010
    3 昆明理工大学公共安全与应急管理学院, 昆明, 650093

通讯作者:

李素敏, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为InSAR高原山区数据处理及应用, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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