Article(id=1322566800764682910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322566763112415546, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736784000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793254097404, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793254097404, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793254097404, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793254097404, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322566763112415546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='138', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793254088427, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793254088427, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=86, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322566800919872159, articleId=1322566800764682910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Earthquake Emergency Eupplies Demand Forecasting Based on PSO-SVM-SST Model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A post-earthquake affected population prediction model based on support vector machines(SVM) optimized by particle swarm optimization(PSO) is established, and the SST(safety stock theory) earthquake emergency supply demand prediction model is constructed. Nine indicator parameters, including seismic hazard and damage severity, are selected and processed through dimensionality reduction and redundancy removal as input variables for the PSO-optimized SVM model to predict the affected population. Based on the relationship between the affected population and emergency supplies in disaster areas, the SST model is applied to indirectly estimate the quantities of typical supplies required in the immediate aftermath of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. The experimental results are as follows: By employing an error comparison analysis method to validate the model's effectiveness, the PSO-SVM model demonstrates a 14.27% reduction in prediction error compared to the SVM model, with a significant improvement in prediction accuracy. The estimated demand for typical supplies in the aftermath of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake provides a certain degree of reference, indicating that the PSO-SVM-SST prediction model possesses both theoretical and practical rationality and utility.

, authors=Yandong TANG1, 2, Mei CHENG1, *, Jun LIU3, Xi YU1, 2, Hao LIN1, authorsList=Yandong TANG, Mei CHENG, Jun LIU, Xi YU, Hao LIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mei CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322566801905533606, articleId=1322566800764682910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于PSO-SVM-SST模型的地震应急物资需求预测研究, columnId=1281933709121138897, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地球动力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

建立基于粒子群算法(PSO)优化的支持向量机(SVM)震后受灾人口预测模型,依据安全库存理论建立SST地震应急物资需求预测模型。选取地震危险性、破坏程度等9项指标参数,经降维和去冗处理后作为基于PSO优化的SVM模型输入变量,并开展受灾人数预测,根据受灾人口与应急物资间的内在关联,应用SST模型对九寨沟地震震后初期所需的典型物资数量进行间接估算。结果表明,通过采用误差对比分析方法对模型进行有效性验证,PSO-SVM模型较SVM模型的预测误差降低14.27%, 预测精度显著提高。估算得到九寨沟地震震后典型物资需求量,预测结果具有一定的参考价值,表明PSO-SVM-SST预测模型在理论和实践层面均具有一定的合理性和实用性。

, authors=唐彦东1, 2, 程梅1, *, 刘军3, 于汐1, 2, 林浩1, authorsList=唐彦东, 程梅, 刘军, 于汐, 林浩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=程梅, authorNote=

唐彦东, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为应急管理、灾害风险管理与灾害经济, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
程梅, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为应急技术与管理, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=PbjTVarASJBXsQNU5Lqi8A==, magXml=Apip9ftDCAlyoIZtDfWUEA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=WLm3NmDLWKbGT2mipv6NMg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=y8SFaKx7RM+AxBL3/ytYig==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322566802421433009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566800764682910, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=tangyandong@cidp.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322566802505319092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566800764682910, authorId=1322566802421433009, language=EN, stringName=Yandong TANG, firstName=Yandong, middleName=null, lastName=TANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 Institute of Disaster Prevention, Academy of Emergency Management, Sanhe 065000, China
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Eigenvalues and contribution rates

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成分特征值贡献率%累积贡献率%
12.63729.29729.297
21.71419.04048.337
31.12112.45660.793
41.02111.34272.135
50.8149.04681.182
60.6567.28888.470
70.6046.71395.183
80.3263.62398.806
90.1071.194100
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特征值及贡献率

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成分特征值贡献率%累积贡献率%
12.63729.29729.297
21.71419.04048.337
31.12112.45660.793
41.02111.34272.135
50.8149.04681.182
60.6567.28888.470
70.6046.71395.183
80.3263.62398.806
90.1071.194100
), ArticleFig(id=1322566804984152796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566800764682910, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Principal component normalization

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成分1成分2成分3成分4成分5成分6
1.0000.0570.1871.0000.9600.632
0.3800.2640.5270.5780.3290.280
………………………………
0.5900.5540.6630.6690.2730.163
0.1950.1950.4970.4500.1680.259
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主成分归一化

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成分1成分2成分3成分4成分5成分6
1.0000.0570.1871.0000.9600.632
0.3800.2640.5270.5780.3290.280
………………………………
0.5900.5540.6630.6690.2730.163
0.1950.1950.4970.4500.1680.259
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Parameter settings of predictive model

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核函数惩罚因子c核参数g迭代次数误差阈值学习因子C1学习因子C2惯性权重a
高斯核函数60055010-62.02.00.2~0.9
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预测模型参数设置

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核函数惩罚因子c核参数g迭代次数误差阈值学习因子C1学习因子C2惯性权重a
高斯核函数60055010-62.02.00.2~0.9
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Comparison of model prediction effects

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模型样本3样本6样本20样本21样本39误差率
实际值2 100 000253 400552 50321 836 628575 633-
PSO-SVM1 741 877234 363560 05116 654 469560 05113.51%
SVM136 848225 634621 24219 448 097512 60027.78%
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模型预测效果对比

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模型样本3样本6样本20样本21样本39误差率
实际值2 100 000253 400552 50321 836 628575 633-
PSO-SVM1 741 877234 363560 05116 654 469560 05113.51%
SVM136 848225 634621 24219 448 097512 60027.78%
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Jiuzhaigou M7.0 earthquake emergency supplies prediction index

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项目震级烈度深度/km季节时刻灾区平均海拔等级抗震设防烈度人口密度/人·km-2房屋毁坏面积/m2
值7920111815.5117 763
归一化0.500.500.536000.750.500.0460.002
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九寨沟M7.0地震应急物资预测指标

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项目震级烈度深度/km季节时刻灾区平均海拔等级抗震设防烈度人口密度/人·km-2房屋毁坏面积/m2
值7920111815.5117 763
归一化0.500.500.536000.750.500.0460.002
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基于PSO-SVM-SST模型的地震应急物资需求预测研究
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唐彦东 1, 2 , 程梅 1, * , 刘军 3 , 于汐 1, 2 , 林浩 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地球动力学 2026,46(1): 86-93
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地球动力学 2026 , 46 (1) : 86 -93
基于PSO-SVM-SST模型的地震应急物资需求预测研究
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唐彦东1, 2 , 程梅1, * , 刘军3, 于汐1, 2, 林浩1
作者信息
  • 1 防灾科技学院应急管理学院, 三河, 065000
  • 2 河北省资源环境灾变机理及风险监控重点实验室, 三河, 065000
  • 3 中国地震应急搜救中心, 北京, 100049
通讯作者:
程梅, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为应急技术与管理, E-mail:
作者简介:

唐彦东, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为应急管理、灾害风险管理与灾害经济, E-mail:

Earthquake Emergency Eupplies Demand Forecasting Based on PSO-SVM-SST Model
Yandong TANG1, 2 , Mei CHENG1, * , Jun LIU3, Xi YU1, 2, Hao LIN1
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Disaster Prevention, Academy of Emergency Management, Sanhe 065000, China
  • 2 Hebei Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental Disaster Mechanism and Risk Monitoring, Sanhe 065000, China
  • 3 National Earthquake Response Support Service, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.011
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建立基于粒子群算法(PSO)优化的支持向量机(SVM)震后受灾人口预测模型,依据安全库存理论建立SST地震应急物资需求预测模型。选取地震危险性、破坏程度等9项指标参数,经降维和去冗处理后作为基于PSO优化的SVM模型输入变量,并开展受灾人数预测,根据受灾人口与应急物资间的内在关联,应用SST模型对九寨沟地震震后初期所需的典型物资数量进行间接估算。结果表明,通过采用误差对比分析方法对模型进行有效性验证,PSO-SVM模型较SVM模型的预测误差降低14.27%, 预测精度显著提高。估算得到九寨沟地震震后典型物资需求量,预测结果具有一定的参考价值,表明PSO-SVM-SST预测模型在理论和实践层面均具有一定的合理性和实用性。

地震应急物资  /  需求预测  /  支持向量机  /  安全库存理论

A post-earthquake affected population prediction model based on support vector machines(SVM) optimized by particle swarm optimization(PSO) is established, and the SST(safety stock theory) earthquake emergency supply demand prediction model is constructed. Nine indicator parameters, including seismic hazard and damage severity, are selected and processed through dimensionality reduction and redundancy removal as input variables for the PSO-optimized SVM model to predict the affected population. Based on the relationship between the affected population and emergency supplies in disaster areas, the SST model is applied to indirectly estimate the quantities of typical supplies required in the immediate aftermath of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. The experimental results are as follows: By employing an error comparison analysis method to validate the model's effectiveness, the PSO-SVM model demonstrates a 14.27% reduction in prediction error compared to the SVM model, with a significant improvement in prediction accuracy. The estimated demand for typical supplies in the aftermath of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake provides a certain degree of reference, indicating that the PSO-SVM-SST prediction model possesses both theoretical and practical rationality and utility.

earthquake emergency supplies  /  demand forecasting  /  support vector machine(SVM)  /  safety stock theory
唐彦东, 程梅, 刘军, 于汐, 林浩. 基于PSO-SVM-SST模型的地震应急物资需求预测研究. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (1) : 86 -93 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.011
Yandong TANG, Mei CHENG, Jun LIU, Xi YU, Hao LIN. Earthquake Emergency Eupplies Demand Forecasting Based on PSO-SVM-SST Model[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (1) : 86 -93 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.011
准确预测应急物资需求数量并在震后第一时间送达灾区,不仅可为应急救援和受灾群众安置工作提供有效的物资保障[1-2],还会直接影响灾区人民的生产生活和伤亡率[3]。21世纪初期,我国在应急物资需求预测领域的研究较少,既有文献的方法体系呈现出单一化特征,主要集中于传统多元回归模型的直接预测。聂高众等[4]率先使用多元非线性回归分析法构建出80余种地震应急物资的最低需求预测模型,但这一方法在预测精度和模型适应性方面存在局限。此后,我国学者对这一领域的系统性关注始于21世纪后的若干重大突发事件,如Liang等[5]使用案例推理技术融合直觉模糊理论,为应急物资需求预测智能决策提供支持,但此方法对历史数据的依赖性较强,应用的关键在于建立规范的案例数据库。神经网络算法因具有非线性数据处理效果好的优势,应用最为广泛,但也存在不足,学者多采用混合建模策略,通过结构优化、超参数智能调整等来提高预测性能[6-7],并根据地震影响因子构建应急物资需求GM模型[8]。
在应急物资需求预测方面,现有研究多使用智能优化算法从震灾造成人员伤亡的角度进行建模,鲜有对震灾人员存活量的预测,且指标体系的代表性缺乏可靠的理论支撑。如何从预测震灾人员存活量的角度构建较为完善和科学的指标体系,改善当前研究体系单一化现状是本文研究的主要内容之一。考虑到震灾数据普遍存在的小样本与高维度特征,间接预测智能算法虽具有较强的非线性特征数据的处理能力,但其训练效率和预测精度往往较低,本文采用支持向量机(SVM)方法来预测受灾人口数量。SVM最大的优势是能在更大程度上避免“维度灾难”和“过学习”的困境,使其对于小样本数据研究更有使用价值[9],能较好地解决预测模型在参数选取上存在局限性、非线性和高维度的小样本预测精度不高、误差大的问题; 同时借助安全库存理论(SST)[10]建立应急物资需求预测模型,设置缓冲库存用以平抑物资波动,完成灾区应急物资需求预测。
间接预测的基本思想是通过预测震后受灾人数,进而估算应急物资需求数量。需要综合考虑地震参数、人口密度、地震发生时刻、地区特点等多种因素,在控制模型复杂度的前提下,最小化预测误差。SVM基于统计学理论,适用于小样本情况下的预测任务,具有强大的泛化能力,在训练集之外的数据上也能表现出良好的性能。为解决SVM在参数选择上的局限,本文采用PSO对模型进行优化。
地震灾害的突发性、破坏程度的严重性、影响范围的广泛性及后续救援和恢复工作的复杂性,都为震后应急物资需求带来较多的不确定因素。为应对需求波动和供应链的不确定风险,需要通过合理设置缓冲安全库存,确保在需求高峰期间有足够的物资供应,满足救援和恢复工作的需要,并结合安全库存理论,建立基于受灾人口的地震应急物资需求预测模型。图 1为基于PSO-SVM-SST预测模型的应急物资需求预测原理图。
SVM是一种用于分类和回归分析的监督学习模型,在解决小样本、非线性及高维模式识别问题中得到广泛应用。黄星等[11]和王晨晖等[12]曾分别使用改进的SVM模型预测震灾伤亡人数,其预测精度和模型稳定性显著提高。
SVM解决回归问题的核心思想是通过特征空间寻找最优超平面,使样本点到超平面最远的样本距离(间隔)最小。如图 2所示,SVM模型的结构包括数据输入、线性变换、结果输出,其中{(xi,yi),…,(xl,yl}代表给定的地震训练集,xi∈Rn,yi∈Rn,i=1,2, …,l,yi为样本输出对应的受灾人数。在Rn上寻找函数使y=f(xi),能够在精度ε范围内使任意输入的xi都有对应的估计值。输入的地震受灾人数xi通过非线性变换φ(xi)映射至高维空间,把原本的二次规划框架重构成线性方程组的求解过程,从而非线性的地震受灾人数预测难题就转化成高维特征空间的线性回归问题[13]。
用数学表述线性预测函数为[14]:
$f(x)=\boldsymbol{\omega} \cdot \varphi\left(x_i\right)+b$
式中,φ(xi)为非线性变换函数;ω为权重矢量;b为距超平面最远地震样本间距。
模型预测的准确率取决于参数的合理确定[15],SVM对惩罚因子c和核函数g等参数十分敏感。由于初始参数是随机设定的,模型的收敛速度和预测精度都会受到随机性的影响。许多学者在参数寻优与SVM相结合问题上开展了大量的研究工作,如刘立申等[16]和陈韶金等[17]为避免模型陷入局部最优的问题,采用PSO算法利用群体间的信息共享和个体间的相互协作搜索最佳参数组合[9]。PSO的优点在于无需对参数进行逐个调整,具有快速收敛和找到全局最优参数组合的优势,可大大降低模型的复杂度,并提高模型运行效率,最终形成的回归模型预测精度优于网格搜索等方法,提高了预测的准确性,因此本文采用PSO算法解决参数优化问题。
由于震后灾区应急物资数据难以统计[18],而物资的需求量与受灾人数紧密相关,准确把握两者之间的关系是合理调配资源、有效开展灾害救援工作的重要前提。根据Waters[19]的安全库存理论,在需求处于灰色模糊状态时,大量非均一性的、零散的需求往往趋于正态分布特征。震后应急物资的需求量急剧增长,灾区信息呈显著的灰色特征[20],余震、次生灾害等可能造成道路损毁、通讯故障等不确定因素[21],使某些特定类型的物资不能以大批量的形式一次性送达灾区。故本文认为,地震中应急物资的需求特征符合Waters[19]所表述的正态分布特征[22],采用安全库存理论将缓冲库存机制引入应急物资供应体系,用以规避救援过程中诸多不确定因素的影响,提高灾区应急物资供应体系的韧性。
根据灾区受灾人口与物资之间的内在关联性,建立SST地震应急物资需求预测模型。假设某应急物资k的平均需求量为ak,标准差为σ,提前期为I,服务系数为Z,引入服务水平概念可计算出在提前期I内库存对需求满足的概率,即安全库存S=Z×σ×$ \sqrt {{I}} $,据此估计出某一时间段内应急物资k的需求量Dk(t)。
根据Sheu[23]和孙超[24]的理论将应急物资分为需连续供应的日消耗性物资A1(其需求量与提前期及库存量有关)和长期使用的御寒类等非消耗性物资A2(其需求量与库存量和灾后接收到的物资总量相关[25]),式(2)为截至t时刻各类物资需求量计算公式,式(3)和式(4)分别量化了受灾区域应急物资k需求量的标准差和平均需求水平:
$\begin{gathered}D^k(t)= \\\left\{\begin{array}{l}a^k \times P(t) \times I+Z_{1-\jmath} \times \sigma_D^k(t) \times \sqrt{I}, k=A_1 \\a^k \times P(t)-Q^k-\sum\limits_{\varepsilon=1}^{t-1} C^k(t-\varepsilon), k=A_2\end{array}\right.\end{gathered}$
$\sigma_D^k(t)=\sqrt{\frac{\sum\limits_{\varepsilon=0}^{t-1}\left(D^k(t-\varepsilon)-\bar{D}^k(t)\right)^2}{t}} $
$\bar{D}^k(t)=\frac{\sum\limits_{b=0}^{t-1} D^k(t-b)}{t}$
式中,ak为每人在单位时间内对应急物资k的平均需求量;P(t)为受灾人数;I为向灾区供应物资的提前期,即连续向灾区供应物资的时间间隔;ϑ为灾区某应急物资的缺货率;Z1-ϑ为服务水平系数,服从正态分布,可通过查表获得;σDk(t)为在t时灾区对应急物资k在单位时间内的平均需求量标准差;Qk为灾区物资k的储存量;Ck(t-ε)为灾区点在(t-ε)时间内抵达灾区的应急物资数量。
影响地震应急物资需求数量的因素众多,大多学者选取地震震级、震源深度、发震时间、抗震设防标准、人口密度等作为评估受灾人数的预测指标[26-27],也有引入人的活跃状态[28]及季节和房屋倒塌率指标[29]展开预测。本文充分考虑灾害性地震的特征和受灾人数影响因素,综合考量地震参数的科学性和数据获取的难易程度,选取震级、震中烈度、震源深度、发震时刻、抗震设防烈度、人口密度及房屋毁坏面积等指标参数作为地震受灾人数预测的关键指标。鉴于不同地域间地理环境与气候条件的差异性,本文将灾区所在地理环境[30]和地震发生季节[31]也纳入指标体系。由于受灾人数受季节因素影响表现出明显的季节性特征,根据吴浩等[32]的研究结论及专家判定,将季节划分为春秋季、夏季及冬季3类。地震灾区现场的安全风险主要源于自然灾害及所处的环境条件[33],在地理学上按照国际惯例的海拔划分标准,将高于1 500 m的区域定义为高海拔地区[34]。本文按每1 km为一个等级对灾区平均海拔进行区间划分。此外,地震发生的时刻在很大程度上影响着灾区人口的受灾率[35],本文将地震发生的时间划分为白天(7:00-22:00)和夜晚或凌晨(22:00-次日7:00)。
5级以下地震造成的灾害较小,需求量一般无需预测;6级及以上破坏性地震[36]不仅会导致惨重的人员伤亡和严重的建筑破坏,对应急物资需求迫切,影响范围广泛,短时内难以统计出应急物资需求量来满足灾区的基本物资需求[37]。本文选取的样本集均为6级及以上破坏性震例。从参考文献[38-42]收集我国1995-2017年39次6级及以上地震数据,部分地震参数信息来源于国家地震科学数据中心,灾情信息来源于地方政府官网公布的数据并结合中国地震局发布的《中国大陆地震灾害损失评述》加以完善和更正。
指标参数从不同维度间接反映地震强度、活动时间及空间特征,存在潜在的相关性,因此对原始数据进行主成分分析(PCA)。采用PCA分析时需关注KMO值和巴特利特球形检验,验证数据分析的可行性。经检验,数据可进行PCA分析。经相关性分析,震级和烈度之间存在着高度相关性,相关系数高达0.821;震级和房屋毁坏面积之间的相关性为0.554;地震烈度与人口密度之间同样也存在着一定的相关性,说明指标数据在信息反映上存在重叠,采用主成分分析方法可解决指标间的多重共线问题。
经过特征处理,将样本集的9维数据通过相关线性变换组合拟合出不同特征指标对受灾人口数量的综合影响程度,通过特征值贡献率、累积贡献率确定指标维度。表 1中前6个成分的累积贡献率为88.47%,达到提取要求,最大程度上维持和反映了原始数据中人员受灾的信息。
经载荷矩阵和标准化后的数据线性组合,得到主成分得分的计算表达式为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}S_1=0.526 x_1+0.570 x_2-0.013 x_3-0.096 x_4-0.175 x_5-0.223 x_6+0.099 x_7+0.062 x_8-0.543 x_9 \\S_2=0.071 x_1-0.009 x_2-0.221 x_3+0.574 x_4-0.219 x_5+0.359 x_6+0.526 x_7-0.400 x_8+0.063 x_9 \\S_3=0.281 x_1-0.110 x_2+0.471 x_3-0.186 x_4+0.554 x_5+0.030 x_6+0.131 x_7-0.570 x_8+0.054 x_9 \\S_4=0.201 x_1-0.201 x_2-0.621 x_3-0.295 x_4+0.507 x_5+0.467 x_6+0.019 x_7+0.091 x_8+0.019 x_9 \\S_5=0.162 x_1+0.148 x_2+0.502 x_3-0.168 x_4-0.247 x_5+0.693 x_6+0.058 x_7-0.314 x_8-0.171 x_9 \\S_6=-0.009 x_1+0.074 x_2+0.031 x_3+0.353 x_4+0.001 x_5+0.301 x_6-0.795 x_7-0.246 x_8+0.291 x_9\end{array}\right.$
式中,Si为主成分特征指标;xi为影响地震受灾人数的各项特征指标,其中x1为震级, x2为地震烈度, x3为震源深度, x4为季节, x5为发震时刻, x6为灾区平均海拔, x7为抗震设防烈度, x8为人口密度, x9为房屋毁坏面积。
对主成分进行归一化处理:
$X_i^*=\frac{X_i-X_{\min }}{X_{\max }-X_{\min }}$
式中,Xi和Xi*分别为各主成分的第i个数据及其对应的归一化数据;Xmax、Xmin为每个主成分得分的最大值与最小值。归一化结果见表 2。
利用MATLAB工具构建PSO-SVM地震受灾人数预测模型,实现粒子群优化算法对支持向量机模型的参数优化。将经过无量纲归一化的样本数据作为初始模型训练阶段的输入层变量,输出层为各样本所对应的受灾人数,由此形成6输入、1输出的结构模型。
遵循统计学上的合理划分原则,按照34∶5的比例将样本数据随机划分为训练集和测试集,确保训练集有足够的数据量以有效训练模型,测试集也具有足够的样本以准确评估模型的性能。在划分过程中,注意保持样本数据的代表性,即确保训练集和测试集在特征分布和类别分布上均与原始样本数据集保持一致,从而避免数据偏差对模型训练和验证的影响。选用平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)对预测精度进行比较。误差函数计算公式为:
$\mathrm{MAPE}=\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left|\frac{R_i-O_i}{R_i}\right|$
式中,n为样本数量;Ri和Oi(i=1,2,…,n)分别为第i个样本的真实值和输出值,即受灾人口的实际值和预测值。
在模型参数优化过程中,设定PSO的粒子初始速度和位置并对模型进行训练。根据误差结果反复迭代,包括对模型的2个主要参数——核函数参数g和惩罚因子c的不断搜索与优化,获得PSO的最佳适应度和模型最优参数,确定最佳回归预测模型,具体参数设置见表 3。
由于不同规模的地震造成的受灾人数差异较大,受灾人数有着较大范围的离散性和偏斜分布。为消除数据离散的影响并减少较大值与较小值之间的差异,对原始数据的受灾人数采取以e为底的自然对数处理。为充分利用训练数据和提升模型预测精度,将训练集同时输入SVM模型进行训练。为客观评价参数优化前后的模型性能,采取模型参数限定、固定相同的训练样本和随机种子的方式,训练结果对比见图 3。可以看出,除个别模拟数据外,参数优化后预测模型产生的模拟数据与真实值更为接近,拟合效果较佳。
随机选取样本3、6、20、21、39作为测试样本来验证模型的预测精度。由表 4预测结果误差可以看出,在固定模型参数设置、训练集和测试集相同的实验前提下,PSO-SVM模型的平均预测误差率为13.51%,比SVM模型降低了14.27%。由此表明,PSO-SVM预测模型的预测精度优于SVM预测模型,预测效果更好。
应急物资需求种类在灾后的不同发展阶段上有所不同,应根据地震灾害的黄金救援期、临时过渡期和恢复重建期综合考量[43]。各大地震发生后的0~72 h,首要任务是抢救受灾人员生命,应急物资配置较多的应是生命探测仪、破拆工具等生命救援装备;随着救援工作的结束,抢救生命逐渐转变为受灾群众的安置,相应的应急物资需求重点转变为基本生活保障类物资,如食物、御寒物品等;震后恢复重建期的工作则为灾民安抚、基础生命线工程的恢复重建等。对于抗震救灾工作而言,满足黄金救援期受灾群众对应急物资的需求尤为重要。因此,本文围绕72 h内灾区对生命保障和基本生活类物资的需求量展开研究。
震后初期,方便食品作为维持生命最为快捷有效的食物来源,通常包含压缩饼干、方便面等。在保障灾区群众基本生活的物资方面,帐篷、衣物、棉被等保暖物资则是重中之重。考虑到生命救援装备一般由政府部门根据救援力量统一决策和调配,因此不对某具体设备进行预测[24],选取具有代表性的物资,即应急压缩干粮、饮用水2种消耗性物资及衣物、帐篷2种非消耗性物资进行估算。
以2017-08-08 21:19四川九寨沟发生的7.0级地震灾害为例,利用PSO-SVM-SST模型预测应急物资的需求数量。国家地震科学数据中心和中国地震局网站数据显示,此次地震的最大烈度为Ⅸ度,震源深度为20 km,九寨沟县及周边区域房屋抗震设防烈度为Ⅷ度,灾情数据见表 5。依据以上数据进行区间和等级划分,并进行主成分提取输入模型,求得受灾人口预测值为520 308人,与实际受灾人口数相近,仅偏差15.68%。
以受灾人口为基准,计算震后初期饮用水、应急压缩干粮、衣物和帐篷4类典型物资的需求数量。根据环球计划手册[44]:每人每天在生存需求上水的摄取量为2.5~3 L、食物能量的摄入量应高于2 100 kcal,安置期间每人至少2套衣物,衣物应适合当地季节和气候变化需要。在国家市场监督管理总局发布的国家标准[45]中,常用的救灾帐篷面积以12 m2为主,一般容纳5~6人。由于震后物资的紧缺性,本文将饮用水的人均需求量a1设置为最低标准:每人每天2.5 L、应急压缩干粮的人均需求量a2设置为最低标准:每人每天2 100 kcal、衣物的人均需求量a3设置为每人2套。为提高帐篷的利用率,每顶救灾帐篷将容纳6人[3],即a4设置为0.167顶/人。因生命救助类物资是需要及时满足的物资[37],应确保有足够的库存来应对缺货风险,因此本文将物资的满足率1-ϑ设置为95%,对应的服务水平系数Z1-ϑ为1.65。由于提前期的长短直接影响到安全库存量的计算,提前期过长可能导致物资供应中断或延迟,根据前人研究成果,将提前期I设置为5 h。
由§3.2可知P(0)=520 308,由于初始时刻σDk(0)=0,根据式(2)可知,震后第一时间应向灾区配送10 L桶装水D1(0)约3.25万桶,每包4 050 kJ的应急压缩干粮D2(0)约112.88万包,衣物D3(0)约10.41万套,救灾帐篷D4(0)约8.67万顶。
随着后续救援行动的深入,物资供应量的调整需紧密依据灾区实时动态与救援反馈信息的持续更新。在首批救援物资抵达灾区后,核心任务转向精确统计地震现场的实际受灾情况及具体需求,进而结合式(2)~(4),为后续救援阶段内物资分配量的科学规划与调整提供参考依据。
目前应急物资需求预测主要依赖经验判断,地震灾害应急物资需求信息获取难度较大,本文采用两步法构建PSO-SVM-SST模型,对地震应急物资需求数量展开间接预测。以2017年四川九寨沟地震灾害数据为例,基于受灾程度构建预测指标,开展受灾人数预测研究;根据灾区人口与应急物资数量间的关系,结合实际经验和人道主义响应最低标准建立SST应急物资需求预测模型,对九寨沟地震震后初期应急物资需求量进行预测,并验证了该模型的有效性,对震后应急物资需求预测具有一定的参考价值。
本文研究局限于震后初始阶段具有代表性的应急物资案例分析,未将物资需求随时间演变所呈现的动态特性纳入分析框架中。后续可依据灾区受灾人数随时间变动的具体情况,动态估算救援阶段所需应急物资的数量,以实现更为精确和全面的物资需求供应与调配。
  • 河北省教育厅研究生教育教学改革研究项目(YJG2023120)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3004405)
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2026年第46卷第1期
38
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.011
  • 接收时间:2025-01-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-14
基金
河北省教育厅研究生教育教学改革研究项目(YJG2023120)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3004405)
作者信息
    1 防灾科技学院应急管理学院, 三河, 065000
    2 河北省资源环境灾变机理及风险监控重点实验室, 三河, 065000
    3 中国地震应急搜救中心, 北京, 100049

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程梅, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为应急技术与管理, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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