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Article(id=1322566763670257979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322566763112415546, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736438400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793254088561, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793254088561, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793254088561, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793254088561, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322566763112415546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2026', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='138', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793254088427, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793254088427, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=78, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322566763838030140, articleId=1322566763670257979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Attenuation Laws of Spectral Energy Dissipation in Microseismic Signals from Remote Shallow Blasting Sources, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the seismic monitoring data from the Ganzhou Earthquake Monitoring Center Station of the Jiangxi Seismological Agency, real-time monitoring of blasting vibrations from different locations and explosive quantities at the Ganzhou Tieshanlong Tungsten Mine was conducted from multiple directions and long distances. The microseismic signals generated by blasting were obtained and analyzed to identify the propagation patterns of blasting vibration signals in medium and far blasting zones. Considering the influence of complex environmental conditions on blasting vibration signals, a Butterworth filter was used to eliminate trend components, and a combination of wavelet denoising and HHT denoising was applied to analyze the time-frequency characteristics, frequency band energy characteristics, and the impact of terrestrial environment on the spectral energy propagation of microseismic signals under different monitoring base stations and different blasting events. The study shows that the Sadovsky empirical formula is still applicable to the propagation patterns of blasting vibration signals in the medium and far blasting zones (32-120 km), where: 1) in the medium and far blasting zones, signal energy is highly concentrated in the low-frequency band and shifts downward with increasing distance from the blast center (R); 2) when the distance from the blast center is fixed, signal energy increases significantly with the increase in explosive quantity (Q), and the concentrated frequency band fluctuates within a normal range; 3) the attenuation of blasting vibration signals is also affected by the surface environment along the propagation path.

, authors=Bin XIE1, Wei XU2, Mengren XIAO1, Liang FENG2, *, authorsList=Bin XIE, Wei XU, Mengren XIAO, Liang FENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liang FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322566765712884049, articleId=1322566763670257979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=远程浅层爆破震源的微震信号频谱能量消散衰减规律研究, columnId=1281933709121138897, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地球动力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于江西省地震局赣州地震监测中心站测震台网监测数据，通过对赣州铁山垅钨矿不同位置、不同炸药量的爆破进行多方位、远距离实时监测，得到爆破振动微震信号，对数据进行识别与分析处理得到中远爆区爆破振动信号的传播规律。针对爆破振动信号受复杂环境条件的影响，采用Butterworth滤波器消除趋势分量，结合小波去噪、HHT去噪两者优势进行去噪，分析同一爆破不同监测基站与同一监测基站不同爆破下的时频特性、频带能量特性、地表环境对微震信号频谱能量传播的影响。研究表明，萨道夫斯基经验公式仍适用于爆破振动信号在32~120 km中远爆区的传播规律，其中：1)在中远爆区，信号能量在低频带高度集中，并随爆心距(R)的增大频带下移；2)当爆心距固定时，信号能量随炸药量(Q)增大显著增大，能量集中频带波动处于正常范围；3)爆破振动信号的衰减也受传播路径上地表环境的影响。

, authors=谢斌1, 续伟2, 肖孟仁1, 冯亮2, *, authorsList=谢斌, 续伟, 肖孟仁, 冯亮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=冯亮, authorNote=

谢斌, 工程师, 主要从事地震监测预报预警研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
冯亮, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事地质灾害与环境地震学研究, E-mail:
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谢斌, 工程师, 主要从事地震监测预报预警研究, E-mail:

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谢斌, 工程师, 主要从事地震监测预报预警研究, E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322566772700594569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763670257979, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Statistics of explosive quantity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
B1B2B3B4B5B6B7B8B9B10
Q/kg1 5364 5122 0641 2002 9521 4121 6321 6321 5121 152
), ArticleFig(id=1322566772780286346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763670257979, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

爆破炸药量统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
B1B2B3B4B5B6B7B8B9B10
Q/kg1 5364 5122 0641 2002 9521 4121 6321 6321 5121 152
), ArticleFig(id=1322566772855783819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763670257979, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Vibration signal statistics of B1 blasting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S8
R/km32.2951.3363.2166.0082.7497.99118.47126.21
振幅1 615921857252108746669
), ArticleFig(id=1322566772981612940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763670257979, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

B1爆破振动信号统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S8
R/km32.2951.3363.2166.0082.7497.99118.47126.21
振幅1 615921857252108746669
), ArticleFig(id=1322566773052916109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763670257979, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Monitoring results of seismic station S1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 爆破
B1B2B3B4B5B6B7B8B9B10
R/km32.2931.3331.3338.5632.4132.2938.5631.4931.4938.56
Q/kg1 5364 5122 0641 2002 9501 4401 6321 6321 5121 152
主频率/Hz1.81.251.391.351.111.421.181.321.081.47
振幅1 6153 6944 1374 2011 7381 6581 2593 14111 2773 215
), ArticleFig(id=1322566773124219278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763670257979, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

地震台站S1的监测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 爆破
B1B2B3B4B5B6B7B8B9B10
R/km32.2931.3331.3338.5632.4132.2938.5631.4931.4938.56
Q/kg1 5364 5122 0641 2002 9501 4401 6321 6321 5121 152
主频率/Hz1.81.251.391.351.111.421.181.321.081.47
振幅1 6153 6944 1374 2011 7381 6581 2593 14111 2773 215
), ArticleFig(id=1322566773199716751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763670257979, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Distribution of energy proportion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频段/Hz 能量比/%
B1B2B3B4B5B6B7B8B9B10
0~1.5635.2175.8260.6092.9156.9586.6085.7051.1389.7772.70
1.56~3.1362.6114.7427.055.3239.288.707.7547.522.8121.54
3.13~502.189.4412.341.773.784.696.551.357.415.76
), ArticleFig(id=1322566773283602832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763670257979, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

能量占比分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频段/Hz 能量比/%
B1B2B3B4B5B6B7B8B9B10
0~1.5635.2175.8260.6092.9156.9586.6085.7051.1389.7772.70
1.56~3.1362.6114.7427.055.3239.288.707.7547.522.8121.54
3.13~502.189.4412.341.773.784.696.551.357.415.76
), ArticleFig(id=1322566773342323089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763670257979, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Fitted curve parameters and R2

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参数 爆破
B1B2B3B4B5B6B7B8B9B10
K200.35232.61205.29373.22216.70261.93389.67394.03275.76390.30
α2.082.111.981.982.132.112.172.092.152.04
R20.830.930.800.930.810.920.910.930.700.91
), ArticleFig(id=1322566773426209170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322566763670257979, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

拟合曲线参数与R2

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参数 爆破
B1B2B3B4B5B6B7B8B9B10
K200.35232.61205.29373.22216.70261.93389.67394.03275.76390.30
α2.082.111.981.982.132.112.172.092.152.04
R20.830.930.800.930.810.920.910.930.700.91
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远程浅层爆破震源的微震信号频谱能量消散衰减规律研究
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谢斌 1 , 续伟 2 , 肖孟仁 1 , 冯亮 2, *
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地球动力学 2026,46(1): 78-85
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地球动力学 2026 , 46 (1) : 78 -85
远程浅层爆破震源的微震信号频谱能量消散衰减规律研究
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谢斌1 , 续伟2, 肖孟仁1, 冯亮2, *
作者信息
  • 1 赣州地震监测中心站, 赣州, 341000
  • 2 江西理工大学资源与环境工程学院, 赣州, 341000
通讯作者:
冯亮, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事地质灾害与环境地震学研究, E-mail:
作者简介:

谢斌, 工程师, 主要从事地震监测预报预警研究, E-mail:

Attenuation Laws of Spectral Energy Dissipation in Microseismic Signals from Remote Shallow Blasting Sources
Bin XIE1 , Wei XU2, Mengren XIAO1, Liang FENG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Ganzhou Earthquake Monitoring Center Station, Ganzhou 341000, China
  • 2 College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.002
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基于江西省地震局赣州地震监测中心站测震台网监测数据，通过对赣州铁山垅钨矿不同位置、不同炸药量的爆破进行多方位、远距离实时监测，得到爆破振动微震信号，对数据进行识别与分析处理得到中远爆区爆破振动信号的传播规律。针对爆破振动信号受复杂环境条件的影响，采用Butterworth滤波器消除趋势分量，结合小波去噪、HHT去噪两者优势进行去噪，分析同一爆破不同监测基站与同一监测基站不同爆破下的时频特性、频带能量特性、地表环境对微震信号频谱能量传播的影响。研究表明，萨道夫斯基经验公式仍适用于爆破振动信号在32~120 km中远爆区的传播规律，其中：1)在中远爆区，信号能量在低频带高度集中，并随爆心距(R)的增大频带下移；2)当爆心距固定时，信号能量随炸药量(Q)增大显著增大，能量集中频带波动处于正常范围；3)爆破振动信号的衰减也受传播路径上地表环境的影响。

爆破振动  /  时频分析  /  能量分布  /  地表影响

Based on the seismic monitoring data from the Ganzhou Earthquake Monitoring Center Station of the Jiangxi Seismological Agency, real-time monitoring of blasting vibrations from different locations and explosive quantities at the Ganzhou Tieshanlong Tungsten Mine was conducted from multiple directions and long distances. The microseismic signals generated by blasting were obtained and analyzed to identify the propagation patterns of blasting vibration signals in medium and far blasting zones. Considering the influence of complex environmental conditions on blasting vibration signals, a Butterworth filter was used to eliminate trend components, and a combination of wavelet denoising and HHT denoising was applied to analyze the time-frequency characteristics, frequency band energy characteristics, and the impact of terrestrial environment on the spectral energy propagation of microseismic signals under different monitoring base stations and different blasting events. The study shows that the Sadovsky empirical formula is still applicable to the propagation patterns of blasting vibration signals in the medium and far blasting zones (32-120 km), where: 1) in the medium and far blasting zones, signal energy is highly concentrated in the low-frequency band and shifts downward with increasing distance from the blast center (R); 2) when the distance from the blast center is fixed, signal energy increases significantly with the increase in explosive quantity (Q), and the concentrated frequency band fluctuates within a normal range; 3) the attenuation of blasting vibration signals is also affected by the surface environment along the propagation path.

blasting vibration  /  time-frequency analysis  /  energy distribution  /  surface effects
谢斌, 续伟, 肖孟仁, 冯亮. 远程浅层爆破震源的微震信号频谱能量消散衰减规律研究. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2026 , 46 (1) : 78 -85 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.002
Bin XIE, Wei XU, Mengren XIAO, Liang FENG. Attenuation Laws of Spectral Energy Dissipation in Microseismic Signals from Remote Shallow Blasting Sources[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2026 , 46 (1) : 78 -85 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.002
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矿山开采往往会采用爆破等技术来提高工程效率，但爆破所产生的振动会对周边环境及岩体产生严重的影响[1-2]，其产生的信号是一种典型的非线性、非平稳信号[3]，往往表现出复杂性、不确定性与随机性[4]。研究中远爆区的爆破振动信号传播规律，可为爆破设计提供更为完善的理论依据，同时为环境影响评估提供技术支持。时频特性与频带能量特性作为爆破振动信号传播规律研究的核心内容，其分析方法主要包括小波变换、快速傅里叶变换(FFT)及希尔伯特-黄变换(HHT)[5-6]等。研究表明，爆破振动波在近距离传播时，能量在短时间内迅速上升，到达峰值后迅速衰减；在远距离传播时，能量上升速度缓慢，达到峰值后缓慢衰减。Chen等[7]提出了一种基于小波包变换的计算方法，该方法能够准确反映爆破振动信号的频率特性。随着炸药量的增加，爆破信号的峰值能量显著提高，而主频带基本保持稳定；随着爆心距的增加，主频带的跨度整体呈减小趋势。
在噪声干扰情况下，对于中远爆区复杂地形爆破振动信号的精确提取，萨道夫斯基公式在适用性及表达传播路径上的地表环境对传播特性与衰减规律的影响方面仍面临挑战。为解决这一问题，本文以铁山垅钨矿爆破为例，通过多方位、远距离的实时监测采集不同位置、不同炸药量下的爆破振动信号数据，结合时频特性分析研究爆破振动信号在中远爆区的传播规律。本文采用Butterworth滤波器消除信号的趋势分量，结合小波去噪与HHT去噪方法的优势对信号进行去噪，在此基础上分别分析同一爆破下不同监测基站与同一监测基站不同爆破的时频特性和频带能量分布规律。同时，通过对监测数据的分析，研究传播路径上地表环境对信号衰减的影响，验证萨道夫斯基经验公式在中远爆区的适用性，最终获得微震信号频谱能能量在中远距离地表浅层的消散衰减规律。
1 爆破振动信号的观测
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1.1 矿山概况
本文选取的爆破振动信号发生于南岭成矿带东段雩山钨多金属成矿亚带中部的铁山垅钨矿田。研究区地处NNE向于山构造带与EW向崇义-会昌构造带的交会部位，构造格局复杂，基底褶皱构造以近NS向为主，断裂系统发育，包括NE向、NNE向和EW向等多组断裂；地层结构上，浅层地表主要由寒武系褶皱基底和晚古生界沉积盖层组成，中新生界地层则以断陷盆地沉积为主；岩浆活动自早侏罗纪晚期开始频繁发育，形成了多期次、多阶段的复式岩体。区内矿床类型多样，主要包括岩体型、石英脉型、矽卡岩型、层状浸染型和砂矿型等5种矿床类型。由于此区域构造复杂、岩性多样，爆破振动信号在传播路径、信号衰减、频率能量衰减等方面都受一定影响。
1.2 爆破信号的监测布置
监测到B1~B10共10次爆破所在矿区为黄沙矿区与上坪矿区，地震计频带范围为120 s~50 Hz，采样频率为100 Hz。地震计距爆心最近约为32 km，最远超过120 km，炸药量为1 152~4 512 kg。监测点均在爆破点的不同方向，详细布置见图 1，其中会昌监测台站位于半山腰，山体大面积基岩裸露，山洞上部覆盖第四系黏土，洞顶植被较为茂盛。观测山洞进深40 m，洞顶覆盖厚度约30 m，洞内年温差小于1 ℃，日温差小于0.05 ℃。BBVS-120和GL-S120地震计安装在山洞摆房内，由外至内有4道密封保温门。测量墩为石灰岩原岩墩，下部与地下基岩稳定黏合。其他地震台均建设在地震活动性较强的主要断裂带附近，周围无明显干扰。10次爆破振动数据见表 1，表 2为本文采用的地震台站与爆破震源中心点距离和10次爆破中选取的B1爆破振动信号在各地震台站监测的最大振幅。
图 2为基站S1监测到的B1爆破振动信号三分量波形(监测点距爆心32.29 km)，由图可知，波形存在明显直流漂移，后续会对爆破振动信号进行预处理。
2 关键信号处理与优化算法
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2.1 小波变换算法
小波变换是一种分析非平稳信号的信号处理方法，其中小波指一段时域上能量有限、频域上为带通滤波器的信号。与窗长固定的短时傅里叶变换不同，小波变换通过时移因子与尺度因子的调节，使窗长动态变换，达到时间精度与频率精度的平衡，最终获取信号中的瞬时频率信息。连续小波变换的函数公式为：
$W_\psi(s, \tau)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} x(t) \frac{1}{\sqrt{|s|}} \psi\left(\frac{t-\tau}{s}\right) \mathrm{d} t$
式中，s为缩放因子，可改变小波的宽度，用于调整频率分辨率；τ为平移因子，可改变小波的位置，用于调整时间分辨率；x(t)为原始信号；ψ(t)为小波函数。
2.2 HHT分析法
希尔伯特-黄变换(HHT)[8]是用来分析非线性、非平稳信号的方法，主要由经验模态分解与希尔伯特谱分析组成。从原始微震信号开始，计算极值，创建包络线，去除平均值，分解出一系列本征模态函数(IMFs)的简单波形，每步提取的IMFs都是数据中变换最快的部分，对每个IMF分析得到时频关系。微震信号f(τ)的HHT变换公式为：
$\hat{f}_t=H[f t]=\frac{1}{\pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{f(\tau)}{t-\tau} \mathrm{d} \tau$
2.3 遗传算法
根据达尔文的进化论，模拟自然选择、物竞天择、适者生存，通过不断的遗传、变异、交叉、复制来得到问题的最优解[9]。在拟合萨道夫斯基经验公式时，在确定拟合参数为拟合系数K与衰减系数α后，定义目标函数均方根为：
$E(\theta)=\frac{1}{m} \sum\limits_{i=1}^m\left(y_i-f(\mathrm{PPV} 、R 、Q ; K 、\alpha)\right)^2$
式中，yi为真实值；f为预测值；m为数据点总数；PPV为峰值粒子速度；K为常系数，与爆破的环境和条件有关，反映爆破振动的强度和性质；α为衰减系数，依赖于介质、地形和环境因素。
3 爆破振动信号特征
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在长期在线监测中，各种缓慢变化的因素引起爆破振动信号的渐变，爆破信号在不同距离的地震基站监测信号也存在明显差异。通过分析爆破振动信号的频谱和能量特征，能有效区分爆破振动信号和地震信号及其他环境微震信号，最终实现远距离地震台站的爆破信号准确识别，分析爆破信号在地球浅表层传播衰减的规律特征。
3.1 爆破振动信号预处理
常见的去噪手段有傅里叶去噪[10]、小波阈值去噪[11]与HHT去噪[12]。其中，傅里叶去噪通过将时域转为频域，使频域上的噪声易于识别，但由于爆破振动信号频谱在时间上有变化，因此不适用。
小波阈值法需要通过设置合适的小波基与阈值来达到去噪目的。由图 3(a)可知，小波去噪消除了大部分噪声，但去噪后的信号过于平滑，存在信号细节丢失的问题。经经验模态分解后，IMFs分量逐层频率减小，选择合适的IMFs进行HHT逆变换，得到去噪信号见图 3(b)。观察最终去噪信号不难发现，在0~4.0 s内，高频成分与低频成分混合严重，这是由于高频噪声周期短、变化快所致。
本文提出HHT结合小波去噪进行噪声信号的剔除。首先将信号分解为不同时间尺度的IMFs，然后对其采用db32小波进行5层分解。近似系数代表信号的低频部分，包含信号的主要特征，因此需要保留近似系数。由于中位数对异常值不敏感，为减免脉冲噪声的影响，计算当前层系数的中位数，并计算绝对偏差及绝对偏差中位数，以估计数据的噪声水平。将绝对偏差中位数进行归一化处理，计算基于信号长度的全局阈值因子，得到一个全局阈值，用于软阈值去除噪声；使用阈值处理后的系数重构信号，得到去噪后的信号；将去噪后的IMFs通过HHT逆变换整合为去噪后的信号，结果见图 3(c)。
可以看出，改进方法的去噪结果中3.8~7.5 s的爆破振动信号保留完好的同时，也适当地保留了0~4.0 s范围内的部分高频噪声，这更有利于后续中远爆区爆破振动信号的识别与分析。
3.2 频谱
频谱是表征微震信号频率分布和能量分布的重要特征。通过分析频谱特性，可以揭示信号在传播过程中能量在不同频段的分布规律，进而反映传播路径上的介质特性、地表环境及爆破条件对信号的影响。典型的地震信号频率较低、振幅较小、持续时间较长，存在明显的P波、S波；典型的泥石流信号为低频、低振幅信号，能量分布均匀。在中远距离的传播中，由于受复杂环境的影响，所得信号的信噪比较低，因此在处理爆破振动信号时需在消除分量后进行一定程度的去噪，以满足后续分析的要求。
4 爆破振动的频带-能量的衰减规律
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4.1 同一监测基站不同爆破的频带-能量分布与衰减情况
为分析同一监测基站不同爆破的频带-能量分布特性，对表 3中各爆破信号进行快速傅里叶变换，得到信号主频率。
由表可知，各爆破到基站的距离存在一定差异，但总体差异在10 km内，主频率范围均在1~2 Hz之间，考虑到药量与距离范围，该结论仅针对本次研究数据，药量与主频率之间的关系应在更为一致的激发-接收条件下进行进一步验证。
在快速傅里叶变换的过程中可以发现，爆破振动信号在多个频带均有表示。为研究其能量分布规律，在采用小波包分解时要根据地震计采样频率来设置小波包分解层数。采用db小波基进行小波包5层分解，各子频带的能量占比情况见图 4。
由图 4可知，各爆破信号的频率能量集中在低频区，具体为0~3.12 Hz，第2子频带能量及能量占比较第1子频带低；第2子频带之后频带的能量处于较低水平，其能量占比均低于10%。爆破信号频率能量第2集中区为6.25~10.94 Hz，整体能量趋势较宽。将能量占比数值化得到表 4。
由表 4可知，除B1爆破外，其余爆破在第1子频带的能量占比均高于50%，且均高于第2子频带，占比较高；在第2子频带中，大部分爆破能量占比均大于20%；由于第1、2子频带能量占比除B3爆破外都超过90%，即表明爆破振动信号在3.13~50 Hz的分量处于低水平。结合表 3，B2、B3、B5爆破炸药量分别为4 514 kg、2 064 kg和2 950 kg，均高于其余爆破炸药量，在爆心距离相差较小的情况下，频带能量随炸药量增大而增大，且由于炸药量增大，频带能量分布相对较为分散。
可以看出，在10次爆破数据分析中，炸药量对爆破振动信号在远爆区的频带能量分布影响较小。这是由于爆破振动信号在长距离的传播中高频成分衰减较为迅速，能量也随之衰减。
4.2 传播距离影响下不同频带-能量分布与衰减情况
针对同一次爆破的不同监测基站，筛选出不同距离3组垂直信号的监测结果进行小波变换及快速傅里叶变换分析，其炸药量为1 536 kg，结果见图 5。
由图可知，距离32.21 km、51.33 km、126.21 km处的主频率分别为1.67 Hz、1.33 Hz、1.33 Hz，随爆心距增大主频率变化不明显。为准确分析爆破振动信号主频率与爆心距之间的关系，对10次的爆破在各站点所测的信号进行快速傅里叶变换，统计各站点所测信号的主频率，结果见图 6。可以看出，在传播距离30~120 km范围内，10次爆破振动信号的主频率均在2 Hz内，整体趋势为随距离增大主频率减小，但不显著；除B7外，其余9次爆破在63 km处均出现主频率较明显的下降，随后在65 km处主频率上升，再之后缓慢下降。在63 km处为S3基站，位于兴国县附近; 在65 km处为S4基站，位于安远县附近，方向为NS向，传播路径明显不同，推测地形地质构造对爆破振动信号的传播有一定的影响。
为进一步分析爆破振动信号频带与能量的分
布特性，同上采用小波包分解法。设置小波包分解层数为6层，经过小波包分解后的每个子频带的宽度约为0.78 Hz，较5层分解，其频率分辨率更高。根据小波包分析可得各子频带的能量占比情况, 见图 7。
图 7(a)中整体趋势为随频带增大，爆破振动信号的能量逐渐减小。在第1~2子频带出现上升趋势，且2个子频带能量均高于其他子频带；随距离增大, 各子频带能量也趋于低水平。S2基站在第1、2子频带能量均高于其他基站，可能受实时环境因素的影响，剔除S2基站数据后得到图 7(b)。各基站频带的能量峰值均为第2子频带，作关于第2子频带距离与能量的折线图，可见63 km后能量均处于较低水平。在图 7(c)中第1、2子频带能量占比仍远高于其他子频带，并基本一致。由此可知，在63 km后爆破振动信号的低频成分能量锐减，但在所有频段中仍占有较高比例。
在进一步分析爆破振动信号能量与距离的关系时，对10次爆破振动信号的第1~4频带进行距离与能量及距离与能量占比关系的分析，具体见图 8。可以看出，第1~4子频带的能量在63 km后趋于稳定，其中第1、2子频带的能量明显高于第3、4子频带，所以第1、2子频带是中远距离的爆破振动信号中能量最为集中的频段。在51 km处，所有爆破信号的第1、2、4子频带能量均达到峰值，第3子频带在30~50 km的能量下降较慢，该位置附近的地质构造、地形及人为因素(如章贡区基站S2周围)可能对能量产生了放大效应。忽略异常数据，频带能量呈现出随距离增加而减小的趋势。第4子频带能量较为平稳，因为高频分量在30 km内已迅速衰减，导致在后续监测范围内变化较小。
第1、2子频带的能量占比随距离变化较大，但总体上保持较高占比，未出现显著的下降或上升趋势，这与图 4(b)中第1子频带占比较高的情况一致。第3子频带的能量占比在30 km时最高，之后迅速下降，在50 km时趋于平缓；第4子频带的能量占比始终较低，表明在30~120 km的监测范围内低频成分占据主导地位，高频成分迅速衰减，在较远距离保持较低的能量和占比。
统计10次爆破振动信号在各基站所测得振幅，标记Z通道最大振幅，通过参数文件中的Calib Factor(count/um·s-1)参数计算出相应的峰值粒子速度(PPV)，并通过萨道夫斯基经验公式对炸药量、爆心距与PPV进行拟合，得到拟合曲线的介质系数K、衰减系数α、相关系数R2见表 5，拟合曲线见图 9。
图 9中各爆破振动信号的拟合曲线均为下降趋势，各基站所观测的爆破振动PPV均在同一数量级，大多数数据点落于90%的置信区间。表 5中介质系数K均在200~400之间，属正常范围；衰减系数α在1.5~3之间，属正常范围；相关系数R2用来评估回归模型对数据的拟合效果，结果在0~1之间，拟合结果中大部分爆破的R2均大于0.9。整体拟合效果较好，说明该爆破振动的监测结果具有一定的参考价值。
4.3 地形对爆破信号传播衰减的影响
为探究地形对爆破振动信号能量传播的影响, 作爆心至S3、S4地形剖面及B1爆破在基站S3和S4的频率分布图(图 10)。
在图 10(a)和10(b)中，横坐标起点为爆破中心，终点为监测基站。S3与S4监测基站高程基本一致，但爆破振动信号的传播路径存在地形条件的显著差异。爆破中心至S3监测基站的路径高差约800 m，以连续陡峭山地为主；而爆破中心至S4监测基站的路径高差约350 m，地形虽整体平缓，但局部发育丘陵、小型山体，地势起伏频率更高，频繁地形起伏导致地震波在传播中发生多次反射和绕射，S4基站的频谱分布中10~20 Hz频段信号衰减更为明显，地形差异可能是导致信号频谱特征差异的因素。
5 结语
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本文通过对爆破参数及多基站所监测的爆破振动信号数据集进行构建，使用Butterworth滤波器消除低频分量，并通过小波去噪与HHT结合的方法去噪，过滤效果较好。分析同一监测基站不同爆破与同一爆破不同基站下的时频特性、频带能量特性、地表对微震信号传播的影响，并通过萨道夫斯基经验公式对PPV、炸药量、爆心距进行拟合，得到如下结论：
1) 铁山垅钨矿的爆破信号在30~120 km范围内的主频率分布在1~1.80 Hz; 同一监测基站不同爆破下的分析结果表明, 随炸药量增大，能量显著增大。0~1.56 Hz的频带能量及能量占比在所有频带中均为最高; 在0~4.69 Hz内随频率的增大，能量及能量占比迅速降低; 在4.87~50 Hz, 能量及能量占比处于低水平。
2) 在同一爆破不同监测基站下，主频率随距离增大缓慢下降，主频率能量及总能量在30~60 km范围内迅速下降，在60~120 km内维持较低水平，主频率的能量占比较高。
3) 对同一监测基站不同爆破爆破振动信号的PPV、炸药量、爆心距进行回归拟合，结果显示, 随炸药量增大，PPV增大；对同一爆破不同监测基站爆破振动信号的PPV、炸药量、爆心距进行回归拟合，结果显示, 随爆心距增大，PPV增大，拟合效果好，爆破振动的监测结果具有一定参考价值。
4) 分析爆破中心到S3、S4基站的地形剖面图及S3、S4基站所测得爆破振动信号的频谱分析图，推测频繁地形起伏可能会对爆破振动信号的频率有抑制作用。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(4210071309)
  • 江西省自然科学基金(20224BAB203040)
  • 中国地震局“三结合”课题(3JH-202401050)
  • 江西省地震局“2111”孵化基金(FD2111-202404)
文献
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2026年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2025.01.002
  • 接收时间：2025-01-10
  • 首发时间：2026-10-29
  • 出版时间：2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期：2025-01-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(4210071309)
江西省自然科学基金(20224BAB203040)
中国地震局“三结合”课题(3JH-202401050)
江西省地震局“2111”孵化基金(FD2111-202404)
作者信息
    1 赣州地震监测中心站, 赣州, 341000
    2 江西理工大学资源与环境工程学院, 赣州, 341000

通讯作者:

冯亮, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事地质灾害与环境地震学研究, E-mail:
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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