Article(id=1322506645964440246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506501562937604, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736611200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239755383, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239755383, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239755383, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239755383, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506501562937604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1211', pageEnd='1316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765728000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239720954, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239720954, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1246, endPage=1252, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506646283207351, articleId=1322506645964440246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Machine Learning Methods for Line-of-Sight/Non-Line-of-Sight Classification of GNSS Signals Received by Smartphones, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Existing research on GNSS signal classification primarily targets professional-grade receivers, distinguishing between line-of-sight(LOS) and non-line-of-sight(NLOS) signals through the extraction of signal features to achieve high-accuracy positioning. However, the signal features and classification methods used in these studies may not be applicable to the signal characteristics of low-cost GNSS chips in smartphones. This paper proposes a machine learning-based method for classifying smartphone GNSS reception signals into LOS and NLOS. The method combines five key indicators: carrier-to-noise ratio, elevation angle, pseudorange residuals, normalized pseudorange residuals, and pseudorange residual percentage. It also integrates deep learning-based zenith view semantic segmentation and satellite calibration techniques to construct an accurate training dataset. Evaluations of various machine learning models in typical urban scenarios show that the proposed method achieves an average classification accuracy of 85.8% across different smartphone models.

, authors=Xianglong JIA1, Chenyu WANG2, Pai WANG3, *, authorsList=Xianglong JIA, Chenyu WANG, Pai WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Pai WANG, authorNote=

JIA Xianglong, postgraduate, majors in smartphone GNSS signal classification and environmental perception, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506648376165062, articleId=1322506645964440246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=面向智能手机GNSS接收信号视距/非视距分类的机器学习方法, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

现有的GNSS接收信号分类研究主要针对专业级接收机,通过提取信号特征将其区分为视距(LOS)和非视距(NLOS)信号,以实现高精度定位。然而,这些研究中所采用的信号特征和分类方法并不一定适用于智能手机中低成本GNSS芯片的信号特性。本文提出一种基于机器学习的智能手机GNSS接收信号LOS/NLOS分类方法。该方法结合了载噪比、仰角、伪距残差、归一化伪距残差以及伪距残差百分比5个关键指标,并融合基于深度学习的天顶视图语义分割和卫星标定技术,构建精确的训练数据集。在典型城市场景下对多种机器学习模型进行评估,结果表明,所提出的方法在不同型号智能手机上的平均分类准确率达到85.8%。

, authors=贾祥龙1, 王辰宇2, 王牌3, *, authorsList=贾祥龙, 王辰宇, 王牌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王牌, authorNote=

贾祥龙,硕士生,主要研究方向为智能手机GNSS接收信号分类和环境感知,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

王牌,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为GNSS信号处理与多源融合定位,E-mail:

WANG Pai, PhD, researcher, majors in GNSS signal processing and multi-source integrated positioning, E-mail:

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JIA Xianglong, postgraduate, majors in smartphone GNSS signal classification and environmental perception, E-mail:

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JIA Xianglong, postgraduate, majors in smartphone GNSS signal classification and environmental perception, E-mail:

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articleId=1322506645964440246, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=LOS/NLOS classification accuracy rate of three types of smartphone data at four experimental sites, figureFileSmall=Qx5sQH5um5vZvaFI3oaJow==, figureFileBig=7+ACFXy6+cvrLo5NmUK2dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506656613778169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=CN, label=图7, caption=3种智能手机数据在4个实验站点的视距/非视距分类准确率, figureFileSmall=Qx5sQH5um5vZvaFI3oaJow==, figureFileBig=7+ACFXy6+cvrLo5NmUK2dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506657037402874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Field contents of raw GNSS measurements in Android API

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
字段 描述
Cn0DbHz 载波噪声谱密度比范围为[0, 63](dB-Hz)
TimeNanos GNSS接收机内部硬件时钟值(ns)
TimeOffsetNanos 测量时的时间偏移量(ns)
FullBiasNanos GPS接收机内部的TimeNanos与真实GPS时间的差值(ns)
BiasNanos GNSS接收机时钟的亚纳秒偏差(ns)
ReceivedSvTimeNanos 测量时接收到的GNSS卫星时间
PseudorangeRateMetersPerSecond 伪距变化率,即多普勒观测值(m/s)
), ArticleFig(id=1322506657431667452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

原始GNSS测量在Android API中的字段内容

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
字段 描述
Cn0DbHz 载波噪声谱密度比范围为[0, 63](dB-Hz)
TimeNanos GNSS接收机内部硬件时钟值(ns)
TimeOffsetNanos 测量时的时间偏移量(ns)
FullBiasNanos GPS接收机内部的TimeNanos与真实GPS时间的差值(ns)
BiasNanos GNSS接收机时钟的亚纳秒偏差(ns)
ReceivedSvTimeNanos 测量时接收到的GNSS卫星时间
PseudorangeRateMetersPerSecond 伪距变化率,即多普勒观测值(m/s)
), ArticleFig(id=1322506659101000446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Performance comparison of different models

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模型 mIoU/% mPA/%
LiteSeg 95.7 96.4
Deeplabv3+ 96.8 98.4
本文方法 98.1 99.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322506659214246657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同模型性能对比

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模型 mIoU/% mPA/%
LiteSeg 95.7 96.4
Deeplabv3+ 96.8 98.4
本文方法 98.1 99.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322506659281355523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

The total amount of data collected in the experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
信号类型 小米12S Pro 华为P40 vivo IQOO Z1
视距 439 764 232 425 282 945
非视距 367 404 304 573 367 412
总计 807 168 536 998 650 357
), ArticleFig(id=1322506659520430852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

实验采集的数据总量

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信号类型 小米12S Pro 华为P40 vivo IQOO Z1
视距 439 764 232 425 282 945
非视距 367 404 304 573 367 412
总计 807 168 536 998 650 357
), ArticleFig(id=1322506659629482757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506645964440246, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Comparison of classification accuracy of five machine learning models

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模型 分类准确率/%
S1 S2 S3 S4
SVM 85.4 90.7 82.1 82.3
RF 83.1 90.2 81.3 75.3
XGBoost 81.5 87.3 75.1 77.5
KNN 82.2 85.9 79.7 84.7
DNN 81.4 88.6 76.4 82.9
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5种机器学习模型分类准确率对比

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模型 分类准确率/%
S1 S2 S3 S4
SVM 85.4 90.7 82.1 82.3
RF 83.1 90.2 81.3 75.3
XGBoost 81.5 87.3 75.1 77.5
KNN 82.2 85.9 79.7 84.7
DNN 81.4 88.6 76.4 82.9
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面向智能手机GNSS接收信号视距/非视距分类的机器学习方法
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贾祥龙 1 , 王辰宇 2 , 王牌 3, *
大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(12): 1246-1252
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (12) : 1246 -1252
面向智能手机GNSS接收信号视距/非视距分类的机器学习方法
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贾祥龙1 , 王辰宇2, 王牌3, *
作者信息
  • 1 上海交通大学感知与导航研究所, 上海市东川路800号, 200240
  • 2 武汉科技大学计算机科学与技术学院, 武汉市黄家湖西路10号, 430065
  • 3 武汉大学卫星导航定位技术研究中心, 武汉市珞喻路129号, 430079
通讯作者:

王牌,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为GNSS信号处理与多源融合定位,E-mail:

WANG Pai, PhD, researcher, majors in GNSS signal processing and multi-source integrated positioning, E-mail:

作者简介:

贾祥龙,硕士生,主要研究方向为智能手机GNSS接收信号分类和环境感知,E-mail:

Machine Learning Methods for Line-of-Sight/Non-Line-of-Sight Classification of GNSS Signals Received by Smartphones
Xianglong JIA1 , Chenyu WANG2, Pai WANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute for Sensing and Navigation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2 School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 10 West-Huangjiahu Road, Wuhan 430065, China
  • 3 GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
  • JIA Xianglong, postgraduate, majors in smartphone GNSS signal classification and environmental perception, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.005
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现有的GNSS接收信号分类研究主要针对专业级接收机,通过提取信号特征将其区分为视距(LOS)和非视距(NLOS)信号,以实现高精度定位。然而,这些研究中所采用的信号特征和分类方法并不一定适用于智能手机中低成本GNSS芯片的信号特性。本文提出一种基于机器学习的智能手机GNSS接收信号LOS/NLOS分类方法。该方法结合了载噪比、仰角、伪距残差、归一化伪距残差以及伪距残差百分比5个关键指标,并融合基于深度学习的天顶视图语义分割和卫星标定技术,构建精确的训练数据集。在典型城市场景下对多种机器学习模型进行评估,结果表明,所提出的方法在不同型号智能手机上的平均分类准确率达到85.8%。

智能手机  /  GNSS信号分类  /  机器学习  /  视距  /  非视距

Existing research on GNSS signal classification primarily targets professional-grade receivers, distinguishing between line-of-sight(LOS) and non-line-of-sight(NLOS) signals through the extraction of signal features to achieve high-accuracy positioning. However, the signal features and classification methods used in these studies may not be applicable to the signal characteristics of low-cost GNSS chips in smartphones. This paper proposes a machine learning-based method for classifying smartphone GNSS reception signals into LOS and NLOS. The method combines five key indicators: carrier-to-noise ratio, elevation angle, pseudorange residuals, normalized pseudorange residuals, and pseudorange residual percentage. It also integrates deep learning-based zenith view semantic segmentation and satellite calibration techniques to construct an accurate training dataset. Evaluations of various machine learning models in typical urban scenarios show that the proposed method achieves an average classification accuracy of 85.8% across different smartphone models.

smartphone  /  GNSS signal classification  /  machine learning  /  line-of-sight  /  non-line-of-sight
贾祥龙, 王辰宇, 王牌. 面向智能手机GNSS接收信号视距/非视距分类的机器学习方法. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (12) : 1246 -1252 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.005
Xianglong JIA, Chenyu WANG, Pai WANG. Machine Learning Methods for Line-of-Sight/Non-Line-of-Sight Classification of GNSS Signals Received by Smartphones[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (12) : 1246 -1252 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.005
在复杂的城市环境中,GNSS信号常常受到建筑物、树木等障碍物的遮挡或反射,导致信号质量下降,从而难以保证GNSS定位的准确性和可靠性[1]。现有研究通常将GNSS接收信号分为两类:视距(LOS)信号和非视距(NLOS,包括反射或衍射信号)信号[2]。
目前,国内外已开展了大量关于GNSS接收信号分类的研究,这些方法主要分为两大类。第一类方法依赖于额外的设备或数据,例如双极化天线[3]、鱼眼相机[4]、三维地图[5-7]等,这些设备或数据通常用于为机器学习模型提供标定数据。第二类方法则通过提取GNSS接收信号的特征,并结合机器学习技术来实现信号分类[8-13]。尽管针对专业级GNSS接收机的信号分类方法已经较为成熟,但这些方法所采用的信号特征和分类技术并不一定适用于智能手机中低成本GNSS芯片产生的信号。
针对智能手机GNSS接收信号噪声大且不稳定的特点[14],本文分析并提出一套具有普适性的智能手机GNSS接收信号分类特征。同时,开发一种适用于复杂天顶视图的语义分割模型,以实现对卫星信号的精确标定[15]。在此基础上,结合信号特征构建精确的训练集,并对多种适用于GNSS接收信号分类的机器学习模型进行评估[8-9]。实验结果表明,在典型城市场景下,所提取的信号特征和所选的机器学习模型能够实现不同智能手机之间平均85.8%的分类准确率。这一成果为复杂城市环境中智能手机GNSS接收信号的分类提供了一种有效的解决方案。此外,信号分类结果还可在未来的研究中应用于智能手机的精细化定位[16-17]或城市地图构建[18-20]等领域,具有广阔的应用前景。
目前,有许多免费的安卓应用程序可用于记录智能手机的原始GNSS测量数据,如GNSSLogger、Geo++ RINEX Logger、rinexON和GalileoPVT等。由于智能手机采用了超低成本的GNSS芯片,其观测数据存在质量低、稳定性差且不同型号间差异显著等问题,导致专业级接收机中常用的信号特征难以直接适用于智能手机。在智能手机的原始GNSS测量数据中,载波相位测量常伴有频繁的周跳。同时,较大的频率漂移会对多普勒频移的测量结果造成严重干扰。为确保智能手机GNSS接收信号分类方法的适用性,未利用载波相位和多普勒频移的相关特征[21-22]。表 1列出了安卓应用程序接口中部分涉及原始GNSS测量的字段。
载噪比(C/N0)是评估GNSS接收信号强度的常用指标,可通过表 1中的Cn0DbHz字段获取。图 1(a)展示了智能手机在约30 min内采集的所有卫星的C/N0数据,其中LOS/NLOS标签通过下一节介绍的鱼眼相机标定法进行标定。
根据信号传播理论,GNSS信号的路径损耗会随着反射次数和传播路径的增加而增大。当信号受到障碍物阻挡时,其信号强度通常会显著降低[22]。如图 1(a)所示,NLOS信号的C/N0分布显著低于LOS信号。然而,两类信号的C/N0存在明显重叠,仅凭C/N0无法进行有效区分[23]。
通常情况下,GNSS接收信号的仰角越大,越可能为LOS信号,其计算公式如下:
$\begin{gathered}\theta_{\mathrm{el}}=\arcsin \left(\frac{\Delta U}{\sqrt{\Delta E^2+\Delta N^2+\Delta U^2}}\right) \\{\left[\begin{array}{l}\Delta E \\\Delta N \\\Delta U\end{array}\right]=}\end{gathered}$
$\left[\begin{array}{ccc}-\sin \lambda & \cos \lambda & 0 \\-\sin \varphi \cos \lambda & -\sin \varphi \sin \lambda & \cos \varphi \\\cos \varphi \cos \lambda & \cos \varphi \sin \lambda & \sin \varphi\end{array}\right] \cdot\left[\begin{array}{c}x^S-\hat{x}_u \\y^S-\hat{y}_u \\z^S-\hat{z}_u\end{array}\right]$
式中,φ和λ分别为GNSS接收机的纬度和经度;(xS, yS, zS)和($\hat{x}$u, $\hat{y}$u, $\hat{z}$u)分别为卫星和GNSS接收机在ECEF坐标系中的位置。由于城市环境下的建筑物分布不规则,仅凭仰角无法有效区分LOS和NLOS信号[23]。
NLOS信号因受到环境中障碍物的阻挡或反射,其传播路径变长,导致伪距残差(pseudorange residual, PR)通常较大。基于智能手机原始GNSS测量数据计算伪距残差的步骤如下:
首先,原始伪距ρraw根据接收时间tRx和发送时间tTx计算得到[14]。
$\rho_{\text {raw }}=\left(t_{R_x}-t_{T_x}\right) \cdot 10^{-9} \cdot c$
$\begin{gathered}t_{R_x}=\text { TimeNanos }+ \text { TimeOffsetNanos }- \\\text { FullBiasNanos }(1)-\text { BiasNanos }(1) \end{gathered}$
$t_{T_x}=\text { ReceivedSvTimeNanos }$
式中,c为光速;式(4)和(5)中参数可由表 1中对应字段获得。修正后的伪距ρcorr通过消除卫星钟差、电离层延迟和对流层延迟计算得到,其表达式为:
$\rho_{\mathrm{corr}}=\rho_{\mathrm{raw}}+\delta \hat{t}^S-\hat{I}-\hat{T}=d+\delta t_u+\varepsilon$
式中,δ$\hat{t}$S是通过广播星历修正的卫星钟差;$\hat{I}$和$\hat{T}$分别为通过Klobuchar模型和Saastamoinen模型估算的电离层延迟和对流层延迟;ε为所有其他来源的测量误差的总和。利用加权最小二乘法计算每个卫星系统对应的接收机钟差:
$\delta \hat{T}_u^S=\left[(\boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{G})^{\mathrm{T}}(\boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{G})\right]^{-1} \boldsymbol{G}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{W} \cdot\left[\begin{array}{c}\rho_{\mathrm{corr}, 1}^{\mathrm{S}}-\hat{d}_1 \\\vdots \\\rho_{\mathrm{corr}, n}^{\mathrm{S}}-\hat{d}_n\end{array}\right]$
式中,$\hat{d}_i=\sqrt{\left(x_i^S-\hat{x}_u\right)^2+\left(y_i^S-\hat{y}_u\right)^2+\left(z_i^S-\hat{z}_u\right)^2}$为卫星i与接收机u之间的估计距离,其中($\hat{x}$u, $\hat{y}$u, $\hat{z}$u)为智能手机的GNSS芯片提供的接收机位置;ρcorr, iS为卫星i的修正伪距;S为GPS、GLONASS、Galileo、Beidou;n为一个历元中每个GNSS系统可用的卫星数量;矩阵 G为一个n×1的全1矩阵;矩阵 W=diag{1/w1, …, 1/wn}为对角加权矩阵,其中wi可基于C/N0设置[21]:
$\begin{gathered}w_i=\sqrt{\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(\frac{C}{N}_{0, i}-\frac{\bar{C}}{N_0}\right)^2}{n}} . \\10^{0.05 \max \left(C / N_{0, \max }-C / N_{0, i}, 0\right)}\end{gathered}$
式中,${\bar C}$/N0为一个历元中n颗卫星的平均C/N0;C/N0, max的经验值为45 dB-Hz[21]。伪距残差最终可以表示为:
$\mathrm{PR}_i=\rho_{\mathrm{corr}, i}^{\mathrm{S}}-\delta \hat{T}_u^{\mathrm{S}}-\hat{d}_i$
图 1(b)展示了GNSS接收信号的伪距残差,结果表明,NLOS信号的伪距残差大多为正值,且其整体幅度显著高于LOS信号的伪距残差。
在复杂的城市环境中,智能手机的定位误差较大,不同历元间计算得到的伪距残差差异显著,所以难以有效区分LOS和NLOS信号。为解决这一问题,可以在每个历元对伪距残差进行归一化处理[24]:
$\mathrm{NPR}_i=\frac{\mathrm{PR}_i-\mathrm{PR}_{\min }}{\mathrm{PR}_{\max }-\mathrm{PR}_{\min }}$
式中,PRmax和PRmin分别为每个历元中伪距残差的最大值和最小值。图 1(c)展示了LOS信号和NLOS信号的归一化伪距残差(normalized pseudorange residual,NPR)。通过比较图 1(b)和图 1(c)的结果可以发现,归一化伪距残差显著减少了伪距残差的分布重叠问题,使类内差异缩小、类间差异增大,从而更加有利于区分LOS和NLOS信号[2]。
伪距残差百分比(pseudorange residual percentage,PRP)是一种针对历元间伪距残差的归一化方法,可表示为[25]:
$\mathrm{PRP}_i=\frac{\left(\mathrm{PR}_i-\mathrm{PR}_{\min }\right) \cdot n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(\mathrm{PR}_i-\mathrm{PR}_{\min }\right)}$
如图 1(d)所示,与归一化伪距残差相比,伪距残差百分比在区分LOS和NLOS信号时表现出更显著的效果。
鱼眼相机常用于卫星标定,图 2(a)为典型的天顶视图鱼眼图像。为判断GNSS接收信号在视距传播路径上是否受到遮挡,需要将鱼眼图像划分为天空和非天空区域。结合图像的方位角、卫星的方位角与仰角,可以将卫星投影到分割的鱼眼图像中[26-27]:
$r=f_c \cdot\left(\varphi+k_1 \varphi^3+k_2 \varphi^5+k_3 \varphi^7+k_4 \varphi^9\right) $
$x_{\mathrm{pos}}=x_c+r \cdot \cos \left(\theta_{\mathrm{az}}-\theta_{\mathrm{cam}}\right)$
$y_{\mathrm{pos}}=y_c-r \cdot \sin \left(\theta_{\mathrm{az}}-\theta_{\mathrm{cam}}\right)$
式中,φ为GNSS接收信号的入射线与鱼眼相机光轴之间的角度;k1、k2、k3和k4为径向畸变参数;fc为鱼眼相机的焦距,通常通过棋盘标定法获得[27];r为从图像中心到投影卫星位置的像素距离;(xc, yc)为图像的中心位置;θaz和θcam分别为卫星的方位角和相机的方位角;(xpos, ypos)为卫星投影到图像上的像素坐标。如图 2(b)所示,基于卫星的投影位置,将其与图像中天空与遮挡区域的分割结果进行匹配,以判定该卫星信号是否处于可视天空区域,从而完成LOS/NLOS标定。
传统天空图像分割方法(如分水岭算法和KMlocal)在光照过曝、多云等复杂条件下表现不佳[28-29]。近年来,深度学习方法在图像分割中取得显著进展,尤其在处理复杂图像方面优于传统方法。本文基于Deeplabv3+结构[30],提出一种改进的网络模型,如图 3所示。为降低计算开销,主干网络替换为采用深度可分离卷积的MobileNetV2[31],适用于资源受限的设备。为提升分割精度,在主干网络输出的高层特征经过ASPP模块处理后,以及在低层特征融合之前,分别引入空间注意力机制(ESA)[32],以增强关键区域特征的响应并抑制无关背景干扰,从而提升模型的特征表达能力与分割性能。
本节通过实验验证本文所提方法在天空图像语义分割和智能手机GNSS接收信号分类中的有效性。
为提升天空图像语义分割在复杂城市环境中的鲁棒性与泛化能力,实验在晴天、多云、阴天3种天气条件下,选取包含单侧遮挡、双侧遮挡及不同反光材质建筑外立面的典型场景,共采集天顶视角鱼眼图像2 341张。
采用Deeplabv3+(主干网络使用Xception[33])和LiteSeg[34]网络(主干网络使用MobileNetV2)进行性能对比。将输入图像统一调整为512像素×512像素,采用学习率为1×10-4的Adam优化器,并将数据集按8:1:1的比例划分为训练集、验证集和测试集。训练结果如表 2所示。
由表 2可以看出,本文提出的引入空间注意力机制的改进型Deeplabv3+模型在分割精度方面表现最优。与原始Deeplabv3+模型相比,改进模型在mIoU和mPA两个指标上分别提升了1.3%和0.6%。通过引入ESA模块,模型在处理复杂天空场景时的分割能力得到显著增强。图 4展示了模型在典型复杂场景下的分割效果,包括建筑外立面反射天空、隧道出口强光干扰以及天空中存在电线等情况。结果表明,引入ESA模块后,模型在处理边缘模糊、强光干扰与结构遮挡等复杂条件下的表现能力显著提升。
如图 5所示,在校园区域内选取11个典型站点(S1~S11)作为实验区域,进行多设备、多时段的数据采集。实验设备包括3款安装有Google GNSSLogger应用的智能手机(小米12S Pro、华为P40、vivo IQOO Z1),每部手机均通过三脚架静态固定,顶部安装DW1600鱼眼相机以同步采集天顶视图鱼眼图像,供后续图像分割与卫星信号标定使用。每站点进行3轮不同时段采集,每轮持续约20 min,实验策略旨在避免采集到相同的卫星分布情况,提升训练样本的多样性,以防止机器学习模型过拟合。表 3给出了实验采集的数据总量,其中视距/非视距通过§1.2方法进行标定。
为确保伪距残差计算的可靠性,首先验证式(7)中使用智能手机GNSS芯片定位结果进行伪距残差计算的可行性。图 6展示了S1站点小米12S Pro的3种不同定位方案(RTKLIB SPP、GNSSAnalysis应用和GNSS芯片解)的定位误差。可以看出,RTKLIB解算误差较大,GNSSAnalysis应用结果相对稳定,但存在10 m左右的偏差,智能手机GNSS芯片解的定位结果误差最小,表现最稳定。因此,在计算伪距残差时,选择智能手机的GNSS芯片解作为智能手机位置。
对未选取载波相位和多普勒频移相关GNSS接收信号特征进行进一步说明。小米12S Pro和vivo IQOO Z1均不支持载波相位观测,考虑选取特征对于智能手机的普适性,未选择载波相位的相关特征。进一步分析所收集数据的多普勒频移,其计算公式如下:
$\begin{gathered}\text { dopper }= \\- \text { PseudorangeRateMetersPerSecond } / \lambda\end{gathered}$
式中,PseudorangeRateMetersPerSecond为伪距变化率,可通过表 1中对应字段获取;λ为GNSS接收信号的波长。多普勒频移是由卫星和接收机之间的相对运动引起的,以GPS卫星为例,其相对于静态智能手机的最大速度约为3 840 m/s,所引起的多普勒频移范围应该在-4.88~4.88 kHz之间。vivo IQOO Z1手机所采集的数据中,存在205 996条数据(占比31.67%)超过理论多普勒频移范围,同样考虑特征普适性未选择多普勒频移的相关特征。
在GNSS接收信号分类实验中,为评估不同机器学习模型在GNSS接收信号分类中的性能,比较5种常用的模型[8-13]:支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)、极限梯度提升(XGBoost)、K近邻(KNN)和深度神经网络(DNN)。表 4列出了使用小米12S Pro智能手机在图 5中S1~S4站点采集的GNSS数据的分类准确率,训练数据集由其余7个站点的数据构成。结果表明,SVM在4个实验站点中的3个上实现了最高的分类准确率,表明其在不同城市场景中的泛化能力较强。
为验证所提取GNSS接收信号特征及SVM模型在不同智能手机间的泛化能力,选取小米12S Pro在S5~S11站点采集的数据作为训练集,并基于此训练SVM模型;再使用该模型对S1~S4站点由3款不同智能手机采集的数据进行测试,结果如图 7所示。
由于不同站点的建筑分布存在差异,且数据采集的时间不同,因此基于小米12S Pro训练的SVM模型不一定在其自身数据上提供最佳的分类准确率。从图 7看出,3种智能手机的平均分类准确率达到85.8%,验证了所提取的信号特征和SVM模型在不同智能手机之间进行GNSS接收信号分类的有效性和良好的泛化能力。
本文提出一种针对智能手机GNSS接收信号视距/非视距分类的机器学习方法。针对智能手机GNSS接收信号噪声大且不稳定的特点,设计并分析了一系列适用于该信号的分类特征。为实现高精度的卫星标定,对Deeplabv3+语义分割网络进行改进:通过更换主干网络,有效降低了计算开销;引入注意力机制,显著提升了天空区域分割的精度,使mIoU从96.8%提升至98.1%。在此基础上,结合图像分割结果与卫星位置信息,构建高质量的训练数据集,并对多种分类模型进行深入评估。实验结果表明,所提取的智能手机GNSS接收信号特征与所选用的机器学习模型,在典型城市场景下,能够实现不同智能手机间平均85.8%的分类准确率,为复杂城市环境中智能手机GNSS接收信号的分类提供了一种有效的解决方案。
目前,本文的研究工作仍处于算法设计与离线验证阶段。未来的研究将致力于将所提方法集成到智能手机的实时应用系统中,以实现导航与定位场景下的精细化定位或城市地图构建,进一步拓展其在实际应用中的价值和潜力。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62201344)
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2025年第45卷第12期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.005
  • 接收时间:2025-01-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-12
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(62201344)
国家自然科学基金(62201344)
作者信息
    1 上海交通大学感知与导航研究所, 上海市东川路800号, 200240
    2 武汉科技大学计算机科学与技术学院, 武汉市黄家湖西路10号, 430065
    3 武汉大学卫星导航定位技术研究中心, 武汉市珞喻路129号, 430079

通讯作者:

王牌,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为GNSS信号处理与多源融合定位,E-mail:

WANG Pai, PhD, researcher, majors in GNSS signal processing and multi-source integrated positioning, E-mail:

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