Article(id=1322506420247974043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506335908901129, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.02.026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1738684800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239701567, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1760457600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239701567, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239701567, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239701567, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506335908901129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='991', pageEnd='1100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760457600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239681460, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793244369709, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322525999896576487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506335908901129, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322525999896576488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506335908901129, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=991, endPage=996, 1070, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506420487049372, articleId=1322506420247974043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Uplift Anomaly before Major Earthquake Measured by Leveling: Physical and Geometric Deformation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

By collecting achievements in the medium- to long-term prediction of strong earthquakes, an in-depth analysis of the commonalities and differences between vertical deformations observed by the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS) and leveling measurements was conducted. The related issues of abnormal uplifts before major earthquakes were explored, including the abnormal fluctuations of leveling and their differences from GNSS observation results. Through the analysis of years of precise leveling data, the abnormal phenomenon of ground uplift before major earthquakes was revealed. Combining this with research findings on gravity anomalies before major earthquakes, a theoretical deduction and analysis of the relationship between the two was conducted. The vertical deformation data obtained from leveling measurements not only includes the effects of point-wise vertical geometric deformation but also contains information about the dynamic bending of the local gravity level surface, with magnitudes reaching 2 mm or more. Based on this, the concepts of physical deformation and geometric deformation were proposed. The research in this paper is of significant theoretical and practical importance for correctly understanding the differences in deformation mechanisms, the medium- to long-term prediction of strong earthquakes, and the formulation of deformation anomaly monitoring plans and decision-making.

, authors=Wanju BO1, Licheng ZHANG1, Zhaohui CHEN1, Dongzhuo XU1, authorsList=Wanju BO, Licheng ZHANG, Zhaohui CHEN, Dongzhuo XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

BO Wanju, researcher, majors in crustal deformation and earthquake prediction, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506421644677282, articleId=1322506420247974043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=水准观测到的大震前隆起异常——物理形变与几何形变, columnId=1322506197874356701, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地壳运动, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过搜集中长期强震预测成果,对全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)与水准测量垂直形变之间的共性与差异进行深入分析,并探讨了大震前水准异常隆起的相关问题,包括水准异常波动及其与GNSS观测结果的差异。通过对多年精密水准测量数据进行分析,揭示了大震前地面隆起的异常现象,并结合大震前重力异常的研究成果,对二者之间的关系进行了推演和分析。水准测量获得的垂直形变数据中,不仅涵盖了点位垂向几何形变的影响,还包含了局部重力水准面动态弯曲的信息,其量级可达2 mm以上。基于此,本文提出了物理形变与几何形变的概念。本文研究对于不同形变机理差异的正确理解、强震的中长期预测及形变异常监测方案的制定和决策具有重要的理论与实践意义。

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薄万举,研究员,主要从事地壳形变与地震预测研究工作,E-mail:

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水准观测到的大震前隆起异常——物理形变与几何形变
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薄万举 1 , 张立成 1 , 陈兆辉 1 , 徐东卓 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地壳运动 2025,45(10): 991-996, 1070
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地壳运动 2025 , 45 (10) : 991 -996, 1070
水准观测到的大震前隆起异常——物理形变与几何形变
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薄万举1 , 张立成1, 陈兆辉1, 徐东卓1
作者信息
  • 中国地震局第一监测中心,天津市耐火路7号,300180
作者简介:

薄万举,研究员,主要从事地壳形变与地震预测研究工作,E-mail:

Uplift Anomaly before Major Earthquake Measured by Leveling: Physical and Geometric Deformation
Wanju BO1 , Licheng ZHANG1, Zhaohui CHEN1, Dongzhuo XU1
Affiliations
  • The First Monitoring and Application Center, CEA, 7 Naihuo Road, Tianjin 300180, China
  • BO Wanju, researcher, majors in crustal deformation and earthquake prediction, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.02.026
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通过搜集中长期强震预测成果,对全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)与水准测量垂直形变之间的共性与差异进行深入分析,并探讨了大震前水准异常隆起的相关问题,包括水准异常波动及其与GNSS观测结果的差异。通过对多年精密水准测量数据进行分析,揭示了大震前地面隆起的异常现象,并结合大震前重力异常的研究成果,对二者之间的关系进行了推演和分析。水准测量获得的垂直形变数据中,不仅涵盖了点位垂向几何形变的影响,还包含了局部重力水准面动态弯曲的信息,其量级可达2 mm以上。基于此,本文提出了物理形变与几何形变的概念。本文研究对于不同形变机理差异的正确理解、强震的中长期预测及形变异常监测方案的制定和决策具有重要的理论与实践意义。

物理形变  /  几何形变  /  强震预测  /  水准面  /  重力异常  /  重力位

By collecting achievements in the medium- to long-term prediction of strong earthquakes, an in-depth analysis of the commonalities and differences between vertical deformations observed by the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS) and leveling measurements was conducted. The related issues of abnormal uplifts before major earthquakes were explored, including the abnormal fluctuations of leveling and their differences from GNSS observation results. Through the analysis of years of precise leveling data, the abnormal phenomenon of ground uplift before major earthquakes was revealed. Combining this with research findings on gravity anomalies before major earthquakes, a theoretical deduction and analysis of the relationship between the two was conducted. The vertical deformation data obtained from leveling measurements not only includes the effects of point-wise vertical geometric deformation but also contains information about the dynamic bending of the local gravity level surface, with magnitudes reaching 2 mm or more. Based on this, the concepts of physical deformation and geometric deformation were proposed. The research in this paper is of significant theoretical and practical importance for correctly understanding the differences in deformation mechanisms, the medium- to long-term prediction of strong earthquakes, and the formulation of deformation anomaly monitoring plans and decision-making.

physical deformation  /  geometric deformation  /  strong earthquake prediction  /  level surface  /  gravity anomaly  /  gravity potential
薄万举, 张立成, 陈兆辉, 徐东卓. 水准观测到的大震前隆起异常——物理形变与几何形变. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (10) : 991 -996, 1070 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.02.026
Wanju BO, Licheng ZHANG, Zhaohui CHEN, Dongzhuo XU. Uplift Anomaly before Major Earthquake Measured by Leveling: Physical and Geometric Deformation[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (10) : 991 -996, 1070 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.02.026
通过分析利用大范围精密水准测量数据绘制的地壳垂直形变图,能够有效揭示地震前震中及其周边区域的垂直形变异常现象,包括垂直隆起异常和垂直形变梯度异常,这些异常在强震的中长期预测中发挥了积极作用[1-4]。全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)在地壳形变研究领域,特别是在水平形变场和垂直形变场的研究中,已取得了众多成果[5-7]。随着GNSS监测网络的广泛布设,其在地震孕育机制和震后形变研究中的应用日益增多;而精密水准测量由于效率较低,存在观测误差的传递与累积问题,在地壳形变研究中处于不利地位。研究发现,精密水准测量得出的地壳垂直形变与GNSS测量结果之间存在显著差异,这可能与水准测量误差较大有关。
近年来,许多学者发表了关于重力异常在强震预测应用中的研究成果[8-13],认为震中附近震前重力异常差异可达150×10-8 m/s2以上[11],大震前单点重力累积变化可达120×10-8 m/s2以上[9]。为何精密水准测量在多次大震前能观测到显著的隆起异常和垂直形变高梯度带异常,而GNSS测量在30多年的时间里却未能捕捉到类似的显著隆起异常和相应的垂直形变高梯度带异常?这可能是因为水准测量结果中包含了某些与强震孕育相关的特定信息,而这些信息在GNSS测量结果中并未体现;GNSS垂向观测精度偏低亦是一个关键因素,此外还可能存在其他未知因素,这一问题值得进一步深入探讨与研究。
对大面积精密水准复测的研究多次给出了较好的中长期强震预测成果[1-2, 14-16],根据薄万举等[2]给出的1998年中国大陆中长期强震危险区预测图可以看出,危险区的占比很小,强震是小概率事件,二者在空间上有较高的对应率。近30 a来,中国大陆GNSS的观测数据越来越丰富,但GNSS垂向分量的观测结果并未给出大震前显著的异常隆起图像,其中原因值得深究。
在将精密水准测量与GNSS联合处理应用于全国垂直形变图的研究过程中观察到,水准测量所揭示的地面隆升值往往较GNSS测量结果高,特别是在地震频发区域或大地震发生前的地区,这一现象尤为显著。普遍认为,这种差异可能与水准测量中观测误差的传递和累积效应有关。因此,有学者采用与GNSS数据联合平差的方法对水准数据进行约束,以求解水准点的垂直运动速率[17]。分析指出,尽管误差的传播和累积具有显著的随机性,但系统性偏差的存在极可能暗示水准测量与GNSS测量所提供的垂直形变信息之间存在尚未被完全理解的差异,这种差异可能是导致或加剧系统性差异的因素。
在地震学研究中,震前震中区附近出现重力异常现象已被广泛证实[8-13]。地表重力的异常变化主要归因于地壳在异常点附近区域内的质量分布。导致地壳质量分布异常变化的原因多样,包括地下流体的变动、岩浆活动及地壳形变等。针对强震前的重力异常与震源位置之间的关系,通过震例分析得出,强震往往发生在重力异常高梯度带的零直线附近[9],且最大负异常中心与正异常中心之间通常相距超过100 km[11]。关于其形成机制存在多种解释,其中较为普遍的观点认为是水平驱动力活动导致地壳应力、应变的不均匀异常变化:在相对压应力减小或剪应力过大的区域,地壳介质可能遭受拉伸或形成扩容膨胀体(微裂膨胀体),导致密度相对降低,从而在地表产生重力负异常;相反,在地壳压力增加的区域,地壳被压缩,密度相对增大,地表则出现重力正异常。
除了上述与地震孕育和发生相关的地壳介质密度变化因素外,重力异常的成因亦十分复杂,如降雨及地下水的开采等,这些因素均可能伴随复杂的地表垂直形变。因此,在显著的地面沉降区域,利用重力测量和水准测量来获取地震前兆异常信息变得尤为困难。
理论上讲,重力异常会对水准测量产生影响。重力的变化意味着重力等位面的变动。相较于标准地球模型,实际地球表面存在差异,导致相同几何高度上的重力值不一致,进而导致重力位出现差异,引发不同高度水平面间不平行的问题。为获得精确的点位高程值,并确保水准环线的闭合,水准测量成果计算中必须进行水准面不平行改正,即布格重力异常改正。过去布格重力异常改正通常是通过布格重力异常图的内插方法获得布格重力异常值进行计算,但这种方法误差较大。根据现行的GB/T 12897—2006《国家一、二等水准测量规范》[18],一等水准路线上的每个水准点都应测定重力值。实践证明,利用实测重力进行重力异常改正与通过布格重力异常图内插进行改正的结果存在差异[19],但即便如此,这里的重力异常改正仍属于相对静态的改正范畴,即假定水准点的概略高程等参数保持不变。利用水准点的实测重力值可弥补布格重力异常图在空间分辨率上的不足,目的是获得水准点间更精确的高差和水准点的高程值。显然,对于相同的水准测线、水准点和水准测段,不同时间进行的水准测量成果(测段高差)中的重力异常改正数是相同的。重力异常改正在常规水准测量中仍然针对的是静态重力异常的改正,并不包括对强震孕育过程中重力动态异常变化的改正。在地壳形变与地震研究中,关注的基本观测量是2期水准测段高差的变化量,即高差之差。2期高差相减,静态重力异常改正的影响就被抵消了。因此,长期以来,在地壳形变与地震研究中,对水准观测数据进行处理时可以忽略重力异常改正的工作。特别是引用早期的水准成果时,如果前期成果未进行重力异常改正,与后来进行水准复测并作重力异常改正的成果相减计算形变量,显然更加不合理。
布格重力异常校正无法消除大震前震中区域观测到的动态重力异常对水准测量的影响,此处所指的大震前重力异常与水准测量中常见的布格重力异常存在本质区别。后者主要由地形地貌的空间差异引起,表现为静态特征,固定水准点在不同时间的重力异常值通常被认为是恒定的;而前者则主要由地下物质的迁移导致,更精确地说,是由局部地壳介质密度变化引起,其影响在大震前的孕震区域附近可能较为显著,且在水准测量结果中得以保留。地震水准形变信息本质上反映了水准点间高差的变化,水准测量则是在水平视线上获取数据。根据定义,在同一水平面(即重力等位面)上不同点之间的水准高差应为0。因此,在垂直形变分析中,可以等效地认为同一水平面上各点的高度相同。然而,重力异常意味着局部重力场发生了变化,从而导致局部重力位发生变化,进而使局部等位面(即水平面)发生改变,这种变化必然会在水准观测结果中得到体现。该异常信息在水准测量中的影响程度及其对水准与GNSS垂向观测差异的影响是否显著,水准测量中包含的这一异常信息是否具有强震预测价值,都是值得从理论上进行进一步探讨的问题。
对于由常规地形差异引起的布格重力异常对水准测量的影响,已按照常规方法进行了校正。然而,由地壳介质密度动态变化引起的重力动态异常在水准测量中的影响尚未得到校正,这一异常信息在水准测量结果中的保留可能反映了大震前震中附近地壳密度的异常变化。而在GNSS测量中,这种变化难以体现,从而可能加剧GNSS测量与水准测量在垂直形变观测结果上的差异。本文将结合图 1进行定性分析。
图 1中椭圆表示扩容膨胀体(或微裂膨胀体),地表因地壳介质密度减小而产生一个负的重力异常;假设地面B点因扩容膨胀上升到B′点,直线L1表示变形前的地面,假定L1与过B点的水平线(重力等位面的投影线)重合,当膨胀发生后,B点的重力值减小,局部等位面(即水平面)向下弯曲,局部重力等位面不再与L1重合。假定重力正异常区在右面,变化后的局部水平面可用L2表示,设L1与L2相交于A点;T1表示膨胀前过B点的垂线,与地面法线重合;T2表示膨胀后的垂线,与法线的夹角即为垂线偏差,变化后的垂线与法线交于C点,与地面线L1交于C′点,与膨胀后隆起的地面交于C″点。依据水准原理,同一水准面(重力等位面)上的水准高差为0,由图 1不难看出,膨胀引起B点的法向形变量,用GNSS测量的结果理论上为BB′,而用水准测量得到B点的垂向形变量为CC″。形变量是微小量,垂线偏差也是微小量,不难证明CC″与CB′相差高阶微小量,故CC″≈CB′=CB+BB′,其中,BB′称为几何形变,CB称为物理形变。这里几何形变是因地表几何形状变化引起地表点在法线方向上的位移;物理形变为局部物理面的形变量,是因局部物理面(即重力等位面)向下弯曲引起地面点相对该物理面在垂线方向相对位置的变化。显然水准得到的垂直形变中既包括了几何形变,又包括了物理形变,而GNSS测量得到的法向形变(通常也称为垂向形变)理论上只包含几何形变。特别是强震前扩容膨胀体(或微裂膨胀体)产生的垂向形变,物理形变叠加到几何形变上,理论上扩大了水准形变与GNSS垂向形变之间的差异,增大了水准测量捕获强震前垂直形变前兆的信息量,进一步对这一差异进行研究,对开展强震预测研究具有重要意义。
图 1通过定性分析确认了物理形变的存在,以观测到强震前重力异常的幅度和震源深度为约束,在一定近似假定基础上,可对图 1中的物理形变量进行推演和估计,从而进一步判定在水准和GNSS测量中垂直形变的差异是否可忽略。
如前文所述,几何形变部分在水准和GNSS测量的垂向形变中都已包含,其大小在理论上不影响二者的差异。因此,为方便估计物理形变,先不考虑图 1中展示的几何形变部分。图 2中,A点表示地面重力异常中心点,重力异常变化为Δg,将重力异常看作由地下O点处一个等价点质源Δm的增减而引起,Δm对A点引力位的扰动为ΔW,假定A点在重力异常发生前所在重力等位面上足够远处的一个点为C点,等价点质源Δm对C点引力位的影响因足够远可以忽略不计。找到C点上面Δr处的C′点和下面Δr处的C″点,使C′点与C点引力位的差异与C点与C″点引力位的差异相等,均为ΔW。
首先,假定扩容膨胀体(或微裂膨胀体)导致地面上A点一个负的重力异常变化Δg=-100×10-8 m/s2是由下面因微裂膨胀体[20]出现造成的局部地壳密度减小引起的。考虑到我国浅源强震震源深度分布,将微裂膨胀体因密度减小对重力的影响看作深度h=10 km处的O点减少了一个质量为Δm的点质源的等价影响,那么A点出现Δg=-100×10-8 m/s2的重力异常,对应的Δm为:
$\Delta m=\frac{\Delta g \cdot h^2}{G}$
将Δg、h及引力常数G=6.67×10-11 m3/(kg ·s2)代入式(1),可得Δm≈-1.50×1012 kg=-1.50×1015 g。
等价点质源Δm在A点处产生扰动重力变化Δg,同样也会在A点产生引力位的扰动ΔW:
$\begin{gathered}\Delta W=\int\limits_h^{\infty} \Delta f \cdot r= \\\int\limits_h^{\infty}[1(\mathrm{~kg}) \times \Delta g] r=\int\limits_h^{\infty}\left[1(\mathrm{~kg}) \times G \frac{\Delta m}{r^2}\right] \mathrm{d} r= \\1(\mathrm{~kg}) \times G \frac{\Delta m}{h}\end{gathered}$
将G、Δm、h分别代入式(2),可得:
$\Delta W=-1 \times 10^{-2}(\mathrm{~J})$
计算结果表明,等价点质源Δm对A点的引力位产生了扰动ΔW,下面讨论ΔW对A点垂向形变测量结果产生的影响。
图 2中A点位能产生一个负增量ΔW,因为足够远处的C点受Δm的影响可以忽略不计,这时A点与C点虽然在空间几何意义上的相互位置关系未变,但A点与C点已不在同一个等位面上了。设C点上面相距Δr处的C′点与C点的重力位之差也为ΔW,意味着A点在重力异常出现前与C点水准高差为0,重力异常出现后则与C′点的水准高差为0,即A点产生Δr的“隆升”形变,这里并没有考虑A点真正在纯几何意义上的隆升形变。之所以称之为形变,是A点周围产生了理论上的地倾斜,实际上是等位面出现局部倾斜变形,但其与C点的空间几何关系没有发生变化。与重力异常Δg对应的A点点位隆升量Δr就是所要推演的物理形变。水准成果中包含了这种因物理形变产生的形变信息,而GNSS垂向观测成果中却不包含这一形变信息,而这一物理形变信息与强震孕育的发生是密切相关的。
通过牛顿定律可推导出地球引力位W与地球质心距离r之间的关系式为:
$W=G \frac{M}{r}$
对r求导可得:
$\mathrm{d} W=-G \frac{M}{r^2} \mathrm{~d} r$
换算成微小量的形式为:
$\Delta W=-G \frac{M}{r^2} \Delta r$
在图 2中的C点,将地球半径r=R=6 371 km、ΔW=-1×10-2 J、地球质量M=5.96×1024 kg、引力常数G分别代入式(6),顾及其中重力与重力加速度的转换关系式f=mg=mGM/R2中m=1 kg,解算得到Δr≈1.02×10-3 m=1.02 mm。可以看出,A点重力加速度减小100×10-8 m/s2后,A点的等位面变了,与C点向上移1.02 mm处的等位面相同,位于C′点,即在以等位面为基准的意义下,相对不变点为C点,A点上升了1.02 mm,这里已假定A点的几何位置并未上升。
同理,将图 2中A点换成孕震区重力正异常中心,假定为B点,同时假定观测到重力的正异常Δg=100×10-8 m/s2,同理可得Δm≈1.50×1012 kg =1.50×1015 g、ΔW=1×10-2 J、Δr=-1.02 mm,即B点与C″点在同一水平面上。那么在精密水准测量中,B点相对C点下降1.02 mm,则重力负异常中心的A点相对重力正异常中心的B点上升了2.04 mm,这一“物理”形变量在精密水准测量和地震形变分析中显然是不可忽略的。
为便于推演,在图 2中,假定A点在垂向上的空间几何位置保持不变(实际上A点是动态变化的,但A点垂向上升或下降的几何量,均可通过水准测量和全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)获得,其结果的差异可忽略不计[21])。地面点通常会有数mm量级的上升或沉降,通过计算验证,这一升降量对重力加速度g的影响与100×10-8m/s2的重力异常量级相比,是一个更高阶的微小量。因此,图 2中假定A点几何位置不变的推导,在测量精度范围内对结论的正确性无影响。此外,除物理形变外,A点的几何位置究竟是上升还是下降,取决于导致重力出现异常的原因,如地下流体流失、地下物质开采,或地壳受到某种纯拉张导致密度减小,均可能造成重力负异常,此时地面点垂向的几何位置肯定是下降的。水准观测中几何形变和物理形变符号相反,相互抵消,水准观测到的总沉降量一定小于GNSS观测到的沉降量;而强震孕育之前的重力负异常与此有显著不同,其密度变小并非纯粹的拉张导致,而是不均匀的挤压或剪切达到一定的强度,导致一系列微裂带或雁裂带的形成[22-25]。地下高温高压热物质沿微裂带的裂隙上涌、气化、溢出,扩展成微裂膨胀体[20],这一机制导致温度上升和扩容膨胀,进而引起地壳密度下降,必然伴随着地面几何上的隆升,相应的A点在垂线上是上升的。水准观测中的物理形变和几何形变同向,相互叠加,必然导致水准测量的垂直形变结果明显大于GNSS得到的结果。由于强震前存在膨胀、密度减小和地面隆升同时出现的特殊机制,水准测量得到的地面隆起量较为显著,物理形变和几何形变相互叠加增强,理论上更具有识别强震前地壳垂直形变异常的意义和潜力。这一结论与以往大面积水准多次观测到的强震前显著的震中区隆起异常现象相一致。相比之下,重力异常难以充分体现几何形变的信息,GNSS无法捕捉物理形变信息。因此,以往水准测量观测到的大震前异常隆起有时特别突出,在精度范围内难以得到GNSS等其他技术手段的验证。除了观测布点、观测周期和误差累积可能造成水准与GNSS观测的差异外,这里提出的物理形变是一个不可忽视的重要因素。在用于地震中长期预测的水准测量中,未进行常规的重力异常改正不影响地壳垂直形变信息的获取;局部动态重力异常对水准测量的影响一般没有条件进行改正;将物理形变信息叠加到几何形变信息之上,恰恰突出了大震前微裂膨胀体引起的地面隆升异常信息,而其他因素引起的地面隆起异常信息得到了一定程度的抑制。这一特点表明,精密水准测量在强震前的地面隆升异常监测和地震预测方面具有特殊的优势和应用前景。
在地震学研究中,精密水准测量多次记录到大地震前的显著地表隆起异常和垂直形变高梯度带异常,而全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)在超过30 a的观测中未能捕捉到类似的显著垂直形变异常。普遍观点认为,水准测量的误差累积随观测线路增长是关键因素之一。此外,水准测量需要大量的人力和物力投入,且复测周期较长,这些因素均不利于形变监测。尽管如此,水准点构成的观测路线在捕捉沿线路地面隆起信息方面具有优势,而GNSS观测点的空间点位密度难以与水准路线上的点位密度匹敌。为了实现2种方法的优势互补,通常采用融合水准与GNSS数据的方法来提取地壳垂直形变信息[17]。目前看来,这种方法在捕捉以几何形变为主的长周期构造活动引起的地面隆升信息方面效果显著,但在捕捉强震前孕震区的异常隆起中物理形变信息方面却表现出较强的抑制作用,可能导致水准测量中潜在有用信息的损失。此外,地壳介质的不均匀性意味着,在地壳隆起过程中,相对薄弱区域(如断层、破碎带附近等)更容易受到各种干扰因素的影响,并且更易放大异常隆升信息。GNSS选点通常会刻意避开这些区域,而水准测量的选点则无法完全避免,这也是水准测量获得的垂直形变比GNSS更为显著的另一个原因。本文研究进一步表明,除了上述因素外,重力异常的影响,即物理形变,是导致水准测量与GNSS测量在垂直形变上存在显著差异的关键原因之一。
基于前述推导与分析,本文得出以下几点结论:
1) 在本文所设定的条件下,通过精密水准测量与GNSS观测所获得的垂直形变量在理论上存在显著差异,其量级可超过2 mm;
2) 本文理论成果增强了以往研究[1-4]中利用精密水准测量在大震前震中区附近观测到显著隆起异常结果的可信度;同时,从理论上验证了利用水准重测获取地面垂直形变信息对于强震地点预测具有重要意义。
3) 在大震前,水准测量能够捕捉到显著的地面隆起异常,而GNSS观测未能实现,或者水准测量结果不显著,物理形变是导致这一差异的关键因素;然而,观测误差的传播与累积、时间与空间采样的差异及地面观测点的基础条件等因素,同样对这2种观测方法的差异有所贡献。
4) 精密水准测量在捕捉大震前地面异常隆起信息方面展现出独特的优势与潜力,相较于其他观测手段(如重力测量、GNSS),其主要劣势在于观测的人力成本较高、复测效率较低。因此,应加强水准观测技术的升级与研究投入,以进一步提升水准测量在强震预测中的应用效能。
  • 中国地震局老科协基金(502237202)
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2025年第45卷第10期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.02.026
  • 接收时间:2025-02-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-05
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Fund of Senior Science and Technology Association of CEA(502237202)
中国地震局老科协基金(502237202)
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    中国地震局第一监测中心,天津市耐火路7号,300180
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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