Article(id=1322506542939755478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506406058635943, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.11.540, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1732636800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239730820, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1763136000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239730820, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239730820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239730820, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506406058635943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='11', pageStart='1101', pageEnd='1210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1763136000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239698184, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239698184, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1121, endPage=1126, 1184, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506543136887767, articleId=1322506542939755478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Various Spherical Harmonic Analysis and Spherical Harmonic Synthesis Algorithms and Their Software Design, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

We derive five spherical harmonic analysis algorithms in detail and develop a user-friendly and easy-to-operate practical software using the scientific computing language MATLAB. To validate the performance of five algorithms, we conduct a numerical analysis of the computational efficiency and accuracy of fast Fourier transform(FFT), least squares(LS), weighted least squares(WLS), approximate quadrature(AQ), and first Neumann method(FNM) algorithms at harmonic degrees of 180, 360, 720, 1 800 and 2 160, using the global topographic data DTM2006.0 as a case study. The results show that the AQ algorithm performs best in terms of computational efficiency, while the LS algorithm achieves the highest precision. The residuals of all five algorithms approximately follow a normal distribution, indicating that none of five algorithms exhibit systematic biases.

, authors=Xiaoyu TANG1, Wenjin CHEN1, *, Xiao GONG2, Xiaolong TAN1, authorsList=Xiaoyu TANG, Wenjin CHEN, Xiao GONG, Xiaolong TAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenjin CHEN, authorNote=

TANG Xiaoyu, postgraduate, majors in geodesy and surveying engineering, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506544672003044, articleId=1322506542939755478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=多种球谐分析与球谐综合算法研究及其软件设计, columnId=1322506242858271689, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地球物理解释, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

详细推导5种球谐分析算法, 并采用科学计算语言MATLAB开发一款界面友好且易于操作的实用软件。为验证算法性能, 以全球地形数据DTM2006.0为例, 对快速傅里叶变换(FFT)算法、最小二乘(LS)算法、加权最小二乘(WLS)算法、近似正交(AQ)算法、第一黎曼算法(FNM)在180、360、720、1 800和2 160阶的计算效率和精度进行数值分析。结果表明, AQ算法在计算效率方面表现最优异, 而LS算法计算精度最高; 5种算法的残差都近似服从正态分布, 表明5种算法均无系统性偏差。

, authors=唐晓雨1, 陈文进1, *, 龚枭2, 谭小龙1, authorsList=唐晓雨, 陈文进, 龚枭, 谭小龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈文进, authorNote=

唐晓雨, 硕士生, 主要从事大地测量学与测量工程研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

陈文进, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事物理大地测量学研究, E-mail:

CHEN Wenjin, PhD, associate professor, majors in physical geodesy, E-mail:

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TANG Xiaoyu, postgraduate, majors in geodesy and surveying engineering, E-mail:

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Computation time statistics for spherical harmonic analysis of different algorithms at various degrees

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算法 180阶 360阶 720阶 1 800阶 2 160阶
FFT 0.025 0.730 4.910 62.810 111.910
LS 0.110 0.980 14.040 277.690 423.190
WLS 0.310 2.737 24.200 716.190 1 231.390
AQ 0.026 0.340 3.860 40.510 84.690
FNM 0.026 0.360 3.710 43.890 90.730
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不同阶次下各算法的球谐分析计算时间统计

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算法 180阶 360阶 720阶 1 800阶 2 160阶
FFT 0.025 0.730 4.910 62.810 111.910
LS 0.110 0.980 14.040 277.690 423.190
WLS 0.310 2.737 24.200 716.190 1 231.390
AQ 0.026 0.340 3.860 40.510 84.690
FNM 0.026 0.360 3.710 43.890 90.730
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Elevation values of spherical harmonic coefficients obtained from multiple algorithms after spherical harmonic synthesis

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算法 min max mean STD
DTM2006.0 -7 923.6 5 542.2 -1 890.7 2 629.2
FFT -7 948.1 5 592.2 -1 891.9 2 637.0
LS -7 923.6 5 542.2 -1 890.7 2 629.2
WLS -7 936.2 5 534.9 -1 890.7 2 629.3
AQ -7 940.2 5 537.1 -1 891.9 2 637.0
FNM -7 939.7 5 537.9 -1 891.1 2 629.4
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多种算法得到的球谐系数经球谐综合后的高程值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 min max mean STD
DTM2006.0 -7 923.6 5 542.2 -1 890.7 2 629.2
FFT -7 948.1 5 592.2 -1 891.9 2 637.0
LS -7 923.6 5 542.2 -1 890.7 2 629.2
WLS -7 936.2 5 534.9 -1 890.7 2 629.3
AQ -7 940.2 5 537.1 -1 891.9 2 637.0
FNM -7 939.7 5 537.9 -1 891.1 2 629.4
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多种球谐分析与球谐综合算法研究及其软件设计
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唐晓雨 1 , 陈文进 1, * , 龚枭 2 , 谭小龙 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地球物理解释 2025,45(11): 1121-1126, 1184
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地球物理解释 2025 , 45 (11) : 1121 -1126, 1184
多种球谐分析与球谐综合算法研究及其软件设计
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唐晓雨1 , 陈文进1, * , 龚枭2, 谭小龙1
作者信息
  • 1 江西理工大学土木与测绘工程学院, 江西省赣州市红旗大道86号, 341000
  • 2 江西省科技基础条件平台中心, 南昌市井冈山大道1416号, 330003
通讯作者:

陈文进, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事物理大地测量学研究, E-mail:

CHEN Wenjin, PhD, associate professor, majors in physical geodesy, E-mail:

作者简介:

唐晓雨, 硕士生, 主要从事大地测量学与测量工程研究, E-mail:

Various Spherical Harmonic Analysis and Spherical Harmonic Synthesis Algorithms and Their Software Design
Xiaoyu TANG1 , Wenjin CHEN1, * , Xiao GONG2, Xiaolong TAN1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil and Surveying and Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 86 Hongqi Road, Ganzhou 341000, China
  • 2 Jiangxi Science and Technology Infrastructure Platform Center, 1416 Jinggangshan Road, Nanchang 330003, China
  • TANG Xiaoyu, postgraduate, majors in geodesy and surveying engineering, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-11-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.11.540
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详细推导5种球谐分析算法, 并采用科学计算语言MATLAB开发一款界面友好且易于操作的实用软件。为验证算法性能, 以全球地形数据DTM2006.0为例, 对快速傅里叶变换(FFT)算法、最小二乘(LS)算法、加权最小二乘(WLS)算法、近似正交(AQ)算法、第一黎曼算法(FNM)在180、360、720、1 800和2 160阶的计算效率和精度进行数值分析。结果表明, AQ算法在计算效率方面表现最优异, 而LS算法计算精度最高; 5种算法的残差都近似服从正态分布, 表明5种算法均无系统性偏差。

球谐分析  /  球谐综合  /  地球重力场  /  MATLAB  /  软件设计

We derive five spherical harmonic analysis algorithms in detail and develop a user-friendly and easy-to-operate practical software using the scientific computing language MATLAB. To validate the performance of five algorithms, we conduct a numerical analysis of the computational efficiency and accuracy of fast Fourier transform(FFT), least squares(LS), weighted least squares(WLS), approximate quadrature(AQ), and first Neumann method(FNM) algorithms at harmonic degrees of 180, 360, 720, 1 800 and 2 160, using the global topographic data DTM2006.0 as a case study. The results show that the AQ algorithm performs best in terms of computational efficiency, while the LS algorithm achieves the highest precision. The residuals of all five algorithms approximately follow a normal distribution, indicating that none of five algorithms exhibit systematic biases.

spherical harmonic analysis  /  spherical harmonic synthesis  /  Earth's gravity field  /  MATLAB  /  software design
唐晓雨, 陈文进, 龚枭, 谭小龙. 多种球谐分析与球谐综合算法研究及其软件设计. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (11) : 1121 -1126, 1184 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.11.540
Xiaoyu TANG, Wenjin CHEN, Xiao GONG, Xiaolong TAN. Various Spherical Harmonic Analysis and Spherical Harmonic Synthesis Algorithms and Their Software Design[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (11) : 1121 -1126, 1184 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.11.540
球谐函数是一组定义在球坐标系中的正交基函数,广泛用于描述球面上连续变化的现象[1]。在地球科学中,地球的形状和特性通常通过球面上的物理场进行建模,球谐函数因此成为分析与综合球面数据的重要工具。随着地球科学研究的深入,球谐函数计算对分辨率、精度和性能的需求不断提升,推动了球谐分析与球谐综合算法及工具的进步。具体而言,在算法研究方面,球谐分析的主要算法包括最小二乘(LS)算法、快速傅里叶变换(FFT)算法以及Gauss-Legendre积分算法。Colombo[2]对这3种算法均有所提及,尤其对FFT算法进行了详细阐述。Sneeuw[3]正式提出基于LS方法的球谐分析方法,并推导出近似正交(AQ)算法。随后,Sneeuw[4]提出第一黎曼算法(FNM)和第二黎曼算法(SNM),两者均可实现离散勒让德函数的精确正交,但在纬度点选择和积分方法上有所不同,其中SNM因采用Gauss-Legendre积分计算正交权重,又称Gauss-Legendre积分算法。对于球谐分析与球谐综合的FFT算法,其在计算效率方面具有显著优势,因此成为学术界的研究热点,如Gruber等[5]和Huang等[6]都围绕该算法开展深入研究。鉴于现有研究成果已十分丰富,本文不再赘述。除算法研究外,为满足大规模数据处理和复杂计算的需求,国内外学者相继开发出多种用于球谐分析与球谐综合的软件与工具。Hwang等[7]基于FFT和复数代数方法开发两款Fortran程序,用于球谐分析与球谐综合,支持水文和大气重力变化分析及卫星重力场数据处理。Wittwer等[8]研究开发出基于扩展算术范围的球谐分析和球谐综合软件,但计算效率较低,且误差随纬度和阶数增加而增大。Wieczorek等[9]开发出开源软件SHTools,支持球谐变换、数据旋转和局部多锥谱分析,最高支持2 800阶。
尽管球谐分析与球谐综合在相关算法及软件的研究上已取得诸多成果,但目前尚缺乏一款开源且用户友好的软件工具。因此,本文基于多种球谐分析与球谐综合算法,采用MATLAB语言开发一款GUI软件(软件下载地址:https://github.com/violet66688/Spherical_Harmonic_Analysis_And_Synthesis.git),旨在提供直观友好的界面,使用户能够便捷地选择算法和调整参数,以满足多样化需求,为地球科学等领域的研究与应用提供技术支持。
单位球(0≤θ≤π以及0≤λ≤2π)面上任意平方可积的解析函数$f(\theta, \lambda)$可以展开为面球谐函数的级数[2],即:
$\begin{gather*}f(\theta, \lambda)= \\\sum\limits_{l=0}^{\infty} \sum\limits_{m=0}^{l} \bar{P}_{l m}(\cos \theta)\left(\bar{C}_{l m} \cos m \lambda+\bar{S}_{l m} \sin m \lambda\right) \end{gather*}$
式中,l和m分别为截断阶数和截断次数,且$l \geqslant m; \bar{P}_{l m}(\cos \theta)$为完全归一化的缔合勒让德函数;$\bar{C}_{l m}、\bar{S}_{l m}$为完全归一化的球谐系数。
根据球谐函数的正交性,由式(1)可以得到球谐分析公式为:
$\left.\begin{array}{l}\bar{C}_{l m} \\\bar{S}_{l m}\end{array}\right\}=\frac{1}{4 \mathsf{π} } {\displaystyle{\iint\limits_{\sigma}}} f(\theta, \lambda) \bar{P}_{l m}(\cos \theta)\left\{\begin{array}{c}\cos m \lambda \\\sin m \lambda\end{array}\right\} \mathrm{d} \sigma$
式中,$\mathrm{d} \sigma=\sin \theta \mathrm{d} \theta \mathrm{d} \lambda$式(1)所表达的过程为球谐综合,式(2)所表达的过程为球谐分析。
为方便球谐分析,定义下式[10]:
$\begin{gather*}f_{l m}=\bar{S}_{l m}-\mathrm{i} \bar{C}_{l m}= \\\frac{1}{4 \mathsf{π} } \displaystyle{\int\limits_{\theta=0 \lambda=0}^{\mathsf{π} }} \displaystyle{\int\limits_{0}^{2 \mathsf{π} }} f(\theta, \lambda)(\sin m \lambda-\mathrm{i} \cos m \lambda) \bar{P}_{l m}(\cos \theta) \mathrm{d} \sigma= \\\frac{1}{4 \mathsf{π} } \displaystyle{\int\limits_{\theta=0}^{\mathsf{π} }} F_{\lambda}[f(\theta, \lambda)] \bar{P}_{l m}(\cos \theta) \sin \theta \mathrm{d} \theta \end{gather*}$
式中,i表示复数算子。式(3)便是基于FFT的球谐分析算法,计算可采用对每条纬线圈数据进行FFT,即可表示为Fλ[f(θ, λ)],而沿经线圈的计算可以采用矩阵相乘的方法。
同样,根据式(1)发现:
$\begin{gathered}f(k \Delta \theta, j \Delta \lambda)=\sum\limits_{l=0}^{\bar{l}} \sum\limits_{m=0}^l\left(\bar{C}_{l m} \cos m j \Delta \lambda+\right. \\\left.\bar{S}_{l m} \sin m j \Delta \lambda\right) \bar{P}_{l m}(\cos k \Delta \theta)= \\2 \operatorname{Re}\left\{\sum\limits_{m=0}^{\bar{l}} \frac{1}{2}\left(\bar{C}_m-\mathrm{i} \bar{S}_m\right) \mathrm{e}^{\frac{2 m j k}{\bar{l}}}\right\}= \\2 \operatorname{Re}\left\{F_{\lambda}^{-1}\left\{\frac{\bar{C}_{m}-\mathrm{i} \bar{S}_{m}}{2}\right\}\right\}\end{gathered}$
式中,$\bar{l}$ 为最大的球谐展开阶次;k表示第k个余纬采样点;j表示第j个经度采样点。式(4)便是基于FFT的球谐综合算法,计算可采用沿纬线圈进行FFT逆变换,即可表示为$F_{\lambda}^{-1}\left\{\frac{\bar{C}_{m}-\mathrm{i} \bar{S}_{m}}{2}\right\}$。
将球谐分析公式中的积分进行离散化并分两步进行,其中经度和纬度信息分别独立处理。将式(1)分两步进行计算,在经度方向进行等角离散[11]:
$\begin{array}{c}\left. {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{A_m}\left( {{\theta _i}} \right)}\\{{B_m}\left( {{\theta _i}} \right)}\end{array}} \right\} = \\\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{\frac{1}{{l\left( {1 + {\delta _{m0}} - {\delta _{ml}}} \right)}}}\\{\frac{1}{{l\left( {1 - {\delta _{m0}} + {\delta _{ml}}} \right)}}}\end{array}} \right\}\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{2l - 1} f (\theta ,\lambda )\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{\cos m\lambda }\\{\sin m\lambda }\end{array}} \right.\end{array}$
式中,$\delta_{m 0}$ 为克罗内克函数:
$\delta_{m 0}= \begin{cases}1 & m=0 \\ 0 & m \neq 0\end{cases}$
在进行第2步时,选择不同纬度会出现相应的离散解,这些解可以分为近似解和精确解。前者忽略了正交性,或为每个平行的纬线圈分配一个与阶次无关的正交权重;后者可以通过设计权重使其满足特定条件来实现精确正交。
采用矩阵矢量符号重写离散分析和综合分析公式。引入矩阵$\boldsymbol{a}=\left[A_{m}\left(\theta_{1}\right) A_{m}\left(\theta_{2}\right) \cdots\right. \left.A_{m}\left(\theta_{N}\right)\right]^{\mathrm{T}}、\boldsymbol{b}=\left[B_{m}\left(\theta_{1}\right) B_{m}\left(\theta_{2}\right) \cdots B_{m}\left(\theta_{N}\right)\right]^{\mathrm{T}}、\boldsymbol{c}= \left[\begin{array}{llll}\bar{C}_{m m} & \bar{C}_{m+1, m} & \cdots & \bar{C}_{l m}\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}、\boldsymbol{s}=\left[\begin{array}{llll}\bar{S}_{m m} & \bar{S}_{m+1, m} & \cdots & \bar{S}_{l m}\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$以及维度为$N \times(l-m+1)$的缔合勒让德函数矩阵:
$\boldsymbol{P}=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}\bar{P}_{m m}\left(\cos \theta_1\right) & \bar{P}_{m+1, m}\left(\cos \theta_1\right) & \bar{P}_{m+2, m}\left(\cos \theta_1\right) & \cdots & \bar{P}_{l m}\left(\cos \theta_1\right) \\\bar{P}_{m m}\left(\cos \theta_2\right) & \bar{P}_{m+1, m}\left(\cos \theta_2\right) & \bar{P}_{m+2, m}\left(\cos \theta_2\right) & \cdots & \bar{P}_{l m}\left(\cos \theta_2\right) \\\bar{P}_{m m}\left(\cos \theta_3\right) & \bar{P}_{m+1, m}\left(\cos \theta_2\right) & \bar{P}_{m+2, m}\left(\cos \theta_3\right) & \cdots & \bar{P}_{l m}\left(\cos \theta_3\right) \\\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\\bar{P}_{m m}\left(\cos \theta_N\right) & \bar{P}_{m+1, m}\left(\cos \theta_N\right) & \bar{P}_{m+2, m}\left(\cos \theta_N\right) & \cdots & \bar{P}_{l m}\left(\cos \theta_N\right)\end{array}\right]$
根据式(2)可知,离散形式的球谐分析可以表示为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\boldsymbol{c}=\boldsymbol{P}^{-1} \boldsymbol{a} \\\boldsymbol{s}=\boldsymbol{P}^{-1} \boldsymbol{b}\end{array}\right.$
当采用LS方法进行求解时,可以得到如下等式:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\boldsymbol{c}=\left(\boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{a} \\\boldsymbol{s}=\left(\boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{P}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{b}\end{array}\right.$
在得到式(9)时,可以为每条平行的纬线圈赋予相应的权重Si,其值与该纬线圈的余纬正弦值成正比:
$\begin{equation*}S_{i}=2 \sin \theta_{n} / \sum\limits_{n=1}^{N} \sin \theta_{n} \end{equation*}$
式中,θn为各纬线圈的度数;N为纬线圈个数。将权重Si组成对角矩阵 S,其对角线元素即为各权重Si。因此,式(9)可以改写为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\boldsymbol{c}=\left(\boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{S} \boldsymbol{P}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{S} \boldsymbol{a} \\\boldsymbol{s}=\left(\boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{S} \boldsymbol{P}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{S} \boldsymbol{b}\end{array}\right.$
球谐函数的离散正交性使得上述加权最小二乘法中的法方程矩阵$\boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{S P}$接近对角矩阵,对角元素可用标量2(2-δm0)统一表示,因此,该法方程矩阵可以近似等同于一个缩放后的单位矩阵:
$\begin{equation*}\boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{S} \boldsymbol{P} \approx 2\left(2-\delta_{m 0}\right) \boldsymbol{I} \end{equation*}$
公式(11)可以改写为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\boldsymbol{c}=\frac{1}{4}\left(1+\delta_{m 0}\right) \boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{S} \boldsymbol{a} \\\boldsymbol{s}=\frac{1}{4}\left(1+\delta_{m 0}\right) \boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{S} \boldsymbol{b}\end{array}\right.$
这样就根据WLS方法得到另一种计算方法,即AQ算法。
到目前为止的3种方法,均忽略了缔合勒让德函数在纬度方向上的正交性。通过定义赋予每个纬线圈的权重Wi,可以在离散情况下保持缔合勒让德函数的正交性[12],即:
$\begin{equation*}\boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{P}=2\left(2-\delta_{m 0}\right) \boldsymbol{I} \end{equation*}$
式中,W为权重矩阵,其对角线由权重Wi组成,而权重Wi可表示为:
$\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N} W_{i} \cos ^{n} \theta_{i}=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{2}{n+1}, & n \text { 为偶数 } \\0, & n \text { 为奇数 }\end{array}\right.$
式中,n=0,1,…,N-1。通过式(15)反解出正交权重Wi,并以对角线形式保存在对角权重矩阵 W中,则WLS方法可表示为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\boldsymbol{c}=\left(\boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{P}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{a} \equiv \frac{1}{4}\left(1+\delta_{m 0}\right) \boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{a} \\\boldsymbol{s}=\left(\boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{P}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{b} \equiv \frac{1}{4}\left(1+\delta_{m 0}\right) \boldsymbol{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{W} \boldsymbol{b}\end{array}\right.$
以上便是用FNM来确定正交权重后进行球谐分析的具体过程。
软件采用MATLAB编程语言在Windows系统下开发完成,软件系统结构与软件界面如图 1所示。该软件集成了多种球谐分析和球谐综合的核心算法,能够实现球谐系数的精确计算、球面函数值的还原、数据的可视化处理以及相关的数值统计分析等功能。其操作流程图如图 2所示。
为验证多种球谐分析与球谐综合算法的有效性及软件的可靠性,探讨各算法的优劣势和特点,本文采用DTM2006.0全球数字地形模型[13]进行对比分析。以下所有实验均是在配置为Windows 11操作系统、Intel Core i9-14900HX CPU和32 GB内存的个人计算机上完成。
采用本文开发的球谐分析与球谐综合软件,分别对DTM2006.0数据进行球谐分析至180、360、720、1 800和2 160阶,得到相应的球谐系数图像(图 3为2 160阶下取完对数log10后的球谐系数图像)以及计算时间(表 1,单位s)。
由图 3可知,在各算法生成的球谐系数中,即使经过对数尺度放大,系数值之间依然未见显著差异,表明算法在系数计算结果上具有一致性。从表 1可以看出,在低阶计算中,FFT、AQ和FNM三种算法的计算速度相差不大;但随着阶数增大,AQ算法展现出最高的计算效率,FNM算法的计算速度略低于AQ算法,而其他算法的计算速度则明显较慢。这得益于编写AQ和FNM算法时采用了式(13)和式(16),在高阶次球谐分析中相较其他算法减少了大规模的矩阵相乘运算,从而大幅减少了计算时间。
球谐分析与球谐综合互为逆过程,因此通过得到的数据可以相互验证和校准。为此,本文利用§3.1中通过多种球谐分析方法得到的球谐系数数据进行球谐综合计算,以验证综合数据的完整性和合理性;然后对球谐综合结果进行残差分析,展示其空间分布特征及统计特性。基于FFT和数值积分的球谐综合方法的计算结果在空间分布上高度相似,仅计算速度不同。为避免重复,本文未单独列出FFT方法的计算结果。
图 4为5种算法计算得到的球谐系数经球谐综合后的数据空间分布,可以看出,数据分布合理,且未观察到局部异常值,验证了球谐分析与球谐综合过程的有效性。表 2(单位m)则表明5种算法得到的球谐系数经球谐综合后还原的数值偏差不大。图 5为各算法计算得到的球谐系数经球谐综合还原后,与原始数值之间的残差分布。由图可知,FFT和LS算法的残差分布均匀,且符合预期;而WLS算法由于按纬线圈分配权重,其残差呈现明显的纬线圈带状分布。相比之下,AQ和FNM算法的残差主要集中在高纬度区域,且靠近两极时残差值逐渐增大。残差空间分布结果表明,残差分布合理且数据重构过程中未引入显著的系统性误差。图 6显示5种方法计算的残差值都集中在0附近,且近似符合正态分布,进一步证明了综合结果与原始数据之间的差异是无偏且随机的。以上结果均可表明所采用的算法有效,且软件实现正确。
1) 本文详细推导5种球谐分析算法,并基于DTM2006.0数据,通过对比不同算法球谐分析的计算效率和球谐综合后的残差分布,论证各算法的特点与有效性。结果表明,在这5种算法中,LS算法精度最高,而AQ算法计算速度最快。此外,各算法均能较好且完整地实现球面函数值的分解与还原,残差符合正态分布,无显著系统性偏差,验证了该软件在实际应用中的可靠性和准确性。
2) 为满足不同应用领域的需求,开发出集多种球谐分析与球谐综合算法的软件。用户可以根据实际需求,灵活选择最适合的算法,平衡计算速度和精度。同时,软件设计简洁、实用,具备友好的用户界面,操作直观易懂,用户即使无专业背景,也能迅速上手并高效完成任务,可极大提高工作效率。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42264001)
  • 江西省重点研发计划(20243BBG71036)
  • 江西理工大学博士启动基金(205200100588)
  • 稀有金属资源安全高效开采江西省重点实验室开放基金(2024XJKCCSZ05)
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Hwang C , Kao Y C . Spherical Harmonic Analysis and Synthesis Using FFT: Application to Temporal Gravity Variation[J]. Computers and Geosciences, 2006, 32 (4): 442- 451
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Wittwer T , Klees R , Seitz K , et al. Ultra-High Degree Spherical Harmonic Analysis and Synthesis Using Extended-Range Arithmetic[J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2008, 82 (4): 223- 229
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2025年第45卷第11期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.11.540
  • 接收时间:2024-11-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-11-15
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-11-27
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42264001)
国家自然科学基金(42264001)
Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi Province(20243BBG71036)
江西省重点研发计划(20243BBG71036)
Foundation for Doctors of Jiangxi University of Science and Technology(205200100588)
江西理工大学博士启动基金(205200100588)
Open Fund of Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Safe and Efficient Mining of Rare Metal Resources(2024XJKCCSZ05)
稀有金属资源安全高效开采江西省重点实验室开放基金(2024XJKCCSZ05)
作者信息
    1 江西理工大学土木与测绘工程学院, 江西省赣州市红旗大道86号, 341000
    2 江西省科技基础条件平台中心, 南昌市井冈山大道1416号, 330003

通讯作者:

陈文进, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事物理大地测量学研究, E-mail:

CHEN Wenjin, PhD, associate professor, majors in physical geodesy, E-mail:

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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