Article(id=1322506548962767464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506501562937604, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.11.525, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1731859200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239732255, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239732255, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239732255, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239732255, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506501562937604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1211', pageEnd='1316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765728000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239720954, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239720954, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1294, endPage=1303, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506549126345321, articleId=1322506548962767464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=A K-Means-Based Least Squares Collocation Method and Its Application in High-Precision Fitting and Estimation of Large-Scale Crustal Velocity Fields, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issues of abnormal and non-smooth fitting results in sparse monitoring station areas and block margins when using the traditional least squares collocation (TLSC) algorithm for high-precision fitting of crustal motion velocity fields in large-scale regions, a K-means clustering-based least squares collocation method (KLSC) is developed by integrating the K-means clustering algorithm with the TLSC algorithm. The effectiveness of this method is validated using the GNSS-measured crustal motion velocity field on the Qinghai-Xizang plateau. The results show that: 1) Compared to the TLSC algorithm, the KLSC algorithm leverages the advantages of the K-means algorithm in unsupervised classification to first divide the study area into multiple sub-regions with similar velocities based on the inherent characteristics of the GNSS velocity field, and then applies TLSC for velocity field fitting within each sub-region, thereby avoiding the impact of local complex geological environments on the accuracy of regional velocity field fitting; 2) The KLSC algorithm selects fitting parameters based on the proximity of each grid point to the cluster centers, resolving the issue of poor fitting results in data-sparse areas; 3) By utilizing secondary nearest-neighbor fitting combined with convolution filtering, the KLSC algorithm effectively addresses the non-smooth fitting results at block margins; 4) The RMSE accuracy and correlation of the velocity fields fitted by the KLSC algorithm are superior to those of the TLSC algorithm, with improvements in RMSE accuracy of 37% to 48.2% and 52.1% to 67.2%, and increases in correlation of 24.1% to 24.7% and 4.7% to 5.2% for the eastward and northward fitted velocity fields, respectively.

, authors=Cheng WANG1, Wei QU1, 2, *, Jiuyuan LI1, Xingyou TANG1, Guangyao WANG1, Kai YANG1, authorsList=Cheng WANG, Wei QU, Jiuyuan LI, Xingyou TANG, Guangyao WANG, Kai YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei QU, authorNote=

WANG Cheng, postgraduate, majors in geodetic inversion of crustal deformation, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506553249346178, articleId=1322506548962767464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=一种基于K-means聚类的最小二乘配置法及在大尺度地壳速度场高精度拟合推估中的应用, columnId=1322506197874356701, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地壳运动, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对传统最小二乘配置(traditional least squares collocation,TLSC)算法在大尺度区域地壳运动速度场高精度拟合中,在监测站点稀疏区域与块体边缘处速度场拟合结果会出现异常与不平滑的问题,结合K-means聚类算法与TLSC算法发展了一种基于K-means聚类的最小二乘配置法(KLSC),并在青藏高原GNSS地壳运动实测速度场中验证该方法的有效性。结果表明:1)相较于TLSC算法,KLSC算法利用K-means算法在无监督分类中的优势,基于GNSS速度场本身特征先将研究区域划分为多个速度相似的子区域,然后在每个子区域内分别利用TLSC进行速度场拟合,避免了局部复杂地质环境对区域速度场拟合精度的影响;2)KLSC算法以各网格点到各聚类中心的距离最近为依据选取拟合参数,解决了数据稀疏区域速度场拟合结果较差的问题;3)KLSC算法利用次近距离拟合并结合卷积滤波,有效解决了块体边缘处速度场拟合结果不平滑的问题;4)KLSC算法拟合的速度场的RMSE精度和相关性均优于TLSC算法,东、北向拟合速度场RMSE精度分别提高37%~48.2%和52.1%~67.2%,相关性分别提高24.1%~24.7%和4.7%~5.2%。

, authors=王程1, 瞿伟1, 2, *, 李久元1, 唐兴友1, 王光耀1, 杨凯1, authorsList=王程, 瞿伟, 李久元, 唐兴友, 王光耀, 杨凯, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=瞿伟, authorNote=

王程,硕士生,主要从事地壳形变大地测量反演研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

瞿伟,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事地壳形变大地测量反演、地质灾害高精度监测及成因机理研究,E-mail:

QU Wei, PhD, professor, PhD supervisor, majors in geodetic inversion of crustal deformation, geological disaster high-precision geodetic monitoring and disaster mechanism, E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=69zKndLRIFB67Kfc4+lS1w==, figureFileBig=SH9TpPLTNBI13pgX3dL5Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506561319187146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506548962767464, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Characteristics of the original data

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经度/(°) 纬度/(°) 速度东向分量/mm·a-1 速度北向分量/mm·a-1
特征范围 31.905 13.953 33.160 60.820
特征标准差 10.290 4.274 6.157 17.644
), ArticleFig(id=1322506561491153611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506548962767464, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

原始数据特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
经度/(°) 纬度/(°) 速度东向分量/mm·a-1 速度北向分量/mm·a-1
特征范围 31.905 13.953 33.160 60.820
特征标准差 10.290 4.274 6.157 17.644
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The RMSE and correlation coefficient of fitted points and check points based onTLSC and KLSC algorithms

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算法拟合点RMSE /mm·a-1 检核点RMSE /mm·a-1 相关系数R
东向 北向 东向 北向 东向 北向
TLSC 3.75 5.86 4.07 6.20 0.730 0.945
KLSC(K=5) 2.36 1.91 2.11 2.11 0.906 0.994
KLSC(K=6) 2.29 2.66 2.17 3.01 0.909 0.989
KLSC(K=9) 2.21 2.09 2.14 2.48 0.918 0.993
), ArticleFig(id=1322506561646342861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506548962767464, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于TLSC和KLSC算法的拟合点和检核点的RMSE和相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法拟合点RMSE /mm·a-1 检核点RMSE /mm·a-1 相关系数R
东向 北向 东向 北向 东向 北向
TLSC 3.75 5.86 4.07 6.20 0.730 0.945
KLSC(K=5) 2.36 1.91 2.11 2.11 0.906 0.994
KLSC(K=6) 2.29 2.66 2.17 3.01 0.909 0.989
KLSC(K=9) 2.21 2.09 2.14 2.48 0.918 0.993
), ArticleFig(id=1322506561721840334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506548962767464, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

The t-test results of the residuals of fitting points and check points based on TLSC and KLSC algorithms

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数据 算法拟合点残差t值 拟合点残差P值 检核点残差t值 检核点残差P值
东向 北向 东向 北向 东向 北向 东向 北向
原始残差TLSC -2.600 -2.815 0.010 0.005 -0.977 -1.835 0.333 0.072
KLSC(K=5) -2.752 -1.608 0.006 0.109 -1.412 -0.423 0.163 0.674
KLSC(K=6) -2.652 -0.711 0.008 0.478 -1.566 -0.008 0.123 0.994
KLSC(K=9) -3.062 -0.590 0.002 0.556 -1.637 -0.357 0.107 0.722
去除极值后数据TLSC -2.477 -2.698 0.014 0.007 -0.696 -1.564 0.489 0.123
KLSC(K=5) -2.583 -1.479 0.010 0.140 -1.109 -0.110 0.272 0.913
KLSC(K=6) -2.509 -0.572 0.012 0.568 -1.258 0.341 0.214 0.735
KLSC(K=9) -2.922 -2.922 0.004 0.661 -1.336 0.035 0.187 0.973
), ArticleFig(id=1322506561809920719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506548962767464, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于TLSC与KLSC算法的拟合点和检核点残差t检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据 算法拟合点残差t值 拟合点残差P值 检核点残差t值 检核点残差P值
东向 北向 东向 北向 东向 北向 东向 北向
原始残差TLSC -2.600 -2.815 0.010 0.005 -0.977 -1.835 0.333 0.072
KLSC(K=5) -2.752 -1.608 0.006 0.109 -1.412 -0.423 0.163 0.674
KLSC(K=6) -2.652 -0.711 0.008 0.478 -1.566 -0.008 0.123 0.994
KLSC(K=9) -3.062 -0.590 0.002 0.556 -1.637 -0.357 0.107 0.722
去除极值后数据TLSC -2.477 -2.698 0.014 0.007 -0.696 -1.564 0.489 0.123
KLSC(K=5) -2.583 -1.479 0.010 0.140 -1.109 -0.110 0.272 0.913
KLSC(K=6) -2.509 -0.572 0.012 0.568 -1.258 0.341 0.214 0.735
KLSC(K=9) -2.922 -2.922 0.004 0.661 -1.336 0.035 0.187 0.973
), ArticleFig(id=1322506561872835281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506548962767464, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Indices of each filtering results

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滤波方法滤波前后MSE /mm·a-1 滤波后速度场(梯度平方和)/a-2
东向 北向 东向 北向
均值滤波 4.253 7.079 5.329 2.947
高斯滤波 5.945 9.004 4.618 2.210
中值滤波 1.859 6.312 7.614 4.180
双边滤波 0.011 0.015 11.072 12.382
核密度估计法滤波 0.037 0.083 11.170 12.309
), ArticleFig(id=1322506561944138450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506548962767464, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各滤波结果指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
滤波方法滤波前后MSE /mm·a-1 滤波后速度场(梯度平方和)/a-2
东向 北向 东向 北向
均值滤波 4.253 7.079 5.329 2.947
高斯滤波 5.945 9.004 4.618 2.210
中值滤波 1.859 6.312 7.614 4.180
双边滤波 0.011 0.015 11.072 12.382
核密度估计法滤波 0.037 0.083 11.170 12.309
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一种基于K-means聚类的最小二乘配置法及在大尺度地壳速度场高精度拟合推估中的应用
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王程 1 , 瞿伟 1, 2, * , 李久元 1 , 唐兴友 1 , 王光耀 1 , 杨凯 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地壳运动 2025,45(12): 1294-1303
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地壳运动 2025 , 45 (12) : 1294 -1303
一种基于K-means聚类的最小二乘配置法及在大尺度地壳速度场高精度拟合推估中的应用
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王程1 , 瞿伟1, 2, * , 李久元1, 唐兴友1, 王光耀1, 杨凯1
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
  • 2 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
通讯作者:

瞿伟,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事地壳形变大地测量反演、地质灾害高精度监测及成因机理研究,E-mail:

QU Wei, PhD, professor, PhD supervisor, majors in geodetic inversion of crustal deformation, geological disaster high-precision geodetic monitoring and disaster mechanism, E-mail:

作者简介:

王程,硕士生,主要从事地壳形变大地测量反演研究,E-mail:

A K-Means-Based Least Squares Collocation Method and Its Application in High-Precision Fitting and Estimation of Large-Scale Crustal Velocity Fields
Cheng WANG1 , Wei QU1, 2, * , Jiuyuan LI1, Xingyou TANG1, Guangyao WANG1, Kai YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • WANG Cheng, postgraduate, majors in geodetic inversion of crustal deformation, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.11.525
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针对传统最小二乘配置(traditional least squares collocation,TLSC)算法在大尺度区域地壳运动速度场高精度拟合中,在监测站点稀疏区域与块体边缘处速度场拟合结果会出现异常与不平滑的问题,结合K-means聚类算法与TLSC算法发展了一种基于K-means聚类的最小二乘配置法(KLSC),并在青藏高原GNSS地壳运动实测速度场中验证该方法的有效性。结果表明:1)相较于TLSC算法,KLSC算法利用K-means算法在无监督分类中的优势,基于GNSS速度场本身特征先将研究区域划分为多个速度相似的子区域,然后在每个子区域内分别利用TLSC进行速度场拟合,避免了局部复杂地质环境对区域速度场拟合精度的影响;2)KLSC算法以各网格点到各聚类中心的距离最近为依据选取拟合参数,解决了数据稀疏区域速度场拟合结果较差的问题;3)KLSC算法利用次近距离拟合并结合卷积滤波,有效解决了块体边缘处速度场拟合结果不平滑的问题;4)KLSC算法拟合的速度场的RMSE精度和相关性均优于TLSC算法,东、北向拟合速度场RMSE精度分别提高37%~48.2%和52.1%~67.2%,相关性分别提高24.1%~24.7%和4.7%~5.2%。

GNSS速度场  /  最小二乘配置算法  /  K-means算法  /  青藏高原  /  地壳平滑速度场

To address the issues of abnormal and non-smooth fitting results in sparse monitoring station areas and block margins when using the traditional least squares collocation (TLSC) algorithm for high-precision fitting of crustal motion velocity fields in large-scale regions, a K-means clustering-based least squares collocation method (KLSC) is developed by integrating the K-means clustering algorithm with the TLSC algorithm. The effectiveness of this method is validated using the GNSS-measured crustal motion velocity field on the Qinghai-Xizang plateau. The results show that: 1) Compared to the TLSC algorithm, the KLSC algorithm leverages the advantages of the K-means algorithm in unsupervised classification to first divide the study area into multiple sub-regions with similar velocities based on the inherent characteristics of the GNSS velocity field, and then applies TLSC for velocity field fitting within each sub-region, thereby avoiding the impact of local complex geological environments on the accuracy of regional velocity field fitting; 2) The KLSC algorithm selects fitting parameters based on the proximity of each grid point to the cluster centers, resolving the issue of poor fitting results in data-sparse areas; 3) By utilizing secondary nearest-neighbor fitting combined with convolution filtering, the KLSC algorithm effectively addresses the non-smooth fitting results at block margins; 4) The RMSE accuracy and correlation of the velocity fields fitted by the KLSC algorithm are superior to those of the TLSC algorithm, with improvements in RMSE accuracy of 37% to 48.2% and 52.1% to 67.2%, and increases in correlation of 24.1% to 24.7% and 4.7% to 5.2% for the eastward and northward fitted velocity fields, respectively.

GNSS velocity field  /  least squares collocation method  /  K-means algorithm  /  Qinghai-Xizang plateau  /  smoothed crustal velocity field
王程, 瞿伟, 李久元, 唐兴友, 王光耀, 杨凯. 一种基于K-means聚类的最小二乘配置法及在大尺度地壳速度场高精度拟合推估中的应用. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (12) : 1294 -1303 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.11.525
Cheng WANG, Wei QU, Jiuyuan LI, Xingyou TANG, Guangyao WANG, Kai YANG. A K-Means-Based Least Squares Collocation Method and Its Application in High-Precision Fitting and Estimation of Large-Scale Crustal Velocity Fields[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (12) : 1294 -1303 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.11.525
地壳运动速度场的高精度拟合推估可以较好地表征出区域地壳运动形变特征,尤其是在大尺度复杂地质构造背景下,高精度、高覆盖的地壳运动速度场可以为揭示区域构造应力应变状态[1-2]、次级地块间相互作用[3]以及地震活动分析[4]等提供重要的基础依据。
在众多速度场拟合方法中,最小二乘配置(least squares collocation,LSC)算法由于其自身的优势被广泛应用[5-6]。但该方法在大尺度区域地壳运动速度场高精度拟合过程中还存在一些问题,如对统一运动趋势中的局部复杂变化区域表现较差,在监测站点稀疏区域速度场拟合结果会出现异常,以及在块体边缘处速度场拟合结果会出现不平滑的现象[7]。因此,本文利用K-means分类在无监督分类中的优势,结合LSC算法,发展了一种基于K-means的最小二乘配置算法(KLSC)。该算法首先通过K-means聚类,根据GNSS速度场的本身特征将研究区域划分为多个速度相似的子区域,然后在每个子区域内利用TLSC进行速度场拟合,从而有效提高局部复杂地质环境区域的拟合精度,解决传统方法在此类区域拟合精度较低的问题。在连续速度场插值过程中,进一步以各网格点到各聚类中心的距离最近为依据选取拟合参数,可解决监测站点稀疏区域速度场拟合结果较差的问题。最后利用次近距离拟合,即将超出各类插值速度中位数3倍标准差的网格点划归到次近距离类别中后重新插值,并结合卷积滤波解决块体边缘处速度场拟合结果不平滑的问题。
TLSC算法是一种可以同时求定非随机性倾向参数和随机性信号的最优估计方法。将该方法用于建立GNSS观测地壳运动速度场模型[5-6, 8]。
K-means聚类是一种非监督学习算法,主要用于将数据集划分为K个不同的簇,其核心思想是通过迭代优化,使得每个簇中的数据点与簇中心之间的距离尽可能小,同时不同簇之间的中心距离尽可能大[9]。
由于K-means的聚类数目K可任意选取,初始聚类中心位置C也是随机确定的,会导致相同条件下每次聚类产生的效果不尽相同。因此,本文利用类内平方和(SSE)、轮廓系数、Calinski-Harabasz指数[9]和Gap统计量[10]对K-means聚类的最优解进行评估确定。
肘部法则(elbow method)是一种常用的聚类算法评估方法,用于确定最佳聚类数K。其核心思想是通过观察聚类数增加时SSE或其他性能指标的变化趋势,当K值较小时,增加K会显著降低误差,但超过某一临界点后,误差的下降速度趋于平缓,形成“肘部”形状,该临界点对应的K值被认为是较优的聚类数。肘部位置通过计算聚类数目与SSE曲线斜率变化最大的点来确定。
在利用肘部法则确定最佳K值后,可计算出当前K值时的轮廓系数、Calinski-Harabasz指数、Gap统计量值所占总值的比例r:
$r=\frac{K(m)-\min (m)}{\max (m)-\min (m)}$
式中,K(m)为肘部法则确定最佳K值后需计算r的指标值,m指代的指标可为轮廓系数、Calinski-Harabasz指数、Gap统计量值,max(m)、min(m)对应该指标的最大、最小值。
在实际应用中,通常绘制聚类数目与SSE、平均轮廓系数、Calinski-Harabasz指数和Gap统计量之间的曲线,利用肘部法则找到SSE的减少速度明显放缓,即聚类数目与SSE曲线斜率变化最大的点,同时后三者最大化时对应的聚类数目为最佳选择。
KLSC算法的基本思路是,首先利用K-means聚类判定指标优选出最佳的聚类数K,再利用K-means聚类算法将研究区域GNSS速度场按位置和东、北向分量进行聚类,每个类别再分别利用TLSC拟合推估出拟合速度场。进而在连续速度场插值过程中,以各网格点到各聚类中心的距离为依据,选取不同的拟合参数,利用次近距离拟合处理异常数据,并进一步运用卷积滤波解决块体边缘处速度场拟合结果不连续的问题。计算步骤概述如下:
1) 利用上述准则综合判定K-means聚类多个准最佳聚类数目K,并判定当前K值下聚类中心的稳定性。
2) 将观测速度场中的拟合点按指定K值进行分类,利用TLSC计算每个类别的拟合参数并拟合观测速度场。
3) 根据KLSC算法多次拟合结果的RMSE、相关系数等指标判定拟合点与检核点拟合结果的稳定性,并与TLSC算法结果进行对比分析,最后综合选取精度更高、相关性更好、结果更稳定的K值作为最佳聚类数目,进行后续实验。
4) 将目标分辨率的网格点按照到各聚类中心的最近距离划分归属类别,并利用相关拟合参数进行插值,获取连续速度场。
5) 获取连续速度场后,若出现异常值,则采用次近距离法对其处理,计算拟合东、北向速度分量中位数M和标准差σ。以[M-3σ, M+3σ]为界,超出此边界范围的值视作异常值,异常值格网点使用与其距离次近的类别的拟合参数进行拟合,以此类推,直至所有类别均满足条件后输出结果。
6) 在各类数据均无异常后,若各类别边缘速度有明显的不连续现象,再采用卷积滤波插值东、北向速度分量。针对边缘区域采用加权滤波核,例如对于3×3的均值滤波卷积核为[1 1 1; 1 1 1; 1 1 1]/9,分别将卷积核对应的边缘元素设为0,如上侧边缘的卷积核为[0 0 0; 1 1 1; 1 1 1]/6,以此类推,最终获取研究区域平滑的连续速度场。
KLSC算法技术路线如图 1所示。
本文采用Wang等[11]公布的青藏高原75°~105°E、25°~40°N区域的557个GNSS速度场数据,并从中随机选取超总数10%且均匀分布的60个点作为检核点,其余点则用于构建速度场拟合推估模型(图 2)。
K-means聚类较为依赖聚类数目的选择和聚类中心的确定,不同的聚类数目和聚类中心往往会对聚类结果产生较显著的影响[12]。但由于K-means方法中聚类数目的确定较为困难,通常需要借助肘部法则或轮廓系数法等方法辅助判断,同时初始聚类中心是随机选取的,不同的初始中心可能导致算法结果存在较大差异,多次实验可能得出不同的聚类结果。因此,本节着重分析聚类数目K值的选择和聚类中心的稳定性。
本文取初始簇质心位置重复聚类100次时SSE最小值对应的聚类结果作为最终结果(该方法简称为100次聚类方法),设置最大K值为50,用以判断最佳聚类中心数K。
K-means聚类可以考虑将数据进行归一化,以消除不同量纲和数量级对SSE等指标的影响。K-means聚类时,以观测速度场的经度、纬度、速度东向分量和速度北向分量4个特征为依据,利用极差和标准差公式获取的观测数据特征范围和特征标准差如表 1所示。从表中可以看出,所有数据特征的范围和标准差均在同一数量级,但速度北向分量极差较大,因此分别利用归一化前与归一化后数据进行聚类,判断最佳K值(图 3)。
从图 3(a)可以看出,对于原始数据,利用肘部法则确定出的最佳聚类数目均为6,且此时轮廓系数(占比0.79)、Calinski-Harabasz指数(占比0.78)和Gap统计量(占比0.56)的值也较大。由图 3(b)可以看出,数据归一化后,利用肘部法则确定出的最佳聚类数目为5,且此时轮廓系数(占比1.00)、Calinski-Harabasz指数(占比0.92)和Gap统计量(占比0.54)的值也较大。此外,当K=9时,4个指数也基本处于合理值范围内。
可以看出,归一化对最佳聚类数目几乎无影响。为了充分考虑GNSS真实数据的特征,后续实验不对数据进行归一化。同时,为了获取最佳聚类结果,分别考虑聚类数目K=5、6、9进行实验,并结合插值效果进行判断。
确定聚类数目K值后,需要判定当前K值下的聚类稳定性。利用观测速度场中的拟合点,取100次聚类方法结果作为最终结果。分别得出K=5、6、9时的速度场分类情况,如图 4所示。
图 4中黑点为聚类中心所在位置,聚类数目K=5、6、9时,最佳SSE值分别为400.340、319.462、201.659;平均SSE值分别为400.358、319.465、201.683;平均轮廓系数分别为0.677、0.660、0.604;平均Calinski-Harabasz指数分别为628.593、656.973、686.865。按100次聚类方法实验100次,获取SSE最小值(即最佳SSE)、SSE均值、轮廓系数均值和Calinski-Harabasz指数均值作为参考,验证100次聚类方法的稳定性(图 5)。
图 5显示,100次聚类最佳SSE值不会发生改变,平均SSE值、平均轮廓系数、平均Calinski-Harabasz指数也基本不变,具有很强的平稳性,且均可以稳定找到最优聚类中心。
在聚类数目K=5、6、9时,分别利用KLSC与TLSC算法获得青藏高原及周边区域地壳运动模拟与残差速度场(图 6)。
由图 6(a)看出,基于TLSC算法获取的青藏高原整体运动呈现出NE-SEE向顺时针旋转运动趋势。从图 6(e)看出,TLSC算法在喜马拉雅东构造结区域模拟效果较差,在其余区域模拟效果较好。相较于图 6(a),图 6(c)、6(e)、6(g)基于KLSC算法获取的拟合速度场在青藏高原东南缘出现较明显的变化。相较于图 6(b),从图 6(d)、6(f)和 6(h)发现,基于KLSC算法获取的残差速度场量级显著减小,特别是在喜马拉雅东构造结区域模拟速度场与实测速度场符合度更高。
为进一步分析TLSC与KLSC算法的拟合精度,计算2种算法的拟合点和检核点的RMSE和相关系数(表 2、图 7),同时绘制各点残差的分布情况(图 8)。
图 7中红色箭头表示KLSC算法相对于TLSC算法拟合与推估的精度提升率,箭头下方数字表示相应的提升百分比。由图 7可以看出,KLSC算法相较于TLSC算法的RMSE精度均有大幅提升,东向与北向RMSE精度分别提升约37%~48.2%、52.1%~67.2%。从表 2中也可以看出,KLSC算法拟合点与核验点的东、北向分量相关系数显著高于TLSC算法,平均分别提高约24%、5%(表 2与图 7)。
K=6时的精度和相关性整体略低于K=5、9时,这是因为K=6作为聚类数目划分情况与青藏高原速度场实际情况不符。总体而言,K=5时计算效果最佳。
从图 8可以看出,KLSC算法相较于TLSC算法,残差分布更集中在0附近,残差较小值出现频率大幅提高,更加符合正态分布。K=5、6、9的残差出现频率没有太大变化。
如表 3所示,在显著性水平α=0.01下,检核点的残差数据通过了t检验(P>0.01),表明其符合正态分布假设,模型拟合效果良好,误差分布合理。然而,在拟合点残差方面,仅KLSC算法的北向残差通过了t检验(P>0.01),而东向残差和TLSC算法的北向残差未能通过t检验(P<0.01)。分析原因发现,拟合过程中个别点出现较大残差(图 8(a)、8(c)),显著影响了整体残差的均值和方差,导致其偏离正态分布。去除残差中的1组极值后重新进行t检验,可以发现,除TLSC算法因未能更好地捕捉局部复杂变化,以及K=9时块体划分不合理分别导致北向和东向残差未能通过t检验外,其余均通过了t检验(P>0.01)。这表明模型在大多数情况下满足正态分布假设,拟合效果较好,误差分布合理。
将KLSC算法与以下几种方法进行对比:多尺度球面小波[13](中误差为3.2 mm/a,残差值主要集中在-5~+5 mm/a之内)、球面最小二乘配置方法[8](其东、北向RMSE分别为4.61 mm/a、6.85 mm/a)、总体最小二乘配置算法[6](检核点RMSE约为2.4 mm/a)、顾及距离尺度因子的自适应最小二乘配置融合新算法(ADLSC)[14](检核点RMSE约为2.5 mm/a)、分块体欧拉矢量模型[15](西藏块体的东、北向RMSE分别为6.13 mm/a、7.07 mm/a)。虽然上述对比的研究为青藏高原内的部分区域,其研究区域的地壳运动复杂程度相较于整个青藏高原而言也相对较弱,但从本文方法检核点RMSE与这些方法的对比来看,也进一步验证了本文提出的KLSC方法在速度场拟合中的优越性与适用性。
进行单次实验不能完全证明KLSC算法优于TLSC算法,故进一步开展以下多组实验。考虑同一组检核点实验50次精度分布问题,并绘制每次实验的RMSE分布图(图 9)。
从图 9看出,当K=5、6时,重复实验50次,利用100次聚类方法基于KSLC算法获取的拟合点与检核点的RMSE不会出现波动,并不会对结果产生影响。但当K=9时,利用100次聚类方法KLSC算法获取的拟合点与检核点的个别RMSE会出现明显波动,且东向速度误差波动较大,极差超过2 mm/a,北向误差极差在1 mm/a左右。K=9时稳定性较差,分析其原因是块体划分较多,K-means聚类中心的随机性导致边界点归属容易出现不稳定。
经过在精度、相关性、残差分布和稳定性等方面的综合比较与分析,最终选择K=5作为后续实验的聚类数。
在确保KLSC算法的稳定性后,为获取区域连续的平滑速度场,更好地分析区域整体地壳形变特征,需要对区域地壳运动速度场进行网格速度场插值。图 10和图 11分别为利用TLSC算法和KLSC算法获取的青藏高原地区GNSS连续速度场。
为解决监测数据稀疏区域地壳运动速度场拟合结果较差的问题,在连续速度场插值过程中以各网格点到各聚类中心的距离为依据选取拟合参数;然后利用次近距离拟合处理异常数据;最后利用卷积滤波解决边界不连续的问题,确保速度场在块体边缘的平滑性和连续性。为评价滤波效果,计算各滤波前后均方误差(MSE)和滤波后速度场分量的梯度平方和(表 4),并绘制基于KLSC算法插值连续速度场的速度东、北向分量图(图 12)。
对比图 10(a)与图 11滤波后速度场可以看出,相较于TLSC算法,基于KLSC算法获取的青藏高原网格连续速度场整体更符合青藏高原实际地壳运动趋势,特别是在喜马拉雅东构造结区域。如图 11(a)所示,基于KLSC算法的连续速度场拟合推估结果中会出现部分网格点位置处的插值速度异常。这可能是采用最近距离法划归类别导致的,采用次近距离法划分可避免因类别归属错误而出现异常值的情况(图 11(b))。
从图 11(b)也可以发现,块体边缘处速度呈现出明显的不连续现象。经过滤波后,卷积前后速度场会在块体边缘处发生较明显的突变。由图 11(c)~11(g)的5种滤波后速度场与图 12的滤波后速度场东、北向分量可见,高斯滤波与均值滤波差别不大,效果均较好,其余3种滤波边缘去除效果较差。通过表 4可以看出,高斯滤波前后MSE最大,梯度平方和最小,说明高斯滤波使滤波前后的边缘消除效果最好,在保持原有运动趋势的同时,拟合速度场在块体边缘处呈现出较好的平滑性和连续性,且更符合青藏高原地区实际地壳运动变形特征。
1) 与TLSC算法不同,KLSC算法并非直接对整个大尺度区域进行速度场拟合,而是先通过K-means聚类将区域划分为若干子区域,并在每个子区域内分别应用TLSC进行速度场拟合,从而有效避免局部复杂地质环境对拟合精度的影响。
2) 在连续速度场插值过程中,KLSC算法依据各网格点到聚类中心的最小距离选取拟合参数,显著改善了数据稀疏区域速度场拟合结果较差的问题。此外,通过引入次近距离拟合并结合卷积滤波,成功解决了块体边缘处速度场拟合结果不平滑的难题。
未来的研究工作将重点放在进一步优化KLSC方法及其在更大尺度和更复杂地质区域的推广应用上。针对K-means聚类的敏感性和卷积核设置的影响,进一步探索鲁棒性更强的聚类算法及自适应卷积核优化策略,深入拓展KLSC方法的泛化能力。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42174006)
  • 陕西省杰出青年科学基金(2022JC-18)
  • 长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102263201)
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2025年第45卷第12期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.11.525
  • 接收时间:2024-11-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-18
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42174006)
国家自然科学基金(42174006)
Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Shaanxi Province(2022JC-18)
陕西省杰出青年科学基金(2022JC-18)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD(300102263201)
长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102263201)
作者信息
    1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
    2 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054

通讯作者:

瞿伟,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事地壳形变大地测量反演、地质灾害高精度监测及成因机理研究,E-mail:

QU Wei, PhD, professor, PhD supervisor, majors in geodetic inversion of crustal deformation, geological disaster high-precision geodetic monitoring and disaster mechanism, E-mail:

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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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