Article(id=1322506599256674696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506501562937604, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737129600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239744247, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239744247, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239744247, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239744247, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506501562937604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1211', pageEnd='1316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765728000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239720954, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239720954, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1287, endPage=1293, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506600770818441, articleId=1322506599256674696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=A GNSS Multipath Error Mitigation Method Based on Dynamic Displacement Parameters of Landslides, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A multipath error mitigation method suitable for dynamic landslide deformation monitoring points is proposed. This method replaces the fixed position parameters used in the residual extraction process with dynamic displacement parameters that reflect actual deformation to eliminate systematic errors caused by deformation. The method employs sidereal filtering(SF) and multipath hemispherical mapping(MHM) to mitigate multipath effects in dynamic landslide scenarios. Experimental results show that the proposed multipath mitigation method based on dynamic displacement parameters can be effectively applied to dynamic deformation monitoring scenarios. Compared with the original unfiltered results, during the constant velocity deformation stage of the landslide, the positioning accuracy in the east direction is improved by 13% and 27%, in the north direction by 15% and 30%, and in the height direction by 11% and 22% for SF and MHM based on dynamic displacement parameters. During the accelerated deformation stage of the landslide, the positioning accuracy in the east direction is improved by 12% and 24%, in the north direction by 23% and 32%, and in the height direction by 5% and 19% for SF and MHM based on dynamic displacement parameters.

, authors=Hanwen WU1, Li WANG1, 2, 3, *, Bao SHU1, 2, 3, Xinrui LI1, 2, 3, Wei QU1, 2, 3, Qin ZHANG1, 2, 3, Yu QIAN1, Bin CHEN1, authorsList=Hanwen WU, Li WANG, Bao SHU, Xinrui LI, Wei QU, Qin ZHANG, Yu QIAN, Bin CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li WANG, authorNote=

WU Hanwen, postgraduate, majors in high-precision GNSS positioning, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506603308372378, articleId=1322506599256674696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=一种基于滑坡动态位移参数的GNSS多路径误差削弱方法, columnId=1322506197874356701, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地壳运动, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

提出一种适用于动态滑坡变形监测点的多路径误差削弱方法。该方法将残差提取过程中使用的固定位置参数替换为反映真实变形的动态位移参数,以消除变形引起的系统性误差。分别采用恒星日滤波(SF)和多路径半天球图(MHM)在动态滑坡场景中对多路径效应进行削弱。实验结果表明,所提的基于动态位移参数的多路径削弱方法能够有效应用于动态变形监测场景。与原始未滤波结果相比,在滑坡等速变形阶段,基于动态位移参数的SF和MHM,在东方向上的定位精度分别提高13%和27%,在北方向上分别提高15%和30%,在高程方向上分别提高11%和22%;在滑坡加速变形阶段,基于动态位移参数的SF和MHM,在东方向上的定位精度分别提高12%和24%,在北方向上分别提高23%和32%,在高程方向上分别提高5%和19%。

, authors=武翰文1, 王利1, 2, 3, *, 舒宝1, 2, 3, 李新瑞1, 2, 3, 瞿伟1, 2, 3, 张勤1, 2, 3, 钱雨1, 陈斌1, authorsList=武翰文, 王利, 舒宝, 李新瑞, 瞿伟, 张勤, 钱雨, 陈斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王利, authorNote=

武翰文,硕士生,主要研究方向为GNSS高精度定位,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

王利,博士,教授,主要研究方向为卫星导航定位数据处理、地灾变形监测,E-mail:

WANG Li, PhD, professor, majors in satellite navigation and positioning data processing, and geohazard deformation monitoring, E-mail:

, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=R3I+jyDfxlIKxXRZvnW0bA==, magXml=m6m/2SfYTGHwU/PYfE/yaA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=GwbpvQdbzGJDZYRTOV4oeQ==, pdfFileSize=7488208, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=0J6+WTM75xQWf8URw4wGuA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=dG5fiKneGjsR3ZrrF/YDqw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322506605397135781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506599256674696, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1624640720@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322506605481021863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506599256674696, authorId=1322506605397135781, language=EN, stringName=Hanwen WU, firstName=Hanwen, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China, bio={"content":"

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WU Hanwen, postgraduate, majors in high-precision GNSS positioning, E-mail:

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articleId=1322506599256674696, language=CN, label=图8, caption=加速变形阶段动态MHM模型最佳天数确定, figureFileSmall=675bXAdPHUymfElQLscmPQ==, figureFileBig=fuzIiz759NH5hs3pMcIZ4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506615694152177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506599256674696, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Statistics of the results of each processing strategy in the accelerated deformation stage

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处理策略RMSE和改善率
E方向/cm 改善率/% N方向/cm 改善率/% U方向/cm 改善率/%
未处理 0.17 - 0.22 - 0.42 -
静态SF 0.25 -47 0.35 -59 0.66 -57
静态MHM 0.14 18 0.19 14 0.37 12
动态SF 0.15 12 0.17 23 0.40 5
动态MHM 0.13 24 0.15 32 0.34 19
), ArticleFig(id=1322506615832564210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506599256674696, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

加速变形阶段各处理策略结果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理策略RMSE和改善率
E方向/cm 改善率/% N方向/cm 改善率/% U方向/cm 改善率/%
未处理 0.17 - 0.22 - 0.42 -
静态SF 0.25 -47 0.35 -59 0.66 -57
静态MHM 0.14 18 0.19 14 0.37 12
动态SF 0.15 12 0.17 23 0.40 5
动态MHM 0.13 24 0.15 32 0.34 19
), ArticleFig(id=1322506615933227507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506599256674696, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Statistics of the results of each processing strategy in the uniform deformation stage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理策略RMSE和改善率
E方向/cm 改善率/% N方向/cm 改善率/% U方向/cm 改善率/%
未处理 0.15 - 0.20 - 0.37 -
静态SF 0.15 0 0.20 0 0.38 -3
静态MHM 0.19 -27 0.23 -15 0.47 -27
动态SF 0.13 13 0.17 15 0.33 11
动态MHM 0.11 27 0.14 30 0.29 22
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等速变形阶段各处理策略结果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理策略RMSE和改善率
E方向/cm 改善率/% N方向/cm 改善率/% U方向/cm 改善率/%
未处理 0.15 - 0.20 - 0.37 -
静态SF 0.15 0 0.20 0 0.38 -3
静态MHM 0.19 -27 0.23 -15 0.47 -27
动态SF 0.13 13 0.17 15 0.33 11
动态MHM 0.11 27 0.14 30 0.29 22
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Statistics of MHM modeling accuracyfor different days

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理策略加速变形阶段精度 等速变形阶段精度
E方向/cm N方向/cm U方向/cm E方向/cm N方向/cm U方向/cm
原始 0.167 0.217 0.422 0.151 0.204 0.367
3 d 0.130 0.159 0.351 0.114 0.144 0.310
4 d 0.128 0.155 0.348 0.113 0.145 0.308
5 d 0.127 0.153 0.349 0.114 0.144 0.307
6 d 0.126 0.154 0.349 0.113 0.145 0.303
7 d 0.123 0.150 0.341 0.112 0.143 0.300
8 d 0.123 0.149 0.341 0.112 0.143 0.300
9 d 0.123 0.150 0.342 0.112 0.144 0.300
), ArticleFig(id=1322506616218440182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506599256674696, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同天数MHM建模精度统计

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处理策略加速变形阶段精度 等速变形阶段精度
E方向/cm N方向/cm U方向/cm E方向/cm N方向/cm U方向/cm
原始 0.167 0.217 0.422 0.151 0.204 0.367
3 d 0.130 0.159 0.351 0.114 0.144 0.310
4 d 0.128 0.155 0.348 0.113 0.145 0.308
5 d 0.127 0.153 0.349 0.114 0.144 0.307
6 d 0.126 0.154 0.349 0.113 0.145 0.303
7 d 0.123 0.150 0.341 0.112 0.143 0.300
8 d 0.123 0.149 0.341 0.112 0.143 0.300
9 d 0.123 0.150 0.342 0.112 0.144 0.300
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一种基于滑坡动态位移参数的GNSS多路径误差削弱方法
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武翰文 1 , 王利 1, 2, 3, * , 舒宝 1, 2, 3 , 李新瑞 1, 2, 3 , 瞿伟 1, 2, 3 , 张勤 1, 2, 3 , 钱雨 1 , 陈斌 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地壳运动 2025,45(12): 1287-1293
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地壳运动 2025 , 45 (12) : 1287 -1293
一种基于滑坡动态位移参数的GNSS多路径误差削弱方法
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武翰文1 , 王利1, 2, 3, * , 舒宝1, 2, 3, 李新瑞1, 2, 3, 瞿伟1, 2, 3, 张勤1, 2, 3, 钱雨1, 陈斌1
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
  • 2 地理信息工程国家重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路中段1号, 710054
  • 3 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
通讯作者:

王利,博士,教授,主要研究方向为卫星导航定位数据处理、地灾变形监测,E-mail:

WANG Li, PhD, professor, majors in satellite navigation and positioning data processing, and geohazard deformation monitoring, E-mail:

作者简介:

武翰文,硕士生,主要研究方向为GNSS高精度定位,E-mail:

A GNSS Multipath Error Mitigation Method Based on Dynamic Displacement Parameters of Landslides
Hanwen WU1 , Li WANG1, 2, 3, * , Bao SHU1, 2, 3, Xinrui LI1, 2, 3, Wei QU1, 2, 3, Qin ZHANG1, 2, 3, Yu QIAN1, Bin CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, 1 Mid-Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • WU Hanwen, postgraduate, majors in high-precision GNSS positioning, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.014
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提出一种适用于动态滑坡变形监测点的多路径误差削弱方法。该方法将残差提取过程中使用的固定位置参数替换为反映真实变形的动态位移参数,以消除变形引起的系统性误差。分别采用恒星日滤波(SF)和多路径半天球图(MHM)在动态滑坡场景中对多路径效应进行削弱。实验结果表明,所提的基于动态位移参数的多路径削弱方法能够有效应用于动态变形监测场景。与原始未滤波结果相比,在滑坡等速变形阶段,基于动态位移参数的SF和MHM,在东方向上的定位精度分别提高13%和27%,在北方向上分别提高15%和30%,在高程方向上分别提高11%和22%;在滑坡加速变形阶段,基于动态位移参数的SF和MHM,在东方向上的定位精度分别提高12%和24%,在北方向上分别提高23%和32%,在高程方向上分别提高5%和19%。

多路径效应  /  单差残差  /  动态滑坡监测  /  恒星日滤波  /  多路径半天球图

A multipath error mitigation method suitable for dynamic landslide deformation monitoring points is proposed. This method replaces the fixed position parameters used in the residual extraction process with dynamic displacement parameters that reflect actual deformation to eliminate systematic errors caused by deformation. The method employs sidereal filtering(SF) and multipath hemispherical mapping(MHM) to mitigate multipath effects in dynamic landslide scenarios. Experimental results show that the proposed multipath mitigation method based on dynamic displacement parameters can be effectively applied to dynamic deformation monitoring scenarios. Compared with the original unfiltered results, during the constant velocity deformation stage of the landslide, the positioning accuracy in the east direction is improved by 13% and 27%, in the north direction by 15% and 30%, and in the height direction by 11% and 22% for SF and MHM based on dynamic displacement parameters. During the accelerated deformation stage of the landslide, the positioning accuracy in the east direction is improved by 12% and 24%, in the north direction by 23% and 32%, and in the height direction by 5% and 19% for SF and MHM based on dynamic displacement parameters.

multipath effect  /  single-difference residual  /  dynamic landslide monitoring  /  sidereal filtering(SF)  /  multipath hemispherical map(MHM)
武翰文, 王利, 舒宝, 李新瑞, 瞿伟, 张勤, 钱雨, 陈斌. 一种基于滑坡动态位移参数的GNSS多路径误差削弱方法. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (12) : 1287 -1293 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.014
Hanwen WU, Li WANG, Bao SHU, Xinrui LI, Wei QU, Qin ZHANG, Yu QIAN, Bin CHEN. A GNSS Multipath Error Mitigation Method Based on Dynamic Displacement Parameters of Landslides[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (12) : 1287 -1293 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.014
全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)技术凭借其全天候、实时性强的优势,在滑坡、桥梁、建筑物等变形监测领域得到了广泛应用[1-4]。当前,基于GNSS的动态场景变形监测主要采用实时动态载波相位差分技术(real-time kinematic,RTK)。在短距离相对定位中,卫星轨道误差、卫星钟差以及电离层延迟等误差可通过差分方法有效削弱甚至消除。然而,多路径误差与测站周围环境密切相关,难以通过差分方法进行消除或削弱。理论上,载波相位的多路径误差最大值为波长的1/4。以GPS L1信号为例,其多路径误差最大值可达4.8 cm[5]。多路径误差是影响GNSS mm级数据处理精度和可靠性的主要误差源之一,其消除或削弱在高精度变形监测中至关重要,也是实现高精度定位的关键挑战之一。
除了通过合理的选址和硬件改进来降低多路径误差的影响[6-7],当前针对多路径误差的研究主要集中在GNSS数据后处理领域。其中,恒星日滤波(sidereal filtering,SF)是一种有效的多路径误差削弱方法。其基本原理是:当测站周围环境保持相对稳定时,卫星的周期性运行会导致多路径误差呈现出周期重复性[8-9]。恒星日滤波方法主要应用于坐标域[10]和观测值域[11-12]。观测值域的恒星日滤波能够针对每颗卫星的多路径误差重复周期进行建模,尤其适用于北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)等星座异构系统的多路径误差削弱,从而显著提高定位精度。在观测值域,目前主要通过双差和单差方法构建多路径误差模型。石强等[13]、李鹏博等[14]在观测值域根据双差残差,通过滤波处理提取双差多路径误差,并通过实验验证了双差观测值域恒星日滤波方法在改善GPS和BDS定位精度方面的有效性。然而,双差方法在实际应用中存在局限性:一方面需要频繁转换参考星;另一方面会忽略参考星的多路径效应。为解决这一问题,Zhong等[15]基于零均值假设,提出将双差残差映射为单差残差,并利用滤波后的单差残差构建单差多路径误差模型,实验结果验证了该方法的可行性。然而,随着观测时间的延长,恒星日滤波建立的多路径误差模型相关性会逐渐降低。针对这一问题,Dong等[16]提出建立以卫星高度角和方位角为自变量、多路径误差为因变量的多路径半天球图(multipath hemispherical map,MHM)模型。通过建立多路径误差与卫星位置之间的映射关系,该模型显著提高了多路径误差模型的可用性和可靠性。王琰等[17]将MHM应用于精密单点定位,结果表明,其在东(E)、北(N)、天(U)3个方向上的定位精度均得到显著提升;Wang等[18]在MHM的基础上进一步改进,提出基于格网内点的趋势面拟合方法来描述格网内的多路径误差,称为T-MHM(trend surface analysis-based MHM)。此后,许多学者围绕MHM展开了更加深入的研究[19-22],进一步推动了多路径误差建模技术的发展。
如前所述,观测值域中削弱多路径效应的主要方法包括SF和MHM模型。然而,目前针对这2种方法的研究主要集中于静态场景,其在动态场景下的适用性和有效性尚未得到充分验证。因此,本文首先探讨如何在动态场景下获取坐标真值,然后精确提取各颗卫星的残差,并最终利用实测的动态滑坡变形监测数据,对基于观测值域的多路径建模方法的精度进行评估。
本节首先详细介绍在动态滑坡场景中如何精确提取坐标,然后描述一种适用于动态监测点的多路径提取技术,最后介绍2种多路径建模改正方法。
在动态滑坡变形监测场景中,GNSS监测序列存在真实变形。本研究首先使用互补集成经验模态分解(CEEMD)[23]计算原始数据趋势分量并计算残差;然后,根据残差的均值和标准差,使用3σ原则识别并剔除粗差值;之后,使用三次样条插值对缺失数据进行内插;最后,再次采用CEEMD算法从原始坐标时间序列中提取趋势分量,将趋势分量信息作为真实变形值的估计值。
CEEMD提取真实趋势分量的过程大致分为3个步骤。首先,将白噪声添加到原始信号中,并获得带噪声数据的第1个EMD分量,重复分解并加入不同的噪声实现,计算集合平均,定义为第1个IMF分量,即:
$\begin{equation*}C_{1}(t)=\frac{1}{N} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} E_{1}\left[x(t)+\sigma w_{i}\right] \end{equation*}$
式中,x(t)为原始信号;wi为不同白噪声;σ为比值系数;Ei表示生成第i个IMF分量;N为实现数。计算第1个不同的信号r1(t):
$\begin{equation*}r_{1}(t)=x(t)-C_{1}(t) \end{equation*}$
然后,设r1(t)+σE1[wi(t)],i=1,…,N为分解的新信号。当得到第1个IMF分量时,需要计算集合平均,其结果为第2个IMF分量C2(t):
$\begin{equation*}C_{2}(t)=\frac{1}{N} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} E_{1}\left[r_{1}(t)+\sigma E_{1}\left[w_{i}(t)\right]\right] \end{equation*}$
最后,重复上述步骤,可以得到第(n+1)个IMF分量Cn+1(t):
$C_{n+1}(t)=\frac{1}{N} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} E_{1}\left[r_{n}(t)+\sigma E_{n}\left[w_{i}(t)\right]\right]$
$x(t)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{L} C_{i}(t)+R(t)$
通过上述步骤,可以精确提取原始序列中的趋势分量信息R(t)。
在高精度基线解算中,接收机钟差、卫星钟差、电离层延迟、对流层延迟等大部分误差源都可以通过双差的方式消除其对观测值的影响。双差观测方程如下:
$\begin{gather*}\nabla \varDelta \mathit{Φ}_{r b}^{j k}=\varDelta \mathit{Φ}_{r b}^{j}-\varDelta \mathit{Φ}_{r b}^{k}= \\\nabla \varDelta \rho_{r b}^{j}+\lambda \nabla\varDelta N_{r b}^{j k}+\nabla \varDelta \delta+\nabla \varDelta \varepsilon \end{gather*}$
式中,下标组合rb表示对测站作差;上标组合jk表示对卫星作差;λ为载波波长;▽ΔΦrbjk为双差载波相位观测值;▽Δρrbj为双差卫地距参数;▽ΔNrbjk为双差整周模糊度参数;▽Δδ为双差多路径误差参数;▽Δε为观测噪声。在静态环境中,位移参数是通过多日的平均解来确定的;而在动态变形场景中,位移参数随着每个历元而变化,使用上一小节计算的趋势分量信息R(t)作为位置参数。在模糊度固定后,此时得到的双差残差中只包含多路径误差和观测噪声。进一步通过附加单差残差加权和为0的约束条件,将双差残差转换为单差残差。实现方式为:
$\begin{align*}& {\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}w_{1} & w_{2} & w_{3} & \cdots & w_{n} \\1 & -1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\1 & 0 & -1 & \cdots & 0 \\1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & -1\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}s_{A B}^{1} \\s_{A B}^{2} \\s_{A B}^{3} \\\cdots \\s_{A B}^{n}\end{array}\right]=} \\& {\left[\begin{array}{c}w_{1} s_{A B}^{1}+\cdots+w_{n} s_{A B}^{n} \\s_{A B}^{1}-s_{A B}^{2} \\s_{A B}^{1}-s_{A B}^{3} \\\cdots \\s_{A B}^{1}-s_{A B}^{n}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}\sum w_{i} s_{A B}^{i} \\d_{A B}^{12} \\d_{A B}^{13} \\\cdots \\d_{A B}^{1 n}\end{array}\right]} \end{align*}$
$\begin{equation*}\omega_{i}=\sin ^{2}(\theta) \end{equation*}$
式中,sABp(p=1, 2,…, n, n代表不同的观测卫星,其中1为参考卫星)为单差残差;ωi为权重因子;dABij为测站与卫星间的双差残差;θ为卫星p的高度角。
假设接收天线处于无限大的单平面水平反射面中,其传输只受单个反射信号的影响,则多路径效应引起的载波相位观测误差Λ可由下式描述:
$\begin{equation*}\varLambda=\arctan \frac{\alpha \sin \left(4 \pi \frac{H}{\lambda} \sin \varepsilon\right)}{1+\alpha \cos \left(4 \pi \frac{H}{\lambda} \sin \varepsilon\right)} \end{equation*}$
式中,H为天线高度;ε为反射信号入射角;α为反射信号衰减系数(0≤α≤1);λ为卫星信号波长。可以看出,在静态情况下,多路径误差的变化完全取决于卫星仰角的变化。由式(9)可知,由于卫星轨道高度较高,当测站发生cm级变形时(假设衰减系数不变),对载波相位观测误差Λ的影响可以忽略。在这种情况下,多路径误差仍然表现出与站点环境相关的周期性可重复性。
单差观测值域SF方法是通过对每颗卫星的单差残差序列进行小波滤波处理,构建单差多路径误差模型。在后续观测日的相应历元处,减去该单差多路径误差模型值,从而实现对多路径误差的削弱。单差观测值域半天球图方法则是以GNSS接收机为原点,将卫星相对于接收机的方位角作为经度、高度角作为纬度,构建半天球图模型,从而实现多路径误差在空间域的离散化建模。在完成半天球图的格网划分后,利用单差残差对格网进行参数化拟合,并以拟合得到的平均值作为格网参数,以此来表征该格网内的多路径误差特征。
数据处理流程如图 1所示。
为监测黑方台滑坡群的变形情况,中国甘肃省永靖县境内安装了以GNSS为基础的变形监测系统。为验证动态滑坡变形监测多路径误差缓解方法的性能,实验选取比较稳定的HF01基准站和发生明显滑动的HF06流动站在2019年年积日266—277的观测数据,2个站距离约为300 m(图 2)。对监测数据进行RTK处理,由于基线较短,对流层、电离层和卫星轨道误差的影响可以忽略不计,最后得到GNSS坐标时间序列。考虑到粗差和缺值的影响,首先对GNSS坐标时间序列进行粗差剔除和缺失数据的内插,进一步利用改进切线角作为判据[24],将其分为等速变形阶段(α≈45°)以及加速变形阶段(α>45°)。图 3给出HF06监测点进行预处理后的监测坐标时间序列。
采用CEEMD方法对数据预处理后的HF06监测坐标时间序列进行趋势项提取(图 4)。可以看出,趋势项很好地反映了真实的变形。将每个历元的趋势值作为坐标真值,计算基线HF01-HF06的单差残差。图 5分别给出了C12、G08、C02和C09卫星2019-10-01使用传统静态方法和本文所提动态方法提取的载波相位L1单差残差的时间序列,其中蓝色实线为传统静态方法提取的残差,红色实线为本文提出的动态方法提取的残差。可以看出,单差相位残差的波动幅度约为2 cm,由于基线距离较短,残差主要包括多路径噪声和观测噪声。2种方法提取的单差残差时间序列存在明显相似的变化趋势,但二者之间存在系统偏差。使用动态位移参数提取的单差残差可最大程度避免这种主要由位置参数引起的系统偏差。
分别利用传统静态方法和本文动态方法提取单差残差构建SF模型(GPS轨道重复周期设置为86 155 s,BDS MEO、GEO、IGSO轨道重复周期分别设置为6 d加84 697 s、86 165 s、86 165 s)和MHM模型(使用5 d数据构建,网格分辨率为1°×1°)[25],对2019年年积日271—275共5 d的观测数据进行实时的多路径误差改正,得到改正后的基线向量残差序列。图 6和图 7分别展示了加速变形阶段(doy275)SF和MHM模型改正前后的坐标时间序列及其对应的功率谱密度图(PSD),其中红色曲线为未经改正的常规差分结果,绿色和蓝色曲线分别为SF/MHM通过静态与动态方法提取单差残差构建的改正结果。
由图 6可见,动态SF多路径误差改正模型得到的残差序列更加平滑,而静态SF模型在部分时段的残差很大并且相对原序列有明显偏移。分析认为,这是由于变形量较大,静态方法在多路径改正模型中引入了不真实的位移量并传递至改正日,导致改正结果偏离真实值。由图 7可见,动态MHM多路径误差改正模型得到的基线向量残差序列更平滑一些,相较于静态MHM模型以及未经任何改正的基线向量更加平稳,且更贴近原始坐标序列的趋势。表 1、2展示了在不同处理策略下基线向量残差RMSE的计算结果,可以看出,动态MHM多路径误差改正模型解算得到的各天基线向量东北天方向均稳定在4 mm以内,从统计角度给出了动态MHM模型在精准提取多路径误差并改正这一过程的有效性与稳定性。分析认为,动态方法提取的单差残差构建的多路径改正模型能够更精准地改正多路径误差,得到更精确平滑的向量残差序列。
由表 1、2可以看出,原始的静态方法在滑坡监测点移动时并不适用,在加速变形阶段,静态SF模型出现了明显的负优化,E、N、U方向分别降低47%、59%、57%,并未将多路径误差削弱。而动态SF和动态MHM模型改正效果都非常显著,在加速变形阶段,E、N、U方向改进分别为12%和24%、23%和32%、5%和19%;在等速变形阶段,E、N、U方向改进分别为13%和27%、15%和30%、11%和22%。总体上,动态MHM方法的多路径误差改正效果更优。
鉴于上述实验中,动态MHM方法的多路径误差改正效果最优,进一步确定在加速变形阶段(doy275)和等速变形阶段(doy273)动态MHM模型的最佳建模天数。图 8第1行展示了加速变形阶段(doy275)原始位移序列以及使用不同天数残差构建的MHM改正序列,第2行则是其对应的RMSE。表 3为2个阶段不同天数MHM建模精度结果统计。根据图 8和表 3可以看出,在加速变形阶段,3~9 d动态MHM模型均有改正效果,其中7~9 d改善效果类似且为最佳,这是由于BDS MEO卫星的回归周期约为7 d,使用7~9 d数据进行MHM建模更能有效地改正MEO卫星多路径误差。在等速变形阶段,也有类似的现象,都是7~9 d的MHM改善效果类似且为最佳。
本文针对目前常用的多路径削弱方法难以适用于动态变形监测点的问题,提出一种基于动态位移参数的多路径误差削弱方法,通过对真实动态滑坡场景下的监测数据进行多路径削弱处理验证了该方法的有效性,并得出以下结论:
1) 使用动态位移参数提取的单差残差可最大程度避免由于位置参数产生的偏差。基于动态位移参数的SF和MHM模型改正效果都非常显著,在加速变形阶段,E、N、U方向改进分别为12%和24%、23%和32%、5%和19%;在等速变形阶段,E、N、U方向改进分别为13%和27%、15%和30%、11%和22%。总体上,动态MHM方法的多路径误差改正效果更优。
2) 进一步确定基于动态位移参数的MHM模型的最佳建模天数。无论是在加速变形阶段,还是在等速变形阶段,使用3~9 d的数据进行MHM建模均有改善效果,其中使用7~9 d的改善效果类似且为最佳。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42127802)
  • 陕西省杰出青年科学基金(2022JC-18)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(30010226320)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102263201)
  • 陕西省地学大数据与地质灾害防控三秦学者创新团队项目(2022)
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2025年第45卷第12期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.014
  • 接收时间:2025-01-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-18
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42127802)
国家自然科学基金(42127802)
Outstanding Youth Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2022JC-18)
陕西省杰出青年科学基金(2022JC-18)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(30010226320)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(30010226320)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(300102263201)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102263201)
Shaanxi Provincial Tri-Qin Scholars with Geoscience Big Data and Geohazard Prevention(2022)
陕西省地学大数据与地质灾害防控三秦学者创新团队项目(2022)
作者信息
    1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
    2 地理信息工程国家重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路中段1号, 710054
    3 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054

通讯作者:

王利,博士,教授,主要研究方向为卫星导航定位数据处理、地灾变形监测,E-mail:

WANG Li, PhD, professor, majors in satellite navigation and positioning data processing, and geohazard deformation monitoring, E-mail:

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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