Article(id=1322566975700709535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322566927927591451, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.092, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742745600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793254139113, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793254139113, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793254139113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793254139113, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322566927927591451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='262', pageEnd='391', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793254127723, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793254127723, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=290, endPage=297, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322566975864287392, articleId=1322566975700709535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Astronomical Coordinate Solution of Rotation Axis of Zenith Camera with Ultra-Large Field of View, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problems that approximate solution accuracy of the existing coordinate mean method is insufficient, and the conversion relationship between image coordinate system and tangent plane coordinate system of celestial sphere cannot be applied to large field of view, we develop an algorithm model for precise calculation of astronomical coordinates of rotation axis of zenith camera with ultra-large field of view. Based on the shafting deviation between the main optical axis and rotation axis, we construct a spherical triangle pointing to the north celestial pole and the two shafting systems, and construct a precise solution model of astronomical coordinates pointing to rotation axis based on spherical coordinates. The simulation results show that when the latitude coordinate pointed by the main optical axis is less than 80°, the calculation error of latitude coordinate is less than 1″, the calculation error of azimuth angle is less than 5″ and the calculation error of height angle is less than 0.4″, the calculation error of astronomical coordinate pointed by rotation axis is less than 1″.

, authors=Bin XU1, Lei ZHAO1, Qi LUO1, Zengqiang WU1, Jiadong LANG1, authorsList=Bin XU, Lei ZHAO, Qi LUO, Zengqiang WU, Jiadong LANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322566980897452211, articleId=1322566975700709535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=超大视场天顶仪旋转轴天文坐标解算, columnId=1281909276545356011, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对现有坐标均值法近似求解精度不足、图像坐标系与天球切平面坐标系之间的转换关系无法适用于大视场的问题, 建立一种适用于超大视场天顶仪旋转轴天文坐标精密解算的算法模型。借助主光轴与旋转轴的轴系偏差, 在天球上构建北天极与2个轴系指向的球面三角形, 基于球面坐标构建旋转轴指向天文坐标的精密求解模型。仿真实验结果表明, 当主光轴指向的纬度坐标小于80°, 纬度坐标计算误差小于1″, 方位角计算误差小于5″, 高度角计算误差小于0.4″时, 旋转轴指向天文坐标解算误差在1″以内。

, authors=徐彬1, 赵磊1, 罗琪1, 吴增强1, 郎家栋1, authorsList=徐彬, 赵磊, 罗琪, 吴增强, 郎家栋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

徐彬, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为天文大地测量, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=QEVXBkfjULxk7sCLMBqsKg==, magXml=DwQ5NOQU5eQAd89MrJlcAw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=hicO5X2TF1gtr3ikffLEzg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=dGqhlArrUG4hYOg9mvOfNg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322566981363019960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566975700709535, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xlx29365@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322566981455294650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566975700709535, authorId=1322566981363019960, language=EN, stringName=Bin XU, firstName=Bin, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, Jiuquan 732750, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322566981702758588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566975700709535, authorId=1322566981363019960, language=CN, stringName=徐彬, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 中国酒泉卫星发射中心, 酒泉, 732750, bio={"content":"

徐彬, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为天文大地测量, E-mail:

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徐彬, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为天文大地测量, E-mail:

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超大视场天顶仪旋转轴天文坐标解算
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徐彬 1 , 赵磊 1 , 罗琪 1 , 吴增强 1 , 郎家栋 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 大地测量学 2026,46(3): 290-297
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大地测量与地球动力学 |大地测量学 2026 , 46 (3) : 290 -297
超大视场天顶仪旋转轴天文坐标解算
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徐彬1 , 赵磊1, 罗琪1, 吴增强1, 郎家栋1
作者信息
  • 1 中国酒泉卫星发射中心, 酒泉, 732750
作者简介:

徐彬, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为天文大地测量, E-mail:

Astronomical Coordinate Solution of Rotation Axis of Zenith Camera with Ultra-Large Field of View
Bin XU1 , Lei ZHAO1, Qi LUO1, Zengqiang WU1, Jiadong LANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, Jiuquan 732750, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.092
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针对现有坐标均值法近似求解精度不足、图像坐标系与天球切平面坐标系之间的转换关系无法适用于大视场的问题, 建立一种适用于超大视场天顶仪旋转轴天文坐标精密解算的算法模型。借助主光轴与旋转轴的轴系偏差, 在天球上构建北天极与2个轴系指向的球面三角形, 基于球面坐标构建旋转轴指向天文坐标的精密求解模型。仿真实验结果表明, 当主光轴指向的纬度坐标小于80°, 纬度坐标计算误差小于1″, 方位角计算误差小于5″, 高度角计算误差小于0.4″时, 旋转轴指向天文坐标解算误差在1″以内。

主光轴  /  旋转轴  /  天文坐标  /  球面坐标法

Aiming at the problems that approximate solution accuracy of the existing coordinate mean method is insufficient, and the conversion relationship between image coordinate system and tangent plane coordinate system of celestial sphere cannot be applied to large field of view, we develop an algorithm model for precise calculation of astronomical coordinates of rotation axis of zenith camera with ultra-large field of view. Based on the shafting deviation between the main optical axis and rotation axis, we construct a spherical triangle pointing to the north celestial pole and the two shafting systems, and construct a precise solution model of astronomical coordinates pointing to rotation axis based on spherical coordinates. The simulation results show that when the latitude coordinate pointed by the main optical axis is less than 80°, the calculation error of latitude coordinate is less than 1″, the calculation error of azimuth angle is less than 5″ and the calculation error of height angle is less than 0.4″, the calculation error of astronomical coordinate pointed by rotation axis is less than 1″.

main optical axis  /  rotation axis  /  astronomical coordinate  /  spherical coordinate method
徐彬, 赵磊, 罗琪, 吴增强, 郎家栋. 超大视场天顶仪旋转轴天文坐标解算. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (3) : 290 -297 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.092
Bin XU, Lei ZHAO, Qi LUO, Zengqiang WU, Jiadong LANG. Astronomical Coordinate Solution of Rotation Axis of Zenith Camera with Ultra-Large Field of View[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (3) : 290 -297 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.092
数字化天顶仪是一种高精度的自动化天文定位仪器[1-2]。国外自20世纪80年代已经开始研究模拟天顶仪,后续不断发展完善成数字天顶仪,实现自动化、高精度的实时测量,定位精度可达0.1″,研究较为全面和成熟[3-8];国内起步较晚,目前集成研发的数字天顶仪设备在理想天气条件下,测量精度可达0.2″~0.3″[9]。由于轴系偏差的存在,数字天顶仪的定位过程包含旋转轴天文坐标解算与倾角补偿2个过程,最终得到测站铅垂线方向的天文经纬度[10-15]。
对于数字天顶仪旋转轴指向天文坐标解算,曾志雄等[16]证明将对称位置主光轴指向的天文坐标取均值后,可解算出旋转轴指向的天文坐标值,但解算结果为旋转轴指向天文坐标的近似值;张华伟等[17]进行相关研究,但主要体现在理论上,并未结合具体模型进行具体的推导和研究。翟广卿等[18]根据对称位置拍摄的天顶恒星影像,利用天体方向较差测量的基本原理,将数字天顶仪的旋转轴中心内插至测站天顶星场,直接解算旋转轴指向的天文坐标。张志利等[19]研究认为,在四参数模型基础上,采用对称位置的2幅星图直接解算出旋转轴指向的天文坐标,无需进行主光轴与旋转轴之间的补偿。上述研究都是立足于小视场数字天顶仪展开的,且借助于天球切平面坐标的近似假设来实现。由于小视场数字天顶仪无法获得与精密定位相匹配的定向测量结果,为同时满足精密定位定向的需求,研制超大视场天顶仪将是一种有效的方法。大视场会使主光轴与旋转轴之间的轴系夹角增大,导致切平面坐标系内的轴系关系无法准确反映天球上的轴系关系,此时借助切平面坐标系解算的旋转轴指向天文坐标,会严重偏离旋转轴指向坐标的真实值,为此有必要探究新的旋转轴指向天文坐标精密求解方法,以满足大视场天顶仪的需求。
本文聚焦于旋转轴天文坐标的解算,不借助轴系指向在天球上的切平面坐标系,而是立足于主光轴与旋转轴之间的轴系偏差,在天球上构建天极与2个轴系指向的球面坐标关系,推导建立旋转轴指向天文坐标的精密求解算法模型。球面坐标法在进行旋转轴指向天文坐标解算时采用的是经严密推导得到的公式,可克服坐标均值法近似处理的不足,避免切平面坐标系的使用,能弥补天体方向较差测量法及四参数法无法适用于大视场的缺陷。
数字天顶仪的实测星图经过星图预处理、星点提取、星图识别等处理过程,可实现天文定位解算,得到的天文坐标实际是测量设备主光轴指向的天文坐标[16],并不是测站铅垂线的天文坐标。通过测量设备旋转轴可将主光轴与铅垂线联系起来。因此,实现测站铅垂线方向坐标的解算,关键在于测量设备旋转轴指向天文坐标的解算。针对该问题,许多学者进行相关研究,主要的求解方法可归纳为以下3种。
对于小视场天顶仪旋转轴天文坐标的求解,将对称位置主光轴的天文坐标取均值后,可解算出旋转轴的天文坐标值[16]。坐标均值法的基本思想为:假设旋转轴与主光轴之间的夹角在旋转过程中保持不变,轴系夹角小于2″条件下,轴系夹角在方位差为180°的方向上,2个经度分量的绝对值相等、相位相反,2个纬度分量的绝对值相等、相位相反(图 1)。
图 1中红色点表示旋转轴指向与天球的交点,黄色点表示方位差为180°的主光轴指向与天球的交点,坐标值分别为(λ1, φ1)、(λ2, φ2),图中Δλ1、Δφ1、Δλ2、Δφ2为轴系夹角在天球上的经纬度分量。
根据坐标均值法,经纬度分量满足Δλ1=-Δλ2、Δφ1=-Δφ2,由此求解出旋转轴指向的天文坐标为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\lambda=\frac{\lambda_{1}+\lambda_{2}}{2} \\\varphi=\frac{\varphi_{1}+\varphi_{2}}{2}\end{array}\right.$
天体方向较差测量法的基本思想为:拍摄对称位置的天顶恒星影像,利用天体方向较差测量的基本原理,即求解对称位置2个主光轴指向天文坐标之间的差值,将天顶仪旋转轴中心内插至测站天顶星场,直接解算天顶仪旋转轴方向的天文坐标,其技术途径为:
1) 恒星初始切平面坐标系,根据天顶仪对称位置的拍摄时间,计算各恒星以测站概略天文经纬度为基准的切平面坐标(ξ, η)。
$\begin{gather*}\xi=\frac{\cos \varphi \tan \delta-\sin \varphi \cos t}{\sin \varphi \tan \delta+\cos \varphi \cos t} \end{gather*}$
$\begin{gather*}\eta=\frac{-\sin t}{\sin \varphi \tan \delta+\cos \varphi \cos t} \\t=t_{\mathrm{GAST}}+\lambda-\alpha\end{gather*}$
式中,α和δ分别为恒星的视赤经和视赤纬;t为恒星的时角;λ和φ为用于恒星切平面坐标计算的测站概略经纬度;tGAST为观测瞬间的格林尼治真恒星时。
2) 根据各恒星的初始切平面坐标(ξ, η)及星点的CCD图像坐标(x, y),建立由图像坐标系到切平面坐标系的数值拟合模型1及由切平面坐标系到图像坐标系的数值拟合模型2。
3) 根据数值拟合模型2和对称位置恒星的切平面坐标,求解出对称位置恒星的图像坐标,按照迭代趋近求解的方法,使对称位置恒星的图像坐标均值经过数值拟合模型1处理后与对称位置恒星的切平面坐标均值相等,此坐标即为天顶仪旋转轴的切平面坐标(ξ0, η0)。
4) 根据天顶仪旋转轴的切平面坐标(ξ0, η0),建立以天顶仪旋转轴方向为基准的切平面坐标系,同时求解旋转轴方向的天文经纬度(λ, φ):
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\lambda=\lambda_{0}-\arctan \frac{-\eta_{0}}{\cos \varphi_{0}-\xi_{0} \sin \varphi_{0}} \\\varphi=\arctan \frac{\left(\xi_{0} \cos \varphi_{0}+\sin \varphi_{0}\right) \cos t}{\cos \varphi_{0}-\xi_{0} \sin \varphi_{0}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,λ0和φ0分别为用于恒星切平面坐标计算的测站概略经纬度。
四参数法的基本思想为:构建天球切平面坐标系和CCD图像坐标系之间的四参数转换模型,借助对称位置的恒星解算出初始位置和对称位置的转换参数,旋转轴的切平面坐标与图像坐标保持不变,借助2组转换参数求出旋转轴图像坐标,进一步求解旋转轴的天文坐标。具体实施步骤为:
1) 构建切平面坐标与图像坐标之间的四参数转换模型。
$\left[\begin{array}{l}u \\v\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}-a & b \\b & a\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l}x \\y\end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{l}c_{1} \\c_{2}\end{array}\right]$
式中,(u, v)为恒星的天球切平面坐标,可通过恒星的方位角m与高度角n求得(u=tann cosm, v=tann sinm);(x, y)为恒星的CCD图像坐标;(c1, c2, a, b)为2个坐标系之间的转换参数。
2) 建立转换参数的误差方程。令
$\begin{gather*}\boldsymbol{Q}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1 & 0 & -x_{1} & y_{1} \\\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\1 & 0 & -x_{n} & y_{n} \\0 & 1 & y_{1} & x_{1} \\\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\0 & 1 & y_{n} & x_{n}\end{array}\right], \\\boldsymbol{L}=\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}u_{1} & \cdots & u_{n} & v_{1} & \cdots & v_{n}\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}} \end{gather*}$
当观测的恒星数量足够多时,可构建误差方程式:
$\begin{equation*}\boldsymbol{L}=\boldsymbol{Q} x \end{equation*}$
式中,Q为CCD图像坐标组成的系数矩阵;L为切平面坐标组成的矩阵;x为待求的转换参数。
3) 解算转换参数。在对称的2个位置上采用最小二乘法解算出初始位置的转换参数a、b、c1、c2和对称位置的转换参数a′、b′、c′1、c′2。
4) 解算旋转轴中心的图像坐标及天文坐标。设旋转轴的图像坐标值为(xz, yz),天球切平面坐标值为(uz, vz),旋转轴切平面坐标初始值为(0, 0),借助2组转换参数建立关于图像坐标的方程组,解算出图像坐标值(x1, y1),再通过转换参数解算出切平面坐标(u1, v1)用于解算新的图像坐标,不断循环迭代,直至旋转轴的图像坐标满足精度要求,然后通过旋转轴的图像坐标解算出旋转轴的天文坐标。
综上所述,坐标均值法通过一次坐标均值进行旋转轴指向天文坐标的求解,计算过程仅需要对称位置主光轴指向的天文坐标,计算较为简单。天体方向较差测量法通过不断的均值逼近进行旋转轴天文坐标的求解,需要对称位置主光轴指向天文坐标,同时还需要测站的概略坐标,实际计算过程需根据测站点概略天文坐标的近似程度进行迭代趋近,循环迭代次数与测站概略坐标的精度密切相关,计算复杂繁琐。四参数法通过构建切平面坐标系与图像坐标系之间的转换模型,设置旋转轴切平面坐标初始值,经过不断循环迭代求解出旋转轴的图像坐标,进而求解出旋转轴的天文坐标,计算过程中需要设置初始值,而后进行迭代运算,计算过程繁琐。在这3种方法中,坐标均值法计算方便快捷,虽然只得到旋转轴指向天文坐标的近似值,但对于小视场的天顶仪来说仍能满足定位需要,因此坐标均值法是最常用的旋转轴指向天文坐标求解方法。
在天文测量与导航中,一般将视场大于20°的镜头称为大视场镜头,将视场大于50°的镜头称为超大视场镜头。大视场镜头具有视场大、焦距短等特点,但大视场镜头,特别是超大视场鱼眼镜头,要想应用于实际观测中,必须对轴系偏差进行改正。
相较于数字天顶仪,超大视场天顶仪主光轴与旋转轴的轴系偏差更大。此时,球面与切平面的近似程度降低,无法将2个轴在天球上的位置关系直接映射到切平面坐标系内。但其在成像平面内的位置关系仍保持不变,因此,可将超大视场天顶仪旋转轴天文坐标的解算分为2个步骤,分别为求解主光轴与旋转轴之间的轴系偏差和在天球上求解主光轴天文坐标。
在测量设备旋转过程中,主光轴始终以旋转轴为中心进行旋转。借助该特性,超大视场天顶仪主光轴与旋转轴轴系偏差解算的基本思路为:利用超大视场相机对固定目标点进行对称方向的旋转拍摄,精确提取目标点的像点坐标,通过目标点的2个像点解算主光轴与旋转轴的轴系偏差。
实际情况下,主光轴与旋转轴在像平面内的投影点不重合。如图 2所示,图中O点、Z点分别为主光轴、旋转轴与像平面的交点;O-XY为像平面坐标系;像点s为恒星在像平面的投影点,像平面坐标为(x, y);像点s′为测量设备绕旋转轴旋转180°后恒星的投影点,像平面坐标为(x′, y′)。旋转轴偏差$\overrightarrow{O Z} $可用平面极坐标的2个参数表示:O点和Z点的距离为主光轴与旋转轴的轴系夹角h(高度角)、O点至Z点的方向为$\overrightarrow{O Z} $与X轴正向的夹角A(水平角)。
O点在像平面内的位置可通过相机检校获得,其在成像平面内的位置保持不变,像点s与s′在像元矩阵中的位置已知,因此可解算出像点s与s′在同一像平面内的坐标,由此可得:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}h=\sqrt{\left(\frac{x+x^{\prime}}{2}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{y+y^{\prime}}{2}\right)^{2}} \\A=\operatorname{atan} 2\left(\frac{y+y^{\prime}}{2}, \frac{x+x^{\prime}}{2}\right)\end{array}\right.$
根据测量设备主光轴与旋转轴之间的轴系偏差,本文提出旋转轴指向天文坐标新的求解方法——球面坐标法,其基本思路为:假设旋转轴指向与本地水平面垂直,图像平面与地平面重合,在天球上构建北天极、旋转轴指向与天球交点以及主光轴指向与天球交点的球面三角形,借助主光轴指向的天文坐标、主光轴与旋转轴之间的轴系偏差,在球面三角形内求解旋转轴指向的天文坐标。
图 3中Z点为旋转轴指向与天球的交点,P点为北天极,O点为主光轴指向与天球的交点,S点为地平坐标系中的南点,W点为地平坐标系中的西点,a点为大圆弧ZO与地平的交点。设O点坐标为(λ1, φ1),Z点坐标为(λ, φ),其中O点坐标(λ1, φ1)已知。主光轴与旋转轴的轴系偏差高度角(即轴系夹角)为h,水平角为A,可通过相机检校获取;∠aZS表示旋转轴指向的方位角,∠aZS=α=A+α0,其中α0为图像坐标系X轴与地平坐标系X轴之间的夹角,可通过相机检校获取[20]。构建球面三角形PZO,如图 4所示。
在球面三角形PZO中,内角和边长可以表示为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}P Z=90^{\circ}-\varphi \\P O=90^{\circ}-\varphi_{1} \\Z O=h \\P Z O=180^{\circ}-\alpha \\O P Z=\Delta \lambda\end{array}\right.$
式中,Δλ与φ1为待求量。
由正弦定理$\frac{\sin a}{\sin A}=\frac{\sin b}{\sin B}=\frac{\sin c}{\sin C} $可知,球面三角形PZO的边角满足:
$\begin{equation*}\frac{\sin \left(90^{\circ}-\varphi_{1}\right)}{\sin \left(180^{\circ}-\alpha\right)}=\frac{\sin h}{\sin (\Delta \lambda)} \end{equation*}$
将式(10)化简,求解出主光轴与旋转轴之间的经度变化量:
$\begin{equation*}\Delta \lambda=\arcsin \left(\frac{\sin \alpha \sin h}{\cos \varphi_{1}}\right) \end{equation*}$
由四元素公式$\cot a \sin b=\cot A \sin C+\cos C \cos b $可知,球面三角形PZO的边角满足:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\cot P O \sin P Z=\cot P Z O \sin O P Z+\cos O P Z \cos P Z \\ \cot Z O \sin P Z=\cot O P Z \sin P Z O+\cos P Z O \cos P Z\end{array}\right.$
化简可得:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\cos (\Delta \lambda) \sin \varphi-\tan \varphi_{1} \cos \varphi=\cot \alpha \sin (\Delta \lambda) \\\cot h \cos \varphi+\cos \alpha \sin \varphi=\cot (\Delta \lambda) \sin \alpha\end{array}\right.$
式(13)中只有φ为未知量,通过关于φ1的二元一次方程求解旋转轴天文纬度:
$\begin{gather*}\varphi=\arccos \cdot \\\left(\frac{\cos (\Delta \lambda) \cot (\Delta \lambda) \sin \alpha-\cos \alpha \cot \alpha \sin (\Delta \lambda)}{\cos (\Delta \lambda) \cot h+\cos \alpha \tan \varphi_{1}}\right) \end{gather*}$
至此,主光轴与旋转轴之间的经度变化量和旋转轴指向的纬度坐标均已求出,可实现旋转轴指向天文坐标的解算。
坐标均值法借助对称位置2个主光轴指向天文坐标的均值解算旋转轴指向天文坐标,球面坐标法借助主光轴与旋转轴的轴系偏差解算旋转轴指向天文坐标。2种方法的联系在于旋转轴指向与主光轴指向的高度角保持不变,映射在天球上即连接旋转轴指向与主光轴指向的大圆弧弧线长度相等。坐标均值法是目前常用的旋转轴指向天文坐标求解方法,球面坐标法是新的求解方法,现结合2种方法的解算过程,对2种方法进行分析比较,寻找每种方法的适用条件。
坐标均值法的核心思想是当高度角不变时,连接对称位置2个主光轴指向与旋转轴指向之间的大圆弧,在天球上的经纬度坐标分量大小相等、方向相反,通过主光轴指向天文坐标的均值消除经纬度坐标变化量,得到旋转轴指向的天文坐标。
坐标均值法的基本假设为:Δλ1=-Δλ2、Δφ1=-Δφ2。当对称位置2个主光轴指向坐标的纬度或经度相等时,经纬度坐标变化量满足大小相等、方向相反的假设,可以利用均值法求解出旋转轴指向的天文坐标。其他情况下,经纬度坐标变化量计算公式为:
$\begin{gather*}\left\{\begin{array}{l}\Delta \lambda_{1}=\lambda_{1}-\lambda=\arcsin \left(\frac{\sin \alpha \sin h}{\cos \varphi_{1}}\right) \\\Delta \lambda_{2}=\lambda-\lambda_{2}=\arcsin \left(\frac{\sin \alpha \sin h}{\cos \varphi_{2}}\right)\end{array}\right. \\\left\{\begin{array}{l}\Delta \varphi_{1}=\varphi_{1}-\varphi \\\Delta \varphi_{2}=\varphi-\varphi_{2}\end{array}\right.\end{gather*}$
在计算过程中,α和h为大小确定的量,因此从经纬度变化量计算公式可以看出,旋转轴相对于主光轴的经纬度坐标变化量与主光轴指向的纬度坐标大小有关。当对称位置主光轴指向的2个纬度坐标不等时,经纬度坐标变化量也不等。为分析纬度坐标的大小对计算结果的影响,得到纬度余弦值倒数的变化规律(图 5)。
由图 5可知,当主光轴指向的纬度坐标在40°以内变化时,纬度坐标余弦值的倒数近似相等,即计算得到的纬度坐标数值大小近似相等。
综上所述,使用坐标均值法的关键在于保证高度角在天球上的经度分量相等或近似相等,因此坐标均值法适用的情形有:1)对称位置2个主光轴指向坐标的纬度或经度相等;2)对称位置2个主光轴指向位于低纬度,主光轴与旋转轴的高度角较小。
球面坐标法的核心思想是在天球上构建球面三角形,在球面三角形内利用球面坐标解算旋转轴指向的天文坐标。球面坐标法计算公式为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\lambda=\lambda_{1}+\Delta \lambda=\lambda_{1}+\arcsin \left(\frac{\sin \alpha \sin h}{\cos \varphi_{1}}\right) \\\varphi=\arccos \cdot \\\left(\frac{\cos (\Delta \lambda) \cot (\Delta \lambda) \sin \alpha-\cos \alpha \cot \alpha \sin (\Delta \lambda)}{\cos (\Delta \lambda) \cot h+\cos \alpha \tan \varphi_{1}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
由式(16)可知,主光轴指向经度坐标的解算误差仅会对旋转轴指向的经度坐标解算产生相同的影响,不影响旋转轴指向纬度坐标的计算。结合三角函数取值,球面坐标法无法使用的情况主要有:
1) φ1=90°,即主光轴指向的纬度坐标为90°时,$\frac{1}{\cos \varphi_1} $无穷大,Δλ值无法计算;
2) φ1≠90°,α=0°或α=180°,cotα无穷大,φ值无法计算。
当主光轴指向的纬度坐标满足情况1)时,主光轴指向与极点重合,球面三角形无法构建;当主光轴指向的方位角满足情况2)时,天极、主光轴指向与天球的交点、旋转轴指向与天球的交点位于同一经线上,球面三角形无法构建。因此,球面坐标法适用的主要情况为:主光轴指向的纬度坐标不为90°,且主光轴指向的方位角α不为0°或180°。
当出现情况1)或情况2)时,球面坐标法无法适用,将其称为球面坐标的特殊情况。在特殊情况下,旋转轴指向的天文坐标可通过下式进行解算:
$\begin{aligned}& \left\{\begin{array}{l}\lambda=\frac{\lambda_1+\lambda_2}{2} \\\varphi=\frac{\varphi_1+\varphi_2}{2}\end{array} \varphi_1=90^{\circ}\right. \\& \left\{\begin{array}{l}\lambda=\lambda_1+\Delta \lambda=\lambda_1+\arcsin \left(\frac{\sin \alpha \sin h}{\cos \varphi_1}\right) \\\varphi=\varphi_1-\operatorname{sign}\left(\alpha-90^{\circ}\right) h\end{array} \varphi_1 \neq 90^{\circ}, \alpha=0^{\circ} \text { 或 } 180^{\circ}\right.\end{aligned}$
经过理论分析与特殊情况的处理,主光轴指向天球任意位置时,坐标均值法与球面坐标法均可实现旋转轴指向天文坐标的解算。主光轴指向的天文纬度会同时影响旋转轴指向的天文经度和纬度,而主光轴指向的天文经度仅会影响旋转轴指向的天文经度,故设置以下条件进行数值仿真实验。
1) 主光轴指向的天文经度λ=100°,天文纬度变化范围为[0°, 90°];
2) 主光轴指向方位角的取值范围为[-180°, 180°],主光轴与旋转轴之间的高度角取值范围为(0°, 1°];
3) 主光轴指向的纬度坐标计算误差为[0, 5″],方位角计算误差为[0, 40″],高度角计算误差为[0, 1″]。
利用上述条件进行仿真实验,在1)和2)的条件下,比较观察坐标均值法与球面坐标法在同等条件下解算结果的差异;在1)、2)、3)的条件下,分别分析方位角、高度角与纬度坐标的计算误差对球面坐标法解算结果的影响。
为比较坐标均值法与球面坐标法的解算结果,在主光轴天文纬度取75°、高度角取不同值时,不考虑计算误差,计算旋转轴指向的天文坐标,2种方法计算的天文坐标偏差如图 6所示。图中横轴表示主光轴与旋转轴的高度角大小,纵轴分别表示坐标均值法和球面坐标法计算的经度坐标偏差与纬度坐标偏差。计算结果表明,高度角大小在0.3°以内时,2种方法计算的旋转轴指向天文坐标偏差小于0.3″;主光轴与旋转轴之间的高度角越大,2种方法的计算偏差越大,随着高度角增大,不同纬度的计算偏差均呈现上升趋势。
使用球面坐标法计算旋转轴指向坐标的过程中,可能引入计算误差的参数主要有:1) 主光轴指向天文坐标在定位解算过程引入计算误差;2)转台转位误差和坐标系之间转换参数的计算误差,导致主光轴指向方位角α存在误差;3)星图获取过程中,各种外界影响因素导致高度角h存在误差。
当主光轴指向的纬度坐标存在[0, 5″]计算误差时,旋转轴指向坐标的计算误差如图 7所示。可以看出,旋转轴指向的纬度坐标解算误差与主光轴指向的纬度坐标计算误差大小相等;主光轴指向的纬度坐标计算误差在1″以内时,旋转轴指向天文坐标的解算误差小于1″;当主光轴指向的纬度坐标大于80°时,旋转轴指向经度坐标的解算误差急剧增加。
当主光轴指向的方位角存在[0, 40″]计算误差时,旋转轴指向坐标的计算误差如图 8所示。可以看出,方位角数值大小相等、计算误差相等时,旋转轴指向坐标解算误差的数值大小相等;方位角计算误差小于5″时,旋转轴指向天文坐标的解算误差在1″以内;方位角计算误差小于2″时,旋转轴指向天文坐标的解算误差在0.3″以内。
当主光轴指向的高度角存在[0, 1″]计算误差时,旋转轴指向坐标的计算误差如图 9所示。可以看出,高度角计算误差越大,旋转轴指向坐标的计算误差越大;高度角计算误差小于0.4″时,旋转轴指向坐标的计算误差在1″以内;高度角计算误差小于0.2″时,旋转轴指向坐标的计算误差在0.3″以内。
本文通过在天球上建立主光轴指向与旋转轴指向的球面三角形,实现旋转轴指向天文坐标的解算。通过理论分析对比发现,坐标均值法适用于低纬度地区的小视场天顶仪,而球面坐标法对地区无明显限制,且满足超大视场天顶仪的使用需求。仿真实验表明:
1) 同等条件下,主光轴与旋转轴之间的高度角越大,球面坐标法与坐标均值法计算的旋转轴天文坐标偏差越大。
2) 主光轴指向天文坐标的计算精度会对旋转轴天文坐标的计算产生影响。当主光轴指向的纬度坐标小于80°且存在1″的计算误差时,球面坐标法计算的旋转轴经度坐标误差为0.02″,纬度坐标误差为1″。
3) 主光轴与旋转轴的轴系偏差计算误差会在球面坐标法的计算过程中被放大。当主光轴指向的方位角误差小于5″时,计算得到的旋转轴指向天文坐标误差小于1″;当高度角计算误差小于0.4″时,计算得到的旋转轴指向天文坐标误差小于1″。

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2026年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.03.092
  • 接收时间:2025-03-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-24
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    1 中国酒泉卫星发射中心, 酒泉, 732750
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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