Article(id=1322567067904094977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322567020940481144, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.108, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743350400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793254161095, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793254161095, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793254161095, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793254161095, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322567020940481144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='392', pageEnd='521', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793254149899, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793254149899, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=435, endPage=442, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322567068218667778, articleId=1322567067904094977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Surface Deformation and Seismogenic Fault Model of Zaduo MW5.7 Earthquake Revealed by InSAR Observations, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Abstract: Using ascending and descending SAR images from Sentinel-1A satellite, the co-seismic deformation of the MW5.7 earthquake in Zaduo county, Yushu city on March 7, 2024, was obtained. The geometry parameters and slip distribution of the seismogenic fault were inverted. Finally, based on the Coulomb stress changes induced by the earthquake, the impact on surrounding faults was analyzed and the regional seismic hazard was assessed. The results show that the main deformation areas of the co-seismic deformation fields from both ascending and descending orbits exhibit a four-quadrant distribution, with maximum LOS displacements of approximately 3.1 cm and 3.6 cm for ascending and descending orbits, respectively. Fault inversion experiments indicate that both the northeast-dipping fault model and the northwest-dipping fault model can reasonably explain the surface deformation caused by this earthquake. However, after a comprehensive analysis of co-seismic fitting residuals, regional active fault distribution, and geomorphic features, this study leans towards the conclusion that the seismogenic fault of this earthquake is a northeast-dipping strike-slip fault with a northwest-southeast trend. Co-seismic slip is concentrated at depths of 1.5 to 6.0 km, reaching a peak slip of 1.0 m at a depth of 3.7 km. Additionally, the static Coulomb stress changes reveal that the 2024 Zaduo earthquake has increased the risk of future earthquakes in the Yanshiping fault zone.

, authors=Jiayu HAO1, 2, 3, Chuang SONG1, 2, 4, *, Yihan NAI1, 2, 3, Zhenjiang LIU1, 2, 3, Chen YU1, 2, 4, Zhenhong LI1, 2, 4, authorsList=Jiayu HAO, Chuang SONG, Yihan NAI, Zhenjiang LIU, Chen YU, Zhenhong LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chuang SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322567071494419220, articleId=1322567067904094977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=InSAR观测揭示的杂多MW5.7地震地表形变及发震断层模型, columnId=1322566785874908034, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=特色栏目: 地震大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用Sentinel-1A卫星的升降轨SAR影像获取2024-03-07玉树市杂多县MW5.7地震的同震形变, 对发震断层几何参数和滑动分布进行反演, 最后基于地震引起的库仑应力变化, 分析其对周边断层的影响并对区域地震危险性进行评估。结果显示, 本次地震升降轨同震形变场的主形变区均呈四象限分布, 升、降轨最大LOS向位移分别为3.1 cm和3.6 cm。断层反演实验表明, 东北倾断层模型和西北倾断层模型均能合理地解释本次地震所引发的地表形变, 但进一步综合分析同震拟合残差、区域活动断层分布及地貌特征后, 更倾向于认为本次地震的发震断层是一条北西-南东走向的东北倾走滑断层。同震滑动集中在1.5~6.0 km深度, 且在3.7 km深度处达到滑动峰值1.0 m。此外, 计算静态库仑应力变化发现, 2024年杂多地震的发生增加了雁石坪断裂区域未来发生地震的风险。

, authors=郝嘉宇1, 2, 3, 宋闯1, 2, 4, *, 能懿菡1, 2, 3, 刘振江1, 2, 3, 余琛1, 2, 4, 李振洪1, 2, 4, authorsList=郝嘉宇, 宋闯, 能懿菡, 刘振江, 余琛, 李振洪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宋闯, authorNote=

郝嘉宇, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为InSAR形变测量与同震建模分析, E-mail:

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宋闯, 副教授, 主要研究方向为影像大地测量与地震灾害, E-mail:
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图(a)中深红色箭头代表板块相对运动[10];绿、粉、橙色沙滩球分别为USGS记录的MW≥5.5的走滑、正断、逆冲地震的震源机制解

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Source parameters of the Zaduo earthquake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源震中坐标和深度 震源机制 长度/km 宽度/km 矩震级MW
经度/(°) 纬度/(°) 深度/km 走向/(°) 倾角/(°) 滑动角/(°)
USGS 92.993 33.539 10.0 151 88 -178 - - 5.6
61 88 -2
GCMT 93.10 33.44 19.3334 80 177 - - 5.6
64 87 10
本研究93.05 33.51 2.0±0.12 160.29±0.30 86.10±0.57 175.52±0.39 3.88±0.18 3.93±0.49 5.69a
93.04 33.51 3.8 160.29 86 - 12 9 5.75b
93.04 33.51 2.1 68.67 89.83 2.08 4.01 4.28 5.69c
93.04 33.51 4.2 68.67 89.9 - 12 9 5.70d
), ArticleFig(id=1322567077655851878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322567067904094977, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

杂多地震震源参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源震中坐标和深度 震源机制 长度/km 宽度/km 矩震级MW
经度/(°) 纬度/(°) 深度/km 走向/(°) 倾角/(°) 滑动角/(°)
USGS 92.993 33.539 10.0 151 88 -178 - - 5.6
61 88 -2
GCMT 93.10 33.44 19.3334 80 177 - - 5.6
64 87 10
本研究93.05 33.51 2.0±0.12 160.29±0.30 86.10±0.57 175.52±0.39 3.88±0.18 3.93±0.49 5.69a
93.04 33.51 3.8 160.29 86 - 12 9 5.75b
93.04 33.51 2.1 68.67 89.83 2.08 4.01 4.28 5.69c
93.04 33.51 4.2 68.67 89.9 - 12 9 5.70d
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InSAR观测揭示的杂多MW5.7地震地表形变及发震断层模型
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郝嘉宇 1, 2, 3 , 宋闯 1, 2, 4, * , 能懿菡 1, 2, 3 , 刘振江 1, 2, 3 , 余琛 1, 2, 4 , 李振洪 1, 2, 4
大地测量与地球动力学 | 特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026,46(4): 435-442
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大地测量与地球动力学 |特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026 , 46 (4) : 435 -442
InSAR观测揭示的杂多MW5.7地震地表形变及发震断层模型
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2 State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Xi'an 710054, China
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郝嘉宇, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为InSAR形变测量与同震建模分析, E-mail:

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郝嘉宇, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为InSAR形变测量与同震建模分析, E-mail:

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郝嘉宇1, 2, 3 , 宋闯1, 2, 4, * , 能懿菡1, 2, 3, 刘振江1, 2, 3, 余琛1, 2, 4, 李振洪1, 2, 4
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安, 710054
  • 2 黄土科学全国重点实验室, 西安, 710054
  • 3 长安大学地学与卫星大数据研究中心, 西安, 710054
  • 4 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 西安, 710054
通讯作者:
宋闯, 副教授, 主要研究方向为影像大地测量与地震灾害, E-mail:
作者简介:

郝嘉宇, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为InSAR形变测量与同震建模分析, E-mail:

Surface Deformation and Seismogenic Fault Model of Zaduo MW5.7 Earthquake Revealed by InSAR Observations
Jiayu HAO1, 2, 3 , Chuang SONG1, 2, 4, * , Yihan NAI1, 2, 3, Zhenjiang LIU1, 2, 3, Chen YU1, 2, 4, Zhenhong LI1, 2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 3 Big Data Center for Geosciences and Satellites, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.108
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利用Sentinel-1A卫星的升降轨SAR影像获取2024-03-07玉树市杂多县MW5.7地震的同震形变, 对发震断层几何参数和滑动分布进行反演, 最后基于地震引起的库仑应力变化, 分析其对周边断层的影响并对区域地震危险性进行评估。结果显示, 本次地震升降轨同震形变场的主形变区均呈四象限分布, 升、降轨最大LOS向位移分别为3.1 cm和3.6 cm。断层反演实验表明, 东北倾断层模型和西北倾断层模型均能合理地解释本次地震所引发的地表形变, 但进一步综合分析同震拟合残差、区域活动断层分布及地貌特征后, 更倾向于认为本次地震的发震断层是一条北西-南东走向的东北倾走滑断层。同震滑动集中在1.5~6.0 km深度, 且在3.7 km深度处达到滑动峰值1.0 m。此外, 计算静态库仑应力变化发现, 2024年杂多地震的发生增加了雁石坪断裂区域未来发生地震的风险。

2024年杂多MW5.7地震  /  InSAR  /  同震形变  /  断层滑动分布  /  库仑应力变化

Abstract: Using ascending and descending SAR images from Sentinel-1A satellite, the co-seismic deformation of the MW5.7 earthquake in Zaduo county, Yushu city on March 7, 2024, was obtained. The geometry parameters and slip distribution of the seismogenic fault were inverted. Finally, based on the Coulomb stress changes induced by the earthquake, the impact on surrounding faults was analyzed and the regional seismic hazard was assessed. The results show that the main deformation areas of the co-seismic deformation fields from both ascending and descending orbits exhibit a four-quadrant distribution, with maximum LOS displacements of approximately 3.1 cm and 3.6 cm for ascending and descending orbits, respectively. Fault inversion experiments indicate that both the northeast-dipping fault model and the northwest-dipping fault model can reasonably explain the surface deformation caused by this earthquake. However, after a comprehensive analysis of co-seismic fitting residuals, regional active fault distribution, and geomorphic features, this study leans towards the conclusion that the seismogenic fault of this earthquake is a northeast-dipping strike-slip fault with a northwest-southeast trend. Co-seismic slip is concentrated at depths of 1.5 to 6.0 km, reaching a peak slip of 1.0 m at a depth of 3.7 km. Additionally, the static Coulomb stress changes reveal that the 2024 Zaduo earthquake has increased the risk of future earthquakes in the Yanshiping fault zone.

2024 Zaduo MW5.7 earthquake  /  InSAR  /  co-seismic deformation  /  fault slip distribution  /  Coulomb stress change
郝嘉宇, 宋闯, 能懿菡, 刘振江, 余琛, 李振洪. InSAR观测揭示的杂多MW5.7地震地表形变及发震断层模型. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (4) : 435 -442 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.108
Jiayu HAO, Chuang SONG, Yihan NAI, Zhenjiang LIU, Chen YU, Zhenhong LI. Surface Deformation and Seismogenic Fault Model of Zaduo MW5.7 Earthquake Revealed by InSAR Observations[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (4) : 435 -442 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.108
根据中国地震台网测定,2024-03-07玉树市杂多县附近(33.58°N,93.01°E)发生5.5级地震,震源深度10 km。本次地震发生在青藏高原东部雁石坪断裂带附近[1],基于中国地震台网正式地震目录检索结果,本次地震是2009年以来该断裂带10 km范围内发生的最大的一次地震,同时也是继1975-05-05雁石坪区域MW6.0地震以来的又一次较大地震。雁石坪断裂带总体呈北西-南东走向[1],从目前已有的地质资料判断,该断裂带由雁石坪断裂和雁石坪南断裂组成[2]。然而,由于该地区地震震级较小,且海拔较高,传统大地测量或地面观测手段难以获取高分辨率同震形变信息,因此对该区域断层活动构造研究程度较低。此次地震为基于卫星大地测量数据获取中小型地震的同震形变、深入分析雁石坪断裂区域的构造活动特征和理解青藏高原东段的构造活动提供了机会。
本次地震震中5 km范围内平均海拔约4 809 m,震后余震活动较为稀疏,截至2024-10-27,中国地震台网共记录到5次MS>3.0余震,最大余震为MS5.0。根据USGS发布的地震震源机制解数据,此次地震的发震断层为走滑型断层,但其倾向存在2种可能性(表 1)。2种可能的发震断层均位于雁石坪断裂带附近,而断层具体结构和破裂特征有待研究。
随着InSAR技术的不断发展,其已成为现代地震大地测量学研究不可或缺的核心技术手段[3-6]。本研究首先采用D-InSAR技术对杂多MW5.7地震区域的Sentinel-1A卫星升降轨C波段SAR影像数据进行解算,获得本次地震的同震形变场。然后基于均匀弹性半空间位错模型对发震断层的断层几何参数和滑动分布进行反演。最后通过对反演得到的断层模型所引起的邻近区域的静态库仑应力变化进行计算,分析区域地震危险性。
印度板块与欧亚大陆持续发生构造挤压作用,导致青藏高原地壳发生显著变形,高原内部与周边地震活动频繁[7]。青藏高原主要包含东西方向的缝合带、近南北走向的断陷裂谷带、高原东部的左旋走滑断裂带和近北西-南东走向的右旋走滑断裂带4种不同类型的地质构造[1, 8],其中2种走滑断裂带又形成“V”型共轭,共同调节青藏高原中部的东西向挤压形变[7](图 1(a))。部分学者认为青藏高原东部存在的数条规模宏大的左旋走滑断裂带与喜马拉雅碰撞有关,包括阿尔金断裂带、东昆仑断裂带、鲜水河断裂带等,雁石坪断裂也位于青藏高原东部,并且是最南边的一条断裂带[1]。吴珍汉等[9]根据数据模拟估算出雁石坪活动断层在青藏高原第四纪晚期运动速率达3.3 mm/a,为左旋走滑断层。雁石坪、丁青和昌都地区内由数条较短的走向为北西-南东的断层组成的雁石坪-丁青-昌都地震带,与金沙江断裂带相交于乌兰乌拉湖[1]。
使用Sentinel-1A卫星升降轨影像和D-InSAR技术获得杂多地区的高精度同震LOS向地表位移场(覆盖范围见图 1(b)),其中升轨的主、辅影像日期分别是2024-03-08和2024-02-25(空间基线为119.1 m),降轨的主、辅影像日期分别为2024-03-03和2024-03-15(空间基线为-95.5 m)。
基于GAMMA软件平台[11],利用30 m空间分辨率的SRTM数字高程模型消除地形相位的影响[12]。为了抑制噪声,首先对升降轨影像实施多视处理,设置距离向和方位向的多视比为20 ∶ 4,然后对干涉相位采用Goldstein自适应滤波[13]进行滤波处理。同时采用最小费用流算法[14]完成同震干涉图的相位解缠,为取得较好的掩膜效果,将相干性阈值设置为0.3[6],以非形变区数据为约束对平面相位进行估计,降低由地形引起的大气延迟[15-16]影响。最后,为得到该区域同震LOS向位移场,使用地理编码对干涉图进行处理(图 2)。
由图 2可知,2024年杂多地震的同震形变场在升降轨数据中均呈现出3个明显的椭圆状主形变区。本研究定义靠近卫星飞行方向为正,远离卫星飞行方向为负。升轨干涉图中,朝向卫星运动的为北侧2个主形变区,而南侧的主形变区向远离卫星方向运动;同理,降轨干涉图中朝向卫星运动的为南侧的主形变区,而北侧2个主形变区则向远离卫星方向运动。升降轨同震干涉图显示,主形变区在震中附近的西、北、南和东南4个方向均有分布,这种四象限分布模式表明本次地震属于走滑型破裂。同时,形变条纹的连续性和平滑性均表明,断层在地震发生时并未破裂至地表。具体来看,降轨形变场的最大、最小LOS向位移分别约为3.6 cm和-4.2 cm;升轨形变场的最大、最小LOS向位移分别约为3.1 cm和-3.7 cm。
首先对基于GAMMA软件处理得到的2024年杂多地震的升降轨同震地表形变结果以四叉树采样方法进行降采样处理[17],旨在保留关键形变特征的前提下提升解算效率。最终获得升轨和降轨数据点分别为1 295个和1 805个。然后基于Okada均匀弹性半空间位错模型[18],对地震发震断层几何特征及其精细滑动分布进行反演分析。
多源震源机制解译结果表明,此次地震的发震断层可能对应于北西-南东走向(倾向东北)或东北-西南走向(倾向西北)的走滑构造体系。本次地震受限于震源深度较浅且未产生地表破裂,单一InSAR观测体系对断层几何参数的约束能力有限。为此,引入USGS提供的2组节面解作为先验约束,分别建立东北倾向和西北倾向的2种断层几何模型开展反演计算。反演过程采用PSOKINV软件包,实施两步法反演策略[19]。
在反演过程中,将断层走向、倾角和滑动角的搜索范围以来源于USGS的第1组节面参数(走向151°、倾角88°、滑动角178°)为参考,分别设置为[121°,180°]、[77°,110°]和[120°,180°];断层长和宽的搜索范围根据InSAR形变场数据分别设置为[0, 10] km和[0, 10] km。对发震断层几何参数使用优化的多峰值粒子群算法进行非线性搜索[4]。为评估断层几何参数的可靠性,采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法,通过在观测数据中引入100组随机噪声进行不确定性分析[20]。模拟结果显示(表 1),在均匀滑动假设条件下,发震断层的几何特征为:长度约3.88 km、宽度约3.93 km、走向约160°、倾角约94°(根据倾角范围等同于东北倾86°)、滑动角约176°。滑动角结果表明,发震断层具有纯右旋走滑运动性质。
在明确上述发震断层的几何参数后,采用第2步分布式断层滑动反演获得断层更精细的滑动分布。首先需要将矩形断层面长度沿走向和倾向方向进行适当延长来避免可能出现的边界效应。为此,构建12 km×9 km的矩形位错模型,并将其分割为均匀的432个大小为0.5 km×0.5 km的子断层。在固定断层走向和位置参数的情况下进行反演,并在[110°,180°]区间内对各子断层的滑动角进行自由搜索。为增强解的稳定性,引入平滑因子α2[17]。此外,均匀滑动假设下确定的断层倾角不一定是空间可变滑动分布的最优断层倾角δ。因此,在线性反演前,断层倾角和光滑因子需要进一步优化。采用Feng等[4]定义的综合考虑解的粗糙度和模型残差的对数函数模型f(δ, α)=lg(ψ+ξ),其中ψ为模型拟合残差,ξ为滑动分布模型的粗糙度指标。令倾角以1°为步长在[85°,105°]范围内进行精细搜索,平滑因子在[0, 4]范围内以步长为0.1进行搜索。图 3(a)为对数函数值,颜色越深表示拟合残差与模型粗糙度的总量越小,代表模型在拟合精度与物理光滑性之间达到了最优平衡。搜索得到的平滑因子α2为0.3,最优倾角δ为86°(搜索值为94°,根据倾角范围已转换成东北倾86°),在最优倾角和平滑因子的约束下可确定断层面滑动在东北倾断层模型中的分布情况。
由图 3可知,断层表现为右旋走滑运动且未破裂至地表,1.5~6.0 km深度为滑动的主要集中区域,且在3.7 km深度处达到滑动峰值1 m,其释放的地震矩4.70×1024 Nm相当于MW5.7地震,与表 1中结果基本一致。正演模拟结果(图 4)显示,升降轨InSAR观测值与模拟值拟合度较高,升轨的残差均方根为0.36 cm,降轨的残差均方根为0.39 cm。
在反演过程中,将断层走向、倾角和滑动角的搜索范围以USGS提供的第2组节面解(走向61°、倾角88°、滑动角-2°)作为参考,分别设置为[31°,90°]、[30°,90°]和[-20°,20°];断层长和宽的搜索范围基于InSAR形变场数据分别设置为[0, 20] km和[0, 20] km。在均匀滑动假设条件下,反演得到的参数见表 1,即发震断层长度约4.0 km、宽度约4.3 km、走向约69°、倾角约90°、滑动角约2°。滑动角结果表明,发震断层具有纯左旋走滑运动性质。
同样地,为避免边界效应的影响,适当延长矩形断层面长度(沿走向)和宽度(沿倾向),构建一个12 km×9 km的矩形位错模型,并将其离散化为均匀的432个大小为0.5 km×0.5 km的子断层。在固定断层走向和位置参数的情况下进行反演,并在[-30°,30°]区间内对各子断层的滑动角进行自由搜索。此外,为减少反演过程中可能出现的不稳定因素,引入平滑因子进行调节,平滑因子的搜索范围设定为[0, 4],搜索步长为0.2。由于分布式滑动得到的倾角已经接近90°,故在均匀滑动这一部分不再对倾角进行搜索。最终得到西北倾断层模型的断层滑动分布。
反演结果显示(图 5),破裂断层表现为纯左旋走滑运动,滑动主要集中于2.0~6.5 km深度,并在4.2 km深度处达到峰值1.2 m,其释放的地震矩3.95×1024 Nm相当于MW5.7地震,与表 1中结果基本一致。正演模拟结果(图 6)显示,升降轨InSAR观测值与模拟值拟合度较高,升轨的残差均方根为0.35 cm,降轨的残差均方根为0.42 cm。
由反演结果(表 1、图 3和图 5)可知,2024年杂多地震是一次隐伏走滑事件,东北倾右旋走滑模型与西北倾左旋走滑模型均可较好地拟合地表同震形变,这一结果与InSAR观测的主形变特征基本一致。此外, 实验拟合残差和InSAR观测误差处于同一量级,因此发震断层的唯一性无法通过InSAR建模直接确定。由于余震数据较为稀疏,未能充分揭示本次地震的确切发震断层面,为进一步明确杂多地震的发震断层面,本文综合震中区域的历史地震数据、地质地貌特征和断层分布情况进行分析。
从地貌特征上看(图 7(a)、7(b)),此次地震震区附近有一条错断山脊,山脊是具有断层地形的强烈地貌表现,而错断的山脊往往是断层两盘相对平移运动(走滑断层)的结果[21]。沿西北倾断层迹线(AA′)和东北倾断层迹线(BB′)作2条DEM剖线,具体见图 7(c)、7(d)。图 7(c)显示出明显的高程剧变,尤其是2个显著的高峰和快速下降的地形特征,表明断层活动可能伴随有较强的垂直构造运动,推测与逆断层或正断层的活动特性有关。由图 7(d)可知, 山脊与断层剖线走势较为连贯且一致,剖面起伏较小,垂直地形变化较为微弱,这与走滑断层主要以水平运动为主的特征相符。此外,从断层走向来看,BB′剖线对应的是东北倾断层模型的迹线(即走向),东北倾断层模型不仅与山脊走势较为一致,而且与离震中最近的雁石坪断裂及其附近其他断层的走向也较为一致(图 1(b)),均为北西-南东走向[1],而西北倾断层模型横切于雁石坪断裂带,与区域活动断层分布特征不一致。因此,结合地貌特征和断层走向来看,东北倾断层模型更符合这一地区特性。
此外,从构造地质学角度分析,青藏高原中部的共轭断裂系统主要由2组走滑断裂构成:一组为近东-西走向的左旋走滑断裂,另一组为北西-南东走向的右旋走滑断裂。这种共轭构造体系有效调节了区域应力场,即东西向伸展应变和南北向挤压应力的共同作用[1, 8],而此次地震反演的东北倾向(走向为北西-南东)的右旋走滑断层更符合这一特性。因此,基于同震形变反演结果(拟合度和残差)与区域活动断层分布,结合地形地貌特征,本研究最终认为2024年玉树杂多地震的真实破裂断层面为东北倾发震断层。
中强地震的发生通常会引起地壳应力场的动态变化,这些变化可能会促使或抑制震中区域及其周边活动断层上未来地震的发生[22]。本研究使用Coulomb 3.3软件对2024年杂多地震的同震破裂过程进行深入分析,评估地震引发的静态库仑应力扰动(ΔCFS)[23]对周边断层的影响,并探讨该区域未来地震活动性。
选择最优的滑动分布模型(东北倾断层滑动模型) 作为源断层进行库仑应力计算,由于震中附近区域研究程度较低,未收集到雁石坪断裂的断层几何参数(如倾角),因此将接收断层走向设置为最佳走滑方向,根据源断层引发的应力场变化来计算接收断层的最佳走滑方向。另外,针对本次地震矩心深度进行静态库仑应力计算[24-25],选取5 km、10 km、15 km深度层位,使用有效摩擦系数0.4[23]和泊松比0.25[23, 26]作为参数进行分析。
不同深度情况下的计算结果见图 8,从总体上看,地震发生后发震断层两端区域及其垂直方向上的ΔCFS均为正值,表明此次地震使应力向沿断层走向的两端以及垂直断层走向的两侧发生转移。由于本次地震震级较小,释放的能量相对有限,导致同震库仑应力变化场在震源区附近最为显著,其影响范围在距震中40 km以外区域呈现快速递减趋势。另外,本次地震震源较浅,断层最大滑动量仅在3.9 km深度处,因此5 km深度处的库仑应力变化是本次分析的重点。综合分析3个不同深度的库仑应力结果和分区特征可知,处于应力加载状态的区域主要包括雁石坪断裂所在的Ⅲ、Ⅳ区,雁石坪南断裂所在的Ⅲ、Ⅳ区,以及发震断层北侧未知名断裂所在的Ⅰ、Ⅱ区;而处于应力卸载状态的区域则为雁石坪断裂所在的Ⅶ、Ⅷ区,雁石坪南断裂所在的Ⅶ区,以及发震断层北侧未知名断裂所在的Ⅴ区。
具体来看,沿发震断层走向的区域(图 8中Ⅰ、Ⅲ区域)在深度5 km处的最大应力值分别约为0.26 bar和0.39 bar,垂直于发震断层的区域(图 8中Ⅱ、Ⅳ区域)在深度5 km处的最大应力值分别约为0.51 bar和0.24 bar,而发震断层附近的其他区域(图 8中Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ区域)在深度5 km处的最大应力值分别约为-0.22 bar、-0.84 bar、-0.32 bar和-0.61 bar。雁石坪南断裂和发震断层北侧未知名断裂距离发震断层较远,虽然这2个断层的部分区域处于应力加载状态,但是在5 km深度处的库仑应力扰动值均小于0.1 bar,表明这2个区域的地震危险性很小。而雁石坪断裂所在的Ⅲ、Ⅳ区域的应力累积与这2个区域的最大应力值相近,均超过地震触发阈值0.1 bar,显示该断裂的这2个区域处于显著的应力加载状态,并且雁石坪断裂与本次地震的发震断层同为走滑断裂,这表明该区域未来具备一定的破裂潜势,地震危险性增大,因此雁石坪断裂应作为重点监测对象。
基于Sentinel-1A卫星获取的升降轨影像数据,采用D-InSAR技术提取2024年玉树杂多地震的高精度同震地表形变场,利用形变信息构建弹性半空间位错模型,对发震断层的空间几何构造和滑动分布特征进行反演与分析。最后通过Coulomb 3.3软件对库仑应力进行计算,评估区域断层对周边断层产生的静态库仑应力扰动,同时讨论此次地震对邻近区域产生的影响及其潜在危险性, 得到以下结论:
1) 2024年玉树杂多地震的InSAR同震形变场呈四象限分布,具有典型的走滑断裂特征;升轨与降轨分别记录到3.1 cm和3.6 cm的最大LOS向位移。
2) 综合同震拟合残差、区域活动断层分布及地貌特征,本研究倾向于认为此次地震由走向160°、倾角86°的东北倾断层引发,该模型能够较好地解释地震引发的地表形变。发震断层的最大同震滑移量达1.0 m(位于深度3.7 km处),此次地震相当于一次MW5.7地震(同震释放的地震矩为4.70×1024 Nm)。
3) 根据静态库仑应力变化分析可知,在5 km深度处,雁石坪断裂中部和东侧存在较大的应力加载,表明本次地震增加了雁石坪断裂的局部地震风险,未来需要重点关注。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42304029)
  • 陕西省地学大数据与地质灾害防治创新团队项目(2022)
  • 长安大学青年学者学科交叉团队建设项目(300104240914)
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2026年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.108
  • 接收时间:2025-03-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-31
基金
国家自然科学基金(42304029)
陕西省地学大数据与地质灾害防治创新团队项目(2022)
长安大学青年学者学科交叉团队建设项目(300104240914)
作者信息
    1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安, 710054
    2 黄土科学全国重点实验室, 西安, 710054
    3 长安大学地学与卫星大数据研究中心, 西安, 710054
    4 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 西安, 710054

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宋闯, 副教授, 主要研究方向为影像大地测量与地震灾害, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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