Article(id=1322566797451178878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322566763112415546, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.588, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1735660800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793254096614, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793254096614, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793254096614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793254096614, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322566763112415546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='138', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793254088427, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793254088427, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=34, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322566797665088384, articleId=1322566797451178878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=An Improved Soft Fault Detection Algorithm for GNSS/SINS Integrated Navigation System, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At present, the common detection method of integrated navigation system soft faults is to combine the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) algorithm with the residual Chi-square detection algorithm. However, this algorithm has the defects of low detection accuracy and inability to detect multiple consecutive soft faults. Aiming at this problem, this paper first proposes an improved SPRT detection algorithm based on fading factor to reduce the influence of historical information on fault detection statistics and enhance the effect of current information on fault detection statistics. Then, the fault check statistic of the improved SPRT detection algorithm is designed, and combined with the residual Chi-square detection algorithm, an integrated navigation soft fault detection algorithm is proposed. Finally, based on GNSS/SINS integrated navigation system, this article has carried on the integrated navigation system soft failure detection simulation experiment.The experimental results show that compared with the classical algorithm, residual Chi-square detection algorithm, the improved algorithm not only has high precision and can accurately detect multiple consecutive soft faults, which can guarantee the stability of the integrated navigation system.

, authors=Lili LIU1, Xueyuan LIN1, *, Jingli FU1, authorsList=Lili LIU, Xueyuan LIN, Jingli FU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xueyuan LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322566799284089743, articleId=1322566797451178878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=一种改进的GNSS/SINS组合导航系统软故障检测算法, columnId=1281909276545356011, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=大地测量学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目前,组合导航系统软故障的常用检测方法是将序贯概率比检验(SPRT)算法与残差χ2检测算法进行结合,然而该方法存在检测精度不高、无法检测连续多个软故障的缺陷。针对这一问题,首先提出一种基于渐消因子的改进SPRT检测算法,以降低历史新息对故障检验统计量的影响并增强当前新息对故障检验统计量的作用;然后,设计改进SPRT检测算法的故障检验统计量,与残差χ2检测算法相结合,提出一种改进的组合导航软故障检测算法;最后,基于GNSS/SINS组合导航系统,进行组合导航系统的软故障检测仿真实验。实验结果表明,相对于经典算法、残差χ2检测算法,改进算法不仅检测精度高而且能够高精度地检测连续多个软故障,进而保证组合导航系统的稳定性。

, authors=刘丽丽1, 林雪原1, *, 傅景礼1, authorsList=刘丽丽, 林雪原, 傅景礼, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=林雪原, authorNote=

刘丽丽, 副教授, 主要从事信息处理及导航技术研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
林雪原, 博士, 教授, 主要从事组合导航及信息融合研究, E-mail:
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刘丽丽, 副教授, 主要从事信息处理及导航技术研究, E-mail:

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IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2021, 16, 3496- 3509, articleTitle=Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test for GNSS Spoofing Detection in Devices with IMU, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322566802626950080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566797451178878, awardId=ZR2023MA070, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金(ZR2023MA070), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322566799497999248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566797451178878, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322566799510582161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566797451178878, companyId=1322566799497999248, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Artificial Intelligence, Shandong Vocational University of Foreign Affairs, Weihai 264500, China), 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Error parameters of navigation sensors

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参数项参数值工作周期
陀螺仪零偏0.1°/h0.02 s
陀螺仪角度随机游走0.01°/$\sqrt{h}$
加速度计零偏100 μg0.02 s
加速度计随机游走10 μg/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$
GNSS定位误差(1σ)10 m1 s
GNSS的测速误差0.2 m/s
), ArticleFig(id=1322566802232685499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566797451178878, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

导航传感器误差参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数项参数值工作周期
陀螺仪零偏0.1°/h0.02 s
陀螺仪角度随机游走0.01°/$\sqrt{h}$
加速度计零偏100 μg0.02 s
加速度计随机游走10 μg/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$
GNSS定位误差(1σ)10 m1 s
GNSS的测速误差0.2 m/s
), ArticleFig(id=1322566802320765884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566797451178878, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

GNSS soft fault parameter model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
软故障序号软故障模型(f0, t0, Δt, r0)
Fs1(3 m, 200 s, 60 s, 0.9 m/s)
Fs2(3 m, 600 s, 60 s, 0.5 m/s)
Fs3(3 m, 1100 s, 120 s, 0.5 m/s)
), ArticleFig(id=1322566802400457661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566797451178878, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

GNSS软故障参数模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
软故障序号软故障模型(f0, t0, Δt, r0)
Fs1(3 m, 200 s, 60 s, 0.9 m/s)
Fs2(3 m, 600 s, 60 s, 0.5 m/s)
Fs3(3 m, 1100 s, 120 s, 0.5 m/s)
), ArticleFig(id=1322566802471760830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566797451178878, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Comparison of GNSS soft fault detection performance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法故障开始检测时间/s故障结束检测时间/s
Fs1Fs2Fs3Fs1Fs2Fs3
残差卡方检测算法2256351 1712616481 318
经典算法225635-340--
改进算法2206311 1252636641 226
), ArticleFig(id=1322566802526286783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566797451178878, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

GNSS软故障检测性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法故障开始检测时间/s故障结束检测时间/s
Fs1Fs2Fs3Fs1Fs2Fs3
残差卡方检测算法2256351 1712616481 318
经典算法225635-340--
改进算法2206311 1252636641 226
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一种改进的GNSS/SINS组合导航系统软故障检测算法
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刘丽丽 1 , 林雪原 1, * , 傅景礼 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 大地测量学 2026,46(1): 34-39
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大地测量与地球动力学 |大地测量学 2026 , 46 (1) : 34 -39
一种改进的GNSS/SINS组合导航系统软故障检测算法
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刘丽丽1 , 林雪原1, * , 傅景礼1
作者信息
  • 1 山东外事职业大学人工智能学院, 威海, 264500
通讯作者:
林雪原, 博士, 教授, 主要从事组合导航及信息融合研究, E-mail:
作者简介:

刘丽丽, 副教授, 主要从事信息处理及导航技术研究, E-mail:

An Improved Soft Fault Detection Algorithm for GNSS/SINS Integrated Navigation System
Lili LIU1 , Xueyuan LIN1, * , Jingli FU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Artificial Intelligence, Shandong Vocational University of Foreign Affairs, Weihai 264500, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.588
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目前,组合导航系统软故障的常用检测方法是将序贯概率比检验(SPRT)算法与残差χ2检测算法进行结合,然而该方法存在检测精度不高、无法检测连续多个软故障的缺陷。针对这一问题,首先提出一种基于渐消因子的改进SPRT检测算法,以降低历史新息对故障检验统计量的影响并增强当前新息对故障检验统计量的作用;然后,设计改进SPRT检测算法的故障检验统计量,与残差χ2检测算法相结合,提出一种改进的组合导航软故障检测算法;最后,基于GNSS/SINS组合导航系统,进行组合导航系统的软故障检测仿真实验。实验结果表明,相对于经典算法、残差χ2检测算法,改进算法不仅检测精度高而且能够高精度地检测连续多个软故障,进而保证组合导航系统的稳定性。

软故障检测  /  序贯概率比检验  /  渐消因子  /  故障检验统计量  /  组合导航

At present, the common detection method of integrated navigation system soft faults is to combine the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) algorithm with the residual Chi-square detection algorithm. However, this algorithm has the defects of low detection accuracy and inability to detect multiple consecutive soft faults. Aiming at this problem, this paper first proposes an improved SPRT detection algorithm based on fading factor to reduce the influence of historical information on fault detection statistics and enhance the effect of current information on fault detection statistics. Then, the fault check statistic of the improved SPRT detection algorithm is designed, and combined with the residual Chi-square detection algorithm, an integrated navigation soft fault detection algorithm is proposed. Finally, based on GNSS/SINS integrated navigation system, this article has carried on the integrated navigation system soft failure detection simulation experiment.The experimental results show that compared with the classical algorithm, residual Chi-square detection algorithm, the improved algorithm not only has high precision and can accurately detect multiple consecutive soft faults, which can guarantee the stability of the integrated navigation system.

soft fault detection  /  sequential probability ratio test (SPRT)  /  fading factor  /  fault test statistics  /  integrated navigation
刘丽丽, 林雪原, 傅景礼. 一种改进的GNSS/SINS组合导航系统软故障检测算法. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (1) : 34 -39 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.588
Lili LIU, Xueyuan LIN, Jingli FU. An Improved Soft Fault Detection Algorithm for GNSS/SINS Integrated Navigation System[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (1) : 34 -39 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.588
对于全球卫星/捷联惯性(GNSS/SINS)组合导航系统[1],GNSS会出现缓慢变化的故障(简称软故障)和突变故障(简称硬故障)[2],此时需要对故障进行检测并隔离。
残差χ2检测算法能够迅速检测出硬故障,但对软故障,该方法存在检测灵敏度低、响应时间长的缺陷[2]。对于软故障的检测,过去常用的方法是χ2检测[3]及双χ2检测[4],但其存在误差积累的缺陷,进而降低算法灵敏度并提升了计算复杂度。概率序贯比检测(sequential probability ratio test, SPRT)算法对小偏差量的敏感度较高,在组合导航系统的软故障检测中得到应用[5]。Wang等[6]基于新息序列的对数似然比将SPRT应用于组合导航系统的软故障检测中,当系统无软故障时,检验统计量长期处于一个较大的负值,一旦遇到软故障,该算法不能对软故障进行迅速与准确的判断。陈计辉[7]为避免SPRT检验统计量长期处于较大负值的缺陷,研究了一种SPRT算法以保持检验统计量始终大于0;以此为基础,张闯等[8]将该算法与残差χ2检测算法结合以检测软故障。为提升张闯等[8]检测算法的性能,Wang等[9]将SPRT算法与模糊自适应残差检测算法结合,提出一种组合导航联合故障检测算法,但该算法的滤波精度依赖于凭经验选定的模糊规则及隶属函数。
上述方法除了各自的局限性以外,还具有一个共同的缺陷,即无法检测相继出现的多个软故障,导致组合导航系统滤波性能不稳定。为了克服上述缺陷,本文设计一种具有渐消因子的SPRT检测算法,并与残差χ2检测算法相结合,提出一种改进的组合导航软故障检测算法。
GNSS/SINS组合系统的线性滤波模型为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\boldsymbol{X}_{k+1}=\boldsymbol{\varPhi}_{k+1, k} \boldsymbol{X}_{k}+\boldsymbol{\varGamma}_{k} \boldsymbol{W}_{k} \\\boldsymbol{Z}_{k}=\boldsymbol{H}_{k} \boldsymbol{X}_{k}+\boldsymbol{V}_{k}\end{array}\right.$
式中,$\boldsymbol{X}_{k}$为状态向量;$\boldsymbol{\varPhi}_{k+1, k} \in \boldsymbol{R}^{n, n}$是状态一步转移矩阵;$\boldsymbol{\boldsymbol { \varGamma } _ { k }} \in \boldsymbol{R}^{n, r}$为系统噪声分配矩阵;$\boldsymbol{W}_{k}$是均值为0、方差矩阵为$\boldsymbol{Q}_{k}$的系统噪声向量;观测向量$\boldsymbol{Z}_{k}$取为GNSS和SINS输出位置和速度的差值;$\boldsymbol{H}_{k}$为量测矩阵;$\boldsymbol{V}_{k}$是均值为0、方差矩阵为$\boldsymbol{R}_{k}$的量测噪声向量。导航坐标系选取东北天坐标系,选取的18维状态向量如下:
$\begin{gather*}\boldsymbol{X}_{k}=\left[\varphi_{\mathrm{E}}\;\;\varphi_{\mathrm{N}}\;\;\varphi_{\mathrm{U}}\;\;\mathsf{δ} V_{\mathrm{E}}\;\;\mathsf{δ} V_{\mathrm{N}}\;\;\mathsf{δ} V_{\mathrm{U}}\;\;\mathsf{δ} L \quad \mathsf{δ} \lambda \quad \mathsf{δ} h\right. \\\left.\varepsilon_{b x}\;\;\varepsilon_{b y}\;\;\varepsilon_{b z}\;\;\varepsilon_{r x}\;\; \varepsilon_{r y}\;\; \varepsilon_{r z}\;\; \nabla_{r x}\;\; \nabla_{r y} \;\;\nabla_{r z}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}\end{gather*}$
式中,$\left[\varphi_{\mathrm{E}}\;\;\varphi_{\mathrm{N}}\;\;\varphi_{\mathrm{U}}\right]$和$\left[\mathsf{δ} V_{\mathrm{E}}\;\; \mathsf{δ} V_{\mathrm{N}}\;\; \mathsf{δ} V_{\mathrm{U}}\right]$分别为SINS的平台角误差和速度误差;$\left[\begin{array}{lll}\mathsf{δ} L & \mathsf{δ} \lambda & \mathsf{δ} h\end{array}\right]$为SINS的纬度误差、经度误差和高度误差;$\left[\varepsilon_{b x}\;\; \varepsilon_{b y} \;\;\varepsilon_{b z}\right]$和$\left[\varepsilon_{r x} \;\;\varepsilon_{r y} \;\;\varepsilon_{r z}\right]$分别为陀螺随机常值漂移和一阶马尔可夫误差;$\left[\nabla_{r x} \;\;\nabla_{r y}\;\; \nabla_{r z}\right]$为加速度计一阶马尔可夫误差。
基于上述条件,常规卡尔曼滤波可表示为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\widehat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k \mid k-1}=\boldsymbol{\varPhi}_{k, k-1} \widehat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k-1 \mid k-1} \\\boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k-1}=\boldsymbol{\varPhi}_{k, k-1} \boldsymbol{P}_{k-1 \mid k-1} \boldsymbol{\varPhi}_{k, k-1}^{\mathrm{T}}+\boldsymbol{\varGamma}_{k-1} \boldsymbol{Q}_{k-1} \boldsymbol{\varGamma}_{k-1}^{\mathrm{T}} \\\boldsymbol{K}_{k}=\boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k-1} \boldsymbol{H}_{k}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{H}_{k} \boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k-1} \boldsymbol{H}_{k}^{\mathrm{T}}+\widehat{\boldsymbol{R}}_{k}\right)^{-1} \\\boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k}=\left[I-\boldsymbol{K}_{k} \boldsymbol{H}_{k}\right] \boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k-1} \\\widehat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k \mid k}=\widehat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k \mid k-1}+\boldsymbol{K}_{k}\left(\boldsymbol{Z}_{k}-\boldsymbol{H}_{k} \widehat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k \mid k-1}\right)\end{array}\right.$
当采用补偿反馈校正法时,考虑到工程实现,有$\widehat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k \mid k-1}=0$。式(3)中其他各个参数的详细含义见文献[10]。
传统SPRT算法采用对数似然比的递推计算,当系统正常时,检测统计量逐渐减小并有可能达到一个绝对值较大的负值;而当系统发生软故障时,检测统计量逐渐增大到0并进一步增大到检测阈值,所以传统SPRT算法存在故障检测时间延迟、实时性较差的缺陷。为了克服上述缺陷,诸多学者提出了一系列新的SPRT算法以保证检测统计量始终大于0。但上述算法均无法检测连续出现的多个软故障。
考虑到式(3)中$\widehat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k \mid k-1}=0$,组合导航系统新息向量表示如下:
$\begin{gather*}\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_{k}=\boldsymbol{Z}_{k}-\boldsymbol{H}_{k} \widehat{\boldsymbol{X}}_{k \mid k-1}=\boldsymbol{Z}_{k}\end{gather*}$
令$\boldsymbol{Z}_{k}=\left[\begin{array}{llllll}Z_{k}^{(1)} & Z_{k}^{(2)} & Z_{k}^{(3)} & Z_{k}^{(4)} & Z_{k}^{(5)} & Z_{k}^{(6)} \end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$,并定义如下2种状态:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\boldsymbol{H}_{0}: \mu=0 \rightarrow \text { 正常状态 } \\\boldsymbol{H}_{1}: \mu \neq 0 \rightarrow \text { 故障状态 }\end{array}\right.$
式中,μ为均值。
对于$\boldsymbol{Z}_{k}$中任一随机变量$Z_{k}^{(j)}(j=1, 2, \cdots , 6)$,定义其$k$次序贯独立样本为$\left\{Z_{i}^{(j)} \mid i=1, 2\right.$,$\cdots, k\}$,该样本均值和方差表示为:
$\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}=\frac{1}{k} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{k} Z_{i}^{(j)}$
$\sigma_{(j), k}^{2}=\frac{1}{k} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{k}\left(Z_{i}^{(j)}-\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}\right)^{2}$
则$Z_{i}^{(j)}$的概率密度函数可以表达为[11]:
$\begin{equation*}p\left(Z_{i}^{(j)} \mid H_{0}\right)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi} \sigma_{(j), k}} \exp \left[-\frac{\left(Z_{i}^{(j)}\right)^{2}}{2 \sigma_{(j), k}^{2}}\right] \end{equation*}$
$\begin{equation*}p\left(Z_{i}^{(j)} \mid H_{1}\right)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi} \sigma_{(j), k}} \exp \left[-\frac{\left(Z_{i}^{(j)}-\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}\right)^{2}}{2 \sigma_{(j), k}^{2}}\right] \end{equation*}$
根据式(8)、式(9),得其似然比:
$\begin{equation*}L_{j}(k)=\exp \left[\sum\limits_{i=1}^{k} \frac{\left(Z_{i}^{(j)}\right)^{2}-\left(Z_{i}^{(j)}-\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}\right)^{2}}{2 \sigma_{(j), k}^{2}}\right]\end{equation*}$
对式(10)取自然对数,并结合式(6)和式(7),得对数似然比的递推公式:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\lambda_{j}(k)=\ln \left[L_{j}(k)\right]=\frac{k}{2} \frac{\left(\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}\right)^{2}}{\sigma_{(j), k}^{2}} \\\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}=\frac{k-1}{k} \bar{Z}_{k-1}^{(j)}+\frac{1}{k} Z_{k}^{(j)} \\\sigma_{(j), k}^{2}=\frac{k-1}{k} \sigma_{(j), k-1}^{2}+\frac{k-1}{k^{2}}\left(\bar{Z}_{k-1}^{(j)}-Z_{k}^{(j)}\right)^{2}\end{array}\right.$
检测统计量$\lambda_{j}(k)$的检验阈值,可以根据Wald公式定义为:
$\begin{equation*}T_{D}=\ln \left(\frac{1-P_{m}}{P_{f}}\right)\end{equation*}$
式中,$P_{m}$为漏检概率;$P_{f}$为误检概率。
由式(11)可知,$\lambda_{j}(k)$始终大于0。
根据式(6),若在滤波开始的较长一段时间内组合导航系统正常,即无故障发生,则$\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)} \rightarrow 0$,式(7)中的$\sigma_{(j), k}^{2}$也趋于稳定,此时式(11)中的检测统计量$\lambda_{j}(k) \rightarrow 0$。
在t1时刻,假如组合导航系统发生第1次软故障。若t1较大,根据式(6),在t1后的一段时间内$\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}$增长缓慢,使得检测统计量λj(k)在滞后t1一段时间后才能到达检测阈值,进而造成较长时间的漏警。
在t2(t2>t1)时刻,假如组合导航系统第1次软故障结束,则在t2时刻,$\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}$达到最大值;在t2时刻之后,$\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}$逐渐下降,导致检测统计量λj(k)也逐渐下降,在累积较长时间后检测统计量λj(k)才能下降到检测阈值以下,进而造成较长时间的误检。
在t3(t3>t2)时刻,假如组合导航系统发生第2次软故障,此时分为如下几种情况进行讨论:1) 在t3-1时刻,若$\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)} \rightarrow 0$且$\lambda_{j}(k) \rightarrow 0$,则式(11)可正常地对第2次软故障进行检测。2)在t3-1时刻,若$\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}>0$且远离零值(此时λj(k)必然没有趋于零值)、但λj(k)低于检测阈值时,则在t3时刻之后,检测统计量λj(k)在滞后t3一段时间后能较快地增加到达检测阈值,进而检测到软故障开始时刻;但当软故障结束后,由于在t3-1时刻$\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}>0$且远离零值,相对而言,$\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}$下降较慢,算法对故障结束的检测时间存在严重的滞后现象,甚至在下一次软故障发生时存在检测统计量λj(k)依然没有下降到检测阈值以下的现象;3)在t3-1时刻,若$\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}>0$且远离零值、但λj(k)大于检测阈值,则无法检测出第2次软故障的发生时刻及结束时刻,最终导致系统的持续误警及组合导航系统滤波的彻底失效。
基于§2.2的分析,上述SPRT算法(简称:经典SPRT算法)无法准确检测到软故障开始时刻进而导致漏警的主要原因是:过去的历史新息对当前时刻$\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}$的计算有较大的影响;而经典SPRT算法无法准确检测到软故障结束时刻进而导致误警的主要原因是:软故障发生期间的历史新息对软故障结束后的统计量产生较大的影响。
为了克服上述缺陷,本文提出了一种改进的SPRT算法。该算法通过引入一个渐消因子α(α<1)降低历史新息对当前时刻检验统计量计算的影响,并增强当前时刻新息对当前时刻检验统计量计算的作用。改进后的对数似然比递推公式(11)变为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\lambda_{j}(k)=\frac{k}{2} \frac{\left(\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}\right)^{2}}{\sigma_{(j), k}^{2}} \\\bar{Z}_{k}^{(j)}=\alpha \cdot \frac{k-1}{k} \bar{Z}_{k-1}^{(j)}+\frac{1}{\alpha \cdot k} Z_{k}^{(j)} \\\sigma_{(j), k}^{2}=\alpha \cdot \frac{k-1}{k} \sigma_{(j), k-1}^{2}+\frac{k-1}{\alpha \cdot k^{2}}\left(\bar{Z}_{k-1}^{(j)}-Z_{k}^{(j)}\right)^{2}\end{array}\right.$
式中,选取α=0.95。
在组合导航滤波过程中,对式(13)中的每个检验统计量λj(k)(j=1, 2,…, 6)进行检测,因为系统计算误差及系统扰动的原因有可能产生大概率的误警及漏警,为此滤波过程中的实际检验统计量取为:
$\begin{equation*}\lambda(k)=\frac{\lambda_{1}(k)+\lambda_{2}(k)+\lambda_{3}(k)}{3}\end{equation*}$
即仅对三维位置的检验统计量进行加权平均。之所以采用式(14),是因为GNSS的导航解算是以伪距和伪距率为基础的,参与导航解算的某一颗卫星的伪距、伪距率发生软故障,必然导致三维位置和三维速度均发生软故障。
为了提高软故障的检测精度,将残差χ2检测算法与本文改进SPRT检测算法进行融合。
根据式(4)的定义,残差χ2检验统计量如下:
$\begin{equation*}L(k)=\varepsilon_{k}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{H}_{k} \boldsymbol{P}_{k \mid k-1} \boldsymbol{H}_{k}^{\mathrm{T}}+\boldsymbol{R}_{k}\right)^{-1} \varepsilon_{k} \end{equation*}$
则L(k)服从自由度为m的χ2分布,假设其检测门限可根据误警率PL设定为TL。
由于残差χ2检测算法对软故障的检测灵敏度极低,为了提高组合导航系统对软故障的检测灵敏度,利用式(14)的检验统计量λ(k)、定义如下变量:
$\begin{equation*}a_{i}=\lambda(k-i+1)-\lambda(k-i), i=1, 2, 3, 4\end{equation*}$
基于式(16),进行如下映射:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}a_{i}>0 \rightarrow b_{i}=1\\a_{i}<0 \rightarrow b_{i}=-1 \\a_{i}=0 \rightarrow b_{i}=0\end{array}\right.$
定义变量$c=\sum \limits_{i=1}^{4} b_{i}$,改进的软故障检测算法的具体流程如图 1所示。
图 1中,软故障的判断说明:1) λ(k)>TD代表故障已经发生,隔离故障;2) λ(k)<TD并不代表软故障未发生,需借助SPRT检验统计量加以判断;3) λ(k)<TD且L(k)<TL,则无故障发生,进行组合导航系统的滤波计算;4) λ(k)<TD且L(k)>TL,如果c≤-3且b1=-1,说明SPRT检验统计量逐渐下降,表明软故障已经结束,可以进行组合导航的滤波计算;反之,即c≥-2,说明SPRT检验统计量逐渐增长,软故障已经开始,隔离故障。
以飞行器为研究对象,其飞行轨迹包含各种机动。飞行时间为1 500 s,飞行器初始位置为(118°E, 29°N, 50 m),初始水平姿态角为0°,初始航向角为90°,初始姿态误差均为0.5°。取式(12)中的Pm=Pf=0.6%,则TD=2.75;取式(15)中的误警率PL=0.01%,则TL=27.45。传感器参数设置如表 1所示。
设置GNSS位置软故障的数学模型为:
$\operatorname{Fs}\left(f_0, t_0, \Delta t, r_0\right)=f_0+r_0\left[\left(t_0+\Delta t\right)-t_0\right]$
式中,f0为初始软故障大小;t0为软故障的起始时刻;Δt为软故障的持续时间;r0为软故障的变化率。
根据模型(18),在仿真的不同时段内加入3个不同的GNSS软故障,如表 2所示。
利用新息序列,目前常用的软故障检测方法有两种:一是将经典SPRT算法与残差χ2检测算法进行融合的经典软故障检测算法[7-10](以下简称为经典算法);二是残差χ2检测算法(以下简称为残差卡方检测算法)。本文算法(以下简称为改进算法),是将改进SPRT算法与残差χ2检测算法进行融合。
由以上描述可知,本文算法及经典算法依赖于SPRT及残差χ2检测(简称为残差卡方检测)的检测结果;而残差卡方检测算法仅依赖于残差卡方检测结果。以§3.1的条件为基础,对比本文算法、经典算法及残差卡方检测算法对GNSS/SINS组合导航系统软故障的检测性能,具体比较结果如图 2、图 3和图 4所示。
针对SPRT检测结果对软故障的检测性能,图 2给出基于本文算法及经典算法的SPRT检测结果。可以看出,对于改进算法,由于采用了渐消因子,其SPRT统计量能够检测出3个软故障,但软故障的检测起始时间有一定的滞后,而软故障的检测结束时间滞后现象要略微严重一些。对于经典算法,其SPRT统计量能够检测出第1个软故障;第1个软故障结束后,由于检测统计量无法迅速降低并趋于零值,导致经典算法能检测到第2个软故障的起始时刻,但无法检测到第2个软故障的结束时刻及第3个故障,导致系统处于长时间误警状态。
图 3给出基于上述3种算法的残差卡方检测结果。由图可见,对于改进算法,卡方检测结果能够比较准确地反映软故障的结束时间,但检测到的软故障起始时间存在明显的滞后现象。而对于经典算法,卡方检测结果能检测到第1和第2个软故障,而无法检测到第3个软故障,这主要受到图 2所示检测结果的影响。卡方检测能检测到3个软故障,但检测到的起始时刻及结束时刻滞后现象更加严重。
利用图 1所示的检测流程,将图 2的检测结果分别与图 3的前2个检测结果相融合,分别得到基于改进算法及经典算法的软故障检测结果;基于图 3的第3个检测结果,得到基于残差卡方检测算法的软故障检测结果,如图 4所示。
进一步地,表 3给出3种算法的检测性能。由表 3及图 4可以看出,经典算法能检测到第1个软故障的起始时刻及结束时刻,分别滞后了25 s及80 s;也能检测到第2个软故障的起始时刻,滞后了35 s;在635 s后,经典算法大都处于误警状态,对组合导航系统的滤波性能将会产生严重影响。卡方检测能够检测到3个软故障的起始时刻及结束时刻,起始时刻分别滞后25 s、35 s和71 s,结束时刻分别滞后1 s、-12 s和98 s,且在有效检测过程中漏警信息较多,进而对组合导航系统的滤波性能产生影响。而本文算法能够较准确地检测到3个软故障的起始时刻及结束时刻,起始时刻分别滞后20 s、31 s和25 s,结束时刻分别滞后3 s、4 s和6 s。本文算法及卡方检测均在812~814 s出现了误警,但短期的误警并不影响组合导航系统的滤波精度。
由图 4可见,对于第1个软故障(221~260 s),改进算法的检测精度最高,漏警率较低,误警率可忽略不计(仅有3个量测信息处于误警状态);卡方检测的误警率最低(仅有1个量测信息处于误警状态),但漏警信息也较多,如226~260 s之间共有35个异常量测,仅检测到22个异常量测;经典算法在262 s检测出软故障结束后,在263~340 s之间的78 s时间内,又间断性地检测出42处误警信息。根据表 3及图 4,在整个时段内,基于改进算法的漏检率、检测率及误检率分别为31.6%、68.3%和4%;基于经典算法的漏检率、检测率及误检率分别为25.4%、74.5%和313%;基于残差卡方检测算法的漏检率、检测率及误检率分别为8.5%、17.5%和40%。综合以上分析,本文算法在软故障检测性能方面具有明显优势。
以上述研究为基础,本文分析上述3种算法对组合导航系统滤波性能的影响,图 5给出滤波过程中的位置误差曲线。由于经典算法在635 s后大都处于误警状态,导致组合导航处于故障隔离状态,故基于经典算法的位置导航参数自635 s后处于发散状态。而改进算法及卡方检测能够检测到软故障,故基于这两种算法的位置导航参数处于收敛状态。图 6给出第1个软故障发生前后期间的位置误差曲线,可以看出,基于改进算法的导航参数精度最高。
图 7给出基于卡方检测及改进算法的位置误差曲线,可以看出,当有软故障发生时,基于卡方检测的组合导航滤波精度明显低于改进算法的滤波精度。
综合以上分析,本文所提的改进算法不仅在软故障的检测性能上具有较好的优势,而且可以更好地保证组合导航系统的稳定性。
组合导航系统的经典软故障检测算法是将经典SPRT算法与残差χ2检测算法进行结合,但是该算法的检测性能受到历史新息的严重影响,导致检测精度不高,在出现多个软故障时存在检测失效的现象,为此本文提出了一种改进的组合导航软故障检测算法。
该改进软故障检测算法引入渐消因子以削弱历史新息对故障检测统计量的影响,同时增强当前新息对故障检测统计量的作用。实验表明,改进算法不仅检测性能优秀,而且还能高精度地检测连续多个软故障,进而保证组合导航系统的稳定性。
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2023MA070)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.588
  • 接收时间:2025-01-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-01
基金
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2023MA070)
作者信息
    1 山东外事职业大学人工智能学院, 威海, 264500

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林雪原, 博士, 教授, 主要从事组合导航及信息融合研究, E-mail:
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