Article(id=1322506306817216897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322506263716541212, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.472, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728921600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793239674524, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793239674524, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793239674524, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793239674524, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322506263716541212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='881', pageEnd='990', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757865600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793239664248, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793239664248, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=972, endPage=982, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322506308469772674, articleId=1322506306817216897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=InSAR-Based Crust Deformation Extraction and Fault Movement Mechanism Analysis in Anninghe-Zemuhe Fault Zone, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study employs time-series InSAR technology to extract the interseismic surface deformation field along the Anninghe-Zemuhe fault zone on the eastern margin of the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block. We further invert the interseismic slip rates and locking depths of the fault system. Key findings include: the cross-fault InSAR deformation velocity gradient along the Anninghe fault increases progressively from ~2 mm/a in the northern segment to ~2.5 mm/a in the southern segment, whereas the Zemuhe fault exhibits a relatively smaller gradient of ~1.8 mm/a.Slip rates along the Anninghe fault vary spatially: ~2.8 mm/a at the northern Shimian segment, ~4.0 mm/a at the central Mianning segment, and ~3.2 mm/a at the southern Xichang segment. The Zemuhe fault shows a decreasing slip rate from ~3.1 mm/a in the northern segment to ~2.6 mm/a in the southern Ningnan segment.Locking depth analysis reveals maximum values (~37.8 km) beneath the Xichang segment, gradually shallowing northward to ~5.0 km at Shimian and southward to ~13.2 km at Ningnan.These results demonstrate that the Xichang segment, characterized by higher slip rates and deeper locking depths, exhibits enhanced seismic potential, consistent with its historically dense seismicity. This spatial correlation between geodetic deformation patterns and seismic activity provides critical insights into strain accumulation processes within this active tectonic boundary.

, authors=Liyuan XIE1, Yinghui YANG1, *, Qiang XU1, Xiaoyun LI1, Qiang CHEN2, Shasha TAN1, authorsList=Liyuan XIE, Yinghui YANG, Qiang XU, Xiaoyun LI, Qiang CHEN, Shasha TAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yinghui YANG, authorNote=

XIE Liyuan, postgraduate, majors in InSAR deformation monitoring and fault movement inversion, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322506314044002721, articleId=1322506306817216897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=安宁河-则木河断裂区域地壳形变InSAR提取及断裂运动机制, columnId=1322506197874356701, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地壳运动, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用时序InSAR技术提取川滇菱形块体东缘安宁河-则木河断裂区域震间地表形变场,反演安宁河-则木河断裂的震间运动速率与闭锁深度。结果表明,安宁河断裂由北向南跨断裂InSAR形变速度差异由约2 mm/a逐步增加至约2.5 mm/a,则木河断裂跨断裂形变速率差异相对较小,约1.8 mm/a。安宁河断裂最北段石棉段滑动速率约2.8 mm/a,中段冕宁段滑动速率约4.0 mm/a,最南段西昌段滑动速率约3.2 mm/a;则木河断裂北段滑动速率最大约3.1 mm/a,向南至宁南段逐渐衰减至约2.6 mm/a。西昌段闭锁深度最深,约37.8 km,其向南、向北方向延伸均逐渐减小,其中最北段石棉段闭锁深度最浅约5.0 km,而在最南段宁南段闭锁深度约13.2 km。整体而言,西昌段具有相对更大的断裂滑动速率和更深的闭锁深度,表明其孕震潜能更强,而这也与该区段更为密集的地震活动形成相互验证关系。

, authors=谢丽媛1, 杨莹辉1, *, 许强1, 李小云1, 陈强2, 谭莎莎1, authorsList=谢丽媛, 杨莹辉, 许强, 李小云, 陈强, 谭莎莎, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨莹辉, authorNote=

谢丽媛,硕士生,主要研究方向为InSAR形变监测和断层运动反演,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

杨莹辉,博士,教授,主要研究方向为InSAR地震地质灾害的监测与反演,E-mail:

YANG Yinghui, PhD, professor, majors in InSAR monitoring and inversion of seismic geological hazards, E-mail:

, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=DllTONeL4YjRZ0jiY6Vf7Q==, magXml=OHFIfJl+69RBIZU79B4EOQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=TC4mnL/SxLhK0O5GfPum8A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=y1OBnYhDINKQfL0ZpsmrRw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322506314601845161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506306817216897, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1040891801@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322506314698314155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322506306817216897, authorId=1322506314601845161, language=EN, stringName=Liyuan XIE, firstName=Liyuan, middleName=null, lastName=XIE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, 1 Dongshan Road, Chengdu 610059, China, bio={"content":"

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断层数据来自邓起东[4];GPS数据来自Wang等[5]

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1:李姜一等[26];2:刘晓霞[25];3:王虎等[28];4:史克旭等[29];5:He等[30];6:周荣军等[27];7:朱良玉等[7];8:樊鑫等[31];9:刘辛中等[32];10:本文结果

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Parameters of Sentinel-1 satellite SAR data

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轨道方向 轨道号 成像模式 飞行方位角/(°) 监测时间范围 影像数量/幅
升轨 26 干涉宽幅(IW) -12.4 2014-10—2022-12 432
降轨 62 干涉宽幅(IW) -167.3 2014-10—2022-12 356
135 干涉宽幅(IW) -166.9 2014-10—2022-12 360
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Sentinel-1卫星SAR数据参数

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轨道方向 轨道号 成像模式 飞行方位角/(°) 监测时间范围 影像数量/幅
升轨 26 干涉宽幅(IW) -12.4 2014-10—2022-12 432
降轨 62 干涉宽幅(IW) -167.3 2014-10—2022-12 356
135 干涉宽幅(IW) -166.9 2014-10—2022-12 360
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安宁河-则木河断裂区域地壳形变InSAR提取及断裂运动机制
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谢丽媛 1 , 杨莹辉 1, * , 许强 1 , 李小云 1 , 陈强 2 , 谭莎莎 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地壳运动 2025,45(9): 972-982
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地壳运动 2025 , 45 (9) : 972 -982
安宁河-则木河断裂区域地壳形变InSAR提取及断裂运动机制
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谢丽媛1 , 杨莹辉1, * , 许强1, 李小云1, 陈强2, 谭莎莎1
作者信息
  • 1 成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,成都市东三路1号,610059
  • 2 西南交通大学地球科学与工程学院,成都市二环路北一段111号,610031
通讯作者:

杨莹辉,博士,教授,主要研究方向为InSAR地震地质灾害的监测与反演,E-mail:

YANG Yinghui, PhD, professor, majors in InSAR monitoring and inversion of seismic geological hazards, E-mail:

作者简介:

谢丽媛,硕士生,主要研究方向为InSAR形变监测和断层运动反演,E-mail:

InSAR-Based Crust Deformation Extraction and Fault Movement Mechanism Analysis in Anninghe-Zemuhe Fault Zone
Liyuan XIE1 , Yinghui YANG1, * , Qiang XU1, Xiaoyun LI1, Qiang CHEN2, Shasha TAN1
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, 1 Dongshan Road, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 2 Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 111 North-Section 1 of Erhuan Road, Chengdu 610031, China
  • XIE Liyuan, postgraduate, majors in InSAR deformation monitoring and fault movement inversion, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.472
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利用时序InSAR技术提取川滇菱形块体东缘安宁河-则木河断裂区域震间地表形变场,反演安宁河-则木河断裂的震间运动速率与闭锁深度。结果表明,安宁河断裂由北向南跨断裂InSAR形变速度差异由约2 mm/a逐步增加至约2.5 mm/a,则木河断裂跨断裂形变速率差异相对较小,约1.8 mm/a。安宁河断裂最北段石棉段滑动速率约2.8 mm/a,中段冕宁段滑动速率约4.0 mm/a,最南段西昌段滑动速率约3.2 mm/a;则木河断裂北段滑动速率最大约3.1 mm/a,向南至宁南段逐渐衰减至约2.6 mm/a。西昌段闭锁深度最深,约37.8 km,其向南、向北方向延伸均逐渐减小,其中最北段石棉段闭锁深度最浅约5.0 km,而在最南段宁南段闭锁深度约13.2 km。整体而言,西昌段具有相对更大的断裂滑动速率和更深的闭锁深度,表明其孕震潜能更强,而这也与该区段更为密集的地震活动形成相互验证关系。

安宁河-则木河断裂  /  震间InSAR形变场  /  大气与轨道误差校正  /  断裂运动速率  /  断裂闭锁深度

This study employs time-series InSAR technology to extract the interseismic surface deformation field along the Anninghe-Zemuhe fault zone on the eastern margin of the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block. We further invert the interseismic slip rates and locking depths of the fault system. Key findings include: the cross-fault InSAR deformation velocity gradient along the Anninghe fault increases progressively from ~2 mm/a in the northern segment to ~2.5 mm/a in the southern segment, whereas the Zemuhe fault exhibits a relatively smaller gradient of ~1.8 mm/a.Slip rates along the Anninghe fault vary spatially: ~2.8 mm/a at the northern Shimian segment, ~4.0 mm/a at the central Mianning segment, and ~3.2 mm/a at the southern Xichang segment. The Zemuhe fault shows a decreasing slip rate from ~3.1 mm/a in the northern segment to ~2.6 mm/a in the southern Ningnan segment.Locking depth analysis reveals maximum values (~37.8 km) beneath the Xichang segment, gradually shallowing northward to ~5.0 km at Shimian and southward to ~13.2 km at Ningnan.These results demonstrate that the Xichang segment, characterized by higher slip rates and deeper locking depths, exhibits enhanced seismic potential, consistent with its historically dense seismicity. This spatial correlation between geodetic deformation patterns and seismic activity provides critical insights into strain accumulation processes within this active tectonic boundary.

Anninghe-Zemuhe fault  /  interseismic InSAR deformation field  /  atmospheric and orbital error correction  /  fault slip rate  /  fault locking depth
谢丽媛, 杨莹辉, 许强, 李小云, 陈强, 谭莎莎. 安宁河-则木河断裂区域地壳形变InSAR提取及断裂运动机制. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (9) : 972 -982 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.472
Liyuan XIE, Yinghui YANG, Qiang XU, Xiaoyun LI, Qiang CHEN, Shasha TAN. InSAR-Based Crust Deformation Extraction and Fault Movement Mechanism Analysis in Anninghe-Zemuhe Fault Zone[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (9) : 972 -982 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.472
川滇菱形块体东缘位于青藏高原与华南块体及四川盆地的交会区域,第四纪以来该区域以大规模水平剪切变形为主,并兼有强烈的隆升运动[1-2],使块体边界形成了一系列规模不等、力学性质不同的活动断裂带,并伴有高频度、高烈度的地震活动[3]。但近现代有地震记录以来,川滇菱形块体边界断裂地震活动主要集中发生在东北缘的甘孜-玉树-鲜水河断裂(图 1[4-5]),安宁河-则木河断裂的现代中强震活动相对较少,与其长时间尺度内的显著地震活动形成鲜明对比,特别是2022年安宁河断裂以北发生泸定6.8级地震,显著增加了安宁河断裂的库仑应力,这使得科研人员更为关注该断裂的活动性和地震风险。
已有不少学者利用地质调查、GPS形变资料等对安宁河-则木河断裂的滑动速率、闭锁程度等进行了研究,如魏文薪等[6]利用1999—2007年GPS速度场计算得出安宁河-则木河断裂速率约6±1 mm/a;朱良玉等[7]根据GPS速度场估计,安宁河断裂(西昌至冕宁以北)闭锁深度较深(21 km),则木河断裂闭锁深度较浅(12 km);赵静等[8]综合利用1999—2007年和2009—2013年GPS数据指出,安宁河-则木河断裂整段闭锁程度均较高;宋剑[9]反演2009—2014年GPS数据发现,安宁河断裂的石棉-冕宁段、则木河断裂的西昌与巧家以北区域闭锁深度均在20 km以上,强震孕育能力不可忽视。综上可知,不同学者利用GPS观测给出的安宁河-则木河断裂运动速率和闭锁分布差异显著,这可能是由于GPS观测的稀疏性和GPS数据存在观测时间、精度差异导致的,使得目前对安宁河-则木河断裂的详细运动模式、速率等仍缺少科学的认知,严重限制了对该区域孕震风险的定量评估。
InSAR技术具有高精度、面状覆盖、高空间分辨率、全天候全天时工作、长时间序列分析和低成本等一系列优势,已被成功应用于活动断裂构造形变提取[10-11]。但受限于安宁河-则木河断裂区域高陡地貌和植被覆盖,特别是卫星轨道误差易与构造信号混叠等客观因素影响,目前该区域仍缺少可靠的InSAR构造形变场。因此,如何利用InSAR技术提取川滇菱形块体东边界区域震间构造形变场,并揭示安宁河-则木河断裂的活动速率与闭锁情况,是本文的重点研究内容。
本文搜集了Sentinel-1卫星2014—2022年观测覆盖川滇菱形块体东缘区域的升降轨SAR影像,开展大气校正、构造形变与轨道误差分离校正处理,并利用InSAR技术提取川滇菱形块体东缘区域的InSAR构造形变场;解算获取平行安宁河-则木河断裂走向的地表形变速率,并据此估计沿断裂不同位置处的断裂滑动速率与闭锁深度;分析沿断裂的滑动速率与闭锁深度变化情况,讨论不同区段的孕震潜能,为下一步的区域地震风险评估提供重要参考。
川滇菱形块体(图 1)位于我国南北地震带中南段,印度板块与亚欧板块的碰撞与挤压,造成青藏高原地壳缩短和隆升,并导致高原物质的东向溢出,使得川滇菱形块体整体呈现SE-SSE向平移与顺时针转动,块体东侧与巴颜喀拉块体和华南块体交会,并在交会部位形成了由鲜水河断裂带、安宁河-则木河断裂带和小江断裂带共同组成的一条长达千余千米的大型左旋走滑断裂系统[12],上述边界断裂在青藏高原东部晚新生代以来的地壳运动过程中起到了重要的协调作用。与此同时,近现代以来川滇菱形块体与巴颜喀拉块体的交替地震活动现象显著,且呈现明显的向南移动趋势,而2022年泸定6.8级地震之后,与其紧邻的安宁河-则木河断裂显然存在不可忽视的发震风险[13]。
安宁河-则木河断裂带位于鲜水河断裂带和龙门山断裂带的交会区、“Y”字形断裂带的南段,是川滇块体东边界的主要断裂。该断裂带作为青藏地块与华南地块的边界断裂,自新生代以来发生了强烈的构造运动,在晚第四纪反复经历多次断裂活动和强震活动[14-16]。根据历史地震记载,安宁河-则木河断裂带历史上共发生6~7级地震11次,7~8级地震7次,显示出该断裂带在长时间尺度上的高地震活动性,且现今地震危险性趋势研究和古地震研究结果也均表明,安宁河-则木河断裂部分区段呈现高应力背景下的闭锁状态。因此,安宁河-则木河断裂也被认为是川滇区域未来发生大地震的高风险区段[17-19]。
震间地表形变通常量级较小,而InSAR形变处理过程又受到轨道、大气等多种误差因素的影响,综合考虑研究区域的地表覆盖,特别是现有雷达卫星在该区域的数据存档情况,本研究选择Sentinel-1卫星2014—2022年观测的SAR影像为数据源,进行区域震间地表InSAR形变提取。其中,升轨T26单轨即可满足研究需要,而降轨需要同时使用T62与T135,以实现对整个研究区域的完整覆盖。因此,本文将联合采用升轨T26和降轨T62、T135观测的SAR影像,提取研究区域震间构造InSAR形变场。升降轨数据具体参数和影像覆盖情况参见表 1与图 1。
安宁河-则木河区域为典型的高原地貌,局部高差超过5 000 m,剧烈地形起伏造成InSAR干涉对中不可避免地包含大气延迟噪声,并对形变提取造成不可忽视的影响。为此,本研究将引入外部GACOS大气数据开展大气误差校正处理。需要指出的是,传统的大气误差校正方法是在InSAR相位解缠后进行的,但该方法仅适用于相干性好、噪声低、相位解缠误差较小的干涉对,而安宁河-则木河断裂部分区域植被茂盛、地形起伏较大,InSAR相干性较差,导致相位解缠误差大,此时依据解缠后的干涉对进行大气校正处理易出现解缠误差与大气相位的混叠效应,造成大气校正失败,甚至增加InSAR干涉对的噪声水平,降低提取形变场的精度。为此,本文采用一种基于原始干涉相位的外部大气校正方法[20],引入外部GACOS数据进行大气误差校正。
图 2为升轨T26和降轨T62的大气相位校正前后对比,结果表明,大气湿延迟校正显著提高了形变信噪比,并有效抑制了局部地形起伏引起的湿延迟噪声。本文引入相位-高程相关图(图 3)和相位直方图(图 4)作为大气校正效果的定量评价指标。由图 3可知,经大气校正后,升降轨InSAR干涉相位与高程的相关性都明显降低,其中升轨原始相位图R值由0.11降低至校正后的0.08,降轨原始相位图R值由0.16降低至0.11,升降轨大气与地形相关度降低量均超过27%。此外,图 4也显示大气校正有效降低了升降轨InSAR相位标准差,表明相位图形变信噪比得到有效提升。需要注意的是,此时干涉图(图 2)中残留的条纹主要是构造形变与轨道误差的综合作用,需进一步完成轨道误差校正后才可精确分离,获得区域构造形变。
构造形变与InSAR轨道误差均表现为空间长波长分布,在任一InSAR干涉图中二者均高度混叠。常规针对单张影像的大气校正处理将会不可避免地同步模拟并移除构造形变,而这也正是当前InSAR震间微量级构造形变提取困难的关键所在。为此,本文采用一种时间网络轨道误差校正处理方法[21]开展研究区域的轨道误差精确校正。
图 5为降轨T62的校正前后对比。从图 5(b)可以看出,原始图像有6条典型的近似平行干涉条纹,这是轨道残余和构造形变的联合分量。通过所采用的轨道校正方法,由图 5(c)可见,其中5个干涉条纹是由轨道误差引起的,而校正后(图 5(d))剩余的1个干涉条纹,即为分离获得的构造形变条纹,表明文中采用方法可以较好地分离轨道误差与构造形变。
Stacking-InSAR技术对干涉对连接情况没有硬性要求,因此可根据干涉对的干涉质量开展人工筛选,仅挑选相干性高、大气噪声低的InSAR干涉对开展构造形变的提取,其基本流程见图 6。具体步骤为:1)对SAR影像进行预处理,主要包括burst提取、影像拼接、影像配准等。2)对配准后的SAR影像进行差分干涉处理,主要包括时空基线网络构建、多视处理、去平地相位、去地形相位、滤波、相位解缠等。在干涉对时空构网时,设置时间基线为1 000~3 000 d,空间基线为120 m,升降轨各轨道的时空基线图见图 7。同时,引入GACOS外部大气数据,并从干涉图层面开展大气校正处理。3)对解缠后的干涉对进行时间网络轨道误差校正处理。4)基于校正后的相位数据,利用Stacking-InSAR技术解算获得区域震间形变速率并进行地理编码。
提取到的安宁河-则木河断裂的升降轨InSAR震间形变场见图 8、9。可以看出,升轨InSAR跨安宁河-则木河断裂形变差异并不显著,但降轨InSAR跨安宁河-则木河断裂和大凉山断裂存在明显的形变差异。这主要是因为,安宁河-则木河断裂和大凉山断裂整体呈西北-东南走向,相对卫星升轨,卫星降轨观测LOS向与形变主方向的交角更小,对该方向断裂构造形变更为敏感。为进一步验证上述论据和InSAR观测形变的可靠性,将区域稀疏分布GPS形变投影至升降轨卫星观测方向(图 8、9,图中红色代表地表沿靠近卫星LOS向移动,蓝色代表地表沿远离卫星LOS向移动),可以发现,投影后各GPS台站形变与对应位置升降轨InSAR形变具有较好一致性,且降轨方向投影后GPS形变也显著大于升轨,这进一步表明了卫星升降轨的形变敏感性差异是导致区域升降轨观测形变显著不同的主要原因。
为更加直观地研究跨断裂两侧形变量级差异变化情况,选取垂直于安宁河-则木河断裂的4条剖面AA′、BB′、CC′、DD′(图 10)进行分析。可以发现,升轨InSAR四条剖面跨断裂形变并不显著,仅有BB′剖面显示跨大凉山断裂存在形变差异,这可能是局部断裂蠕滑导致的,但考虑仅在此处出现形变差异,而该区域InSAR相干性又相对较差,因此不排除上述差异是干涉噪声导致的。与此同时,降轨InSAR四条形变剖面均显示跨安宁河-则木河断裂存在明显形变差异,其中,安宁河断裂北段的AA′剖面显示跨断裂形变差异约2 mm/a,中段的BB′剖面显示跨断裂形变差异略增大至约2.2 mm/a,南段西昌附近的CC′剖面显示跨断裂形变差异约2.5 mm/a,过西昌之后的则木河断裂跨断裂形变差异(DD′剖面)减小至约1.8 mm/a,需要注意的是,DD′剖面显示该区段跨大凉山断裂的形变差异相对显著,量级约1.5 mm/a。综上可知,InSAR降轨形变显示安宁河断裂由北向南跨断裂形变差异呈现逐渐增加的现象,即安宁河断裂活动性由北向南逐渐增强;与此同时,则木河断裂的活动性要弱于安宁河断裂,虽然整体上沿安宁河-则木河断裂的跨断裂形变差异变化不算大(小于1 mm/a),但这表明沿断裂活动性并不均匀,而这也造成各段孕震潜能不一致。
图 8、9所示的升降轨InSAR形变速率场为卫星视线向观测成果,而卫星视线向是地表北东高三维形变的综合投影,显然三者的混叠不利于准确反映地表形变的真实形态。而进一步考虑InSAR形变的北方向不敏感特性,本文将首先依据引入南北向约束形变场的分解方法[22]解算获得地表东西向形变场(图 11(a)),并依据断层走向角分别投影获得地表沿安宁河断裂、则木河断裂的地表形变数据(图 11(b)、(c))。在获得各分段(EE′~JJ′)平行断裂地表形变场后,以上述形变为约束,基于Savage等[23]的静定螺旋位错理论,利用马尔科夫链贝叶斯估计算法[24],结合地表形变速率剖面,反演计算各断裂分段的闭锁深度、震间长期滑动速率等运动学参数(图 12、13)。
观察图 12可发现,各形变剖面整体呈反正切形态,满足螺旋位错模型基本假设,其中EE′、FF′、JJ′等剖面跨断裂存在较为明显的形变量级差异,代表相关区段存在浅层蠕滑运动。与此同时,GG′和HH′剖面形变局部扰动相对较大,这可能是由于区域断裂活动性较弱和植被覆盖茂盛导致的干涉失相关造成的。此外,FF′~II′剖面中对比GPS投影形变与InSAR形变可以发现,4个剖面的数据在形变趋势上具有极好的一致性,多数台站的形变差异小于1.5 mm/a,这进一步证明了本文解算地表形变的可靠性。图 13显示了剖面EE′、JJ′的采样点概率密度分布,可以发现,闭锁深度与滑动速率之间存在较强的相关性,而其他参数(如相对速率偏移量)的独立性更强;此外,所有参数分布均高度符合正态分布,无明显的有偏性,表明了反演参数的可靠性。
具体分析各分段断裂运动参数可知,由北向南,断裂滑动速率由石棉段的约2.8 mm/a逐渐增加至冕宁南段的约4.0 mm/a,但进一步向南至西昌北段断裂长期滑动速率略减小至约3.2 mm/a。在西昌以南的则木河段,断裂滑动速率进一步衰减至约3.1 mm/a,而至最南端的宁南北区域断裂滑动速率减小至约2.6 mm/a。综上可知,断裂滑动速率从石棉至西昌(由北向南)呈现逐渐增加的趋势,而进一步向南则逐渐衰减。与此同时,断裂闭锁深度由北向南也存在显著的加深趋势,其中断裂最北的石棉段(EE′剖面)闭锁深度仅约5.0 km,而在安宁河断裂-西昌北段(HH′剖面)处闭锁深度达到最大,约37.8 km,进一步往南至则木河断裂区段,断裂闭锁深度逐步变浅,至宁南北附近(JJ′剖面)闭锁深度减小至约13.2 km。
众多学者利用地质和大地测量资料对安宁河-则木河断裂滑动速率和闭锁深度进行了研究。一些学者利用区域稀疏分布的GPS数据估计了安宁河-则木河的断裂滑动速率[25-26],指出区域断裂的滑动速率为4~6 mm/a,这略大于本文反演结果(3~5 mm/a),虽然量级上略有差异,但其结果也呈现出断裂滑动速率在冕宁-西昌段达到最大,至则木河断裂逐渐减小的趋势,与本文揭示的断裂运动规律高度一致。需要指出的是,该区域GPS观测极为稀疏,这显然不利于揭示断裂沿走向滑动速率的非均一性,而本文利用密集InSAR观测可有效克服上述缺陷。
此外,周荣军等[27]通过航片解译和野外地震地质考察得到安宁河断裂冕宁以北的滑动速率为4.7~5.3 mm/a;王虎等[28]通过研究安宁河-则木河断裂的古地震行为推测出安宁河、则木河断裂的左旋平均位移速率分别为4 mm/a和3 mm/a;史克旭等[29]利用重复地震复发间隔计算得到安宁河断裂带北段滑动速率为2.3 mm/a。这些不同方法揭示不同区段的断裂运动速率均与本文研究成果具有较高的一致性。He等[30]通过切割则木河区域冲积扇冲沟,计算出则木河断裂平均走滑速率为5.8~8.6 mm/a,显著高于本文及其他研究成果,这可能是由于冲积扇冲沟量测不确定度较高导致的。整体而言,本文揭示的安宁河-则木河断裂活动情况与已有利用古今地震、地质调查和GPS观测等手段的研究成果基本一致,但显然利用密集InSAR观测可获得沿断裂更加精细的非均匀滑动分布情况,为揭示区域的地震孕育机制等提供更为可靠的数据基础(图 14(a))。
针对安宁河-则木河断裂的闭锁情况,已有研究多基于区域稀疏分布的GNSS观测开展(图 14(b))。其中李姜一等[26]、刘晓霞[25]、刘辛中等[32]根据不同期GNSS观测的研究指出,安宁河断裂北段的闭锁深度较浅(< 10.0 km),而向南至西昌附近断裂闭锁深度逐步增加至约20 km,上述闭锁由北向南逐渐加深的趋势与本文高度一致。但需要指出的是,刘晓霞[25]反演的闭锁深度比本文及其他研究成果更深,这可能是由于其使用更早期的GNSS观测数据(1999—2013年)所致。朱良玉等[7]与樊鑫等[31]等研究认为安宁河断裂闭锁深度较为均一(约20~25 km),这与本文反演安宁河断裂(EE′~HH′剖面)闭锁深度的均值(约22 km)保持一致。对于则木河断裂,已有研究仅给出了整条断裂的闭锁深度约12~18 km,这与本文估计则木河断裂两个剖面(II′、JJ′剖面)的平均闭锁深度(约17.4 km)一致,但本文研究成果显示,则木河断裂闭锁由北向南逐渐变浅,沿断裂具有非均匀分布特性,而受限于GNSS观测的稀疏性,已有研究成果未能揭示上述规律。
综上可知,本文揭示的安宁河-则木河断裂滑动与闭锁情况与已有研究保持了规律上的一致性,但本文计算的冕宁-西昌段的闭锁深度偏深,大于30 km,可能是由于InSAR形变信噪比不高、对深度的敏感度不够以及所使用的经典螺旋位错模型约束力不足导致的误差。但本文利用高密度InSAR数据更好地揭示了沿断裂滑动速率与闭锁深度的非均匀性。整体而言,安宁河断裂长期滑动速率由石棉向南至西昌呈逐渐增大的趋势,而进一步向南至则木河断裂则逐步减小;闭锁深度上,也表现为西昌附近闭锁深度最大至约37.8 km,而向南北两侧闭锁深度逐步变浅,在最北段的石棉段闭锁深度约5.0 km。而该区域的现今地震活动也表明,孕震深度整体在30.0 km以上,且多为0~25.0 km深度范围内,与本文反演结果较为一致。
进一步分析可知,断裂滑动速率与断裂闭锁深度由石棉段至西昌段均表现为逐步增大的趋势,这表明西昌段具有更为显著的孕震能力,而当前区域地震也显著聚簇发生在西昌附近,二者具有较好的相互验证特性。与此同时,安宁河断裂北段滑动速率和闭锁深度均较小,这可能意味着该区段存在相对较弱的孕震潜能。但地震孕育受断裂运动、构造背景应力、区域强震活动等综合因素的影响,进一步的研究需结合上述多因素开展。
本文利用时序InSAR技术,成功提取了川滇菱形块体东缘安宁河-则木河断裂区域高精度震间地表形变速度场,并据此反演估计了沿断裂非均匀滑动速率与闭锁深度分布,最终获得以下结论:
1) InSAR干涉图层面开展基于外部气象数据的大气误差校正,可有效抑制地形相关大气延迟分量;此外,时间网络轨道误差校正方法可有效分离轨道误差与构造形变,实现InSAR轨道误差的精确校正,有利于微小构造形变的提取。
2) 区域InSAR形变显示,降轨InSAR对研究区域构造形变更敏感,并成功探测发现跨断裂InSAR形变差异,其中安宁河断裂北段-中段的跨断裂形变速率差异约2 mm/a,向南至西昌段增加至约2.5 mm/a,而则木河断裂的跨断裂形变速率差异相对较小,约1.8 mm/a。
3) 基于InSAR形变估计的断裂滑动速率显示,断裂滑动速率由最北石棉段约2.8 mm/a逐渐增加至冕宁段约4.0 mm/a,西昌段滑动速率略降至约3.2 mm/a;则木河断裂滑动速率相对较低,其在西昌以南约3.1 mm/a,至最南段滑动速率约2.6 mm/a。
4) 断裂闭锁深度由北向南也呈现高度非均匀状态,其中安宁河断裂北部石棉段闭锁深度最浅约5.0 km,向南延伸闭锁深度逐渐增加,在西昌段闭锁深度达到最大,约37.8 km;则木河断裂北段闭锁深度较大,约21.6 km,向南延伸其闭锁深度逐渐减小,至宁南段约13.2 km。
整体而言,安宁河-则木河断裂区域的地表形变、断裂运动速率、断裂闭锁深度等均呈现出高度非均匀性,且西昌段相对具有更高的滑动速率和闭锁深度,表明其相对石棉及宁南等区段可能具有更高的孕震潜能。针对现有方法和结果存在的局限性,后续将引入负位错理论,开展区域断裂闭锁三维分布估计,精确揭示区域断裂的活动情况;进一步综合区域地震活动、断裂运动等多源数据分析研究地震风险性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42474041)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42471485)
  • 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室科研课题(SKLGP2020K019)
  • 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室科研课题(SKLGP2021Z016)
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2025年第45卷第9期
36
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.472
  • 接收时间:2024-10-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-15
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42474041)
国家自然科学基金(42474041)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42471485)
国家自然科学基金(42471485)
Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection(SKLGP2020K019)
地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室科研课题(SKLGP2020K019)
Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection(SKLGP2021Z016)
地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室科研课题(SKLGP2021Z016)
作者信息
    1 成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,成都市东三路1号,610059
    2 西南交通大学地球科学与工程学院,成都市二环路北一段111号,610031

通讯作者:

杨莹辉,博士,教授,主要研究方向为InSAR地震地质灾害的监测与反演,E-mail:

YANG Yinghui, PhD, professor, majors in InSAR monitoring and inversion of seismic geological hazards, E-mail:

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/10.14075/j.jgg.2024.10.472
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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