Article(id=1322506406780056232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506406058635943, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.571, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734537600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239698357, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1763136000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239698357, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239698357, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239698357, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506406058635943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='11', pageStart='1101', pageEnd='1210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1763136000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239698184, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239698184, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1142, endPage=1148, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506406981382825, articleId=1322506406780056232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Parameter Evolution Characteristics of Two Typical Earthquake Sequences in Guangxi Based on the ETAS Model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In 2019, the Beiliu M5.2 and Jingxi M5.2 earthquakes occurred successively in different tectonic regions of Guangxi. To obtain the parameter characteristics and probability prediction results of aftershock sequences based on statistical seismology models, we use the ETAS model to calculate the model parameters of two earthquake sequences, and analyze the probability of occurrence and occurrence rate of aftershocks and evaluate the prediction efficiency. The results show that both Beiliu and Jingxi earthquake sequences exhibit high α-value in early stage, indicating weaker ability to trigger secondary aftershocks. The p-value shows that two earthquake sequences decay rapidly in early stage. The prediction results of probability of occurrence and occurrence rate are consistent with the actual low occurrence rate of aftershocks. The ETAS model performs better in predicting aftershocks of Jingxi earthquake sequence than Beiliu earthquake sequence. The strike-slip Beiliu earthquake sequence has lower α-value than the ultra-shallow thrust-type Jingxi earthquake sequence in early stage, which may be greatly affected by the high geothermal heat flow, but the p-value is relatively high. The μ-value of Jingxi earthquake sequence is significantly greater than that of Beiliu earthquake sequence in early stage, suggesting more significantly affected by fluid triggering.

, authors=Sha LI1, Shengfeng ZHANG2, Wei XIANG1, Chunheng YAN1, authorsList=Sha LI, Shengfeng ZHANG, Wei XIANG, Chunheng YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

LI Sha, engineer, majors in seismic activity and regional stress field, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506408457777846, articleId=1322506406780056232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于ETAS模型的广西两个典型地震序列参数演化特征分析, columnId=1322506193558422163, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地震地质, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

2019年在广西不同地质构造区相继发生北流5.2级和靖西5.2级地震, 为获得基于统计地震学模型的余震序列参数特征和发生概率预测结果, 基于ETAS模型对2个地震序列的模型参数进行计算, 并开展余震的发生概率和发生率分析及预测效能评估。结果表明, 北流和靖西地震序列早期α值均较高, 触发次级余震的能力较弱; p值显示2个地震序列早期衰减较快; 发生概率和发生率预测结果与实际的低余震发生率一致。ETAS模型对靖西地震序列余震的预测效果优于北流地震序列。走滑型北流地震序列早期α值低于极浅源逆冲型靖西地震序列, 可能受大地热流高值影响较大, 但p值偏高。靖西地震序列早期μ值明显大于北流地震序列, 推测其受流体触发作用影响较显著。

, authors=李莎1, 张盛峰2, 向巍1, 阎春恒1, authorsList=李莎, 张盛峰, 向巍, 阎春恒, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李莎, 工程师, 主要从事地震活动性和区域应力场研究, E-mail:

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李莎, 工程师, 主要从事地震活动性和区域应力场研究, E-mail:

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阴影部分表示震级下限为1.0时计算的参数标准差范围

, figureFileSmall=KRrBHZsTjUWXHWdNevk2XQ==, figureFileBig=UwvQ/BqPI+zrFmCi5nTTlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506413662909153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506406780056232, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The variation curves of model parameters of Jingxi earthquake sequence over time using ETAS model, figureFileSmall=dkynlgf+AdlWHWbfgbRMhQ==, figureFileBig=rmSS51PW5hmxCyeKuXiFfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506413897790178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506406780056232, language=CN, label=图4, caption=利用ETAS模型拟合得到的靖西地震序列模型参数随时间的变化曲线

阴影部分表示震级下限为1.2时计算的参数标准差范围

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基于ETAS模型的广西两个典型地震序列参数演化特征分析
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李莎 1 , 张盛峰 2 , 向巍 1 , 阎春恒 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地震地质 2025,45(11): 1142-1148
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地震地质 2025 , 45 (11) : 1142 -1148
基于ETAS模型的广西两个典型地震序列参数演化特征分析
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李莎1 , 张盛峰2, 向巍1, 阎春恒1
作者信息
  • 1 广西壮族自治区地震局, 南宁市古城路33号, 530022
  • 2 中国地震局地震预测研究所, 北京市复兴路63号, 100036
作者简介:

李莎, 工程师, 主要从事地震活动性和区域应力场研究, E-mail:

Parameter Evolution Characteristics of Two Typical Earthquake Sequences in Guangxi Based on the ETAS Model
Sha LI1 , Shengfeng ZHANG2, Wei XIANG1, Chunheng YAN1
Affiliations
  • 1 Earthquake Agency of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 33 Gucheng Road, Nanning 530022, China
  • 2 Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, CEA, 63 Fuxing Road, Beiing 100036, China
  • LI Sha, engineer, majors in seismic activity and regional stress field, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-11-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.571
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2019年在广西不同地质构造区相继发生北流5.2级和靖西5.2级地震, 为获得基于统计地震学模型的余震序列参数特征和发生概率预测结果, 基于ETAS模型对2个地震序列的模型参数进行计算, 并开展余震的发生概率和发生率分析及预测效能评估。结果表明, 北流和靖西地震序列早期α值均较高, 触发次级余震的能力较弱; p值显示2个地震序列早期衰减较快; 发生概率和发生率预测结果与实际的低余震发生率一致。ETAS模型对靖西地震序列余震的预测效果优于北流地震序列。走滑型北流地震序列早期α值低于极浅源逆冲型靖西地震序列, 可能受大地热流高值影响较大, 但p值偏高。靖西地震序列早期μ值明显大于北流地震序列, 推测其受流体触发作用影响较显著。

北流5.2级地震  /  靖西5.2级地震  /  ETAS模型  /  地震序列参数特征

In 2019, the Beiliu M5.2 and Jingxi M5.2 earthquakes occurred successively in different tectonic regions of Guangxi. To obtain the parameter characteristics and probability prediction results of aftershock sequences based on statistical seismology models, we use the ETAS model to calculate the model parameters of two earthquake sequences, and analyze the probability of occurrence and occurrence rate of aftershocks and evaluate the prediction efficiency. The results show that both Beiliu and Jingxi earthquake sequences exhibit high α-value in early stage, indicating weaker ability to trigger secondary aftershocks. The p-value shows that two earthquake sequences decay rapidly in early stage. The prediction results of probability of occurrence and occurrence rate are consistent with the actual low occurrence rate of aftershocks. The ETAS model performs better in predicting aftershocks of Jingxi earthquake sequence than Beiliu earthquake sequence. The strike-slip Beiliu earthquake sequence has lower α-value than the ultra-shallow thrust-type Jingxi earthquake sequence in early stage, which may be greatly affected by the high geothermal heat flow, but the p-value is relatively high. The μ-value of Jingxi earthquake sequence is significantly greater than that of Beiliu earthquake sequence in early stage, suggesting more significantly affected by fluid triggering.

Beiliu M5.2 earthquake  /  Jingxi M5.2 earthquake  /  ETAS model  /  parameter characteristics of earthquake sequence
李莎, 张盛峰, 向巍, 阎春恒. 基于ETAS模型的广西两个典型地震序列参数演化特征分析. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (11) : 1142 -1148 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.571
Sha LI, Shengfeng ZHANG, Wei XIANG, Chunheng YAN. Parameter Evolution Characteristics of Two Typical Earthquake Sequences in Guangxi Based on the ETAS Model[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (11) : 1142 -1148 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.571
中强地震发生后,常用余震早期序列的统计参数表征地震序列的衰减特征及其激发余震的能力。准确的地震序列参数可为震后地震序列类型的快速判定和强余震预测等研究提供重要参考,但地震序列参数在不同地质构造、主震震源机制类型、大地热流、地震序列类型以及区域构造应力水平等背景下存在显著差异[1-2]。作为大森-宇津公式的推广,传染型余震序列(epidemic type aftershock sequence,ETAS)模型[3]是目前国际上使用较多的计算地震序列参数的模型,国内外学者利用ETAS模型在余震序列衰减特征、余震触发能力、地震序列类型判定和震后早期参数特征、水库或注水诱发地震等研究方面取得较多认识,为震后趋势研判提供了支撑[4-7]。
广西是华南内陆地震较活跃的地区之一,2019年相继发生10-12北流5.2级和11-25靖西5.2级地震,且地震序列余震均较丰富,引起各界高度关注。2个地震序列的发震背景存在显著差异,其中北流地震发生于大地热流高且为非岩溶区的桂东南地区,靖西地震震中则位于受川滇菱形块体旋钮作用影响的桂西岩溶区。
为获得基于统计地震学模型的北流和靖西地震余震发生概率预测结果,本文使用ETAS模型对2个地震开展序列参数计算,分析序列参数的时间演化特征,并进行余震的发震概率和发生率分析及预测效能评估。此外,从2个地震序列的统计地震学特征出发,对比分析发生在不同发震构造背景下震级相当的地震事件的序列参数特征,为推进ETAS模型在广西及邻区中强地震余震发生概率预测中的应用奠定基础,同时为理解不同构造背景下的序列参数特征提供参考。
在ETAS模型[3]中,假设主震发生时刻为初始零时刻,在观测时段[0,T]中,地震序列的强度函数可表示为:
$\lambda(t)=\mu+k \sum\limits_{t_i<t} \frac{\mathrm{e}^{\alpha\left(M_i-M_0\right)}}{\left(t-t_i+c\right)^p}, M_i>M_0$
式中,Mi和ti分别为第i个事件的震级和发生时间;M0为选取的截止震级;t为主震发生后的离逝时间;μ为背景地震事件的发生率;k表示余震活跃程度;p表示序列衰减的快慢程度,p越大衰减越快,反之衰减越慢;α表示序列中激发次级余震的能力[8];c为数值很小的常数,以保证式(1)中ti→t时分母不为0。
通常可采用最大似然法对ETAS模型中的参数进行估计,其中似然函数L可表示为[9]:
$\lg L=\sum\limits_{t_S<t<t_E} \lg \lambda(t)-\int_{t_S}^{t_E} \lambda(t) \mathrm{d} t$
式中,tS和tE分别为积分开始和结束的时间点。对于模型的适应性,可采用赤池信息准则[10](Akaike information criterion,AIC)进行判定。
受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线通常用来评估二元概率预测模型预测结果的优劣程度[11]。AUC(area under curve)值为ROC曲线与坐标轴所包络的面积,AUC值介于0~1之间,AUC值越大说明算法的预测效能较随机预测越好。
北流和靖西地震序列资料来源于广西测震台网。北流5.2级地震序列记录到余震297次,其中ML≥3.0余震3次,最大为2019-12-13化州ML3.1地震,距主震约3 km。靖西5.2级地震序列记录到余震381次,其中3.0~3.9级10次,4.0~4.9级2次,最大为2019-11-28靖西ML4.8地震,距主震约4 km。北流地震序列余震发生频次较为均匀,而靖西地震序列存在明显变化,即震后第80~130天余震的发生频次相比之前和之后阶段明显较少(图 1)。
完整性震级是开展地震活动性分析的前提。依据前人对广西及邻区地震目录最小完整性震级及测震台网监测水平的分析研究[12],确定北流与靖西地震序列的完整性震级水平分别为1.0级与1.2级(图 1红线)。同时,为评估震级下限选取的主观性对计算结果的影响,选取北流地震序列震级下限为0.8~1.2级,靖西地震序列震级下限为1.0~1.4级,以0.1级为间隔分别计算模型参数随时间的变化。
地震分布图显示,北流地震发生于桂东南非岩溶区,靖西地震震中位于桂西岩溶区,2个地震序列的发震构造背景存在明显差异。从发震断裂来看,2次地震震中区域的优势断裂展布方向不同,其中北流地震震中区活动断裂优势方向为NE向,地震序列精定位结果显示,余震总体呈NW向展布,主震震源机制为走滑型,推测发震断裂为NW向的米场-石窝断裂[13](图 2(a));靖西地震震中区活动断裂优势方向为NW向,精定位结果显示余震呈NE向展布,震源机制解显示靖西地震是一次高角度逆冲型地震,发震断裂为NE向的下雷-上映断裂[14](图 2(b))。
针对上述选定的北流地震序列震级下限MC0.8~1.2和靖西地震序列震级下限MC1.0~1.4,获得2个地震序列ETAS模型参数随时间的变化曲线,结果见图 3和图 4。
由图 3可知,北流5.2级地震序列各参数在震后约第60天起变化平稳,其中μ值快速衰减,且在震后约第10天起趋于稳定,表明北流地震震中区背景地震较快达到稳定状态。α值在震后61 d内较大,约为3.4,k值接近0,在震后第62天发生广东化州ML3.1地震,之后α值陡降至1.2左右,同时k值显著升高,说明北流地震序列在震后第62天激发次级余震的能力升高。p值在震后约60 d内为1.4左右,表明地震序列早期衰减相对较快,随后p值逐渐降低至1.0左右,并逐渐稳定,可见衰减速率趋于正常水平。北流地震序列余震频度衰减系数P值为1.13,与Utsu等[15]给出的全球200个地震序列的平均值1.1相当,综合ETAS参数p值和余震频度衰减系数P值可知,北流地震序列的衰减总体正常。
由图 4可知,靖西5.2级地震序列模型参数随时间的变化曲线中,除k值和α值外,μ值、c值、p值受不同MC值的影响较小,且未出现较大浮动。μ值在震后约第70天起趋于稳定,稳定时长占序列时长的19.7%,表明靖西地震对背景地震的影响较大。在震后约50 d,不同MC值条件下的α值约为4.5,k值约为0,激发余震的能力相对较弱,从震后约第50天起,α值显著降低,约为1.2,达到相对稳定状态,k值也出现不同程度的波动。从震后约第20天起,p值开始趋于稳定值1.0左右,可见该地震序列从此时起衰减速率接近平均标准水平,与余震频度衰减系数P值0.905 2相当,说明整个地震序列的衰减基本正常。
根据2个地震序列选取不同震级下限时模型参数随时间变化的稳定性和完整性水平情况,选择ML1.0和ML1.2分别作为2个地震序列余震发生概率和发生率预测的起算震级。
ETAS模型可基于历史地震序列情况对未来时段内的地震活动进行模拟,通过统计分析该模拟地震活动的特征,不仅可以给出未来短期内的余震发生概率,同时也可给出余震发生率水平。图 5为2个地震序列以0.5 d为步长计算的不同震级水平目标地震未来3 d内的余震发生概率和发生率。可以看出,2个地震序列中不同目标预测地震事件的发生概率和发生率均呈现出随时间衰减的趋势。北流地震震后约第30天起,3.5级及以上余震的发生概率已接近0.01,4.0级以上余震的发生概率已趋于0,实际上在这期间也未发生该级别及以上余震,与北流地震序列余震发生率较低的情况一致(图 1(a))。靖西地震后30 d内3.0级及以上余震的发生概率相对较高,约80 d后3.5级及以上余震的发生概率趋于0;余震发生率在震后约第70天起有所波动,表明该期间由于受较大余震(2019-11-28靖西ML4.8)的影响,对后续余震产生次级激发作用,与2020-02-19大新ML3.3地震的发生相呼应(图 1(b))。
运用ROC检验方法分别对北流和靖西2个地震序列预测结果进行检验,获得地震序列预测的综合检验结果以及主震发生后地震序列每一预测时刻的检验结果。
在北流地震序列中,ETAS模型对3.0级以上目标地震的预测结果劣于随机预测模型,AUC值为0.46(图 6(a)),在震后第220~300天内高于0.5(随机预测模型),虽在第300天之后仍逐渐上升,但始终低于0.5(图 6(b))。在靖西地震序列中,ETAS模型对3.0级以上目标地震的预测效果优于随机预测模型,AUC值为0.79(图 6(c));从AUC值随时间的变化来看,不同时段的预测结果起伏不定,但在整个余震期间,AUC值始终高于0.5(图 6(d))。
对比分析北流和靖西2个同等级别地震序列的ETAS模型参数发现,二者存在较大差异。结合2个地震所处的地质构造背景,分析2个地震序列的参数特征。
在大地构造上,北流5.2级地震震中位于云开岩浆弧腹地,为非岩溶区域[16]。云开岩浆弧形成于晚元古代-加里东期,是泛华夏大陆东南缘多岛弧盆体系的组成部分,经历了多次构造热事件导致的拼合、裂解和早古生代-中生代2次显著的陆内造山事件[17]。北流地震发生前,赵慈平等[18]发现位于雷琼地区及其北侧云开岩浆弧的合浦-北流断裂带和云开岩浆弧腹地北流地震区存在温泉幔源氦高值异常,暗示云开岩浆弧下方存在幔源岩浆活动,且其边界断裂带在幔源岩浆上涌侵入过程中充当了重要角色。晚新生代以来,云开岩浆弧南侧的雷琼地区发生多旋回的火山喷溢活动[19],岩石地球化学研究[20]和地震学研究揭示雷琼地区的岩浆作用来源于地幔转换带甚至是核幔边界,地幔物质上涌是雷琼地区及其邻区的深部驱动力源[21]。结合震源机制结果可知,北流地震是发生在受深部热物质上涌影响的高热流区的走滑型地震。
靖西5.2级地震发生于受川滇菱形块体旋转作用影响的桂西岩溶区。桂西岩溶地貌高度发育,广泛分布的碳酸盐岩地层在水动力作用下形成复杂多样的溶洞、地下暗河、天窗、天生桥等喀斯特地貌。由于地下暗河对可溶岩的长期溶蚀和侵蚀,地下形成纵横交错的洞穴通道,断层裂隙密集分布处形成贯通地表的岩溶天窗。在该构造背景下,靖西地区发生2010-07—08和2011-06—07两次显著震群事件,可能是流体触发的浅表岩溶塌陷活动所致[22]。苏珊等[14]根据CAP方法反演靖西地震序列的震源机制,结果显示,主震震源深度为1.3 km,余震平均震源深度为1.2 km,靖西地震可能是受浅表岩溶活动影响而发生的极浅源高角度逆冲型地震。
毕金孟等[23]研究显示,华北地区地震序列参数α值与大地热流值整体呈负相关;蒋海昆等[2]认为,走滑型地震序列的平均α值最小,逆冲型地震序列最大,而走滑型地震序列的p值相对逆冲型地震序列偏大。对比走滑型北流地震序列和逆冲型靖西地震序列的参数结果发现,北流地震序列早期α值相对较小,可能是因为受大地热流高值影响较为显著;而靖西地震序列受浅表岩溶活动影响,导致其α值相对更大。北流地震序列p值在震后第60天仍较高,约为1.4,靖西地震序列p值在震后第20天已趋于1.0,低于北流地震序列,与蒋海昆等[2]的结论一致。
2个地震序列除α值和p值存在差异外,μ值特征也存在不同。北流地震序列早期μ值衰减快,震后约第10天起已衰减至0.2,表明北流地震震中区背景地震较快达到稳定状态。靖西地震主震发生后10 d内μ值总体数值偏大,在2~5之间波动,表明主震对背景地震的影响较大。研究显示,流体对地震的触发作用非常显著[5, 24],μ值大小还可表征流体对地震触发作用的强弱,有流体参与的地震事件μ值较大[25]。因此,结合靖西地震序列震中及其周边岩溶发育和地震序列深度极浅的特征,推测其受到流体触发作用的影响。
1) 北流地震序列参数μ值较靖西地震序列更快趋于稳定,靖西地震序列μ值偏大,可能对背景地震的影响较大;2个地震序列早期α值分别约为3.4和4.5,k值早期均快速趋于0,激发余震的能力相对较弱;p值结果显示,2个地震序列早期均衰减较快,后续则趋于正常水平。
2) 2个地震序列的余震发生概率和发生率预测结果均与实际余震发生水平一致。ROC检验结果显示,ETAS模型对北流地震序列M≥3.0目标地震的预测结果劣于随机预测模型,而靖西地震序列AUC值均大于0.5,预测效果较好。
3) 对比2个地震序列的参数结果发现,发生于非岩溶区的走滑型北流地震可能受大地热流高值影响较为显著,相对逆冲型靖西地震,北流地震序列早期α值偏小,p值偏高;发生于岩溶区的极浅源靖西地震,其序列早期μ值在2~5之间波动,明显大于北流地震序列,推测靖西地震序列受流体触发作用较显著。
本文研究结果显示,ETAS模型可较好地预测广西中强地震的余震发生概率,可为今后类似构造背景地区中强震的余震趋势分析提供参考。此外,为加深对广西地区地震序列参数与不同地质构造背景之间关联性的认识,后续将针对更多震例开展研究,进一步提高利用ETAS模型进行余震发生概率预测分析的准确度。
  • 中国地震局地震预测开放基金(XH24005D)
  • 海南省自然科学基金(422QN430)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.12.571
  • 接收时间:2024-12-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-11-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-19
基金
Earthquake Prediction, CEA(XH24005D)
中国地震局地震预测开放基金(XH24005D)
Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(422QN430)
海南省自然科学基金(422QN430)
作者信息
    1 广西壮族自治区地震局, 南宁市古城路33号, 530022
    2 中国地震局地震预测研究所, 北京市复兴路63号, 100036
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