Article(id=1322506555937902637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506406058635943, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.11.520, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1731600000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239733919, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1763136000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239733919, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239733919, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239733919, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506406058635943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='11', pageStart='1101', pageEnd='1210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1763136000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239698184, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239698184, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1180, endPage=1184, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506556185366574, articleId=1322506555937902637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Real-Time Yaw Angle and Yaw Velocity Inversion Model Based on Ground-Based Phase Wind-Up, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of reduced accuracy in antenna rotation inversion due to the noise in ground-based phase wind-up(GPWU), we propose a real-time yaw angle inversion model that combines low-pass filtering, an improved reset Kalman filtering, and elevation angle weighting. After epoch differencing and low-pass denoising of the geometry-free measurements, the model identifies the time points of yaw angle change based on the variations of epoch-differenced geometry-free observations. We then use the reset Kalman filtering to predict yaw rate in real-time. Finally, the model optimizes the station antenna rotation rate calculated from all satellites, weighted by elevation angles, to obtain the final antenna rotation rate. The results show that the proposed method achieves a yaw rate prediction accuracy of 0.587° before Kalman filtering convergence, which improves to 0.245° after convergence, with a time error of less than 1 second.

, authors=Yingxiang JIAO1, Kezhao LI1, 2, *, Zhe YUE1, authorsList=Yingxiang JIAO, Kezhao LI, Zhe YUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kezhao LI, authorNote=

JIAO Yingxiang, PhD candidate, majors in satellite navigation and positioning, E-mail: .

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506557452046392, articleId=1322506555937902637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=利用地基相位缠绕的实时偏航角及偏航速反演模型, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对地基相位缠绕(GPWU)在天线旋转反演中受噪声影响而精度降低的问题, 提出一种结合低通滤波、改进的重置卡尔曼滤波和高度角加权的实时偏航角反演模型。该模型在对无几何距离测量值进行历元差分和低通去噪之后, 利用历元间差分无几何距离观测值的变化来识别偏航角发生变化的时间点, 并使用重置卡尔曼滤波对偏航速度进行实时预测。最后, 将所有卫星计算的测站天线旋转速率按照高度角进行加权平均优化, 获得最终的天线旋转速率。实验结果表明, 所提方法在卡尔曼滤波未收敛时的偏航速度预测精度为0.587°, 而卡尔曼滤波收敛后, 精度提升至0.245°, 并且预测的时间误差小于1 s。

, authors=焦迎香1, 李克昭1, 2, *, 岳哲1, authorsList=焦迎香, 李克昭, 岳哲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李克昭, authorNote=

焦迎香, 博士生, 主要从事卫星导航与定位研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

李克昭, 博士, 教授, 主要从事卫星定位与视觉导航研究, E-mail:

LI Kezhao, PhD, professor, majors in satellite positioning and visual navigation, E-mail: .

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Journal of Geodesy, 2016, 90 (8): 757- 772, articleTitle=Ground-Based Phase Wind-Up and Its Application in Yaw Angle Determination, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322506562934001778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506555937902637, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yamada H, Matsushita S, Kawano I, et al. Mitigation of the Phase Wind-Up Effect for PPP Ambiguity Resolution Using INS and Geometryfree Approach in UAV Experiments[C]. 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利用地基相位缠绕的实时偏航角及偏航速反演模型
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焦迎香 1 , 李克昭 1, 2, * , 岳哲 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(11): 1180-1184
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (11) : 1180 -1184
利用地基相位缠绕的实时偏航角及偏航速反演模型
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焦迎香1 , 李克昭1, 2, * , 岳哲1
作者信息
  • 1 河南理工大学测绘与国土信息工程学院, 河南省焦作市世纪路2001号, 454003
  • 2 北斗导航应用技术协同创新中心, 郑州市科学大道62号, 450001
通讯作者:

李克昭, 博士, 教授, 主要从事卫星定位与视觉导航研究, E-mail:

LI Kezhao, PhD, professor, majors in satellite positioning and visual navigation, E-mail: .

作者简介:

焦迎香, 博士生, 主要从事卫星导航与定位研究, E-mail:

Real-Time Yaw Angle and Yaw Velocity Inversion Model Based on Ground-Based Phase Wind-Up
Yingxiang JIAO1 , Kezhao LI1, 2, * , Zhe YUE1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2001 Shiji Road, Jiaozuo 454003, China
  • 2 Collaborative Innovation Center of BDS Research Application, 62 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • JIAO Yingxiang, PhD candidate, majors in satellite navigation and positioning, E-mail: .

出版时间: 2025-11-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.11.520
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针对地基相位缠绕(GPWU)在天线旋转反演中受噪声影响而精度降低的问题, 提出一种结合低通滤波、改进的重置卡尔曼滤波和高度角加权的实时偏航角反演模型。该模型在对无几何距离测量值进行历元差分和低通去噪之后, 利用历元间差分无几何距离观测值的变化来识别偏航角发生变化的时间点, 并使用重置卡尔曼滤波对偏航速度进行实时预测。最后, 将所有卫星计算的测站天线旋转速率按照高度角进行加权平均优化, 获得最终的天线旋转速率。实验结果表明, 所提方法在卡尔曼滤波未收敛时的偏航速度预测精度为0.587°, 而卡尔曼滤波收敛后, 精度提升至0.245°, 并且预测的时间误差小于1 s。

地基相位缠绕  /  低通滤波  /  卡尔曼滤波  /  偏航角反演  /  高度角加权

To address the issue of reduced accuracy in antenna rotation inversion due to the noise in ground-based phase wind-up(GPWU), we propose a real-time yaw angle inversion model that combines low-pass filtering, an improved reset Kalman filtering, and elevation angle weighting. After epoch differencing and low-pass denoising of the geometry-free measurements, the model identifies the time points of yaw angle change based on the variations of epoch-differenced geometry-free observations. We then use the reset Kalman filtering to predict yaw rate in real-time. Finally, the model optimizes the station antenna rotation rate calculated from all satellites, weighted by elevation angles, to obtain the final antenna rotation rate. The results show that the proposed method achieves a yaw rate prediction accuracy of 0.587° before Kalman filtering convergence, which improves to 0.245° after convergence, with a time error of less than 1 second.

ground-based phase wind-up(GPWU)  /  low-pass filtering  /  Kalman filtering  /  yaw angle inversion  /  elevation angle weighting
焦迎香, 李克昭, 岳哲. 利用地基相位缠绕的实时偏航角及偏航速反演模型. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (11) : 1180 -1184 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.11.520
Yingxiang JIAO, Kezhao LI, Zhe YUE. Real-Time Yaw Angle and Yaw Velocity Inversion Model Based on Ground-Based Phase Wind-Up[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (11) : 1180 -1184 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.11.520
全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)的载波相位信号是一种右旋圆极化(right-hand circular polarization, RHCP)电磁信号[1]。载波相位观测值受发射天线和接收天线之间的相对方位以及视线方向影响。当发射天线和接收天线绕极化轴发生相对旋转时,测得的载波相位值会发生变化,该现象称为相位缠绕(phase wind-up,PWU)。
接收机旋转引起的地基相位缠绕(ground-based PWU, GPWU)与高度角无关,并且在GNSS定位过程中可以被接收机钟差吸纳。研究表明,在GNSS精确定位和姿态确定中,GPWU的影响并不总是可以忽略的。如GPWU效应会降低基于RTK的车辆导航系统[2]、动态PPP[3]、GPS反射计[4]的性能。
GPWU会记录接收机所在平台的天线旋转状态,因此可以利用GPWU反演测量平台的姿态,特别是其偏航角以及偏航速度。目前国内外学者对于缓慢旋转平台的GPWU效应的研究相对有限,其原因在于电离层延迟会对GPWU估计产生较大误差,而对于快速旋转平台,电离层延迟通常可以忽略不计。Hernández-Pajares等[5]提出一种基于GPWU效应的无差分和改进的区域电离层模型估计偏航角的方法。García-Fernández等[6]提出一种利用单测站无几何距离(geometry-free, GF)线性组合估计测站旋转速度的事后处理方法。蒋振伟等[7]利用GPWU特性估计天线旋转速率,结果表明,在静态条件下天线水平旋转速率估计精度可达0.5°/s。Cai等[8]利用RTK基准站和移动台站接收机的GF组合估计移动平台的累积偏航角,验证了GPWU用于确定实时偏航角的可行性。但上述研究未考虑对偏航角和偏航速度的实时反演,以及如何消除噪声对反演精度的影响。
针对旋转运动载体的实时偏航角确定问题,本文提出一种基于GPWU效应的偏航角以及偏航速度实时确定模型。结合低通滤波和卡尔曼滤波降低载波相位观测值中存在的噪声,提升预测精度。最后,通过旋转平台实验,对实时预测的偏航角和偏航速度进行精度评估。
在GNSS观测方程中,GPWU主要影响载波相位观测值。当载体运动导致的天线旋转方向与极化方向一致时,天线旋转产生的附加相位的变化率恰好就是接收机天线的旋转速率。如果旋转方向为正,则附加的GPWU效应会随着天线旋转线性增加,反之则减少。
为消除接收机钟差、卫星钟差、对流层延迟以及与几何距离有关的误差,在GPS接收机所接收的L1和L2载波相位观测值之间构成GF组合:
$\begin{gathered}\varphi_{\mathrm{i}, \mathrm{GF}}^{\mathrm{s}}=\lambda_1 \varphi_{\mathrm{i}, 1}^{\mathrm{s}}-\lambda_2 \varphi_{\mathrm{i}, 2}^{\mathrm{s}}=\frac{f_1^2-f_2^2}{f_1^2 f_2^2} I_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{s}}+ \\\left(\lambda_1 N_{\mathrm{i}, 1}^{\mathrm{s}}-\lambda_2 N_{\mathrm{i}, 2}^{\mathrm{s}}\right)+\left(\lambda_1 \varphi_{\mathrm{UPD}, 1}-\lambda_2 \varphi_{\mathrm{UPD}, 2}\right)+ \\\left(\lambda_1-\lambda_2\right) \varphi_{\mathrm{GPWU}}+\left(\lambda_1 \varphi_{\mathrm{MP}, 1}-\lambda_2 \varphi_{\mathrm{MP}, 2}\right)+\varepsilon_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{s}}\end{gathered}$
式中,上标s表示卫星;下标i表示接收机;λ为波长;f为频率;Iis为电离层延迟;Nis为模糊度参数;φUPD、φGPWU和φMP分别为未校准相位延迟(UPD)参数、GPWU效应以及多路径效应;εis为观测噪声。
UPD参数包含非整数初始相位、硬件延迟和传输延迟,该参数随时间变化而与具体卫星无关。如果能进一步消除式(1)中电离层延迟,则利用单天线即可进行GPWU反演。由于现有电离层模型无法确保完全消除电离层延迟,因此本文采用站间单差模式对电离层进行消除。对基准站和流动站的GF组合进行单差,表达式为:
$\begin{gathered}\Delta \varphi_{\mathrm{i}, \mathrm{GF}}^{\mathrm{s}}=\left(\lambda_1 \Delta N_{\mathrm{i}, 1}^{\mathrm{s}}-\lambda_2 \Delta N_{\mathrm{i}, 2}^{\mathrm{s}}\right)+ \\\left(\lambda_1-\lambda_2\right) \Delta \varphi_{\mathrm{GPWU}}+\left(\lambda_1 \varphi_{\mathrm{MP}, 1}-\lambda_2 \varphi_{\mathrm{MP}, 2}\right)+\varepsilon_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{s}}\end{gathered}$
式中,Δ为单差算子;模糊度项λ1ΔNi, 1s-λ2ΔNi, 2s理论上在无周跳情况下为常量;εis包含接收机噪声和低频信号组合噪声。由于基准站静止而流动站天线姿态不断变化, 式(2)中第2项会产生以(λ1-λ2)为系数的变化量。通过对式(2)进行积分, 可以得到一段时间内的PWU累积变化量。但由此式无法得到初始的相位偏差值, 仅能得到PWU累积量。对式(2)进行积分获得GPWU可观测值:
$\begin{aligned}\int \mathrm{d} \Delta \varphi_{\mathrm{i}, \mathrm{GF}}^{\mathrm{s}} \mathrm{~d} t= & \left(\lambda_1-\lambda_2\right) \int \mathrm{d} \Delta \varphi_{\mathrm{GPWU}} \mathrm{~d} t+\int \varepsilon_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{s}} \mathrm{~d} t \Rightarrow \\\Delta \varphi_{\mathrm{GPWU}} & \approx \int \mathrm{~d} \Delta \varphi_{\mathrm{i}, \mathrm{GF}}^{\mathrm{s}} \mathrm{~d} t /\left(\lambda_1-\lambda_2\right)\end{aligned}$
从式(3)可以推断出,假设前后历元流动站天线旋转一周,则其对应的相位单差GF组合理论上应该产生λ1-λ2=-5.4 cm的变化。因此在估算载体偏航角时只需将GPWU值乘以360°/-5.4,即可得到载体偏航角。
接收机的载波相位测量噪声为1~2 mm。虽然短基线相对定位可以有效削弱共有误差,但仍然存在与周围环境密切相关且难以通过差分削弱的噪声和多路径误差。因此,实际观测值将受到多路径误差等各种因素的综合影响。式(2)和式(3)中εis包含接收机噪声和低频信号组合噪声,根据误差传播定律可知,总体误差约为7 mm。为更好地反演载体姿态变化与GPWU变化之间的关系,有必要使用低通滤波器来降低接收机噪声。为应对实时数据的处理,采用递归低通滤波器:
$\overline{\Delta \varphi_{\mathrm{GPWU}}(1)}=\Delta \varphi_{\mathrm{GPWU}}(1)$
$\begin{gathered}\overline{\Delta \varphi_{\mathrm{GPWU}}(t)}=(1-k) \overline{\Delta \varphi_{\mathrm{GPWU}}(t-1)}+ \\k \Delta \varphi_{\mathrm{GPWU}}(t), t>2\end{gathered}$
式中,$\overline{\Delta \varphi_{\mathrm{GPWU}}(t)} $为低通滤波后的GPWU。上述递归低通滤波器在每个时间步对当前信号值与上一个滤波后的信号值进行加权平均,从而实现滤波。加权系数k决定了滤波器的响应特征,参考Yamada等[9]的研究将其设置为0.2。为更好地识别出载体偏航角发生改变的时间,对低通滤波后的GPWU值进行历元间差分:
$V_t=\overline{\Delta \varphi_{\mathrm{GPWU}}(t)}-\overline{\Delta \varphi_{\mathrm{GPWU}}(t-1)}, t>2$
历元间差分结果即为载体偏航速度。如果某一历元的偏航速度发生突变,即可认为载体偏航角发生变化。
在获得载体天线偏航速度后,为能实时反演载体偏航速度,并通过偏航速度的突变判定载体运动开始的时间,采用卡尔曼滤波对偏航速度进行预测。由于偏航速度的改变是一种突变,如果按照标准卡尔曼滤波流程,预测精度在偏航速度突变后需要较长时间才能收敛,这对载体偏航角和偏航速度的实时反演来说是不可接受的。因此,需要在恰当的时间段重置卡尔曼滤波,本文将预测值与前期预测值均值的差值是否大于某一阈值作为判定条件。假设在第k个历元有:
$\hat{x}_{k \mid k-1}-\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{k-1} \hat{x}_{i \mid i-1}}{k-1}>\alpha$
则认为偏航速从该历元开始变化,其中$\hat{x}_{k \mid k-1} $表示预测状态。本文中阈值α取0.05,即偏航角速度的识别精度为0.05°/s。同时,为防止某颗卫星出现错误预判,当式(7)对于第k历元中超过一半的观测卫星成立时,才将其判定为载体姿态改变的历元。
需要注意的是,当卡尔曼滤波被重置时,表明载体已经不再静止。因此重置后的初始状态估计也要进行相应的更新,否则会影响收敛速度。本文将姿态改变历元的偏航速度作为重置后的初始状态估计。
在低高度角时,观测数据的信噪比较低,质量不可靠。因此,在使用卡尔曼滤波得到每颗卫星的实时载体偏航速度后,将所有卫星的计算结果按照高度角进行加权平均,得到载体天线的最终偏航速度,从而进一步提高测站天线旋转速率估计的精度与稳定性。具体计算公式为:
$V_{\text {total }}=\sum\limits_{j=1}^{\text {sat }}\left(\sin ^2 z_j \cdot V_j\right) / \sum\limits_{j=1}^{\text {sat }} \sin ^2 z_j$
式中,zj为第j颗卫星的高度角;Vj为第j颗卫星的GPWU值;sat为总卫星数量。
本文实验数据采集于2024-10-26,在河南理工大学国家重点实验室大楼楼顶架设2台华测中绘i90接收机,其中一台接收机作为基准站静止不动,另外一台接收机安装在三轴转台上模拟载体转动。观测时间为北京时间10:00:00~12:30:00,数据采样率为1 Hz。实验期间天气晴朗,环境空旷,多路径效应影响极小,可忽略不计。基准站与流动站的距离仅为3 m,可以有效削弱电离层对观测数据的影响。实验按照设定的程序转动转台,转动实验涵盖转台转速为5°/s、10°/s和20°/s的各种顺时针和逆时针转动情况,并且包括短时间的速度剧烈变化情况。
为详细分析实验结果,采取实验过程中基准站和流动站持续可观测的G10、G24和G32进行分析,图 1为3颗卫星的站间单差GF组合观测值。
由图 1可知,GF组合站间单差值能够很好地反映载体天线的转动情况,旋转开始和结束的时间非常显著。从图 1中小图可以看出,GF组合站间单差值对于短期的小幅转动也有良好的反映。因此,通过GF组合站间单差值可以清晰地推断载体天线的旋转情况。GF组合站间单差值的下降和上升意味着旋转的开始和结束,其斜率可反映旋转速率,下降和上升的程度可反映旋转角度。为更好地识别载体的偏航角和偏航速度变化,根据式(3)利用GF组合站间单差值计算GPWU,然后转换为偏航角,并通过低通滤波消除噪声。
在获得所有卫星的低通滤波结果后,对滤波结果进行历元间差分和高度角加权。图 2为低通滤波前后的高度角加权结果。
由图 2可知,在原始未滤波情况下,第2 000历元附近的低偏航速度基本被噪声淹没,很难预测出正确的偏航速度。而低通滤波能明显降低原始观测值中的噪声,偏航速度变化更加明显,仅从低通滤波结果就可以大致看出偏航速度的变化。为进一步精细化偏航速度预测,采用重置卡尔曼滤波作进一步估计。图 3为在低通滤波降噪处理前后,分别应用卡尔曼滤波和重置卡尔曼滤波的对比结果。
图 3(a)为在未采用低通滤波消噪的基础上进行卡尔曼滤波的结果,图 3(b)为在未采用低通滤波消噪的基础上进行重置卡尔曼滤波的结果,图 3(c)为在采用低通滤波消噪的基础上进行卡尔曼滤波的结果,图 3(d)为在采用低通滤波消噪的基础上进行重置卡尔曼滤波的结果。可以看出,采用低通滤波消噪可以减小噪声影响,而重置卡尔曼滤波能大幅减少卡尔曼滤波收敛时间过长导致的预测失误,成功预测每次的偏航速度变化,在未采用低通滤波降噪的情况下也能大致预测出偏航速度的变化。低通滤波消噪与重置卡尔曼滤波的组合即使在速度剧烈变化的情况下,如在第2 560历元时,偏航速度突然从5°/s变为-5°/s,也仅需几个历元就能完成收敛。为直观地体现本文所提出的基于GPWU的实时偏航角反演精度,图 4为预测的偏航速度与预设的偏航速度对比。
由图 4可知,本文提出的算法能够很好地实时反演载体偏航速度的变化。当载体速度突然变化时,只需3、4个历元就能收敛并达到较高的预测精度。整体预测的均方根误差为0.587°;排除偏航角突变后未收敛的历元后,均方根误差可以降低至0.245°。从图中还能看出算法在识别偏航角变动的开始和结束时间方面的准确性。经统计可知,偏航角变动时间识别误差不超过1个历元。在预测出每个历元的偏航速度后,从偏航速度突变历元开始累加偏航速度,即可获得载体的实时偏航角。
本文针对缓慢旋转运动载体的实时偏航角和偏航速度确定问题,提出一种基于GPWU效应的实时估计模型。通过结合低通滤波和改进的重置卡尔曼滤波,减弱载波相位观测值中的噪声干扰,从而显著提升预测精度。实验结果表明,本文方法在卡尔曼滤波未收敛时,偏航速度预测精度为0.587°,而卡尔曼滤波收敛后,精度提高至0.245°。此外,预测的时间误差小于1 s,验证了本文方法在实时偏航角和偏航速度估计中的有效性。
本文虽然提出基于GPWU效应的实时偏航角和偏航速度反演模型,但未考虑是否能用GPWU反演俯仰角和横滚角,做到仅利用载体的GNSS天线就能实现对载体姿态的实时反演。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41774039)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42204040)
  • 教育部新一代信息技术创新项目(2022IT183)
  • 河南省博士后一等项目(202101037)
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2025年第45卷第11期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.11.520
  • 接收时间:2024-11-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-11-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-15
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41774039)
国家自然科学基金(41774039)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42204040)
国家自然科学基金(42204040)
New Generation Information Technology Innovation Project of Ministry of Education(2022IT183)
教育部新一代信息技术创新项目(2022IT183)
Postdoctoral First-Class Project of Henan Province(202101037)
河南省博士后一等项目(202101037)
作者信息
    1 河南理工大学测绘与国土信息工程学院, 河南省焦作市世纪路2001号, 454003
    2 北斗导航应用技术协同创新中心, 郑州市科学大道62号, 450001

通讯作者:

李克昭, 博士, 教授, 主要从事卫星定位与视觉导航研究, E-mail:

LI Kezhao, PhD, professor, majors in satellite positioning and visual navigation, E-mail: .

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
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Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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