Article(id=1322506304959131734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506263716541212, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.476, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1729353600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239674081, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239674081, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239674081, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239674081, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506263716541212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='881', pageEnd='990', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757865600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239664248, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239664248, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=915, endPage=921, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506305353396311, articleId=1322506304959131734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Prediction of Differential Code Bias Based on LR-KF-LSTM Model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The presence of differential code bias(DCB) can affect the accuracy of total electron content(TEC) calculations and pseudorange observations, thereby impacting navigation, positioning, timing, and meteorological research results.In order to accurately estimate DCB, this paper analyzes the temporal variations of GPS inter-frequency DCB data provided by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) from 2021 to 2022 and proposes an LR-KF-LSTM combined model for precise prediction and analysis of DCB. Experimental results indicate that the average absolute percentage error of this method is less than 1.9%, the average absolute error is less than 0.03 ns, and the root mean square error is less than 0.04 ns.Compared with the LSTM model, BP neural network model, and the DCB values from the CAS product, the combined model shows better prediction performance under different solar activity and geomagnetic conditions. This combined network model can effectively predict satellite DCB and also provides a reference for addressing the issue of single-day or multi-day missing data in the DCB data CAS products.

, authors=Siming LIAO1, Junna SHANG1, Mingkun SU1, authorsList=Siming LIAO, Junna SHANG, Mingkun SU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

LIAO Siming, postgraduate, majors in satellite navigation and positioning, and differential code bias estimation, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506310726299749, articleId=1322506304959131734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于LR-KF-LSTM模型的差分码偏差预测分析, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

差分码偏差(DCB)的存在会影响电离层总电子含量(TEC)计算的精度和伪距观测精度,从而影响导航定位授时和气象研究的结果。为了准确估算DCB,分析了2021—2022年中国科学院给出的全球定位系统(GPS)频间DCB数据的时序变化,提出一种LR-KF-LSTM组合模型对DCB进行准确预测并对预测结果进行分析。实验结果表明,该方法的预测结果的平均绝对百分比误差小于1.9%,平均绝对误差小于0.03 ns,均方根误差小于0.04 ns。与LSTM模型、BP神经网络模型及中国科学院(CAS)产品DCB值的对比显示,在不同太阳活动状态和不同磁场状态下,该组合模型预测性能均较优。该组合网络模型可以对卫星DCB进行有效预测,还能为解决CAS产品DCB数据存在的单日或多日缺失问题提供参考。

, authors=廖思明1, 尚俊娜1, 苏明坤1, authorsList=廖思明, 尚俊娜, 苏明坤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

廖思明,硕士生,主要研究方向为卫星导航定位以及差分码偏差估计,E-mail:

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Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2016, 41 (12): 1649- 1655, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322506315465863313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506304959131734, awardId=Y202455360, language=EN, fundingSource=Scientific Research Project of the Education Department of Zhejiang Province(Y202455360), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322506315524583570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506304959131734, awardId=Y202455360, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省教育厅科研项目(Y202455360), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322506310931820646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506304959131734, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322506310940209255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506304959131734, companyId=1322506310931820646, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 1158 Second-Baiyang Street, Hangzhou 310018, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322506310956986472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506304959131734, companyId=1322506310931820646, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 杭州电子科技大学通信工程学院,杭州市白杨街道2号大街1158号,310018)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322506314132074626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506304959131734, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Prediction flowchart of the LR-KF-LSTM model, figureFileSmall=gfIgc1iEAGGe+WMv5muEYA==, figureFileBig=iJbC1Bm8Oz4Mq4d8NgQpsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506314190794883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506304959131734, language=CN, label=图1, 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journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506304959131734, language=CN, label=图6, caption=磁静期和磁暴期的相对误差, figureFileSmall=KW4IrXNOm7OkdIqDjoz0vw==, figureFileBig=dal1amCQz5fOm+DDXrcwGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322506315113541775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506304959131734, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Error statistics of three models

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LR-KF-LSTM LSTM BP
MAPE/% MAE/ns RMSE/ns MAPE/% MAE/ns RMSE/ns MAPE/% MAE/ns RMSE/ns
doy91 1.157 0.032 0.041 1.787 0.057 0.081 2.380 0.086 0.103
doy182 1.949 0.031 0.043 2.246 0.059 0.077 2.329 0.064 0.076
doy274 0.668 0.026 0.033 1.810 0.048 0.064 1.926 0.065 0.085
doy001 0.646 0.015 0.020 1.196 0.036 0.047 1.999 0.059 0.071
), ArticleFig(id=1322506315218399376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506304959131734, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3种模型误差统计结果

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LR-KF-LSTM LSTM BP
MAPE/% MAE/ns RMSE/ns MAPE/% MAE/ns RMSE/ns MAPE/% MAE/ns RMSE/ns
doy91 1.157 0.032 0.041 1.787 0.057 0.081 2.380 0.086 0.103
doy182 1.949 0.031 0.043 2.246 0.059 0.077 2.329 0.064 0.076
doy274 0.668 0.026 0.033 1.810 0.048 0.064 1.926 0.065 0.085
doy001 0.646 0.015 0.020 1.196 0.036 0.047 1.999 0.059 0.071
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基于LR-KF-LSTM模型的差分码偏差预测分析
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廖思明 1 , 尚俊娜 1 , 苏明坤 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(9): 915-921
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (9) : 915 -921
基于LR-KF-LSTM模型的差分码偏差预测分析
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廖思明1 , 尚俊娜1, 苏明坤1
作者信息
  • 1 杭州电子科技大学通信工程学院,杭州市白杨街道2号大街1158号,310018
作者简介:

廖思明,硕士生,主要研究方向为卫星导航定位以及差分码偏差估计,E-mail:

Prediction of Differential Code Bias Based on LR-KF-LSTM Model
Siming LIAO1 , Junna SHANG1, Mingkun SU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 1158 Second-Baiyang Street, Hangzhou 310018, China
  • LIAO Siming, postgraduate, majors in satellite navigation and positioning, and differential code bias estimation, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.476
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差分码偏差(DCB)的存在会影响电离层总电子含量(TEC)计算的精度和伪距观测精度,从而影响导航定位授时和气象研究的结果。为了准确估算DCB,分析了2021—2022年中国科学院给出的全球定位系统(GPS)频间DCB数据的时序变化,提出一种LR-KF-LSTM组合模型对DCB进行准确预测并对预测结果进行分析。实验结果表明,该方法的预测结果的平均绝对百分比误差小于1.9%,平均绝对误差小于0.03 ns,均方根误差小于0.04 ns。与LSTM模型、BP神经网络模型及中国科学院(CAS)产品DCB值的对比显示,在不同太阳活动状态和不同磁场状态下,该组合模型预测性能均较优。该组合网络模型可以对卫星DCB进行有效预测,还能为解决CAS产品DCB数据存在的单日或多日缺失问题提供参考。

差分码偏差  /  长短期记忆神经网络  /  卡尔曼滤波  /  线性回归  /  导航定位

The presence of differential code bias(DCB) can affect the accuracy of total electron content(TEC) calculations and pseudorange observations, thereby impacting navigation, positioning, timing, and meteorological research results.In order to accurately estimate DCB, this paper analyzes the temporal variations of GPS inter-frequency DCB data provided by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) from 2021 to 2022 and proposes an LR-KF-LSTM combined model for precise prediction and analysis of DCB. Experimental results indicate that the average absolute percentage error of this method is less than 1.9%, the average absolute error is less than 0.03 ns, and the root mean square error is less than 0.04 ns.Compared with the LSTM model, BP neural network model, and the DCB values from the CAS product, the combined model shows better prediction performance under different solar activity and geomagnetic conditions. This combined network model can effectively predict satellite DCB and also provides a reference for addressing the issue of single-day or multi-day missing data in the DCB data CAS products.

differential code bias(DCB)  /  long short-term memory(LSTM) neural network  /  Kalman filter(KF)  /  linear regression(LR)  /  navigation positioning
廖思明, 尚俊娜, 苏明坤. 基于LR-KF-LSTM模型的差分码偏差预测分析. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (9) : 915 -921 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.476
Siming LIAO, Junna SHANG, Mingkun SU. Prediction of Differential Code Bias Based on LR-KF-LSTM Model[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (9) : 915 -921 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.476
全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)的伪距观测受到差分码偏差(differential code bias,DCB)的影响,因此需要进行精确校准,以实现定位、授时和电离层建模。DCB由不同GNSS信号之间的时延差异产生,受太阳活动、地磁活动和天气等因素影响,电离层的昼夜变率也会影响DCB[1-2]。作为电离层建模中的重要误差,精确处理DCB对于实现高精度导航定位和授时应用至关重要[3]。此外,DCB还会影响精密单点定位授时精度[4]。随着导航技术的发展,DCB的研究日益重要[5],因此对其进行预测是必要的。
在GNSS系统中,卫星和接收机的DCB对伪距测量精度起着关键作用。卫星DCB可以通过基于观测数据的估计方法得到,接收机DCB可通过直接观测得到。为提高DCB估计的精度,研究者们提出了多种方法。刘冰雨[6]提出一种混合定权的DCB估计方法,提高了高纬度测站的解算精度。张金等[7]使用多路径延迟方法估计DCB,结果与中国科学院(CAS)产品相差0.1 ns。汪奇生[8]提出采用简化模型分时段直接估计DCB,平均偏差约0.5 ns。姚文豪[9]通过快速选择基准卫星方法将基准精度提高约12%。除了基于传统模型和简化方法进行估计,周佩元等[10]基于无几何伪距和相位组合观测量估计DCB,均方根误差小于0.27 ns。梅登奎等[11]使用差分自回归移动平均模型实现了北斗卫星导航系统卫星DCB的短期预报。林高宇等[12]采用附加限制的间接平差方法估计全球定位系统(GPS)卫星和接收机的DCB。Li等[13]利用GPS辅助DCB测定,估算结果与欧洲定轨中心(CODE)产品差值为0.3 ns。周中华等[14]提出的地基GNSS接收机DCB估算方法结果的RMS均值误差小于0.35 ns。Wijaya等[15]采用正交变换的两步估计方法提升DCB估算精度。刘晓文[16]建立长短期记忆网络(LSTM)模型,利用太阳辐射通量和地磁指数预测DCB。这些研究方法在不同的应用场景中展现了各自的优势,推动了DCB估计精度和效率的提升。
为提高卫星导航系统的准确性、稳定性和服务质量,以及解决CAS产品DCB数据存在的单日或多日缺失问题,本文结合2021—2022年CAS产品GPS频间DCB时间序列数据,提出一种LR-KF-LSTM组合模型进行预测分析。与LSTM模型、BP神经网络模型及CAS产品DCB值的对比表明,LR-KF-LSTM模型的预测效果优于其他模型。
DCB是不同信号得到的观测值之间存在的系统性偏差,主要是由卫星和接收机硬件延迟造成的。DCB主要分为两种,即相同频率不同码之间存在的偏差(称为频内偏差),以及不同频率之间存在的偏差(称为频间偏差)。DCB主要用于消除卫星间信号的时钟偏差,对大气层引起的误差影响较小,从而提升GNSS定位的精确性,尤其是在电离层影响较大的环境中。如果缺少DCB校正,GNSS接收机将受到未校正的伪距误差影响,导致位置计算不准确。因此确保DCB的有效应用是提高导航精度的关键步骤之一。
由于卫星DCB和接收机端DCB线性相关,直接进行分离会造成法方程秩亏,针对这个问题通常是通过将所有卫星DCB之和约束为0进行参数分离[17]。此外,为准确分析某时间段内卫星DCB的稳定性,需将不同基准下的卫星DCB转换到同一基准下,张强等[18]采用DCB的转换公式对卫星DCB进行归一化处理。本文结合上述两种方法,即采用卡尔曼滤波结合标准化的方法。在卡尔曼滤波的初始阶段,利用已有卫星数据之和为0作为约束初始化DCB的基准;在卡尔曼滤波的后续更新过程中,对所有卫星的DCB值进行标准化处理,以确保每个卫星的DCB都能够保持在统一的基准体系下。
为了对DCB进行准确预测,提出一种LR-KF-LSTM组合模型对DCB进行预测分析,具体流程(图 1)如下:
1) 数据获取。选取CAS产品2021—2022年的DCB数据。
2) 用卡尔曼滤波(Kalman filter,KF)对DCB数据进行预处理。可以消除DCB数据的不平稳性,减小DCB数据中随机噪声的影响。卡尔曼滤波的工作原理可以分为两个主要阶段:预测阶段和更新阶段。
① 预测阶段,预测当前状态和误差协方差:
$\hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_t^{-} =\boldsymbol{F}_t \hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_{t-1}+\boldsymbol{B}_t \boldsymbol{u}_t$
$\boldsymbol{P}_t^{-} =\boldsymbol{F}_t \boldsymbol{P}_{t-1} \boldsymbol{F}_t^{\mathrm{T}}+\boldsymbol{Q}_t$
式中,$ \hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_t^{-}$为对当前状态的预测值;$ \hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_{t-1}$为前一时刻的状态估计;Ft为状态转移矩阵;Bt为控制输入矩阵;ut为控制输入;Qt为协方差;$ \boldsymbol{P}_t^{-}$为预测的误差协方差。
② 更新阶段,计算卡尔曼增益,然后通过卡尔曼增益更新状态估计和误差协方差:
$\boldsymbol{K}_t=\boldsymbol{P}_t^{-} \boldsymbol{H}_t^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{H}_t \boldsymbol{P}_t^{-} \boldsymbol{H}_t^{\mathrm{T}}+\boldsymbol{R}\right)^{-1}$
$\hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_t=\hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_t^{-}+\boldsymbol{K}_t\left(\boldsymbol{X}_t-\boldsymbol{H}_t \hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_t^{-}\right)$
$\boldsymbol{P}_t=\left(\boldsymbol{I}-\boldsymbol{K}_t \boldsymbol{H}_t\right) \boldsymbol{P}_t^{-}$
式中,Kt为卡尔曼增益;$ \hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_t$为更新后的状态估计;Pt为更新后的误差协方差;I为单位矩阵。
将进行预测阶段和更新阶段得到的最优结果$ \hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_t$作为输入值,能够在一定程度上最小化估计误差的均方差。
3) LSTM特征提取。首先将KF处理后的$ \hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_t$作为输入进入输入门,输入门控制当前输入信息对记忆单元的影响,输入门决定哪些新信息将被存储到记忆单元中:
$\boldsymbol{i}_t=\sigma\left(\boldsymbol{W}_i \times\left[\boldsymbol{h}_{t-1}, \hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_t\right]+\boldsymbol{b}_i\right)$
式中,it为输入门的输出;Wi为输入门的权重矩阵;ht-1为前一时间步的隐藏状态;$ \hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_t$为当前时间步的输入;bi为输入门的偏置。
遗忘门输出表达为:
$\boldsymbol{f}_t=\sigma\left(\boldsymbol{W}_f \times\left[\boldsymbol{h}_{t-1}, \hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_t\right]+\boldsymbol{b}_f\right)$
式中,ft为遗忘门的输出;Wf为遗忘门的权重矩阵;bf为遗忘门的偏置。
结合输入门和遗忘门进行更新记忆单元状态:
$\boldsymbol{C}_t=\boldsymbol{f}_t \times \boldsymbol{C}_{t-1}+\boldsymbol{i}_t \times \widetilde{\boldsymbol{C}}_t$
式中,Ct为当前记忆单元状态;Ct-1为前一时间步的记忆单元状态;$ \widetilde{\boldsymbol{C}}_t$为当前时间步的候选记忆。将记忆单元状态作为线性回归的特征输入。
4) 线性回归(linear regression,LR)建模。使用提取的LSTM特征 Ct作为线性回归模型的输入,通过对特征进行转置,与目标变量进行拟合;再通过最小二乘法来寻找最佳拟合参数,以建立特征与目标之间的线性关系。
自变量和因变量之间的线性关系可以表示为线性方程:
$Y=\beta_0+\beta_1 X_1+\beta_2 X_2+\cdots+\beta_n X_n+\varepsilon$
式中,Y为因变量;Xi为自变量(特征);β0为截距项;βi为回归系数(i=1, 2, …, n);ε为误差项。
通过最小化误差平方和来估计回归系数,找到一组参数β,使得实际值y与预测值$\hat{y} $之间的差异最小,定义损失函数方程:
$L(\beta)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^m\left(y_i-\hat{y}_i\right)^2$
然后通过最小二乘法找到一组参数β,使得L(β)达到最小,输出最优解。
5) 预测结果并分析。通过LR-KF-LSTM组合模型对DCB数据进行预测输出,并将LR-KF-LSTM预测结果、LSTM预测结果、BP神经网络预测结果与CAS产品的DCB数据进行比较,分析组合模型预测效果。
本文选取2021—2022年的CAS产品C1W-C2W的DCB数据进行时序分析:1)选取4个不同时期进行预测分析,比较组合模型在不同状态下的预测性能;2)选取连续31 d的太阳平静期和太阳活动期进行预测分析,比较组合模型在不同太阳活动状态下的预测性能;3)选取一个磁静期和一个磁暴期进行预测分析,比较组合模型在不同磁场活动状态下的预测性能。
将2021-09、12和2022-03、06的DCB数据作为训练集数据,每个月的后1 d作为测试集,进行未来1 d的DCB预测,并与测试集进行比较分析。该实验使用3种模型进行DCB的预测,并将预测结果与CAS的DCB值进行比较,分析预测模型的效果。
通过计算相对误差评估不同模型在预测中的相对准确性和稳定性(图 2)。
图 2显示,在doy91,LR-KF-LSTM组合模型的预测值与CAS产品DCB的差值整体在[-0.05 ns, 0.15 ns]之间,而LSTM模型的差值在[-0.25 ns, 0.15 ns]之间,BP神经网络模型的差值在[-0.15 ns, 0.25 ns]之间;在doy182,LR-KF-LSTM的差值在[-0.1 ns, 0.15 ns]之间;在doy274,LR-KF-LSTM的差值在[-0.1 ns, 0.1 ns]之间;在doy001,LR-KF-LSTM的差值在[-0.05 ns, 0.05 ns]之间。结果表明,LR-KF-LSTM模型的预测值比LSTM和BP神经网络更接近CAS产品的实际值,说明该组合模型的预测效果最佳。
为了进一步对模型的预测效果进行分析评价,引入平均绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error, MAPE)、平均绝对误差(mean absolute error, MAE)和均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)3个指标评价预测结果。指标计算方法如下:
$\mathrm{MAPE}=\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left|\frac{A_i-F_i}{A_i}\right| \times 100 \%$
$\mathrm{MAE} =\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left|A_i-F_i\right|$
$\mathrm{RMSE} =\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(A_i-F_i\right)^2}$
式中,Ai为CAS的DCB值;Fi为3种模型对DCB的预测值;n为卫星数量。
表 1显示,在doy91时,LR-KF-LSTM组合模型的平均绝对百分比误差为1.157%,低于LSTM的1.787%和BP神经网络的2.380%;平均绝对误差为0.032 ns,低于LSTM的0.057 ns和BP神经网络的0.086 ns;均方根误差为0.041 ns,低于LSTM的0.081 ns和BP神经网络的0.103 ns。在doy182、doy274和doy001这3 d中,LR-KF-LSTM组合模型在所有评估指标上均优于LSTM和BP神经网络,整体预测效果明显更佳。这表明LR-KF-LSTM模型在DCB预测中是有效的,且预测结果最佳。
为了更直观地展示不同模型预测结果的误差分布和准确性,计算累积分布函数(cumulative distribution function, CDF)并画出CDF图,可以清晰地显示在不同误差阈值下预测值符合标准的比例,从而有助于评估模型的性能。
图 3显示,在doy91,LR-KF-LSTM模型预测值与CAS的DCB值之间误差在0.1 ns以内的卫星数占91%,0.05 ns以内的占80%;在doy182,误差在0.1 ns以内的卫星数占95%,0.05 ns以内的卫星数占80%;在doy274和doy001,误差在0.1 ns以内的卫星数均为100%,0.05 ns以内的卫星数分别占90%和91%。结果表明,LR-KF-LSTM模型的预测误差明显低于LSTM和BP神经网络模型,验证了其优越性。
为了进一步验证模型在不同太阳活动状态下的性能,选取连续31 d的太阳平静期和太阳活动期进行预测分析。太阳黑子数(sunspot number,SSN)一般可以确定太阳活动状态,通常可以将太阳黑子数SSN≤50视为平静活动,太阳黑子数SSN>50视为活跃状态。本文选取2021-03-01—2021-03-31和2022-04-28—2022-05-28分别为太阳平静期和太阳活跃期,其太阳黑子数如图 4所示,对这2个时期的DCB进行预测分析。
图 5展示了太阳活动平静期和活跃期的预测效果,可以看出,在平静期,LR-KF-LSTM组合模型预测值的相对误差差值在[-0.1 ns, 0.1 ns]之间,LSTM模型的相对误差差值在[-0.15 ns, 0.2 ns]之间,BP模型的相对误差差值在[-0.15 ns, 0.18 ns]之间。在活跃期,LR-KF-LSTM组合模型预测值的相对误差差值都在[-0.1 ns, 0.07 ns]之间,LSTM模型的相对误差差值在[-0.15 ns, 0.1 ns]之间,BP模型的相对误差差值在[-0.12 ns, 0.15 ns]之间。无论是平静期还是活跃期,LR-KF-LSTM组合模型预测值与CAS的DCB拟合程度均优于其他2种模型。
为了进一步验证模型在不同磁场状态下的性能,选取一个磁静期和一个磁暴期进行预测分析。地磁AP指数(geomagnetic activity index,AP)一般可以确定地磁活动强度状态,通常可以将AP≤8视为磁静状态,AP>8视为磁暴状态。本文选取2022-03-13(AP=40)视为磁暴日,2022-05-13(AP=7)视为磁静日,对这两个时期的DCB进行预测分析。
图 6展示了磁静期和磁暴期的预测效果,可以看出,在磁静期,LR-KF-LSTM组合模型预测值的相对误差差值在[-0.1 ns, 0.12 ns]之间,LSTM模型的相对误差差值在[-0.15 ns, 0.2 ns] 之间,BP模型的相对误差差值在[-0.32 ns, 0.41 ns]之间。在磁暴期,LR-KF-LSTM组合模型预测值的相对误差差值在[-0.08 ns, 0.13 ns]之间,LSTM模型的相对误差差值在[-0.12 ns, 0.2 ns]之间,BP模型的相对误差差值在[-0.2 ns, 0.2 ns]之间。无论是磁静期还是磁暴期,LR-KF-LSTM组合模型预测值与CAS的DCB拟合程度均优于其他2种模型。
在4个不同时期,LR-KF-LSTM组合模型的预测值与CAS产品DCB的差值整体在[-0.1 ns, 0.15 ns]之间。分析在不同太阳活动状态下的性能,在平静期,LR-KF-LSTM组合模型的预测值与CAS产品DCB的差值整体在[-0.1 ns, 0.1 ns]之间;在活跃期,LR-KF-LSTM组合模型的预测值与CAS产品DCB的差值整体在[-0.1 ns, 0.07 ns]之间。分析在不同磁场状态下的性能,在磁静期,LR-KF-LSTM组合模型的预测值与CAS产品DCB的差值整体在[-0.1 ns, 0.12 ns]之间;在磁暴期,LR-KF-LSTM组合模型的预测值与CAS产品DCB的差值整体在[-0.08 ns, 0.13 ns]之间。3种不同情况下,LR-KF-LSTM组合模型的预测结果均优于BP神经网络模型和LSTM模型。该组合模型的预测结果与CAS的DCB数据拟合效果更好,所以该方法可以对卫星DCB进行有效的预测,还可以为解决CAS产品DCB数据存在的单日或多日缺失问题提供参考。
  • 浙江省教育厅科研项目(Y202455360)
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2025年第45卷第9期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.476
  • 接收时间:2024-10-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-20
基金
Scientific Research Project of the Education Department of Zhejiang Province(Y202455360)
浙江省教育厅科研项目(Y202455360)
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    1 杭州电子科技大学通信工程学院,杭州市白杨街道2号大街1158号,310018
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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