Article(id=1322566959414231822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322566927927591451, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.099, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743004800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793254135229, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793254135229, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793254135229, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793254135229, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322566927927591451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='262', pageEnd='391', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793254127723, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793254127723, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=375, endPage=384, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322566959607169807, articleId=1322566959414231822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Characteristics of Co-Seismic Ionospheric Disturbance Propagation between the Noto Peninsula and Hualien Earthquakes, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the GNSS earth observation network system (GEONET) in Japan and the Taiwan geophysical network for seismology (TGNS) in China, this paper investigates the propagation characteristics of co-seismic ionospheric disturbance(CsIDs) triggered by the 1 January 2024 Noto Peninsula MW7.5 earthquake in Japan and the 2 April 2024 Hualien MW7.4 earthquake in Taiwan, China. Meanwhile, the reasons for the anisotropy of the CsIDs produced by the two earthquakes are discussed. The results show that: 1) For the Noto Peninsula earthquake, the seismically excited acoustic waves propagated to the height of the F2 layer of the ionosphere within 8 to 9 minutes, and the triggered CsIDs propagated to the southeast of the epicenter at a speed of ~0.89 km/s, with a maximum amplitude of 0.768 TECu. The 2-minute rate of TEC index (ROTI) maps show higher sensitivity than the 2D-filtered TEC maps. 2) The CsIDs of the Hualien earthquake were also excited by acoustic waves and reached the height of the F2 layer of the ionosphere after ~8 minutes, with a maximum amplitude close to 0.4 TECu. 3) The propagation direction of the CsIDs triggered by the Noto Peninsula earthquake was strongly linked to the geomagnetic field, whereas those triggered by the Hualien earthquake were influenced by both the source mechanism and the geomagnetic field.

, authors=Hanying XU1, 2, Ting ZHANG1, 2, *, Yunbin YUAN1, Min LI1, Wenyao ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Hanying XU, Ting ZHANG, Yunbin YUAN, Min LI, Wenyao ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ting ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322566966850732841, articleId=1322566959414231822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=能登半岛与花莲地震同震电离层扰动传播特性分析, columnId=1322566785874908034, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=特色栏目: 地震大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于日本GNSS连续观测系统(GEONET)和中国台湾地球物理观测网络(TGNS), 本文研究了2024-01-01日本能登半岛MW7.5和2024-04-02中国台湾花莲MW7.4地震引发的同震电离层扰动(CsIDs)传播特征, 比较并讨论了2次地震的CsIDs各向异性可能的原因。结果表明: 1)对于能登半岛地震, 地震激发的声波在8~9 min内传播至电离层F2层高度, 引发的CsIDs以约0.89 km/s的速度向震中东南方向传播, 最大振幅为0.768 TECu; 2 min的ROTI地图显示出比二维滤波STEC地图更高的敏感性, 可较快地监测到震中附近的电离层扰动。2)花莲地震的CsIDs同样由声波激发, 约8 min后到达电离层F2层高度, 最大振幅接近0.4 TECu。3)能登半岛地震引发的CsIDs传播方向与地磁场存在较强的联系, 而花莲地震引发的CsIDs由震源机制和地磁场共同影响。

, authors=徐涵滢1, 2, 张亭1, 2, *, 袁运斌1, 李敏1, 张文尧1, 2, authorsList=徐涵滢, 张亭, 袁运斌, 李敏, 张文尧, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张亭, authorNote=

徐涵滢, 博士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS电离层建模与地震电离层效应研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张亭, 博士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS电离层建模与扰动监测, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=6Kk9is5rSKSAXfzjdV2JKg==, magXml=thl7+bU9LDKNADL9k1H39g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=HCUeduy11gtdauyN8h669g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=RpLsdSuaRoqbuPRbrNb5rg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322566967882531633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xuhanying@apm.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322566967974806324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566967882531633, language=EN, stringName=Hanying XU, firstName=Hanying, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322566968075469621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566967882531633, language=CN, stringName=徐涵滢, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077
2 中国科学院大学, 北京, 100049, bio={"content":"

徐涵滢, 博士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS电离层建模与地震电离层效应研究, E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

徐涵滢, 博士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS电离层建模与地震电离层效应研究, E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322566967710565162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967718953771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967731536684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322566967802839853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967811228462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967802839853, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967819617071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967802839853, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院大学, 北京, 100049)])]), Author(id=1322566968163550007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhangting@apm.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322566968247436090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566968163550007, language=EN, stringName=Ting ZHANG, firstName=Ting, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322566968381653819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566968163550007, language=CN, stringName=张亭, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077
2 中国科学院大学, 北京, 100049, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322566967710565162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967718953771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967731536684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322566967802839853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967811228462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967802839853, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967819617071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967802839853, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院大学, 北京, 100049)])]), Author(id=1322566968486511421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322566968608146239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566968486511421, language=EN, stringName=Yunbin YUAN, firstName=Yunbin, middleName=null, lastName=YUAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322566968696226624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566968486511421, language=CN, stringName=袁运斌, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322566967710565162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967718953771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967731536684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077)])]), Author(id=1322566968784307010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322566969056936772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566968784307010, language=EN, stringName=Min LI, firstName=Min, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322566969128239941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566968784307010, language=CN, stringName=李敏, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322566967710565162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967718953771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967731536684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077)])]), Author(id=1322566969203737416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322566969279234891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566969203737416, language=EN, stringName=Wenyao ZHANG, firstName=Wenyao, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322566969367315276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566969203737416, language=CN, stringName=张文尧, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077
2 中国科学院大学, 北京, 100049, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322566967710565162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967718953771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967731536684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322566967802839853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967811228462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967802839853, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967819617071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967802839853, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院大学, 北京, 100049)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1322566969451201357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=GNSS), Keyword(id=1322566971107951438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=total electron content), Keyword(id=1322566971233780559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=earthquakes), Keyword(id=1322566971317666640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=co-seismic ionospheric disturbance (CsIDs)), Keyword(id=1322566971384775505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=全球导航卫星系统), Keyword(id=1322566971464467282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=总电子含量), Keyword(id=1322566971602879315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=地震), Keyword(id=1322566971678376788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=同震电离层扰动(CsIDs))], refs=[Reference(id=1322566975717491568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=28, issue=4, pageStart=697, pageEnd=700, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=Artru J, Lognonné P, Blanc E, journalName=Geophysical Research Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Artru J , Lognonné P , Blanc E . Normal Modes Modelling of Post-Seismic Ionospheric Oscillations[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2001, 28 (4): 697- 700, articleTitle=Normal Modes Modelling of Post-Seismic Ionospheric Oscillations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566975788794737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=57, issue=4, pageStart=1265, pageEnd=1288, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=Astafyeva E, journalName=Reviews of Geophysics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Astafyeva E . Ionospheric Detection of Natural Hazards[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 2019, 57 (4): 1265- 1288, articleTitle=Ionospheric Detection of Natural Hazards, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566975864292210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=2, authorNames=Huang C S, Lu G, Zhang Y L, journalName=Ionospheric Dynamics and Applications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Huang C S , Lu G , Zhang Y L , et al. Ionospheric Dynamics and Applications[M]. America: American Geophysical Union, 2021, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566975931401075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=63, issue=7, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=3, authorNames=Liu J Y, Sun Y Y, journalName=Earth, Planets and Space, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Liu J Y , Sun Y Y . Seismo-Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances of Ionograms Observed during the 2011 MW9.0 Tohoku Earthquake[J]. Earth, Planets and Space, 2011, 63 (7), articleTitle=Seismo-Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances of Ionograms Observed during the 2011 MW9.0 Tohoku Earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566975998509940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=43, issue=4, pageStart=1759, pageEnd=1765, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=Liu J Y, Chen C H, Sun Y Y, journalName=Geophysical Research Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Liu J Y , Chen C H , Sun Y Y , et al. The Vertical Propagation of Disturbances Triggered by Seismic Waves of the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Tohoku Earthquake over Taiwan[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2016, 43 (4): 1759- 1765, articleTitle=The Vertical Propagation of Disturbances Triggered by Seismic Waves of the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Tohoku Earthquake over Taiwan, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566976057230197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=38, issue=5, pageStart=969, pageEnd=981, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=5, authorNames=Zhao S F, Shen X H, Zhima Z R, journalName=Annales Geophysicae, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Zhao S F , Shen X H , Zhima Z R , et al. The Very Low-Frequency Transmitter Radio Wave Anomalies Related to the 2010 MS7.1 Yushu Earthquake Observed by the DEMETER Satellite and the Possible Mechanism[J]. Annales Geophysicae, 2020, 38 (5): 969- 981, articleTitle=The Very Low-Frequency Transmitter Radio Wave Anomalies Related to the 2010 MS7.1 Yushu Earthquake Observed by the DEMETER Satellite and the Possible Mechanism, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566976115950454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1985, volume=12, issue=9, pageStart=577, pageEnd=580, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=6, authorNames=Kelley M C, Livingston R, McCready M, journalName=Geophysical Research Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Kelley M C , Livingston R , McCready M . Large Amplitude Thermospheric Oscillations Induced by an Earthquake[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1985, 12 (9): 577- 580, articleTitle=Large Amplitude Thermospheric Oscillations Induced by an Earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566976174670711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=37, issue=18, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=7, authorNames=Occhipinti G, Dorey P, Farges T, journalName=Geophysical Research Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Occhipinti G , Dorey P , Farges T , et al. Nostradamus: The Radar that Wanted to Be a Seismometer[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2010, 37 (18), articleTitle=Nostradamus: The Radar that Wanted to Be a Seismometer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566976241779576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=109, issue=null, pageStart=75, pageEnd=79, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=8, authorNames=Bourdillon A, Occhipinti G, Molinié J P, journalName=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Bourdillon A , Occhipinti G , Molinié J P , et al. HF Radar Detection of Infrasonic Waves Generated in the Ionosphere by the 28 March 2005 Sumatra Earthquake[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 2014, 109, 75- 79, articleTitle=HF Radar Detection of Infrasonic Waves Generated in the Ionosphere by the 28 March 2005 Sumatra Earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566978183742329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=126, issue=9, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=Xie T, Chen B Y, Wu L X, journalName=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Xie T , Chen B Y , Wu L X , et al. Detecting Seismo-Ionospheric Anomalies Possibly Associated with the 2019 Ridgecrest (California) Earthquakes by GNSS, CSES, and Swarm Observations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 2021, 126 (9), articleTitle=Detecting Seismo-Ionospheric Anomalies Possibly Associated with the 2019 Ridgecrest (California) Earthquakes by GNSS, CSES, and Swarm Observations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566978271822714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=62, issue=3, pageStart=614, pageEnd=623, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=Marchetti D, Akhoondzadeh M, journalName=Advances in Space Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Marchetti D , Akhoondzadeh M . Analysis of Swarm Satellites Data Showing Seismo-Ionospheric Anomalies around the Time of the Strong Mexico (MW=8.2) Earthquake of 08 September 2017[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2018, 62 (3): 614- 623, articleTitle=Analysis of Swarm Satellites Data Showing Seismo-Ionospheric Anomalies around the Time of the Strong Mexico (MW=8.2) Earthquake of 08 September 2017, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566978372486011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=76, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=Alfonsi L, Cesaroni C, Hernandez-Pajares M, journalName=Earth, Planets and Space, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Alfonsi L , Cesaroni C , Hernandez-Pajares M , et al. Ionospheric Response to the 2020 Samos Earthquake and Tsunami[J]. Earth, Planets and Space, 2024, 76 (1), articleTitle=Ionospheric Response to the 2020 Samos Earthquake and Tsunami, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566978447983484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1995, volume=22, issue=9, pageStart=1045, pageEnd=1048, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=Calais E, Minster J B, journalName=Geophysical Research Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Calais E , Minster J B . GPS Detection of Ionospheric Perturbations Following the January 17, 1994, Northridge Earthquake[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1995, 22 (9): 1045- 1048, articleTitle=GPS Detection of Ionospheric Perturbations Following the January 17, 1994, Northridge Earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566978531869565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=111, issue=B9, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=Heki K, Otsuka Y, Choosakul N, journalName=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Heki K , Otsuka Y , Choosakul N , et al. Detection of Ruptures of Andaman Fault Segments in the 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake with Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2006, 111 (B9), articleTitle=Detection of Ruptures of Andaman Fault Segments in the 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake with Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566978632532862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=38, issue=6, pageStart=716, pageEnd=719, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=蔡华, 李子申, 王敏, journalName=武汉大学学报: 信息科学版, refType=null, unstructuredReference=蔡华, 李子申, 王敏, 等. 汶川MW7.9与日本MW9.0地震同震电离层扰动研究[J]. 武汉大学学报: 信息科学版, 2013, 38 (6): 716- 719, articleTitle=汶川MW7.9与日本MW9.0地震同震电离层扰动研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566978724807551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=38, issue=6, pageStart=716, pageEnd=719, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=15, authorNames=Cai Hua, Li Zishen, Wang Min, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Cai Hua , Li Zishen , Wang Min , et al. Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances of MW7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake and MW9.0 Japan Earthquake[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2013, 38 (6): 716- 719, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566980364780416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=38, issue=22, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=16, authorNames=Astafyeva E, Lognonné P, Rolland L, journalName=Geophysical Research Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Astafyeva E , Lognonné P , Rolland L . First Ionospheric Images of the Seismic Fault Slip on the Example of the Tohoku-Oki Earthquake[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, 38 (22), articleTitle=First Ionospheric Images of the Seismic Fault Slip on the Example of the Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566980469638017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=40, issue=9, pageStart=957, pageEnd=961, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=17, authorNames=马玉, 祝芙英, journalName=大地测量与地球动力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马玉, 祝芙英. 基于GPS TEC的尼泊尔MW7.8地震同震电离层扰动研究[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2020, 40 (9): 957- 961, articleTitle=基于GPS TEC的尼泊尔MW7.8地震同震电离层扰动研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566980553524098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=40, issue=9, pageStart=957, pageEnd=961, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=18, authorNames=Ma Yu, Zhu Fuying, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Ma Yu , Zhu Fuying . Research on Co-Seismic Ionospheric Disturbance Due to the Nepal MW7.8 Earthquake Based on GPS TEC[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2020, 40 (9): 957- 961, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566980633215876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=15, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=19, authorNames=Chen J H, Xiong P, Wu H C, journalName=Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Chen J H , Xiong P , Wu H C , et al. Pre-Seismic Anomalies and Co-Seismic Disturbance Induced by the 2024 MW7.1 Wushi Earthquake: Multi-GNSS Observations and Modeling[J]. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2024, 15 (1), articleTitle=Pre-Seismic Anomalies and Co-Seismic Disturbance Induced by the 2024 MW7.1 Wushi Earthquake: Multi-GNSS Observations and Modeling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566980725490565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=128, issue=9, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=20, authorNames=Maletckii B, Astafyeva E, Sanchez S A, journalName=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Maletckii B , Astafyeva E , Sanchez S A , et al. The 6 February 2023 Türkiye Earthquake Sequence as Detected in the Ionosphere[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 2023, 128 (9), articleTitle=The 6 February 2023 Türkiye Earthquake Sequence as Detected in the Ionosphere, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566980800988038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=61, issue=7, pageStart=939, pageEnd=943, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=21, authorNames=Astafyeva E, Heki K, journalName=Earth, Planets and Space, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Astafyeva E , Heki K . Dependence of Waveform of Near-Field Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances on Focal Mechanisms[J]. Earth, Planets and Space, 2009, 61 (7): 939- 943, articleTitle=Dependence of Waveform of Near-Field Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances on Focal Mechanisms, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566980872291207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=62, issue=11, pageStart=899, pageEnd=904, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=22, authorNames=Afraimovich E L, Feng D, Kiryushkin V V, journalName=Earth, Planets and Space, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Afraimovich E L , Feng D , Kiryushkin V V , et al. Near-Field TEC Response to the Main Shock of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake[J]. Earth, Planets and Space, 2010, 62 (11): 899- 904, articleTitle=Near-Field TEC Response to the Main Shock of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566980931011464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=49, issue=8, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=23, authorNames=Meng X, Ravanelli M, Komjathy A, journalName=Geophysical Research Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Meng X , Ravanelli M , Komjathy A , et al. On the North-South Asymmetry of Co-Seismic Ionospheric Disturbances during the 16 September 2015 Illapel M8.3 Earthquake[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2022, 49 (8), articleTitle=On the North-South Asymmetry of Co-Seismic Ionospheric Disturbances during the 16 September 2015 Illapel M8.3 Earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566981014897545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=640, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=24, authorNames=Heki K, journalName=Earth and Planetary Science Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Heki K . Decoding Multiple Source Signatures in Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances of the 2024 January MW7.5 Noto-Peninsula Earthquake, Central Japan[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2024, 640, articleTitle=Decoding Multiple Source Signatures in Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances of the 2024 January MW7.5 Noto-Peninsula Earthquake, Central Japan, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566981086200714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=45, issue=7, pageStart=758, pageEnd=765, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=25, authorNames=冯小欢, 罗亦泳, journalName=大地测量与地球动力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=冯小欢, 罗亦泳. 基于GPS TEC的2024-01-01日本能登半岛MW7.6地震同震电离层扰动分析[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025, 45 (7): 758- 765, articleTitle=基于GPS TEC的2024-01-01日本能登半岛MW7.6地震同震电离层扰动分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566981241389963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=45, issue=7, pageStart=758, pageEnd=765, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=26, authorNames=Feng Xiaohuan, Luo Yiyong, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Feng Xiaohuan , Luo Yiyong . Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances of Japan Noto Peninsula MW7.6 Earthquake on January 1, 2024 Based on GPS TEC[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025, 45 (7): 758- 765, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566981312693132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=75, issue=6, pageStart=4874, pageEnd=4885, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=27, authorNames=Ray S, Kundu B, Sahoo S, journalName=Advances in Space Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Ray S , Kundu B , Sahoo S , et al. Discerning Double Coseismic Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances Following the April 2024 Hualien Earthquake, from GNSS TEC[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2025, 75 (6): 4874- 4885, articleTitle=Discerning Double Coseismic Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances Following the April 2024 Hualien Earthquake, from GNSS TEC, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566981413356429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=17, issue=7, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=28, authorNames=Mao Z Q, Chen C H, Yisimayili A, journalName=Remote Sensing, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Mao Z Q , Chen C H , Yisimayili A , et al. Seismo-Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances from the 2024 Hualien Earthquake: Altitude-Dependent Propagation Insights[J]. Remote Sensing, 2025, 17 (7), articleTitle=Seismo-Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances from the 2024 Hualien Earthquake: Altitude-Dependent Propagation Insights, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566981493048206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=袁运斌. 基于GPS的电离层监测及延迟改正理论与方法的研究[D]. 武汉: 中国科学院测量与地球物理研究所, 2002, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566981576934287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yuan Yunbin. Study on Theories and Methods of Correcting Ionospheric Delay and Monitoring Ionosphere Based on GPS[D]. Wuhan: Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, CAS, 2002, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566981644043152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=9, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=31, authorNames=Bagiya M S, Sunil A S, Rolland L, journalName=Scientific Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Bagiya M S , Sunil A S , Rolland L , et al. Mapping the Impact of Non-Tectonic Forcing Mechanisms on GNSS Measured Coseismic Ionospheric Perturbations[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9, articleTitle=Mapping the Impact of Non-Tectonic Forcing Mechanisms on GNSS Measured Coseismic Ionospheric Perturbations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566981727929233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=122, issue=6, pageStart=6849, pageEnd=6857, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=32, authorNames=Bagiya M S, Sunil A S, Sunil P S, journalName=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Bagiya M S , Sunil A S , Sunil P S , et al. Efficiency of Coseismic Ionospheric Perturbations in Identifying Crustal Deformation Pattern: Case Study Based on MW7.3 may Nepal 2015 Earthquake[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 2017, 122 (6): 6849- 6857, articleTitle=Efficiency of Coseismic Ionospheric Perturbations in Identifying Crustal Deformation Pattern: Case Study Based on MW7.3 may Nepal 2015 Earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322566981795038098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=236, issue=3-4, pageStart=845, pageEnd=855, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=33, authorNames=Heki K, Ping J S, journalName=Earth and Planetary Science Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Heki K , Ping J S . Directivity and Apparent Velocity of the Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances Observed with a Dense GPS Array[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2005, 236 (3-4): 845- 855, articleTitle=Directivity and Apparent Velocity of the Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances Observed with a Dense GPS Array, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322566975499387757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, awardId=KJCXRC202400130, language=CN, fundingSource=湖北省战略人才培育项目(KJCXRC202400130), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322566975558108014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, awardId=U24A20603, language=CN, fundingSource=联合基金项目(U24A20603), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322566975637799791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, awardId=2023EHA004, language=CN, fundingSource=湖北省国际科技合作项目(2023EHA004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322566967710565162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967718953771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967731536684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322566967802839853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967811228462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967802839853, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967819617071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967802839853, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院大学, 北京, 100049)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322566971812594517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=GEONET and TGNS stations location, epicenters location and epicenter mechanism spheres, figureFileSmall=Dwi5Q9AYvCjL2FfYVluDaA==, figureFileBig=HCUeduy11gtdauyN8h669g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566971934229334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, label=图1, caption=GEONET和TGNS网络站点位置、震中位置和震源机制解, figureFileSmall=Dwi5Q9AYvCjL2FfYVluDaA==, figureFileBig=HCUeduy11gtdauyN8h669g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566972143944535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Variation of TEC monitored by G27, figureFileSmall=fkUqU61GCw/DqSAWDp3vAQ==, figureFileBig=AAuDCMe865c1hb3fwk30vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566972211053400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, label=图2, caption=G27号卫星监测到的STEC变化序列, figureFileSmall=fkUqU61GCw/DqSAWDp3vAQ==, figureFileBig=AAuDCMe865c1hb3fwk30vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566972307522393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Time-distance sequences and pierce point distributions of CsIDs from different GNSS satellites, figureFileSmall=dyrA4Npu/ohSh3exczsS/g==, figureFileBig=61ea36tnYJYwLsChmVwiEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566972412379994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同GNSS卫星CsIDs的时间-距离序列及穿刺点分布, figureFileSmall=dyrA4Npu/ohSh3exczsS/g==, figureFileBig=61ea36tnYJYwLsChmVwiEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566972504654683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Spatial evolution trend of CsIDs detected by multi-GNSS satellites, figureFileSmall=StxuR/Q9gimjRjPV/ow1+g==, figureFileBig=WTuc9YFxfMVtHXTUXKY7Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566972588540764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, label=图4, caption=多系统GNSS卫星探测到的CsIDs空间演变趋势, figureFileSmall=StxuR/Q9gimjRjPV/ow1+g==, figureFileBig=WTuc9YFxfMVtHXTUXKY7Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566972693398365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Evolutionary trend of ROTI from multi-GNSS satellites, figureFileSmall=SoAll0cX3zBGrJoNrnmu+Q==, figureFileBig=OFfmhZ+nmO6jKnIGvW1AQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566972752118622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, label=图5, caption=多系统GNSS卫星ROTI演变趋势, figureFileSmall=SoAll0cX3zBGrJoNrnmu+Q==, figureFileBig=OFfmhZ+nmO6jKnIGvW1AQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566972852781919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=STEC change sequences monitored by G27 satellite, figureFileSmall=uv4TGG1UcSRSHNQBCoXPzQ==, figureFileBig=1XeqhKAKiART3fBHQrNcww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566972949250912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, label=图6, caption=G27号卫星监测到的STEC变化序列, figureFileSmall=uv4TGG1UcSRSHNQBCoXPzQ==, figureFileBig=1XeqhKAKiART3fBHQrNcww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566973221880673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Time-distance sequences and pierce point distributions of CsIDs from different GNSS satellites, figureFileSmall=cDt7uNExrL+9SoPOZN015g==, figureFileBig=U/9PkfTSO3oHAVAHHHuyWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566973293183842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同GNSS卫星CsIDs的时间-距离序列及穿刺点分布, figureFileSmall=cDt7uNExrL+9SoPOZN015g==, figureFileBig=U/9PkfTSO3oHAVAHHHuyWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566973364487011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Spatial evolution trend of CsIDs detected by multi-GNSS satellites, figureFileSmall=0kyoGoVCbsBO3hlvjNDyRw==, figureFileBig=2UPI2TwCcWAnC7Y7jwglIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566973628728164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, label=图8, caption=多系统GNSS卫星探测到的CsIDs空间演变趋势, figureFileSmall=0kyoGoVCbsBO3hlvjNDyRw==, figureFileBig=2UPI2TwCcWAnC7Y7jwglIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566973687448421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Spatial evolution trend of CsIDs detected by E24 satellite, figureFileSmall=Fh/hs2JUHth2D9rndJwKAQ==, figureFileBig=Bq4ziTpsUg9kA+X3hhjJ1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566973783917414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, label=图9, caption=E24号卫星探测到的CsIDs空间演变趋势, figureFileSmall=Fh/hs2JUHth2D9rndJwKAQ==, figureFileBig=Bq4ziTpsUg9kA+X3hhjJ1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566973855220583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Spatial evolution trend of CsIDs detected by G16, G27, and R14 satellites, figureFileSmall=fHRXZH3eZpKP7iKFEiTrsg==, figureFileBig=8YR5mKYxWpTdIZJmvfwTuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566973947495272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, label=图10, caption=G16、G27和R14号卫星探测到的CsIDs空间演变趋势, figureFileSmall=fHRXZH3eZpKP7iKFEiTrsg==, figureFileBig=8YR5mKYxWpTdIZJmvfwTuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566975184814953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Finite fault model maps of two earthquakes, figureFileSmall=uhwG4qkDmj/bX2eKRqo/Uw==, figureFileBig=YJue0foGSCs4vZFXj0HM8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566975247729514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, label=图11, caption=2次地震的有限断层模型图, figureFileSmall=uhwG4qkDmj/bX2eKRqo/Uw==, figureFileBig=YJue0foGSCs4vZFXj0HM8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566975314838379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Global ionospheric TEC distribution in the region of the two earthquakes' epicenter, figureFileSmall=22WevCtGu0jH/WfoJrh74A==, figureFileBig=zm+bPqh8hDDoxfeYC4AgWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566975398724460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, language=CN, label=图12, caption=2次地震震中附近的全球电离层TEC分布, figureFileSmall=22WevCtGu0jH/WfoJrh74A==, figureFileBig=zm+bPqh8hDDoxfeYC4AgWg==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1281211523964080133, delFlag=0, nameCn=大地测量与地球动力学, nameEn=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1671-5942, eissn=null, cn=42-1655/P, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BeWo6OWOseISH6uPOmc2hA==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1783394231074, updatedTime=1788951966472, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=D, firstLetterEn=D, subjectCode=Science, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Science, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=BeWo6OWOseISH6uPOmc2hA==, picEn=YHLfVa8gITbOo0FeIjbLDg==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1304522356412666698, language=CN, name=大地测量与地球动力学, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788951966622, updatedTime=1788951966622, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://www.jgg09.com/journalx_ddcl/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=http://www.jgg09.com/journalx_ddcl/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=http://www.jgg09.com/journalx_ddcl/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1304522356576244555, language=EN, name=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788951966661, updatedTime=1788951966661, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://www.jgg09.com/journalx_ddcl/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=http://www.jgg09.com/journalx_ddcl/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=http://www.jgg09.com/journalx_ddcl/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1281212831689347082, websiteList=[Website(id=1281216327125799907, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1281212831689347082, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN, language=CN, createTime=1783395376235, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1783395439358, updateBy=18614031015, name=大地测量与地球动力学-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=大地测量与地球动力学, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1281216715371548758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327125799907, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1783395468800, updateTime=1783395468800, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216715346382931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327125799907, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1783395468794, updateTime=1783395468794, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216715400908889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327125799907, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1783395468807, updateTime=1783395468807, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216715333800018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327125799907, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/file/pic?fileId=87adUdwolRb6UqGo0QjlJQ==, createTime=1783395468791, updateTime=1783395468791, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216715421880411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327125799907, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1783395468812, updateTime=1783395468812, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216715363160149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327125799907, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/file/pic, createTime=1783395468798, updateTime=1783395468798, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216715409297498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327125799907, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1783395468809, updateTime=1783395468809, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216715358965844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327125799907, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1783395468797, updateTime=1783395468797, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216715384131671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327125799907, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1783395468803, updateTime=1783395468803, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216715392520280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327125799907, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1783395468805, updateTime=1783395468805, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1281216327713002474, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1281212831689347082, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/EN, language=EN, createTime=1783395376375, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1783395435863, updateBy=18614031015, name=大地测量与地球动力学-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1281216680483328066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327713002474, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1783395460482, updateTime=1783395460483, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216680453967935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327713002474, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1783395460475, updateTime=1783395460475, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216680521076805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327713002474, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1783395460491, updateTime=1783395460491, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216680437190718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327713002474, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/EN/file/pic?fileId=87adUdwolRb6UqGo0QjlJQ==, createTime=1783395460471, updateTime=1783395460471, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216680542048327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327713002474, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1783395460496, updateTime=1783395460496, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216680474939457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327713002474, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/EN/file/pic, createTime=1783395460480, updateTime=1783395460480, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216680533659718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327713002474, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1783395460494, updateTime=1783395460494, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216680462356544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327713002474, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1783395460477, updateTime=1783395460477, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216680495910979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327713002474, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1783395460485, updateTime=1783395460485, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1281216680508493892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1281216327713002474, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1783395460488, updateTime=1783395460488, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://www.jgg09.com/CN/home, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, journalPhotoCn=BeWo6OWOseISH6uPOmc2hA==, journalPhotoEn=YHLfVa8gITbOo0FeIjbLDg==, journalFirstLetter=D, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.099, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/EN/10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.099, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/PDF/10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.099, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/EN/PDF/10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.099, aliStartDate=0, aliEndDate=0, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1773504000000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
能登半岛与花莲地震同震电离层扰动传播特性分析
收藏切换
徐涵滢 1, 2 , 张亭 1, 2, * , 袁运斌 1 , 李敏 1 , 张文尧 1, 2
大地测量与地球动力学 | 特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026,46(3): 375-384
收起
收藏切换
大地测量与地球动力学 |特色栏目: 地震大地测量学 2026 , 46 (3) : 375 -384
能登半岛与花莲地震同震电离层扰动传播特性分析
全屏
[Author(id=1322566967882531633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xuhanying@apm.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322566967974806324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566967882531633, language=EN, stringName=Hanying XU, firstName=Hanying, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322566968075469621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566967882531633, language=CN, stringName=徐涵滢, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077
2 中国科学院大学, 北京, 100049, bio={"content":"

徐涵滢, 博士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS电离层建模与地震电离层效应研究, E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

徐涵滢, 博士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS电离层建模与地震电离层效应研究, E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322566967710565162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967718953771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967731536684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322566967802839853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967811228462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967802839853, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967819617071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967802839853, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院大学, 北京, 100049)])]), Author(id=1322566968163550007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhangting@apm.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322566968247436090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566968163550007, language=EN, stringName=Ting ZHANG, firstName=Ting, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322566968381653819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566968163550007, language=CN, stringName=张亭, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077
2 中国科学院大学, 北京, 100049, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322566967710565162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967718953771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967731536684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322566967802839853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967811228462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967802839853, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967819617071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967802839853, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院大学, 北京, 100049)])]), Author(id=1322566968486511421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322566968608146239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566968486511421, language=EN, stringName=Yunbin YUAN, firstName=Yunbin, middleName=null, lastName=YUAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322566968696226624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566968486511421, language=CN, stringName=袁运斌, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322566967710565162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967718953771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967731536684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077)])]), Author(id=1322566968784307010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322566969056936772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566968784307010, language=EN, stringName=Min LI, firstName=Min, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322566969128239941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566968784307010, language=CN, stringName=李敏, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322566967710565162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967718953771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967731536684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077)])]), Author(id=1322566969203737416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322566969279234891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566969203737416, language=EN, stringName=Wenyao ZHANG, firstName=Wenyao, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322566969367315276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, authorId=1322566969203737416, language=CN, stringName=张文尧, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077
2 中国科学院大学, 北京, 100049, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322566967710565162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967718953771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967731536684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967710565162, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322566967802839853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967811228462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967802839853, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566967819617071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566959414231822, companyId=1322566967802839853, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院大学, 北京, 100049)])])]
徐涵滢1, 2 , 张亭1, 2, * , 袁运斌1, 李敏1, 张文尧1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077
  • 2 中国科学院大学, 北京, 100049
通讯作者:
张亭, 博士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS电离层建模与扰动监测, E-mail:
作者简介:

徐涵滢, 博士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS电离层建模与地震电离层效应研究, E-mail:

Characteristics of Co-Seismic Ionospheric Disturbance Propagation between the Noto Peninsula and Hualien Earthquakes
Hanying XU1, 2 , Ting ZHANG1, 2, * , Yunbin YUAN1, Min LI1, Wenyao ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430077, China
  • 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.099
文章导航
收藏切换

基于日本GNSS连续观测系统(GEONET)和中国台湾地球物理观测网络(TGNS), 本文研究了2024-01-01日本能登半岛MW7.5和2024-04-02中国台湾花莲MW7.4地震引发的同震电离层扰动(CsIDs)传播特征, 比较并讨论了2次地震的CsIDs各向异性可能的原因。结果表明: 1)对于能登半岛地震, 地震激发的声波在8~9 min内传播至电离层F2层高度, 引发的CsIDs以约0.89 km/s的速度向震中东南方向传播, 最大振幅为0.768 TECu; 2 min的ROTI地图显示出比二维滤波STEC地图更高的敏感性, 可较快地监测到震中附近的电离层扰动。2)花莲地震的CsIDs同样由声波激发, 约8 min后到达电离层F2层高度, 最大振幅接近0.4 TECu。3)能登半岛地震引发的CsIDs传播方向与地磁场存在较强的联系, 而花莲地震引发的CsIDs由震源机制和地磁场共同影响。

全球导航卫星系统  /  总电子含量  /  地震  /  同震电离层扰动(CsIDs)

Based on the GNSS earth observation network system (GEONET) in Japan and the Taiwan geophysical network for seismology (TGNS) in China, this paper investigates the propagation characteristics of co-seismic ionospheric disturbance(CsIDs) triggered by the 1 January 2024 Noto Peninsula MW7.5 earthquake in Japan and the 2 April 2024 Hualien MW7.4 earthquake in Taiwan, China. Meanwhile, the reasons for the anisotropy of the CsIDs produced by the two earthquakes are discussed. The results show that: 1) For the Noto Peninsula earthquake, the seismically excited acoustic waves propagated to the height of the F2 layer of the ionosphere within 8 to 9 minutes, and the triggered CsIDs propagated to the southeast of the epicenter at a speed of ~0.89 km/s, with a maximum amplitude of 0.768 TECu. The 2-minute rate of TEC index (ROTI) maps show higher sensitivity than the 2D-filtered TEC maps. 2) The CsIDs of the Hualien earthquake were also excited by acoustic waves and reached the height of the F2 layer of the ionosphere after ~8 minutes, with a maximum amplitude close to 0.4 TECu. 3) The propagation direction of the CsIDs triggered by the Noto Peninsula earthquake was strongly linked to the geomagnetic field, whereas those triggered by the Hualien earthquake were influenced by both the source mechanism and the geomagnetic field.

GNSS  /  total electron content  /  earthquakes  /  co-seismic ionospheric disturbance (CsIDs)
徐涵滢, 张亭, 袁运斌, 李敏, 张文尧. 能登半岛与花莲地震同震电离层扰动传播特性分析. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (3) : 375 -384 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.099
Hanying XU, Ting ZHANG, Yunbin YUAN, Min LI, Wenyao ZHANG. Characteristics of Co-Seismic Ionospheric Disturbance Propagation between the Noto Peninsula and Hualien Earthquakes[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (3) : 375 -384 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.099
地震是一种突发性地球物理现象,其影响不仅局限于地表破坏和地壳应力释放,还会通过复杂的地震-大气耦合作用传递至更高层的大气和电离层,引发电离层扰动现象[1]。地震产生的地面震动可以在大气中激发声波和内部重力波,这些波在向上传播的过程中会因大气密度的减小而放大。当大气重力波到达电离层高度时,移动的中性粒子与电离层等离子体粒子碰撞,导致电子密度产生波动[2-3],即同震电离层扰动(CsIDs),通常在地震发生后约8~9 min被检测到。目前,数字测高仪、多普勒测深仪、非相干散射雷达及GNSS技术等均可探测到CsIDs现象[4-12],其中GNSS技术具备高空间覆盖率和高连续性的特点,在地震电离层研究中应用广泛。自Calais等[13]首次使用GPS数据发现美国加利福尼亚地震后电离层TEC异常现象以来,大量研究确立了CsIDs扰动幅值与地震震级间的强相关性,且证实该方法可探测的最低震级为MW5.6[14-19]。除地震震级外,CsIDs的特性受多个因素影响[20-22],因此深入理解CsIDs特征的关键在于综合考量震源过程信息与复杂空间环境(尤其是地磁场和背景电离层状态)的共同作用。
UT 2024-01-01 07:10:09日本能登半岛发生7.5级地震,与东部相比,日本西部的地震发生频率较低,此次MW7.5地震为浅层地震,产生的能量更靠近地表。中国台湾省花莲县在UT 2024-04-02 23:58:12发生7.4级地震,震中深度34.8 km。许多学者针对2次地震的CsIDs进行了详细分析与讨论[23-26],但研究多聚焦于单个事件,且以定性分析为主,缺乏区域间对比和传播机制的深入解析。本文基于地基密集GNSS观测数据,系统分析了2024年能登半岛和花莲地震引发的CsIDs特征,首次在同一研究框架下对比2起近时段、不同构造背景下的强震事件中CsIDs的传播方向性与扰动演化差异,重点揭示了扰动传播的方向性差异及其与震源机制、地磁场方向之间的关系,为理解震源机制、地磁条件等因素对电离层扰动的影响提供了新的视角。
基于日本GNSS连续观测系统(GEONET)和中国台湾地球物理观测网络(TGNS)的原始观测数据,本文使用载波相位平滑伪距(CCL)方法计算得到多系统GNSS的倾斜总电子含量(STEC),如式(1)[27]所示。式中解算的TEC包含接收机和卫星的差分码偏差,在1 d中该偏差可视为常数,本文主要考虑了STEC的相对变化量,故未扣除接收机和卫星的DCB。根据IRI 2020模型计算2次地震震中上空的F2层峰值高度,能登区域最优电离层薄层高度为240 km,花莲区域则约为260 km。低高度角的卫星测量中包含了多路径效应,本文将高度角阈值设为15°,以消除大部分的多路径误差。获取STEC相对变化量后,利用Savitzky-Golay(S-G)滤波方法平滑原始STEC序列,扣除STEC的趋势项后得到差分STEC,以研究地震-电离层效应及CsIDs演变特征。
$\begin{gathered}\mathrm{STEC}= \\\frac{L_{1, 2}-\left\langle P_{1, 2}+L_{1, 2}\right\rangle-c \cdot\left(\mathrm{DCB}_{r, 1, 2}+\mathrm{DCB}^{s, 1, 2}\right)}{40.3 \cdot\left(f_1^{-2}-f_2^{-2}\right)}\end{gathered}$
$\mathrm{dTEC}=\mathrm{STEC}_{\mathrm{obs}}-\mathrm{STEC}_{\mathrm{S}-\mathrm{G}}$
式中,r、s分别为接收机和卫星;P1, 2为L1和L2频率的测码伪距无几何组合观测量;L1, 2为测相伪距无几何组合观测量;〈·〉表示连续弧段内的平均值;dTEC为差分STEC;STECobs与STECS-G分别为STEC的观测值与利用S-G滤波方法平滑得到的STEC序列。
由于日本区域GNSS测站较为密集,因此对于能登地震的电离层扰动,本文给出了区域电离层TEC变化率指数(ROTI)的传播特征。ROTI的计算公式为:
$\mathrm{ROT}=\frac{\mathrm{STEC}_i^k-\mathrm{STEC}_{i-1}^k}{t_i-t_{i-1}}$
$\mathrm{ROTI}=\sqrt{\left\langle\mathrm{ROT}^2\right\rangle-\langle\mathrm{ROT}\rangle^2}$
式中,ROT表示STEC的时间变化率,单位为TECu/min;i表示第i个历元;k表示卫星号。在以往不同尺度的电离层行扰研究中通常使用5 min间隔的STEC测量值计算ROTI,由于地震产生的电离层扰动在时间频域变化较快,因此本文使用2 min间隔的STEC数据计算ROTI,进而快速捕捉CsIDs扰动特征。
图 1为日本GEONET和中国台湾TGNS的GNSS站点位置、2次地震的震中位置及地震的震源机制解。
图 2为GPS第27颗卫星(G27)在12个GNSS站上空的STEC时序变化特征,其中红色竖线表示地震发生时刻,蓝色虚线表示经S-G滤波处理的差分结果,橙色实线则为基于S-G滤波差分结果的二阶差分曲线,以突出STEC的时变特征,蓝字为给出的GNSS站与震中的距离、对应的方位角信息及电离层STEC的初始响应时刻。从图 2可以明显发现,电离层STEC呈现明显的N型波动,且响应时间与震中距相关,STEC变化的幅度也不同。总体来说,12个GNSS站的STEC呈先增大后减小的趋势,波动幅度为0.2~0.3 TECu;方位角显示,震中附近STEC扰动是向东南方向传播的。
在以往的电离层扰动研究中,时变特征分析(一维时间序列)和空间分布特征(二维空间变化)是展示扰动量级、时间及位置的主要手段。其中,时间-距离扰动图能有效揭示电离层扰动在时间和距离上的演变趋势,如图 3(a)所示,多卫星系统探测到的CsIDs呈现一致性传播特征,图中红色竖线表示地震发生时刻,灰色虚线表示基于CsIDs传播特性的线性拟合结果,其与时间轴的截距即为地震引发电离层扰动的开始时刻,拟合斜率即为CsIDs的传播速度。为更直观地展示GNSS卫星在研究区域的空间分布情况,图 3(b)为分析时段(UT 07:00—08:00)内的电离层穿刺点轨迹(IPP)。由图 3可知,地震当天的GNSS卫星序列中,G16、G26、G27、R09、R19、E24、E31、E33号卫星及QZSS系统的J02号准天顶卫星均监测到相似的CsIDs时间演变特征。其中,GNSS卫星监测的STEC扰动均超过0.5 TECu,就CsIDs传播速度而言,9颗GNSS卫星观测到的平均速度约为0.89 km/s,传播速度最小的为G26星,约0.80 km/s,最大的为E33星,约1.03 km/s,该速度范围与大气声重波理论值相符,证实扰动源自地震激发的声重波向电离层的传输过程,与Heki[23]的研究结果一致。图 3(a)中灰色拟合直线与时间轴的交点大致时刻为UT 07:18,说明在地震发生后8~9 min内电离层开始出现显著STEC扰动,这一现象符合典型CsIDs的时空演化规律。
根据图 3出现明显CsIDs的GNSS卫星,在空间上展示地震后电离层扰动的二维演变趋势(图 4)。由图 4可知,UT 07:20之前,背景电离层并非处于平静状态,而是存在2类中尺度电离层行扰:1)沿北-南方向传播;2)呈西北-东南走向。从UT 07:20开始,CsIDs最大约为0.5 TECu,呈以震中为中心的径向扩散模式,此时CsIDs的最外层波状结构大约位于震中距100 km的位置(图中虚线圆圈)。以图 3得出的初始电离层扰动时间与CsIDs的行进速度平均值计算,从震中传播至100 km的时间约为2 min,符合UT 07:20展现的CsIDs特征。在UT 07:22,CsIDs进一步扩散至远离震中的位置,最大dTEC为0.768 TECu,CsIDs的最外层波状结构行进至距震中约200 km的位置,除正异常波状结构外,在距震中约100 km的位置出现了负异常环状波状结构,引起的最大电离层损耗超过0.3 TECu。UT 07:22—07:24,CsIDs继续向外扩散,最外层波状结构距震中约600 km,电离层负异常环状结构也逐渐远离震中,向外扩散至300 km的位置。在UT 07:26,受GNSS观测网空间覆盖限制,仅发现了负异常环状结构,且震中至电离层损耗区域未出现新的CsIDs结构。UT 07:30之后,电离层TEC的变化逐渐趋近正常。
除二维STEC扰动分析方法外,本文进一步引入电离层扰动指数ROTI,即STEC变化率ROT的标准差,该指数可有效表征电离层短尺度扰动的时空特征。由图 5可知,ROTI指数的时空变化趋势与图 4的CsIDs演变趋势具有一定的一致性,不同的是,UT 07:18震中附近ROTI开始增大至约0.2 TECu/min,可明显探测到地震引发的电离层TEC扰动情况,有效弥补了图 4中震中区CsIDs信号缺失的观测盲区。UT 07:18—07:22,ROTI的数值不断增大,最大值超过了0.5 TECu/min,且变化的区域以环状向外扩散。在UT 07:24,ROTI降至约0.2 TECu/min,之后持续衰减,并于UT 07:30回归背景噪声水平。
与能登半岛地震的GNSS数据处理方式一致,针对UT 2024-04-02 23:58:12中国台湾花莲县MW7.4地震,基于TGNS观测网络和部分GEONET观测网的GNSS数据分析其产生的地震-电离层效应。图 6给出了12个GNSS站G27号卫星监测到的STEC变化时间序列,STEC波动峰值接近0.3 TECu,平均扰动强度约为0.2 TECu,同样可以观测到典型的N型波动,根据方位角分布,距震中200 km范围内的STEC扰动主要沿东北-西南方向传播。
图 7(a)为G04、G27、R04和E05号卫星CsIDs的时间-距离序列,其中时间轴表示UT 2023-04-03 00:00—00:20,图 7(b)为分析时段内的IPP轨迹。需要说明的是,由于地震发生在前一天,故未在图中表示地震发生时刻。与能登地震不同,由于GNSS站数量较少,花莲地震监测到的CsIDs并不明显,4颗卫星得到的平均传播速度约为0.87 km/s,同样处于大气声重波传播理论范围,表明地震激发的声重波是导致电离层电子密度扰动的主要驱动机制。根据CsIDs的传播速度,计算得到震中上方产生电离层扰动的时间约为UT 00:06:30,说明在地震发生约8 min后,声波产生的能量传播至电离层区域,进而产生电离层扰动。
图 8为花莲地震后电离层扰动的二维演变趋势,黑色虚线由内向外分别表示震中距100 km、200 km和500 km。由于震中位于低纬度地区,背景电离层较为活跃,即使在未发生地震-电离层效应的情况下也存在约0.2 TECu的扰动,如UT 00:06。但该扰动可能是大范围长时序的TID,与日本区域的MSTIDs类似,因此地震引发的短时电离层TEC扰动仍可以被监测到。根据图 6和图 7得到的CsIDs发生时刻及传播速度,可以在UT 00:10距震中200 km的位置发现CsIDs正异常波状结构,最大值超过0.2 TECu。在UT 00:12,CsIDs正异常波状结构传播至距震中400~500 km的位置,且在距震中200 km处出现了CsIDs负异常波状结构,UT 00:12—00:16,CsIDs负异常逐渐向西南方向扩散,最大值接近0.4 TECu。
在地震-电离层效应部分,本文分析了日本能登半岛MW7.5和中国台湾MW7.4地震产生的声波传输至电离层进而引发的CsIDs。首先是能登半岛地震,根据图 1中GNSS站相对于震中的方位角信息和图 3中CsIDs的传播路径可以判定,初始CsIDs传播方向为西北-东南,之后以近环形向南和东南方向传播,并没有出现以环形向四周扩散的CsIDs,呈现传播的不对称性。花莲地震似乎也出现了这种传播特征,根据方位角和二维CsIDs传播路径,花莲地震引发的CsIDs传播方向为东北-西南向。为排除因GNSS卫星穿刺点(IPP点)分布导致未监测到2次地震产生的CsIDs反向传播特征的情况,本文给出了能登地震E24号卫星和花莲地震G16、G27和R14号卫星的二维空间扰动图(图 9和图 10)。E24号卫星监测的二维CsIDs正异常波状结构在UT 07:20位于震中东南方向,然而西北方向却没有类似的现象,同样的特征也出现在UT 07:22,震中西北方向没有显著的负异常波状结构。
图 10显示,在UT 00:10,花莲地震引发的CsIDs正异常波状结构仅出现在震中西南方向,同震中距的东北方向没有出现正异常波状结构,UT 00:12仍未监测到负异常波状结构。之前的研究表明,GNSS卫星IPP点的几何结构会影响CsIDs的振幅,然而图 9和图 10中的同一颗卫星的IPP点同样没有监测到与CsIDs的反向传播的特征,推测与IPP点几何结构关系不明显。
本文在USGS上获得了2次地震的有限断层模型图,具体见图 11。能登半岛地震的震源机制表明,断层发生在西南-东北方向冲击的倾斜的逆断层上,根据图 11(a)可知,滑移主要分布在震中西南方向,导致西南方向破裂释放出巨大能量,GNSS站水平位移方向主要为西或西北方向,且出现了大于1 m的垂直隆起,断层的上盘和下盘相对滑动,破裂方向为东南向,这与CsIDs传播方向相同。花莲地震的震源机制表明,破裂发生在东北-西南走向、中度倾斜的反向断层上,图 11(b)展示的滑移主要分布在震中东北方向,GNSS站水平位移较能登半岛地震小,断层的上盘和下盘相对滑动,破裂方向为南向,就滑移破裂方向与CsIDs的传播方向来看,CsIDs也呈现出与滑移同向传播的特征。
除地震的震源机制导致CsIDs传播方向呈各向异性外,地震时的背景电离层电子密度也会影响CsIDs的特征。Bagiya等[28]指出,如背景电离密度高,对应的电子密度梯度会增大。图 12给出了2次地震最近时刻的全球电离层TEC地图(CODE GIM),可以发现,能登半岛地震震中南侧的TEC较大,这应该是电离层赤道异常(EIA)的北波峰,根据Bagiya等[29]的研究,这种情况会使CsIDs向北传播的可能性降低。然而对于花莲地震,虽然震中位于EIA的北波峰区域,但地震时刻EIA波峰未到达震中附近,使图 12中展示的TEC梯度并不明显,反而在震中北部的梯度较大,说明CsIDs传播的方向与其相关性不明显。
由于地球磁场的存在,使地震产生的CsIDs在不同区域的传播方向不一致,在北半球中纬度区域呈现向北传播的衰减[30],根据IGRF13模型计算的能登半岛地震震中磁偏角为-8.78°,磁倾角为52.24°,花莲地震震中的磁偏角为-4.78°,磁倾角为35.43°。图 12给出了震中附近磁场矢量B在地球表面的投影,能登半岛地震磁场矢量B方向与其CsIDs的南向传播是相反的,这与Heki等[30]的研究结果相符,说明地磁场主要影响了CsIDs各向异性。而在花莲地震中,若地磁场主要控制电离层扰动的传播方向,那么按照磁场矢量B的方向,CsIDs应主要在正南或偏东南方向,但GNSS观测表明,CsIDs在震中西南方向的振幅最大,结合震源机制判断,花莲地震的CsIDs传播特征应是断层破裂和地磁场共同作用的结果。
基于密集的GNSS站数据,本文分析了2024-01-01日本能登半岛MW7.5和2024-04-02中国台湾花莲MW7.4地震引发的CsIDs传播特征,比较并讨论了2次地震的CsIDs各向异性的可能原因。对于能登半岛地震,地震激发的声重波在8~9 min内传播至电离层F2层高度,引发的CsIDs以约0.89 km/s的速度向震中东南方向传播,振幅峰值为0.768 TECu,GNSS卫星可以清晰捕捉到CsIDs的典型N波结构。2 min的ROTI地图显示出比二维滤波STEC地图更高的敏感性,可较快监测到震中附近的电离层扰动。花莲地震的CsIDs同样由声重波激发,震后约8 min到达电离层F2层高度,最大振幅接近0.4 TECu。
结合2次地震的震源机制、卫星观测的几何结构、震中附近地磁场条件及背景电离层TEC分布发现,能登半岛地震引发的CsIDs传播方向与地磁场存在较强的相关性,而花莲地震引发的CsIDs主要往东南方向传播,判断该CsIDs的各向异性是震源破裂方向与地磁场共同作用产生的结果。
  • 湖北省战略人才培育项目(KJCXRC202400130)
  • 联合基金项目(U24A20603)
  • 湖北省国际科技合作项目(2023EHA004)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
Artru J , Lognonné P , Blanc E . Normal Modes Modelling of Post-Seismic Ionospheric Oscillations[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2001, 28 (4): 697- 700
2
Astafyeva E . Ionospheric Detection of Natural Hazards[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 2019, 57 (4): 1265- 1288
3
Huang C S , Lu G , Zhang Y L , et al. Ionospheric Dynamics and Applications[M]. America: American Geophysical Union, 2021
4
Liu J Y , Sun Y Y . Seismo-Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances of Ionograms Observed during the 2011 MW9.0 Tohoku Earthquake[J]. Earth, Planets and Space, 2011, 63 (7)
5
Liu J Y , Chen C H , Sun Y Y , et al. The Vertical Propagation of Disturbances Triggered by Seismic Waves of the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Tohoku Earthquake over Taiwan[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2016, 43 (4): 1759- 1765
6
Zhao S F , Shen X H , Zhima Z R , et al. The Very Low-Frequency Transmitter Radio Wave Anomalies Related to the 2010 MS7.1 Yushu Earthquake Observed by the DEMETER Satellite and the Possible Mechanism[J]. Annales Geophysicae, 2020, 38 (5): 969- 981
7
Kelley M C , Livingston R , McCready M . Large Amplitude Thermospheric Oscillations Induced by an Earthquake[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1985, 12 (9): 577- 580
8
Occhipinti G , Dorey P , Farges T , et al. Nostradamus: The Radar that Wanted to Be a Seismometer[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2010, 37 (18)
9
Bourdillon A , Occhipinti G , Molinié J P , et al. HF Radar Detection of Infrasonic Waves Generated in the Ionosphere by the 28 March 2005 Sumatra Earthquake[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 2014, 109, 75- 79
10
Xie T , Chen B Y , Wu L X , et al. Detecting Seismo-Ionospheric Anomalies Possibly Associated with the 2019 Ridgecrest (California) Earthquakes by GNSS, CSES, and Swarm Observations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 2021, 126 (9)
11
Marchetti D , Akhoondzadeh M . Analysis of Swarm Satellites Data Showing Seismo-Ionospheric Anomalies around the Time of the Strong Mexico (MW=8.2) Earthquake of 08 September 2017[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2018, 62 (3): 614- 623
12
Alfonsi L , Cesaroni C , Hernandez-Pajares M , et al. Ionospheric Response to the 2020 Samos Earthquake and Tsunami[J]. Earth, Planets and Space, 2024, 76 (1)
13
Calais E , Minster J B . GPS Detection of Ionospheric Perturbations Following the January 17, 1994, Northridge Earthquake[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1995, 22 (9): 1045- 1048
14
Heki K , Otsuka Y , Choosakul N , et al. Detection of Ruptures of Andaman Fault Segments in the 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake with Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2006, 111 (B9)
15
蔡华, 李子申, 王敏, 等. 汶川MW7.9与日本MW9.0地震同震电离层扰动研究[J]. 武汉大学学报: 信息科学版, 2013, 38 (6): 716- 719
Cai Hua , Li Zishen , Wang Min , et al. Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances of MW7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake and MW9.0 Japan Earthquake[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2013, 38 (6): 716- 719
16
Astafyeva E , Lognonné P , Rolland L . First Ionospheric Images of the Seismic Fault Slip on the Example of the Tohoku-Oki Earthquake[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, 38 (22)
17
马玉, 祝芙英. 基于GPS TEC的尼泊尔MW7.8地震同震电离层扰动研究[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2020, 40 (9): 957- 961
Ma Yu , Zhu Fuying . Research on Co-Seismic Ionospheric Disturbance Due to the Nepal MW7.8 Earthquake Based on GPS TEC[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2020, 40 (9): 957- 961
18
Chen J H , Xiong P , Wu H C , et al. Pre-Seismic Anomalies and Co-Seismic Disturbance Induced by the 2024 MW7.1 Wushi Earthquake: Multi-GNSS Observations and Modeling[J]. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2024, 15 (1)
19
Maletckii B , Astafyeva E , Sanchez S A , et al. The 6 February 2023 Türkiye Earthquake Sequence as Detected in the Ionosphere[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 2023, 128 (9)
20
Astafyeva E , Heki K . Dependence of Waveform of Near-Field Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances on Focal Mechanisms[J]. Earth, Planets and Space, 2009, 61 (7): 939- 943
21
Afraimovich E L , Feng D , Kiryushkin V V , et al. Near-Field TEC Response to the Main Shock of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake[J]. Earth, Planets and Space, 2010, 62 (11): 899- 904
22
Meng X , Ravanelli M , Komjathy A , et al. On the North-South Asymmetry of Co-Seismic Ionospheric Disturbances during the 16 September 2015 Illapel M8.3 Earthquake[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2022, 49 (8)
23
Heki K . Decoding Multiple Source Signatures in Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances of the 2024 January MW7.5 Noto-Peninsula Earthquake, Central Japan[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2024, 640
24
冯小欢, 罗亦泳. 基于GPS TEC的2024-01-01日本能登半岛MW7.6地震同震电离层扰动分析[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025, 45 (7): 758- 765
Feng Xiaohuan , Luo Yiyong . Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances of Japan Noto Peninsula MW7.6 Earthquake on January 1, 2024 Based on GPS TEC[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025, 45 (7): 758- 765
25
Ray S , Kundu B , Sahoo S , et al. Discerning Double Coseismic Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances Following the April 2024 Hualien Earthquake, from GNSS TEC[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2025, 75 (6): 4874- 4885
26
Mao Z Q , Chen C H , Yisimayili A , et al. Seismo-Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances from the 2024 Hualien Earthquake: Altitude-Dependent Propagation Insights[J]. Remote Sensing, 2025, 17 (7)
27
袁运斌. 基于GPS的电离层监测及延迟改正理论与方法的研究[D]. 武汉: 中国科学院测量与地球物理研究所, 2002
Yuan Yunbin. Study on Theories and Methods of Correcting Ionospheric Delay and Monitoring Ionosphere Based on GPS[D]. Wuhan: Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, CAS, 2002
28
Bagiya M S , Sunil A S , Rolland L , et al. Mapping the Impact of Non-Tectonic Forcing Mechanisms on GNSS Measured Coseismic Ionospheric Perturbations[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9
29
Bagiya M S , Sunil A S , Sunil P S , et al. Efficiency of Coseismic Ionospheric Perturbations in Identifying Crustal Deformation Pattern: Case Study Based on MW7.3 may Nepal 2015 Earthquake[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 2017, 122 (6): 6849- 6857
30
Heki K , Ping J S . Directivity and Apparent Velocity of the Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances Observed with a Dense GPS Array[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2005, 236 (3-4): 845- 855
2026年第46卷第3期
43
18
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.099
  • 接收时间:2025-03-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-03-27
基金
湖北省战略人才培育项目(KJCXRC202400130)
联合基金项目(U24A20603)
湖北省国际科技合作项目(2023EHA004)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院精密大地测量与定位全国重点实验室, 武汉, 430077
    2 中国科学院大学, 北京, 100049

通讯作者:

张亭, 博士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS电离层建模与扰动监测, E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.099
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏