Article(id=1322566795437921254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322566763112415546, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.593, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1735833600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793254096134, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793254096134, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793254096134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793254096134, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322566763112415546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='138', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793254088427, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793254088427, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=17, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322566795626664935, articleId=1322566795437921254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Performance Evaluation of BDS-3/Galileo Multi-Frequency Single Point Positioning Based on Ionosphere-Free Combination, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The BDS-3 and Galileo both provide five-frequency signal services. To fully utilize the multi-frequency signal data, a BDS-3/Galileo multi-frequency single point positioning (SPP) model based on the ionosphere-free combination is established, and the multi-frequency ionosphere-free combination coefficients are determined. Data from 48 multi-GNSS experiment (MGEX) stations are selected to systematically evaluate the performance of multi-frequency pseudorange SPP based on the ionosphere-free combination. The experimental results show that multi-frequency combined observations help to improve the SPP positioning accuracy of the BDS-3, Galileo, and BDS-3/Galileo systems. Compared with three-frequency SPP positioning, the positioning accuracy of four-frequency and five-frequency SPP has been improved to varying degrees. The improvement is most significant for the BDS-3 system. For the BDS-3 three-frequency SPP positioning, the RMS mean values in the E, N, U directions are 0.56 m, 0.59 m, 1.46 m, respectively, while the RMS mean values for four-frequency and five-frequency positioning are similar, at 0.53 m, 0.55 m, 1.40 m and 0.52 m, 0.55 m, 1.38 m, respectively. Compared with the single BDS-3 and Galileo systems, the five-frequency SPP positioning accuracy of the BDS-3/Galileo combined system has increased by 30.8%, 29.1%, 25.4% and 28.0%, 30.4%, 25.9%, respectively.

, authors=Jian CHEN1, 2, 3, Biao DONG1, 2, 3, *, Xingwang ZHAO1, 2, 3, Chao LIU1, 2, 3, authorsList=Jian CHEN, Biao DONG, Xingwang ZHAO, Chao LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Biao DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322566797639930874, articleId=1322566795437921254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于无电离层组合的BDS-3/Galileo多频单点定位模型及性能评估, columnId=1281909276545356011, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

BDS-3和Galileo均可以提供5频信号服务。为充分利用多频信号数据,建立基于无电离层组合的BDS-3/Galileo多频单点定位模型,确定多频无电离层组合系数;选取48个多模GNSS实验(multi-GNSS experiment, MGEX)跟踪网测站数据,系统评估基于无电离层组合的多频伪距单点定位(SPP)性能。实验结果表明,多频组合观测值有助于提升BDS-3、Galileo及BDS-3/Galileo系统SPP定位精度,相较于3频SPP定位,4频、5频SPP定位精度均有不同程度提升。其中多频组合对BDS-3系统提升最为明显,在E、N、U方向上,BDS-3三频SPP定位RMS均值分别为0.56 m、0.59 m、1.46 m, 而4频和5频RMS均值相近,分别为0.53 m、0.55 m、1.40 m和0.52 m、0.55 m、1.38 m。相比BDS-3、Galileo单系统,BDS-3/Galileo组合系统5频SPP定位精度分别提高30.8%、29.1%、25.4%和28.0%、30.4%、25.9%。

, authors=陈健1, 2, 3, 董彪1, 2, 3, *, 赵兴旺1, 2, 3, 刘超1, 2, 3, authorsList=陈健, 董彪, 赵兴旺, 刘超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=董彪, authorNote=

陈健, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为GNSS精密定位, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
董彪, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为多频多模GNSS卫星定位, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=A+sRuZyPgcmvVdLWNPR0Xw==, magXml=fC580b42E7f7j19Wq5dr7Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=R8yXB4Q13F6algJPHMdpOw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=dcDMUpTzVVpn3RfCiHbZjA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322566798113886212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566795437921254, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=CJ_19930815@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322566798210355208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566795437921254, authorId=1322566798113886212, language=EN, stringName=Jian CHEN, firstName=Jian, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1 School of Spatial Information and Geomatics Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
2 Key Laboratory of Aviation-Aerospace-Ground Cooperative Monitoring and Early Warning of Coal Mining-Induced Disasters of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan 232001, China
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2 矿山采动灾害空天地协同监测与预警安徽普通高校重点实验室, 淮南, 232001
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陈健, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为GNSS精密定位, E-mail:

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陈健, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为GNSS精密定位, E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566795437921254, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同纬度区域BDS-3/Galileo系统IF5-SPP在E、N、U三个方向的RMS值, figureFileSmall=zidXZgAjX7OEgKXeLTDWww==, figureFileBig=NHp/JD31vm6rTNa79jIgtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566801297363003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566795437921254, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

DCB correction parameters of the frequencies for BDS-3 and Galileo systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BDS-3系统Galileo系统
$D_{\mathrm{B} 1 \mathrm{I}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}=d_{\mathrm{B} 3 \mathrm{I}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}-d_{\mathrm{B} 1 \mathrm{I}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}$$D_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}=\frac{f_{\mathrm{E} 5 a}^{2}}{f_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{2}-f_{\mathrm{E} 5 a}^{2}}\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 5 a}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)$
$D_{\mathrm{B} 1 \mathrm{C}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}=d_{\mathrm{B} 3 \mathrm{I}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}-d_{\mathrm{B} 1 \mathrm{C}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}$$D_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{s, \mathrm{E}}=\frac{f_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{2}}{f_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{2}-f_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{2}}\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)$
$D_{\mathrm{B} 2 \mathrm{a}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}=d_{\mathrm{B} 3 \mathrm{I}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}-d_{\mathrm{B} 2 \mathrm{a}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}$$\begin{gathered}D_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{b}}^{s, \mathrm{E}}=\frac{f_{\mathrm{E} 5 a}^{2}}{f_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{2}-f_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{2}}\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)+ \\\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 5}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)\end{gathered}$
$D_{\mathrm{B} 2 \mathrm{b}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}=d_{\mathrm{B} 3 \mathrm{I}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}-d_{\mathrm{B} 2 \mathrm{b}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}$$\begin{gathered}D_{\mathrm{E} 5}^{s, \mathrm{E}}=\frac{f_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{2}}{f_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{2}-f_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{2}}\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)+ \\\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 5}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)\end{gathered}$
$D_{\mathrm{B} 3 \mathrm{I}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}=d_{\mathrm{B} 31}^{s, \mathrm{C}}-d_{\mathrm{B} 31}^{s, \mathrm{C}}=0$$\begin{gathered}D_{\mathrm{E} 6}^{s, \mathrm{E}}=\frac{f_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{2}}{f_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{2}-f_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{2}}\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)+ \\\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 6}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)\end{gathered}$
), ArticleFig(id=1322566801368666172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566795437921254, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

BDS-3、Galileo系统各自频率的DCB改正项参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BDS-3系统Galileo系统
$D_{\mathrm{B} 1 \mathrm{I}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}=d_{\mathrm{B} 3 \mathrm{I}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}-d_{\mathrm{B} 1 \mathrm{I}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}$$D_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}=\frac{f_{\mathrm{E} 5 a}^{2}}{f_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{2}-f_{\mathrm{E} 5 a}^{2}}\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 5 a}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)$
$D_{\mathrm{B} 1 \mathrm{C}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}=d_{\mathrm{B} 3 \mathrm{I}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}-d_{\mathrm{B} 1 \mathrm{C}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}$$D_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{s, \mathrm{E}}=\frac{f_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{2}}{f_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{2}-f_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{2}}\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)$
$D_{\mathrm{B} 2 \mathrm{a}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}=d_{\mathrm{B} 3 \mathrm{I}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}-d_{\mathrm{B} 2 \mathrm{a}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}$$\begin{gathered}D_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{b}}^{s, \mathrm{E}}=\frac{f_{\mathrm{E} 5 a}^{2}}{f_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{2}-f_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{2}}\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)+ \\\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 5}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)\end{gathered}$
$D_{\mathrm{B} 2 \mathrm{b}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}=d_{\mathrm{B} 3 \mathrm{I}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}-d_{\mathrm{B} 2 \mathrm{b}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}$$\begin{gathered}D_{\mathrm{E} 5}^{s, \mathrm{E}}=\frac{f_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{2}}{f_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{2}-f_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{2}}\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)+ \\\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 5}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)\end{gathered}$
$D_{\mathrm{B} 3 \mathrm{I}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}=d_{\mathrm{B} 31}^{s, \mathrm{C}}-d_{\mathrm{B} 31}^{s, \mathrm{C}}=0$$\begin{gathered}D_{\mathrm{E} 6}^{s, \mathrm{E}}=\frac{f_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{2}}{f_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{2}-f_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{2}}\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)+ \\\left(d_{\mathrm{E} 6}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)\end{gathered}$
), ArticleFig(id=1322566801465135165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566795437921254, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Frequency combination and combination coefficients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统频率组合形式(a、b、c、d、e)
BDS-3B1C/B2a/B3I(2.290 3、-1.196 5、-0.093 8)
B1C/B1I/B2a/B3I(1.223 6、1.170 6、-1.057 8、-0.336 4)
B1C/B1I/B2a/B2b/B3I(1.215 6、1.170 2、-0.742 4、-0.520 2、-0.123 2)
GalileoE1/E5a/E5b(2.315 0、-0.836 3、-0.478 7)
E1/E5a/E5b/E6(2.255 4、-0.903 6、-0.545 1、0.193 3)
E1/E5a/E5b/E5/E6(2.216 8、-0.679 7、-0.351 0、-0.512 2、0.326 1)
), ArticleFig(id=1322566801553215550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566795437921254, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

频率组合形式及其组合系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统频率组合形式(a、b、c、d、e)
BDS-3B1C/B2a/B3I(2.290 3、-1.196 5、-0.093 8)
B1C/B1I/B2a/B3I(1.223 6、1.170 6、-1.057 8、-0.336 4)
B1C/B1I/B2a/B2b/B3I(1.215 6、1.170 2、-0.742 4、-0.520 2、-0.123 2)
GalileoE1/E5a/E5b(2.315 0、-0.836 3、-0.478 7)
E1/E5a/E5b/E6(2.255 4、-0.903 6、-0.545 1、0.193 3)
E1/E5a/E5b/E5/E6(2.216 8、-0.679 7、-0.351 0、-0.512 2、0.326 1)
), ArticleFig(id=1322566801624518719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566795437921254, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

The processing strategy of multi-frequency SPP positioning

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数处理策略
伪距观测值BDS-3:C1X/C1P、C2I、C5X/C5P、C6I、C7D/C7Z
Galileo:C1C/C1X、C6C/C6X、C5Q/C5X、C7Q/C7X、C8Q/C8X
卫星系统BDS-3、Galileo、BDS-3/Galileo
采样间隔30 s
截止高度角10°
随机模型卫星高度角定权
估计方法最小二乘估计
电离层延迟无电离层组合
对流层延迟Saastamoinen模型
导航文件brdm产品
参考坐标IGS中心提供的日解坐标产品
卫星DCB产品中科院机构提供的DCB产品
), ArticleFig(id=1322566801695821888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566795437921254, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

多频SPP定位参数处理策略

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数处理策略
伪距观测值BDS-3:C1X/C1P、C2I、C5X/C5P、C6I、C7D/C7Z
Galileo:C1C/C1X、C6C/C6X、C5Q/C5X、C7Q/C7X、C8Q/C8X
卫星系统BDS-3、Galileo、BDS-3/Galileo
采样间隔30 s
截止高度角10°
随机模型卫星高度角定权
估计方法最小二乘估计
电离层延迟无电离层组合
对流层延迟Saastamoinen模型
导航文件brdm产品
参考坐标IGS中心提供的日解坐标产品
卫星DCB产品中科院机构提供的DCB产品
), ArticleFig(id=1322566801762930753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566795437921254, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

The RMS average and improvement rate of dual-frequency and multi-frequency SPP positioning accuracy of each system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型系统RMS均值/m提高率/%
ENUENU
IF2-SPPBDS-30.700.751.8034.334.729.4
Galileo0.520.571.4411.514.011.8
BDS-3/Galileo0.460.491.27\\\
IF3-SPPBDS-30.560.591.4632.130.526.0
Galileo0.510.561.4125.526.823.4
BDS-3/Galileo0.380.411.08\\\
IF4-SPPBDS-30.530.551.4032.129.125.0
Galileo0.510.561.4129.430.425.5
BDS-3/Galileo0.360.391.05\\\
IF5-SPPBDS-30.520.551.3830.829.125.4
Galileo0.500.561.3928.030.425.9
BDS-3/Galileo0.360.391.03\\\
), ArticleFig(id=1322566801863594050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566795437921254, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各系统双频及多频SPP定位精度RMS均值及提高率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型系统RMS均值/m提高率/%
ENUENU
IF2-SPPBDS-30.700.751.8034.334.729.4
Galileo0.520.571.4411.514.011.8
BDS-3/Galileo0.460.491.27\\\
IF3-SPPBDS-30.560.591.4632.130.526.0
Galileo0.510.561.4125.526.823.4
BDS-3/Galileo0.380.411.08\\\
IF4-SPPBDS-30.530.551.4032.129.125.0
Galileo0.510.561.4129.430.425.5
BDS-3/Galileo0.360.391.05\\\
IF5-SPPBDS-30.520.551.3830.829.125.4
Galileo0.500.561.3928.030.425.9
BDS-3/Galileo0.360.391.03\\\
), ArticleFig(id=1322566801951674435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566795437921254, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

RMS mean of IF5-SPP positioning accuracy for various systems in different latitude regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统纬度RMS均值/m
ENU
BDS-3低纬度0.570.491.55
中纬度0.490.591.23
高纬度0.500.611.37
Galileo低纬度0.550.521.59
中纬度0.460.591.21
高纬度0.480.571.42
BDS-3/Galileo低纬度0.380.341.23
中纬度0.330.430.85
高纬度0.360.421.06
), ArticleFig(id=1322566802048143428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566795437921254, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同纬度区域各系统IF5-SPP定位精度RMS均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统纬度RMS均值/m
ENU
BDS-3低纬度0.570.491.55
中纬度0.490.591.23
高纬度0.500.611.37
Galileo低纬度0.550.521.59
中纬度0.460.591.21
高纬度0.480.571.42
BDS-3/Galileo低纬度0.380.341.23
中纬度0.330.430.85
高纬度0.360.421.06
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基于无电离层组合的BDS-3/Galileo多频单点定位模型及性能评估
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陈健 1, 2, 3 , 董彪 1, 2, 3, * , 赵兴旺 1, 2, 3 , 刘超 1, 2, 3
大地测量与地球动力学 | 大地测量学 2026,46(1): 17-25
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大地测量与地球动力学 |大地测量学 2026 , 46 (1) : 17 -25
基于无电离层组合的BDS-3/Galileo多频单点定位模型及性能评估
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陈健1, 2, 3 , 董彪1, 2, 3, * , 赵兴旺1, 2, 3, 刘超1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 安徽理工大学空间信息与测绘工程学院, 淮南, 232001
  • 2 矿山采动灾害空天地协同监测与预警安徽普通高校重点实验室, 淮南, 232001
  • 3 矿区环境与灾害协同监测煤炭行业工程研究中心, 淮南, 232001
通讯作者:
董彪, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为多频多模GNSS卫星定位, E-mail:
作者简介:

陈健, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为GNSS精密定位, E-mail:

Performance Evaluation of BDS-3/Galileo Multi-Frequency Single Point Positioning Based on Ionosphere-Free Combination
Jian CHEN1, 2, 3 , Biao DONG1, 2, 3, * , Xingwang ZHAO1, 2, 3, Chao LIU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Spatial Information and Geomatics Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Aviation-Aerospace-Ground Cooperative Monitoring and Early Warning of Coal Mining-Induced Disasters of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan 232001, China
  • 3 Coal Industry Engineering Research Center of Mining Area Environmental and Disaster Cooperative Monitoring, Huainan 232001, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.593
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BDS-3和Galileo均可以提供5频信号服务。为充分利用多频信号数据,建立基于无电离层组合的BDS-3/Galileo多频单点定位模型,确定多频无电离层组合系数;选取48个多模GNSS实验(multi-GNSS experiment, MGEX)跟踪网测站数据,系统评估基于无电离层组合的多频伪距单点定位(SPP)性能。实验结果表明,多频组合观测值有助于提升BDS-3、Galileo及BDS-3/Galileo系统SPP定位精度,相较于3频SPP定位,4频、5频SPP定位精度均有不同程度提升。其中多频组合对BDS-3系统提升最为明显,在E、N、U方向上,BDS-3三频SPP定位RMS均值分别为0.56 m、0.59 m、1.46 m, 而4频和5频RMS均值相近,分别为0.53 m、0.55 m、1.40 m和0.52 m、0.55 m、1.38 m。相比BDS-3、Galileo单系统,BDS-3/Galileo组合系统5频SPP定位精度分别提高30.8%、29.1%、25.4%和28.0%、30.4%、25.9%。

BDS-3/Galileo  /  多频观测值  /  无电离层组合  /  单点定位  /  定位性能

The BDS-3 and Galileo both provide five-frequency signal services. To fully utilize the multi-frequency signal data, a BDS-3/Galileo multi-frequency single point positioning (SPP) model based on the ionosphere-free combination is established, and the multi-frequency ionosphere-free combination coefficients are determined. Data from 48 multi-GNSS experiment (MGEX) stations are selected to systematically evaluate the performance of multi-frequency pseudorange SPP based on the ionosphere-free combination. The experimental results show that multi-frequency combined observations help to improve the SPP positioning accuracy of the BDS-3, Galileo, and BDS-3/Galileo systems. Compared with three-frequency SPP positioning, the positioning accuracy of four-frequency and five-frequency SPP has been improved to varying degrees. The improvement is most significant for the BDS-3 system. For the BDS-3 three-frequency SPP positioning, the RMS mean values in the E, N, U directions are 0.56 m, 0.59 m, 1.46 m, respectively, while the RMS mean values for four-frequency and five-frequency positioning are similar, at 0.53 m, 0.55 m, 1.40 m and 0.52 m, 0.55 m, 1.38 m, respectively. Compared with the single BDS-3 and Galileo systems, the five-frequency SPP positioning accuracy of the BDS-3/Galileo combined system has increased by 30.8%, 29.1%, 25.4% and 28.0%, 30.4%, 25.9%, respectively.

BDS-3/Galileo  /  multi-frequency observations  /  ionosphere-free combination  /  single point positioning  /  positioning performance
陈健, 董彪, 赵兴旺, 刘超. 基于无电离层组合的BDS-3/Galileo多频单点定位模型及性能评估. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (1) : 17 -25 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.593
Jian CHEN, Biao DONG, Xingwang ZHAO, Chao LIU. Performance Evaluation of BDS-3/Galileo Multi-Frequency Single Point Positioning Based on Ionosphere-Free Combination[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (1) : 17 -25 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.593
近年来,随着全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)的飞速发展和不断完善,各系统卫星数量显著增加,信号频率也逐渐丰富。我国的北斗三号全球导航卫星系统(BDS-3)和欧盟的伽利略系统(Galileo)均可播发5频信号[1],这不仅为用户提供了更加丰富的频率资源,也为多频多系统的深度融合发展提供了基础。目前,BDS-3系统可提供5个信号的公开授权服务,分别为B1I(1 561.098 MHz)、B1C(1 575.42 MHz)、B2a(1 176.450 MHz)、B2b(1 207.14 MHz)和B3I(1 268.520 MHz)[2]。其中,B1I、B3I频率是在BDS-2系统的基础上保留下来的,而B1C、B2a、B2b则是在原有的基础上新增加的信号[3]。目前,Galileo系统同样可以提供5个信号频率的服务,包括E1(1 575.42 MHz)、E5a(1 176.45 MHz)、E5b(1 207.14 MHz)、E5(1 191.795 MHz)和E6(1 278.75 MHz)[4]。
为了充分利用GNSS多频资源,国内外学者对多频组合模型进行了广泛研究,尤其是在精密单点定位(PPP)领域[5-8],而对多频伪距单点定位(single point positioning, SPP)的研究主要基于单频至3频组合定位技术。相比之下,SPP定位因速度快、成本低、适用范围广、数据处理方便以及无需考虑模糊度固定问题,在某些应用场景下的表现更为实用。同时,多频卫星信息能提供更丰富的优良观测值组合,对增强SPP的模型强度具有积极影响[9],并且利于提升多系统组合的兼容性,以及提高定位的精度和可靠性。无电离层(IF)组合模型可以有效消除电离层延迟误差项[10],在多频组合定位中得到了广泛应用,为多频SPP定位的研究提供了理论依据。王益民等[11]对比分析了BDS-3 B1I、B2b、B3I与BDS-2 B1I、B2I、B3I各单频SPP的定位精度,发现BDS-3系统3个频率相较于BDS-2系统相应频率的SPP定位精度更优,且BDS-2/BDS-3组合定位精度较单一系统有显著提升。Zhou等[12]分析BDS-3、GPS和Galileo系统在全球范围内的单频及双频伪距单点定位精度发现,单系统单频在水平和高程方向定位精度分别优于3.5 m、5 m,而双频观测值的加入可有效降低离散程度,提高定位精度。刘明亮等[13]发现,BDS-3单频定位精度均在m级,在双频组合中除B2a/B3I定位精度较差外,B1C/B2a、B1C/B3I、B1I/B2a、B1I/B3I定位精度均较优,在水平和高程方向分别优于1 m、2 m, 而3频组合B1I/B2a/B3I、B1C/B2a/B3I水平定位精度优于1 m,高程定位精度优于2 m。此外,由于卫星信号种类的增加,信号在传播过程中受卫星和接收机内部硬件特性的影响,导致不同频率信号之间在传输时会产生时延差异,这种时延差异称为差分码偏差(DCB)[14-15]。袁海军等[16]研究了DCB改正对BDS-3单频和双频单点定位的影响,发现DCB改正后,单频和双频SPP定位精度的提升率分别为48%~85%、71%~91%。Du等[17]分析了时间群延迟(TGD)及DCB改正对BDS三频单点定位的影响,结果表明,TGD/DCB改正能显著提升BDS三频SPP的定位精度,对PPP定位精度提升不明显,但可以加快滤波的收敛速度。赵庆等[18]分析DCB改正对BDS/GPS/Galileo三频SPP定位精度的影响发现,DCB改正后,各系统观测值残差的标准差减小了66.1%~74.3%,并且单BDS系统3频SPP定位精度提高了74.6%。
鉴于上述研究主要集中于单频、双频及三频SPP,鲜有文献对基于无电离层组合的BDS-3/Galileo四频及以上SPP定位性能进行深入研究。为了充分利用BDS-3/Galileo五频观测数据,本文建立基于无电离层组合的BDS-3/Galileo多频SPP定位模型,确定BDS-3/Galileo多频无电离层组合系数, 并采用实测数据评估BDS-3/Galileo多频SPP的定位性能。
伪距原始观测方程可表示为:
$\begin{gather*}P_{r, i}^{s, Q}=\rho_{r}^{s, Q}+\mathsf{δ} t_{r}-\mathsf{δ} t^{s, Q}+T_{r}^{s, Q}+\gamma_{i} I_{r, 1}^{s, Q}+ \\d_{i}^{s, Q}-d_{r, i}+\varepsilon_{r, i}^{s, Q}\end{gather*}$
式中,$P_{r, i}^{s, Q}$为对应卫星系统下频率i的伪距观测值;上标s表示卫星;Q=C、E分别表示BDS-3、Galileo卫星系统;下标r表示接收机;$\rho_{r}^{s, Q}$为卫星和接收机天线相位中心间的几何距离;δtr为接收机钟差;δts, Q为相应系统的卫星钟差;$T_{r}^{s, Q}$为对流层延迟误差;$\gamma_{i}=f_{1}^{2} / f_{i}^{2}$表示与频率i相关的电离层因子;$I_{r, 1}^{s, Q}$为第1频率上的电离层斜延迟;$d_{i}^{s, Q}$和$d_{r, i}$分别表示卫星端和接收机端的硬件延迟偏差,其中接收机端硬件延迟偏差在单点定位中可被接收机钟差参数吸收,故本文未考虑该偏差的影响[19];$\varepsilon_{r, i}^{s, Q}$为伪距观测噪声。
由于GNSS卫星钟差参考基准通常定义在单个频率观测量或某2个频率的无电离层组合观测量上,因此,当使用的伪距观测量不是相应卫星钟差参考基准频率时,则需要加入DCB参数来改正不同频率信号传输时产生的卫星端硬件延迟偏差。其中,BDS-3系统广播星历的钟差参考基准为B3I频点,Galileo系统广播星历的钟差参考基准为E1/E5a无电离层组合。BDS-3和Galileo广播星历钟差计算公式[20]为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathsf{δ} t_{\mathrm{brdm}}^{s, \mathrm{C}}=\mathsf{δ} t^{s, \mathrm{C}}-d_{\mathrm{B3I} }^{s, \mathrm{C}} \\\mathsf{δ} t_{\mathrm{brdm}}^{s, \mathrm{E}}=\mathsf{δ} t^{s, \mathrm{E}}-\left(\frac{f_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{2}}{f_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{2}-f_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{2}} d_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{s, \mathrm{E}}-\frac{f_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{2}}{f_{\mathrm{E} 1}^{2}-f_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{2}} d_{\mathrm{E} 5 \mathrm{a}}^{s, \mathrm{E}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中,δtbrdms, C和δtbrdms, E分别表示2个系统由广播星历提供的包含卫星硬件延迟误差的卫星钟差。将式(2)代入式(1)中即可得BDS-3和Galileo系统加入DCB改正的伪距单点定位观测模型:
$\begin{align*}P_{i, r}^{s, Q} & =\rho_{r}^{s, Q}+{δ} t_{r}-{δ} t_{\mathrm{brdm}}^{s, Q}+T_{r}^{s, Q} \\& +\gamma_{i} I_{r, 1}^{s, Q}-D_{i}^{s, Q}+\varepsilon_{r, i}^{s, Q}\end{align*}$
式中,Dis, Q为对应系统卫星端的DCB改正项。表 1给出BDS-3、Galileo各自频率下的DCB改正项参数。
根据多频组合观测理论[21],可得BDS-3、Galileo系统多频无电离层组合SPP观测模型:
$\left\{\begin{align*}P_{\mathrm{IF} 3}= & (a+b+c)\left(\rho_{r}^{s, Q}+\mathsf{δ} t_{r}-\mathsf{δ} t_{\mathrm{brdm}}^{s, Q}+T_{r}^{s, Q}\right)+ \\& \gamma_{\mathrm{IF} 3} I_{r, 1}^{s, Q}+D_{\mathrm{IF} 3}+\varepsilon_{r}^{s, \mathrm{IF} 3} \\P_{\mathrm{IF} 4}= & (a+b+c+d)\left(\rho_{r}^{s, Q}+\mathsf{δ} t_{r}-\mathsf{δ} t_{\mathrm{brdm}}^{s, Q}+T_{r}^{s, Q}\right)+ \\& \gamma_{\mathrm{IF} 4} I_{r, 1}^{s, Q}+D_{\mathrm{IF} 4}+\varepsilon_{r, \mathrm{IF} 4}^{s, Q} \\P_{\mathrm{IF} 5}= & (a+b+c+d+e)\left(\rho_{r}^{s, Q}+\mathsf{δ} t_{r}-\mathsf{δ} t_{\mathrm{brdm}}^{s, Q}+T_{r}^{s, Q}\right)+ \\& \gamma_{\mathrm{IF} 5} I_{r, 1}^{s, Q}+D_{\mathrm{IF} 5}+\varepsilon_{r, \mathrm{IF} 5}^{s, Q}\end{align*}\right.$
式中,PIF3、PIF4、PIF5分别表示不同卫星系统下3频、4频以及5频的无电离层伪距组合观测值;γIF3、γIF4、γIF5表示对应多频组合电离层延迟因子,γIF5=aγ1+bγ2+cγ3+dγ4+eγ5;DIF3、DIF4、DIF5为多频组合硬件延迟偏差,其中$D_{\mathrm{IF} 5}= a D_{1}^{s, Q}+b D_{2}^{s, Q}+c D_{3}^{s, Q}+d D_{4}^{s, Q}+e D_{5}^{s, Q} ; \varepsilon_{r, \mathrm{IF3}}^{s, Q} 、\varepsilon_{r, \mathrm{IF4}}^{s, Q}、\varepsilon_{r, \mathrm{IF} 5}^{s, Q}$表示多频组合观测值噪声,其中$\varepsilon_{r, \mathrm{IF} 5}^{s, Q}= a \varepsilon_{r, 1}^{s, Q}+b \varepsilon_{r, 2}^{s, Q}+c \varepsilon_{r, 3}^{s, Q}+d \varepsilon_{r, 4}^{s, Q}+e \varepsilon_{r, 5}^{s, Q} ; a 、b 、c 、d 、e$为多频无电离层组合系数。
为确定BDS-3、Galileo系统多频无电离层组合系数,式(4)观测方程需要满足以下要求:1)方程几何距离项系数等于1;2)消除电离层延迟误差一阶项;3)组合观测值噪声尽可能小。为简化方程,本文假设不同频率的伪距观测值噪声相同,根据以上约束条件即可得到多频无电离层组合观测方程的简化约束方程。式(5)给出5频无电离层组合系数解算方程(3频和4频组合系数同理可得):
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}a+b+c+d+e=1 \\\gamma_{\mathrm{IF} 5}=0 \\a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}+d^{2}+e^{2}=\mathrm{min}\end{array}\right.$
根据式(5)即可求得多频无电离层组合系数。本文BDS-3系统选择B1C/B2a/B3I、B1C/B1I/B2a/B3I和B1C/B1I/B2a/B2b/B3I三种多频无电离层组合方案,Galileo系统选择E1/E5a/E5b、E1/E5a/E5b/E6和E1/E5a/E5b/E5/E6三种组合方案。6种频率组合方案的具体组合系数值如表 2所示。
本节对比分析3频、4频以及5频SPP的定位性能,并分别对BDS-3、Galileo和BDS-3/Galileo三种模式下的定位性能进行对比评估。
为分析基于无电离层组合的BDS-3、Galileo单系统以及BDS-3/Galileo双系统多频SPP定位精度(以简便起见,用IF3-SPP、IF4-SPP和IF5-SPP分别表示基于无电离层组合观测值的3频、4频以及5频SPP模型),实验选取2024-01-29(doy029)的48个MGEX测站数据;测站均接收BDS-3以及Galileo系统5频观测数据,且每个历元跟踪到的卫星数大于等于4颗。图 1给出了测站的位置分布图。
测站坐标参考值采用国际GNSS服务(IGS)分析中心提供的日解文件坐标,使用定位误差的均方根(RMS)作为定位精度的评价指标,对流层延迟采用Saastamoinen模型改正,随机模型采用卫星高度角定权,采用中科院机构提供的DCB产品。详细的多频SPP处理策略如表 3所示。
利用卫星可见数和位置精度衰减因子(PDOP) 对观测数据质量进行评估。图 2给出BDS-3、Galileo单系统以及BDS-3/Galileo组合系统的平均可见卫星数以及PDOP值。
由图 2可见,BDS-3系统平均可见卫星数为6~11颗,Galileo系统平均可见卫星数为5~9颗,BDS-3/Galileo组合系统平均可见卫星数为13~18颗,显示出BDS-3/Galileo组合系统平均可见卫星数显著增加,对提高定位精度有重要作用。同时,各测站BDS-3系统平均PDOP值为1.8~2.5,Galileo系统平均PDOP值为2.0~3.9,BDS-3/Galileo组合系统平均PDOP值为1.2~1.6,说明BDS-3卫星空间分布结构略优于Galileo;相比于单系统,BDS-3/Galileo组合系统可显著改善卫星空间分布几何构型。
为直观展示基于无电离层组合的BDS-3、Galileo、BDS-3/Galileo多频SPP定位精度,图 3给出MAR7测站3种系统组合模式下多频SPP定位偏差。
由图 3可见,BDS-3、Galileo、BDS-3/Galileo系统进行多频SPP定位的坐标偏差在1 d内的变化趋势大致相同。绝大部分历元在E、N方向上,BDS-3、Galileo单系统坐标偏差优于1.5 m,BDS-3/Galileo组合系统优于1.0 m;在U方向上,单系统优于3.5 m,组合系统则提升至2.5 m以内,BDS-3/Galileo组合系统明显降低了多频SPP定位误差的波动幅度,定位精度提高。从RMS值也可以发现,BDS-3/Galileo系统IF3-SPP定位RMS值在E、N、U方向上分别为0.32 m、0.46 m、0.83 m,均优于单BDS-3、Galileo系统。此外,各系统IF5-SPP定位在E、N、U三个方向的坐标偏差及RMS值表现更优,与IF4-SPP相比没有明显提高,但IF4-SPP和IF5-SPP相较于IF3-SPP定位精度有不同程度的提升。其中BDS-3系统最为明显,在E、N、U方向上RMS值从0.47 m、0.68 m、1.18 m分别降低至0.37 m、0.57 m、1.05 m;其次是BDS-3/Galileo系统,IF5-SPP定位在E、N、U方向的RMS值分别为0.28 m、0.41 m、0.76 m;Galileo系统提升较小。可见,BDS-3/Galileo系统组合及IF5-SPP多频无电离层组合均有助于提升SPP定位精度。
为了进一步对多频SPP定位精度进行评估,图 4~6分别给出所有测站BDS-3、Galileo和BDS-3/Galileo系统IF3-SPP、IF4-SPP、IF5-SPP三种多频SPP定位模式在E、N、U三个方向的定位精度统计结果。
由图 4~6可见,除个别测站外,绝大部分测站BDS-3、Galileo、BDS-3/Galileo系统多频SPP在E、N方向上定位精度分别优于0.8 m、0.9 m、0.6 m,在U方向上分别优于2.0 m、2.2 m、1.75 m。对于IF3-SPP定位,在E、N、U方向上BDS-3和Galileo单系统定位精度RMS的25%分位数分别优于0.49 m、0.48 m、1.22 m和0.40 m、0.47 m、1.10 m,75%分位数分别优于0.63 m、0.67 m、1.76 m和0.59 m、0.65 m、1.70 m;BDS-3/Galileo组合系统RMS值的25%分位数在E、N、U方向上分别为0.32 m、0.34 m、0.82 m,75%分位数则分别为0.43 m、0.46 m、1.35 m,较单系统有显著提升。对于IF4-SPP和IF5-SPP定位,其定位精度相近,在E、N、U方向上BDS-3、Galileo和BDS-3/Galileo组合系统多频SPP定位精度RMS值的25%分位数分别为0.45 m、0.47 m、1.21 m,0.39 m、0.46 m、1.08 m和0.30 m、0.33 m、0.80 m,75%分位数分别优于0.60 m、0.62 m、1.67 m,0.59 m、0.68 m、1.72 m和0.43 m、0.46 m、1.28 m。
此外,从中位数可以发现,在E、N、U方向上BDS-3、Galileo和BDS-3/Galileo系统IF3-SPP定位RMS中位数分别为0.57 m、0.60 m、1.39 m,0.49 m、0.56 m、1.39 m,0.36 m、0.41 m、1.02 m;对于IF4-SPP定位RMS中位数,BDS-3系统在E、N、U方向上分别降低至0.52 m、0.54 m、1.36 m,而Galileo、BDS-3/Galileo系统没有明显提升;整体可以看出,在E、N、U方向上各系统IF5-SPP定位RMS中位数相对较优,分别为0.52 m、0.54 m、1.34 m,0.47 m、0.54 m、1.38 m,0.35 m、0.37 m、1.02 m。综上可知,BDS-3/Galileo组合系统RMS值及中位数均优于单BDS-3、Galileo系统,系统组合可有效降低RMS值的离散程度,提高定位精度,并且IF5-SPP相对于IF3-SPP和IF4-SPP定位精度更优。
统计BDS-3、Galileo、BDS-3/Galileo多频和双频SPP在E、N、U三个方向的RMS均值以及组合系统相较于单系统的提高率,以进一步直观展示多频SPP定位精度。其中,对于双频SPP(IF2-SPP)实验,BDS-3和Galileo系统分别采用B1I/B2a、E1/E5a双频组合,并且解算数据与参数处理策略均和多频实验保持一致。结果如表 4所示。
由表 4可见,对于BDS-3系统,在E、N、U方向上,IF3-SPP定位精度RMS均值分别为0.56 m、0.59 m、1.46 m,而IF4-SPP和IF5-SPP定位精度相差较小,优于0.53 m、0.55 m、1.40 m,并且相对于IF3-SPP分别提高5.4%、6.8%、4.1%和7.1%、6.8%、5.5%。对于Galileo系统,在E、N、U方向上IF3-SPP和IF4-SPP定位RMS均值分别优于0.51 m、0.56 m、1.41 m,IF5-SPP定位RMS均值分别为0.50 m、0.56 m、1.39 m,可见5频组合对Galileo系统提升较小。对于BDS-3/Galileo系统,在E、N、U方向上IF3-SPP定位RMS均值分别为0.38 m、0.41 m、1.08 m,IF4-SPP和IF5-SPP定位RMS均值分别优于0.36 m、0.39 m、1.05 m,相较于IF3-SPP平均提高了5.3%、4.9%、3.7%。而对于传统双频SPP定位,BDS-3多频相较于双频SPP定位,在E、N、U三个方向RMS均值分别提高了0.14~0.18 m、0.16~0.20 m、0.34~0.42 m,平均提升率分别为23.3%、24.9%、21.5%。Galileo多频相较于双频SPP定位精度提升较小,仅有0.01~0.05 m。对于BDS-3/Galileo组合系统,在E、N方向上RMS均值提高了0.08~0.10 m,在U方向上提升了0.19~0.24 m。可以发现,相较于传统双频SPP,多频SPP定位精度可提升cm至dm级。相较于IF3-SPP定位,IF5-SPP定位有助于提升BDS-3、Galileo、BDS-3/Galileo系统定位精度,并且对BDS-3系统定位精度提升最为明显,其次是BDS-3/Galileo组合系统,而对Galileo系统定位精度的提升最小;若相较于IF4-SPP定位,IF5-SPP对定位精度提升较小,两者定位精度相近。
此外,对于IF3-SPP定位,在E、N、U三个方向上,BDS-3/Galileo双系统较BDS-3单系统分别提高32.1%、30.5%、26.0%,较Galileo单系统分别提高25.5%、26.8%、23.4%。对于IF4-SPP定位,在E、N、U三个方向上,BDS-3/Galileo双系统较BDS-3、Galileo单系统分别提高32.1%、29.1%、25.0%,29.4%、30.4%、25.5%。对于IF5-SPP定位,在E、N、U三个方向上,BDS-3/Galileo组合系统较BDS-3、Galileo单系统分别提高30.8%、29.1%、25.4%,28.0%、30.4%、25.9%。进一步表明,对于多频无电离层组合SPP定位,在E、N、U三个方向上,BDS-3/Galileo双系统组合定位精度远优于单BDS-3和Galileo系统。
为进一步评估分析各系统多频无电离层组合SPP定位精度,图 7~9分别给出低纬度(0~30°)、中纬度(30°~60°)以及高纬度(60°~90°)区域测站BDS-3、Galileo、BDS-3/Galileo系统IF5-SPP定位在E、N、U三个方向上的RMS值箱线图。
由图 7~9可见,对于多频无电离层组合SPP定位,在E、N、U方向上,BDS-3系统在低、中、高纬度区域定位精度分别优于0.9 m、0.7 m、2.0 m,0.8 m、0.8 m、1.8 m,0.7 m、0.9 m、1.6 m;Galileo系统在3种纬度下定位精度在分别优于1.0 m、0.9 m、2.3 m,0.8 m、0.9 m、2.1 m,0.7 m、0.8 m、2.0 m;BDS-3/Galileo系统在3种纬度下E、N方向定位精度均优于0.6 m,在U方向上则分别优于1.7 m、1.8 m、1.3 m,且均优于单系统定位精度。
在E、U方向上,BDS-3、Galileo和BDS-3/Galileo系统在中纬度区域定位精度RMS的75%分位数分别优于0.58 m、1.33 m,0.53 m、1.30 m,0.37 m、0.87 m;RMS中位数则分别为0.43 m、1.20 m,0.41 m、1.06 m,0.30 m、0.78 m,相比高低纬度更优。在N方向上,BDS-3和BDS-3/Galileo系统低纬度区域RMS值的75%分位数分别优于0.6 m、0.4 m,且优于中高纬度区域,Galileo系统则在高纬度区域定位精度RMS的75%分位数为0.64 m,表现更优;对于RMS中位数, BDS-3、Galileo和BDS-3/Galileo三个系统均在低纬度较优,分别为0.45 m、0.50 m、0.33 m,而中高纬度区域3个系统RMS中位数基本相当,分别优于0.60 m、0.59 m、0.42 m。综上可见,在E、U方向上,BDS-3、Galileo、BDS-3/Galileo系统多频SPP定位RMS中位数在中纬度更优,而在N方向上,低纬度区域3个系统定位RMS中位数要优于中高纬度。
统计各系统低、中、高不同纬度区域测站IF5-SPP定位在E、N、U三个方向的定位精度RMS均值,如表 5所示。由表可知,低纬度BDS-3、Galileo单系统定位RMS均值在E、N、U三个方向上分别为0.57 m、0.49 m、1.55 m,0.55 m、0.52 m、1.59 m;在E、N方向上BDS-3、Galileo单系统中高纬度区域RMS均值相近,分别优于0.50 m、0.61 m,0.48 m、0.59 m;在U方向BDS-3、Galileo系统中纬度相较于高纬度RMS均值更优,分别从1.37 m、1.42 m降低至1.23 m、1.21 m。可以发现,不同纬度区域下BDS-3和Galileo单系统定位精度RMS均值差值优于0.05 m,定位精度相近。在E、N、U三个方向上,BDS-3/Galileo组合系统在低、中、高纬度RMS均值分别优于0.38 m、0.34 m、1.23 m,0.33 m、0.43 m、0.85 m,0.36 m、0.42 m、1.06 m,相比于单系统均有较高提升。综上可见,BDS-3/Galileo组合系统在不同纬度区域定位精度相较于单系统均有较高提升,并且可进一步说明,在E、U方向上,中纬度区域BDS-3、Galileo、BDS-3/Galileo系统多频SPP定位精度较优;在N方向上,各系统定位精度表现为低纬度优于中高纬度。
本文建立基于无电离层组合的BDS-3、Galileo系统多频SPP模型,进行BDS-3、Galileo单系统以及BDS-3/Galileo组合系统多频SPP定位实验。首先根据平均可见卫星数及PDOP值对数据质量进行评估,然后对比分析BDS-3、Galileo、BDS-3/Galileo系统多频SPP定位性能,并从不同纬度区域进一步分析各系统多频SPP定位精度。结果表明:
1) 对于不同系统,BDS-3/Galileo组合系统多频SPP定位精度均优于BDS-3、Galileo单系统。其中BDS-3/Galileo IF5-SPP定位精度表现更优,RMS均值在E、N、U方向上分别提升至0.36 m、0.39 m、1.03 m,并且BDS-3/Galileo组合系统多频SPP相较于单系统在E、N、U方向上分别提高25.5%~32.1%、26.8%~30.5%和23.4%~26.0%。
2) 对于不同频率,各系统IF5-SPP定位精度整体更优,在E、N、U方向上,IF5-SPP定位RMS均值分别优于0.52 m、0.56 m、1.39 m,相较于IF3-SPP定位有明显提升,而与IF4-SPP相比提升较少。此外,BDS-3 IF5-SPP定位相较于IF3-SPP定位提升明显,在E、N、U方向上分别提升7.1%、6.8%、5.5%。
3) 对于不同纬度,在E、U方向上中纬度区域各系统IF5-SPP定位精度较优,其中单系统RMS均值分别优于0.49 m、1.23 m,组合系统则分别优于0.33 m、0.85 m。在N方向上低纬度区域各系统IF5-SPP定位精度较优,单系统和组合系统RMS均值分别优于0.52 m、0.34 m。
  • 安徽理工大学高层次人才科研启动基金(13200385)
  • 安徽理工大学青年科技基金(2024JBQN0026)
  • 矿山采动灾害空天地协同监测与预警安徽普通高校重点实验室开放基金重点项目(KLAHEI202301)
  • 安徽省自然科学基金(2408085MD100)
  • 安徽省自然科学基金(2208085MD101)
  • 安徽省自然科学基金(2108085QD171)
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2026年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.593
  • 接收时间:2025-01-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-03
基金
安徽理工大学高层次人才科研启动基金(13200385)
安徽理工大学青年科技基金(2024JBQN0026)
矿山采动灾害空天地协同监测与预警安徽普通高校重点实验室开放基金重点项目(KLAHEI202301)
安徽省自然科学基金(2408085MD100)
安徽省自然科学基金(2208085MD101)
安徽省自然科学基金(2108085QD171)
作者信息
    1 安徽理工大学空间信息与测绘工程学院, 淮南, 232001
    2 矿山采动灾害空天地协同监测与预警安徽普通高校重点实验室, 淮南, 232001
    3 矿区环境与灾害协同监测煤炭行业工程研究中心, 淮南, 232001

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董彪, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为多频多模GNSS卫星定位, E-mail:
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